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    <item>
      <title>Markerlose Bewegungserfassung beim Laufen: Validität und Zuverlässigkeit der Ganzkörper-, Gelenk- und Muskelkinematik</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096858</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096858</guid>
      <author>Verheul, J.</author>
      <author>Hughes, O.</author>
      <author>Hitchens, L.</author>
      <author>Atherton, T.</author>
      <author>Sauter, T.</author>
      <author>Radwan, A.</author>
      <author>Pryse, E.</author>
      <author>Mitchell, A.</author>
      <author>Burton, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Verheul, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hughes, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hitchens, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atherton, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sauter, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Radwan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pryse, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burton, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Markerless motion capture can greatly enhance the accessibility and efficiency of running-kinematics analysis. In this study we aimed to establish the validity and reliability of a markerless motion-capture system (OpenCap) for measuring kinematics of the whole body, individual joints, and lower-limb muscle-tendon units, during running at various speeds. Markerless and marker-based motion-capture results were compared for 30 runners running on a treadmill at five speeds (8-16 km/hr). OpenCap demonstrated similar validity for joint angle measurements compared to other markerless systems that have previously been compared to marker-based motion capture. However, we found systematic differences between OpenCap and marker-based motion capture throughout the stride cycle, and across running speeds and kinematic variables. Between-system disagreements were most evident around peak centre-of-mass displacements and joint angles, and during the swing phase, with smaller differences observed at touchdown, take-off, and during the stance phase. We thus recommend caution when quantitatively comparing kinematic outcomes from OpenCap to other motion-capture systems. Despite these differences, high agreement in inter-stride and inter-trial variability was observed between systems across all kinematic variables. Overall, OpenCap is a powerful tool to enable accessible, efficient, and reliable 3D measurements of whole-body, joint, and muscle-tendon unit kinematics during running.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermoregulatorische Reaktionen und Spielcharakteristika in aufeinanderfolgenden Badminton-Spielen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096859</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096859</guid>
      <author>Pang, J.</author>
      <author>Landers, G.</author>
      <author>Lin, R. Z.</author>
      <author>Pesch, T.</author>
      <author>Anbalagan, P.</author>
      <author>Girard, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hyperthermie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Landers, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, R. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pesch, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anbalagan, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Girard, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To determine the impact of 2 successive badminton matches on thermal strain, perceptual measures, and match characteristics in trained players. 

Methods: Twenty-eight (15 male and 13 female) trained badminton players performed 2 successive singles matches (2 × 30 min; M1 and M2) in 23.8 °C (4.9 °C) and 54.5% (12.9%) relative humidity (19.2 °C [3.5 °C] indoor wet-bulb globe temperature). Matches were each preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and separated by 25 minutes of rest. Core temperature (Tcore), skin temperature, and heart rate were recorded, while sweat loss was determined through changes in body mass. Game characteristics were analyzed from video footage. 

Results: Peak Tcore was 38.7 °C (0.5 °C) (M1) and 38.6 °C (0.4 °C) (M2), with no difference in average Tcore during M1 (38.4 °C [0.3 °C]), rest (38.2 °C [0.4 °C]), and M2 (38.3 °C [0.3 °C], P > .05). Players spent 46% (36%) (M1) and 31% (32%) (M2) of match duration at Tcore =38.5 °C. Average skin temperature was higher during rest (31.9 °C [2.2 °C], P < .001) than at other time points. Average heart rate was greater during M1 (162 [16] beats·min-1) than M2 (158 [15] beats·min-1, P = .036). Fluid consumed during matches (M1: 484 [284] mL, M2: 465 [264] mL) was sufficient to offset sweat loss (M1: 566 [471] mL, M2: 497 [260] mL), keeping dehydration below 1% body mass. The only match characteristic that differed was an increase in total strokes executed from M1 to M2 (216 [29] vs 226 [30] strokes, P = .004). 

Conclusions: Thermal strain, perceptual measures, and match characteristics remained consistent across 2 successive badminton matches, despite mild hyperthermia. Adequate fluid replenishment is crucial for maintaining optimal performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Reihenfolge von Sprintintervalltraining vor oder nach dem regulären Basketballtraining auf geschlechtsspezifische Anpassungen der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit bei jungen Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096860</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096860</guid>
      <author>Tian, L.</author>
      <author>Jie, C.</author>
      <author>Guo, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wingate-Test</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jie, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study investigated the impact of a 6-week sprint interval training (SIT) program conducted either before or after basketball training with a focus on identifying sex differences in the physical performance adaptations of young basketball players. 

Methods: Twenty-four female and 24 male basketball players volunteered to participate and were randomized to 2 training groups and 1 active control group. The training groups performed SIT before or after basketball practice, which was categorized as follows: females before, females after, female control, males before, males after, and male control, with each group comprising 8 participants. The SIT regimen consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions of 5-second all-out sprints, conducted 3 times a week. Results: The females-before, females-after, males-before, and males-after groups showed significant (P = .001) adaptations in the countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), 20-m sprint, Illinois Change-of-Direction-Speed test, and peak power output (PPO) and mean power output during the Wingate test, as well as in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. 

Results revealed no order effects for the female groups (P > .05), whereas among male players, performing SIT before basketball training led to significantly greater improvements in CMVJ, 20-m sprint, and PPO than performing SIT after training (P < .05). In addition, male athletes who performed SIT after basketball training (males after) showed significantly (P < .05) lower improvements in CMVJ, 20-m sprint, and PPO compared with female groups who performed SIT either before (females before) or after (females after) training. 
Conclusion: In summary, conducting SIT before basketball training leads to greater improvements in CMVJ, 20-m sprint, and PPO in male athletes. For females, SIT before or after basketball training produces similar performance benefits. Therefore, coaches and practitioners should consider both training order and athlete sex when prescribing SIT, whereby scheduling SIT prior to basketball sessions is recommended to maximize short-duration performance gains in male players, while either timing can be effectively used for female athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede im Polarisationsindex von Elite- und Subelite-Radsportlern während eines 12-monatigen Trainingszyklus</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096861</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096861</guid>
      <author>Cove, B.</author>
      <author>Bennett, H.</author>
      <author>Nelson, M. J.</author>
      <author>Chalmers, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingszyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>polarisiertes Training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cove, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennett, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nelson, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chalmers, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives: Training-intensity distribution among cyclists is pivotal. Polarized training (POL), characterized by an 80%/20% distribution between low and high intensities, is often considered the preferred model. This study compared polarization index (Pi) values between elite and subelite cyclists and evaluated the relationship between Pi and 20-minute power changes over 12 months. 

Methods: Power (PWR) and heart-rate (HR) data were collected from 17 cyclists (9 = elite, 8 = subelite). 

Results: Pi was calculated for each annual quartile using PWR (Pi-PWR subelite = 1.95 [0.12], elite = 2.00 [0.44] arbitrary units) and HR (Pi-HR subelite = 1.94 [0.41], elite = 1.79 [0.75] arbitrary units). There was no group-by-time interaction (P = .188) for Pi-PWR. Pi-PWR was not different between the elite and subelite cyclists (P = .432), nor was there any change over the training year (P = .196). There was no group-by-time interaction (P = .295) for Pi-HR. Pi-HR was not different between the elite and subelite cyclists (P = .432), and there was no change over the training year (P = .502). There was no relationship observed in annual percentage change of 20-minute PWR and Pi-PWR (P = .795) or Pi-HR (P = .447). 

Conclusion: Elite cyclists demonstrated a Pi =2.0 during early mesocycles (Q1 and Q2) of training according to Pi-PWR, but this pattern was not observed when organizing Pi based on HR, whereas subelite cyclists did not demonstrate POL training (either via PWR or HR data) throughout the year. However, the training-intensity distribution of the groups did not statistically differ from each other. There was not a significant relationship between Pi and 20-minute PWR.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hängen Hüft- und Lendenwirbelsäulenschmerzen bei jungen Spitzenturnern mit physiologischen Merkmalen zusammen?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096862</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096862</guid>
      <author>Steinberg, N.</author>
      <author>Elbaz, L.</author>
      <author>Bar-Sela, S.</author>
      <author>Dar, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akrobatik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmische Sportgymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rücken</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wachstum</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Steinberg, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elbaz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bar-Sela, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dar, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Gymnastics performances entail complex and extensive movements that require specific body morphology, strength, and flexibility that may lead to hip and lumbar-spine injuries. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hip and lumbar-spine pain and their associated physiological characteristics in young gymnasts. 

Methods: Two hundred seventy-four female rhythmic, acrobatic, and artistic gymnasts age 9 to 16 years were physically examined for hip and lumbar-spine pain and reported pain experienced during training on a visual analog scale. In addition, gymnasts were assessed for impact of training, anthropometric parameters, hip muscle strength, and hip and spine joint range of motion (ROM). 

Results: Fifty gymnasts (18.2%) presented hip pain, 40 (14.6%) presented lumbar-spine pain, 63 (20.3%) presented hip and lumbar-spine pain, and 121 (44.2%) were pain free. Gymnasts with hip and lumbar-spine pain were significantly older and had greater body mass than injury-free gymnasts (P = .028 and .044, respectively). Group effect showed that gymnasts with hip pain and gymnasts with hip and lumbar-spine pain had weaker muscle strength and greater joint ROM than pain-free gymnasts (P < .05). Puberty effects showed that postpubertal gymnasts were significantly stronger and had reduced joint ROM compared with prepubertal gymnasts. Group × puberty interaction for hip-abduction ROM (F3,243 = 4.2, P = .006) indicated that postpubertal gymnasts with hip and lumbar-spine pain had significantly lower joint ROM than prepubertal gymnasts with pain. 

Conclusions: Young competitive gymnasts are at high risk of experiencing hip and lumbar-spine pain. Clinically, it is suggested that young gymnasts should be routinely screened for musculoskeletal pain and physiological abilities by an expert from a very young age.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verbesserungen des Sauerstoffverbrauchs an den ventilatorischen Schwellenwerten sind durch die Nähe zum VO2max begrenzt: hin zu einer schwellenwertbasierten Trainingsempfehlung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096863</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096863</guid>
      <author>Benítez-Muñoz, J. A.</author>
      <author>García Zapico, A.</author>
      <author>Cupeiro, R.</author>
      <author>Benito, P. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Benítez-Muñoz, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García Zapico, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cupeiro, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benito, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The best approach to obtain the maximum development of the oxygen consumption at ventilatory thresholds 1 (VO2VT1) and 2 (VO2VT2) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) remains poorly understood. The purpose was to determine whether the ventilatory-threshold position (VO2VT1 and VO2VT2 relative to VO2max [%VO2maxVT1 and %VO2maxVT2, respectively]) before training was associated with the improvement with training in VO2VT1 and VO2VT2 (Delta VO2VT1 and Delta VO2VT2). Additionally, we sought to determine whether VO2VT1 and VO2VT2 before training were associated with Delta VO2VT1 and Delta VO2VT2. 

Methods: Fourteen males (20 [1.9] y, 68.6 [1.9] kg, 70.9 [5.5] mL·kg-1·min-1) performed a ramp incremental test until fatigue, where VT1 and VT2 were determined, before and after the first 3-month mesocycle of the season. 

Results: Delta VO2VT1 was inversely correlated with %VO2maxVT1 before training (r = -.584, P = .028) and Delta VO2VT2 with %VO2maxVT2 before training (r = -.54, P = .046). By contrast, Delta VO2VT1 was not correlated with VO2VT1 before training (r = -.497, P = .071), nor Delta VO2VT2 with VO2VT2 before training (r = -.091, P = .758). 

Conclusion: Individuals with a lower threshold position before training had a greater improvement with training in oxygen uptake at thresholds, regardless of the specific oxygen uptake at thresholds before training. It seems that VO2max limits the improvements in VO2VT1 and VO2VT2 in individuals with a higher %VO2maxVT1 and %VO2maxVT2 before training (ceiling effect of VO2max on VO2VT1 and VO2VT2). As a practical application, we can say that the threshold with a lower position (ie, lower %VO2maxVT1 or %VO2maxVT2) should be prioritized, independent of the oxygen consumption at thresholds (VO2VT1 or VO2VT2).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zuverlässigkeit zwischen Trainingseinheiten und Größenunterschiede beim isometrischen Zug auf mittlerer Höhe des Oberschenkels: Auswirkungen von Verfahrens- und Analysevariationen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096864</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096864</guid>
      <author>Stevens, L. J.</author>
      <author>Carey, D. L.</author>
      <author>Gastin, P. B.</author>
      <author>James, L. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stevens, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carey, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gastin, P. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of procedure, ranking method, and summarization method on between-sessions reliability and magnitude of force measures for the isometric midthigh pull. 

Methods: Thirty-two national- and international-level athletes performed short (~1 s) and traditional (3-5 s) isometric midthigh pull protocols during consecutive weeks. Net force at peak (PF) and net force at 50, 100 (NF100), 150, and 200 milliseconds were collected. Trials were ranked using PF and NF100, and 4 summarization methods were applied: mean, mean of best 3, mean of best 2, and best trial. Reliability statistics were calculated for the resulting data combinations, and linear mixed models were used to assess differences between the most reliable conditions for each procedure. 

Results: For early force measures (=200 milliseconds), the short procedure demonstrated superior reliability compared with traditional, specifically when trials were ranked on NF100 (traditional [mean]: intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .68-.82, coefficient of variation [CV] = 12.0%-16.0%; short [mean best 3, ranked on NF100]: ICC = .77-.91, CV = 8.2%-10.8%). For PF, all conditions exhibited good to excellent reliability (ICC = .89-.97, CV = 4.7%-7.4%), but it was slightly better with traditional procedures. All early force measures were significantly greater (P < .001) using the short procedure, with mean differences of 15% to 28%. Conversely, PF was significantly lower (P < .001) using the short procedure (-9% on average), although individual differences varied. 

Conclusions: Ideally, both traditional and short procedures would be implemented to comprehensively assess peak and early force-generating capacity. However, the short procedure offers a time-effective and reliable alternative to assess both capacities more efficiently.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Simulationen zeigen, wie Kinematikvariablen beim Bodenkontakt die maximale Sprintgeschwindigkeit beeinflussen: Implikationen für das Coaching</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096897</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096897</guid>
      <author>Haralabidis, N.</author>
      <author>Eaton, A. J.</author>
      <author>Delp, S. L.</author>
      <author>Hicks, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haralabidis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eaton, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delp, S. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hicks, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction 
Sprint performance is a priority for coaches and athletes. Several kinematic variables, including horizontal touchdown distance (HTD) and inter-knee touchdown distance (IKTD), are targeted by coaches to increase top sprinting speed. However, the results of past research are conflicting, potentially due to the use of experimental inter-athlete study designs where it is not possible to establish cause-effect relationships.

Methods 
In this study, we used a predictive simulation approach to assess cause-effect relationships between HTD and IKTD and sprinting speed. We scaled a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model to match the anthropometry of an international caliber male sprinter and generated predictive simulations of a single symmetric step of top-speed sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control framework. We first used our simulation framework to establish the model`s top speed with minimal constraints on touchdown kinematics (the optimal simulation). Then, in additional simulations, we enforced specific HTD or IKTD values (±2, 4, and 6 cm compared with optimal).

Results 
The model achieved a top speed of 11.85 m·s-1 in the optimal simulation. Shortening HTD by 6 cm reduced speed by 7.3%, whereas lengthening HTD by 6 cm had a smaller impact on speed, with a 1.6% reduction. Speed in the simulation was insensitive to the IKTD changes we tested.

Conclusions 
The results of our simulations indicate that there is an optimal HTD to maximize sprinting speed, providing support for coaches and athletes to adjust this technique variable. Conversely, our results do not provide evidence to support utilizing IKTD as a key technique variable for speed enhancement. We share the simulation framework so researchers can explore the effects of additional modifications on sprinting performance (https://github.com/nicos1993/Pred_Sim_Sprinting).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Talente auf der Bahn: Bessere zukünftige Leistung bei Nachwuchs-Leichtathleten mit passender Muskelfasertypologie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096898</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096898</guid>
      <author>Vandecauter, J.</author>
      <author>Van Vossel, K.</author>
      <author>Van de Casteele, F.</author>
      <author>Baguet, A.</author>
      <author>Bex, T.</author>
      <author>Derave, W.</author>
      <author>Lievens, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Muskelfasertyp</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vandecauter, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Vossel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van de Casteele, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baguet, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bex, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Derave, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lievens, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose 
Current talent identification programs struggle to successfully identify young track-and-field talents. This study prospectively investigated whether the distribution of slow and fast muscle fibers predicts future performance over up to 12 yr.

Methods 
Since 2010, we included 64 talented youth athletes from selective track-and-field elite sport schools (age, 15.7 ± 1.3 yr; range, 12-18 yr). Their muscle typology was noninvasively estimated in the gastrocnemius muscle using 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the fast-twitch metabolite carnosine. Youth athletes` muscle typology was compared with a discipline-specific elite athlete benchmark cohort (n = 87, >=1050 IAAF points). Youth athletes were classified as matches if their muscle typology was within the range (mean ± 1 SD) of the elite athletes for their discipline, otherwise classified as mismatches.

Results 
Follow-up was on average 5.0 ± 3.6 yr after the scan. The matching athletes achieved a significantly higher IAAF score (987 ± 110 vs 915 ± 93 points, P = 0.011) compared with mismatching athletes, indicating better future performance if muscle typology at youth level matched with muscle typology of the elite benchmark competing in the same discipline. Of all matching athletes, 19% achieved an all-time best score above 1100 IAAF points, that is, reaching international standards, compared with none with a mismatching muscle typology (P = 0.029).

Conclusions 
This prospective study shows for the first time that youth track-and-field athletes who train for a discipline that is deemed optimal based on their muscle typology will attain a better performance at senior level, opening perspectives for talent identification.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vorteile fortschrittlicher Schuhtechnologien für die Laufökonomie bleiben über einen längeren Lauf bei hochtrainierten Langstreckenläufern bestehen - eine randomisierte Crossover-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096899</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096899</guid>
      <author>Schwalm, L. C.</author>
      <author>Fohrmann, D.</author>
      <author>Schaffarczyk, M.</author>
      <author>Herrmann, A.</author>
      <author>Gronwald, T.</author>
      <author>Hollander, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laufökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schuh</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schwalm, L. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fohrmann, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schaffarczyk, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herrmann, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gronwald, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hollander, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose 
Running economy (RE) improvements in advanced footwear technologies (AFTs) have been investigated during short running bouts, whereas performance-enhancing effects may be greater over longer distances. Therefore, the aim was to compare RE and biomechanics during a 90-min run between AFTs and traditional shoes in highly trained distance runners.

Methods 
Nine highly trained distance runners (five females) visited our laboratory on two separate sessions within 14 d. In each session, they performed a submaximal threshold assessment treadmill test, followed by a 90-min treadmill run. We used linear mixed effects models (with random intercepts for participants) to examine the effects of time, shoe condition, and their interaction on energetic cost of transport (ECOT) and biomechanical measures.

Results 
Participants (age: 32.4 ± 8.4 yr, body mass index: 20.8 ± 1.2 kg·m-2) had a mean maximal World Athletics score of 930 ± 84 points, corresponding to 10 km times (min:s) of 30:17 and 36:09 for males and females. ECOT was different between AFT and non-AFT (ß = 0.57 (0.41-0.72), P = 0.009) throughout 15 to 90 min. On average, ECOT was 3.18% (95% confidence interval, 2.14-4.22) lower in the AFTs compared with the non-AFT condition. Over time, ECOT (ß = 0.30 (0.19-0.41), P < 0.001) increased by 5.63% (95% confidence interval, 3.00-8.27) across both shoe conditions, but was not shoe-dependent (ECOT: P = 0.553). With AFTs, step rate was lower (ß = 0.13 (0.04 to 0.21), P = 0.030), flight time longer (ß = -0.08 (-0.14 to -0.03), P < 0.001), and contact time (ß = 0.05 (-0.00 to 0.11), P = 0.001) shorter than with non-AFTs, but differences disappeared over time.

Conclusions 
There were no differences between shoe conditions in deterioration of RE during the 90-min run, but AFTs maintained their beneficial properties in RE over time and therefore are probably a good choice for long distances.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Dynamik von Leistungsbereitschaftsindikatoren bei hochqualifizierten Kajakfahrern während des Trainingsprozesses</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096900</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096900</guid>
      <author>Pogrebnoy, A.</author>
      <author>Makarova, G.</author>
      <author>Karpov, A.</author>
      <author>Komlev, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kajak</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Willenseigenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pogrebnoy, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Makarova, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karpov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komlev, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to identify the dynamics of technical and physical fitness indicators of highly skilled kayakers when performing various training loads during the preparatory period.

Methods and structure of the study. The work utilised methods of modelling, testing, analysis of planning documents, and mathematical statistics. The following indicators were measured: time taken to cover a distance of 2000 m (time, average rowing speed) and a distance of 2×250 m (average time, speed, stroke length and technical coefficient), bench press and deadlift with a 40 kg barbell in 2 minutes. Two groups (7 people in each) of highly qualified kayakers (Honoured Master of Sports of Russia, Master of Sports of Russia of international class, Master of Sports of Russia) were monitored as they trained according to 2 different plans during the preparatory period (October-December). Testing was conducted monthly.

Results and conclusions. The content of training loads and the dynamics of technical and physical fitness indicators of highly skilled kayakers training according to different plans are shown. The assessment of the average group indicators of technical and physical fitness of rowers does not allow us to identify the nature of the influence of various training loads. The improvement in the time taken to complete the test distance by all rowers in both groups is the result of the implementation of the training loads under consideration, which initiate different changes in fitness indicators, which even within each group show individual characteristics of adaptive adjustments. For rowers of high skill level, it is advisable to consider the individual dynamics of fitness indicators in relation to training load.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der physischen Leistungsindikatoren bei Sportlerinnen im Gerätturnen und in der Rhythmischen Sportgymnastik: Eine vergleichende Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096901</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096901</guid>
      <author>Erkomayshvili, I.</author>
      <author>Lebedihina, T.</author>
      <author>Semenova, G.</author>
      <author>Kostinyuk, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmische Sportgymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Erkomayshvili, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lebedihina, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Semenova, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kostinyuk, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to conduct a comparative assessment of the physical fitness indicators of female athletes in sports improvement groups in artistic and aesthetic gymnastics.

Methods and structure of the study. The research was conducted at the Gracia Sports School in Ekaterinburg, with the participation of 14 gymnasts aged 14-15 who were competing at the sports improvement stage (7 of them were involved in artistic gymnastics and 7 in aesthetic gymnastics).

To assess the level of preparedness, standards for general and special physical training approved by the Federal Standards of Sports Training for the sports of `artistic gymnastics` and `aesthetic gymnastics` were used.

Results and conclusions. Based on the results obtained, it was found that aesthetic gymnasts have higher physical fitness indicators compared to artistic gymnasts. The most significant differences are observed in strength and endurance indicators. It is assumed that the results will be useful for identifying dominant physical qualities, managing the training process, selecting athletes when transitioning from artistic to aesthetic gymnastics, and making changes to the training process planning in national teams for these types of gymnastics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Traditionelles Krafttraining versus Drehmomenttraining: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096902</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096902</guid>
      <author>de Pablos, R.</author>
      <author>García Pallarés, J.</author>
      <author>Brea Alejo, L.</author>
      <author>Martínez Cava, A.</author>
      <author>Valenzuela, P.</author>
      <author>Rodríguez Sánchez-Redondo, I.</author>
      <author>Revuelta, C.</author>
      <author>Lucía, A.</author>
      <author>Barranco Gil, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Drehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Pablos, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García Pallarés, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brea Alejo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez Cava, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Valenzuela, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodríguez Sánchez-Redondo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Revuelta, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lucía, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barranco Gil, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Resistance training (RT) has been shown to improve endurance performance in cycling. Notably, it has been recommended that cyclists perform heavy (>70% of one-repetition maximum [1RM]) RT sessions off the bike to optimize neuromuscular adaptations. On the other hand, the so-called "torque" training (i.e., low-cadence efforts performed against an allegedly high pedaling intensity) has become increasingly popular as an on-bike alternative to conventional (off-bike) RT for enhancing lower-limb muscle strength and cycling performance. However, recent evidence suggests that the force demands of this torque training on lower-limb muscles are relatively low (i.e., <50% of the cyclists` maximal lower-limb dynamic force), and its effectiveness compared to training at similar relative intensities but with self-selected cadences remains unclear. This study compared the effects of off-bike RT (squats) and torque training on endurance-related parameters in well-trained cyclists. Twenty-seven male cyclists were randomly assigned to off-bike RT (n = 9), torque training (n = 9), or a control group (n = 9) for 10 weeks. The RT group performed 5 sets of 7 squats at 70% 1RM twice per week, with a 4-minute intraset recovery, while the torque group completed 5 sets of 4-minute intervals at 70% VO2max power output at a target cadence of 50rpm, with a 2-minute intraset recovery, twice a week. Measured outcomes included VO2max, maximal aerobic power (MAP), ventilatory thresholds (VT, RCP), and time to exhaustion at RCP. Off-bike RT significantly improved MAP (p = 0.05, ES = 0.60), VT (p < 0.05, ES = 0.47), and RCP (p = 0.05, ES = 0.48). No significant changes were observed in the torque training group and control group. These findings indicate that off-bike RT is a superior method for improving pedaling performance, highlighting its importance in cycling training. Future research should refine torque training protocols to enhance its efficacy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Anwendungen der Sprachmodellierung für einen Trainer für Fahrrad-Aerodynamik </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096903</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096903</guid>
      <author>Barnes, C.</author>
      <author>Hopker, J.</author>
      <author>Gibson, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aerodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprache</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barnes, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hopker, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gibson, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigates the application of Language Modelling in cycling aerodynamics. A novel ground truth is created through recruiting a cohort of experts in cycling aerodynamics, bike fit and biomechanics and taking that ground truth to be the collective expert consensus. Within this study 9 Large Language Models and 1 Large Reasoning Model were tested with 7 of the Large Language Models being open-source models from Google, Meta, Microsoft and Alibaba and the closed source models from OpenAI. This study tested these models without a system prompt, with a system prompt, with applied Retrieval Augmented Generation, with an enthusiast level knowledge base and Retrieval Augmented Generation with a more technical knowledgebase.  The best performing model in this study was OpenAI`s Chat-GPT 4o with an average mark of ()%. And the best performing opensource model was Alibaba`s Qwen2.5:32b with a system prompt and the technical knowledge base providing an average score of . The results from this study show that it is possible to develop a model which performs to a similar level of a human expert within the domain of aerodynamics, bike fit and biomechanics in cycling. Additionally, this study proposes a method to experimentally quantify the improvements an athlete can make through the assistance of a domain specific Large Language Model.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wärmeakklimatisierung: Die Brücke zwischen Höchstleistung und allgemeiner Gesundheit </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096904</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096904</guid>
      <author>Hermo Argibay, A.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Jiménez, J. L.</author>
      <author>Rovira-Llopis, S.</author>
      <author>Priego-Quesada, J. I.</author>
      <author>Víctor, V. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akklimatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wärme</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hermo Argibay, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Jiménez, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rovira-Llopis, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Priego-Quesada, J. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Víctor, V. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The increase in temperature due to climate change poses significant health risks for both the general population and athletes, particularly those with low thermoregulatory capacity, who may experience increased stress responses that could lead to vascular complications like atherosclerosis. To mitigate these effects, athletes have adopted heat acclimatization protocols, which could also benefit the general population. In our study, ten physically active subjects (6 males, 4 females) underwent a heat training protocol twice a week for eight weeks, involving 30 minutes of constant-power exercise at 36°C. Subjects were tested incrementally and had blood samples taken to evaluate physical fitness and atherosclerosis risk.  Results showed improvements in body composition, cardiovascular function, thermoregulatory capacity and metabolic response to heat as well as an improvement in the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen Ausdauerfähigkeit und simulierter Fahrradleistung </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096905</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096905</guid>
      <author>Evans, G.</author>
      <author>Muniz-Pumares, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Evans, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muniz-Pumares, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
Durability, or the resilience to a downward shift in physiological markers of endurance performance following prolonged exercise, has been proposed as an important additional component of endurance performance. Durability could be particularly important in cycling races where performance is often determined by the  ability to produce high power outputs after large quantities of accumulated work. However, the extent  to which durability explains variation in performance is not yet fully understood, and there are a wide range of protocols to measure durability, which could lead to inconsistent findings. Therefore, the aims of this study were to a) determine whether the type of fatiguing protocol (continuous or intermittent) influences the effectiveness of durability to predict cycling performance and b) determine whether considering the durability of   the markers of endurance performance helps predict cycling time trial (TT) and road race (RR) performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Automatisierte Daten- und Videoverarbeitung im Bahnradfahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096906</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096906</guid>
      <author>Vleeschouwers, T.</author>
      <author>Decorte, R.</author>
      <author>Slembrouck, M.</author>
      <author>Verstockt, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bahnradsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>automatisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vleeschouwers, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Decorte, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slembrouck, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verstockt, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Recent advances in sports data analytics have driven the development of integrated performance monitoring systems. This abstract describes the implementation and uses cases of integrating a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera into the existing Wireless Cycling Network (WCN) deployed at the Wielercentrum Eddy Merckx in Gent, Belgium. WCN combines a precise timing system, ANT+ sensor data collection and an anaerobic capacity (W`) estimation. Automated PTZ camera tracking and recording enables immediate visual analysis by coaches. AI-computer vision models are used for detection and qualitative analysis of team pursuit changeovers. In addition to elite use cases, general engagement can be improved with event-specific real-time data display and personalized videos and session reports. These integrated capabilities and the modular design streamline coaching workflows and provide a platform for future applications across various track-based sports. Future work includes further development of analysis tools to support coaches, production deployment of the complete system and implementing it at additional tracks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss zuvor angesammelter Trainingsleistung auf das Verhältnis zwischen Drehmoment und Trittfrequenz bei Nachwuchsradfahrern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096907</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096907</guid>
      <author>Giorgi, A.</author>
      <author>Martinez-Gonzalez, B.</author>
      <author>Vicini, M.</author>
      <author>Tarocchi, M.</author>
      <author>Modesti, P. A.</author>
      <author>Leo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Drehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Trittfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Giorgi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinez-Gonzalez, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vicini, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tarocchi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Modesti, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Understanding the torque-cadence-power relationship in fatigue is crucial for assessing cyclists' performance potential. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of prior accumulated work (like a junior cycling road race) on the power duration and torque cadence relationship. Results showed that race simulation workload induces reductions in Critical Power (CP: fresh = 301 ± 41; fatigued = 282 ± 46; p = 0.021), work capacity (W': fresh = 12497 ± 2846; fatigued = 9780 ± 2396; p = 0.009), 15 seconds, 3 minutes and 12 minutes all out efforts along with lower cadences (p < 0 .05). On the other hand, torque values did not change under fatigue across all out efforts. These findings highlight that accumulated work influences the torque-cadence-power dynamics showing that drop in power output is mainly driven by declines in cadence rather than torque.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pharmakologische vs. nicht-pharmakologische Behandlung bei der Bewältigung relativer Energiemangelerscheinungen im Sport (REDs): Eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096841</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096841</guid>
      <author>Wood, A. N.</author>
      <author>Soundy, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pharmaka</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wood, A. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soundy, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective: The purpose of the study was to conduct a systematic review assessing the impact of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). The study design follows a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data sources are CINAHL, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, ERIC, and Embase from inception until July 2025. Eligibility criteria for selecting the studies include the experimental, quasi-experimental, and pre-experimental literature that investigated interventions designed to support the symptoms of REDs. 

Results: A total of nineteen studies (fifteen non-pharmacological interventions, four pharmacological interventions), with a total of 759 females, were included in the review. Non-pharmacological interventions demonstrated positive benefits on menstrual function recovery, energy availability, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Meta-analyses quantified nutrition intervention benefits on an individual`s fat mass (kg), 1.36 (95% CI 0.68, 2.04), and body percentage fat (%), 2.21 (95% CI 1.34, 3.08). It was also possible to identify the impact of non-pharmacological interventions on total triiodothyronine (T3) biomarkers (nmol/L), -2.37 (95% CI -5.57, 0.83). It should be noted, however, that non-pharmacological interventions were limited by quality and certainty assessment, identifying included evidence as low to moderate. Pharmacological interventions demonstrated some positive (at times very strong effect sizes) results for impact on bone mineral density, but conclusions are currently limited by well-powered experimental studies. 

Conclusions: The current evidence base favors non-pharmacological management as an initial response for managing REDs. Initial pharmacological management appears to identify limited but potentially (depending on the drug) promising evidence for the impact on bone mineral density; further evidence is required to be more certain about the impact on hormonal profiling and menstrual recovery function. Further research is needed to help develop a greater understanding.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wettkampfstress verlängert die Erholungsphase nach dem Training bei weiblichen College-Fußballspielerinnen der Division I.</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096842</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096842</guid>
      <author>Jensen, C. D.</author>
      <author>Martinez, R. L.</author>
      <author>Holmgren, N. J.</author>
      <author>King, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jensen, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinez, R. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmgren, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effect of competition stress on recovery time in female collegiate soccer players. Thirty NCAA Division I athletes were monitored over 35 consecutive days using Polar Team Pro wearable devices, which captured exercise duration, distance covered, energy expenditure, sprint count, speed, heart rate, training load, and recovery duration. Data were collected across 20 practices and 7 competitions, totaling 845 observations. Linear regression was used to assess whether formal competition independently influenced recovery duration, controlling for time of day and workload variables. Athletes averaged 20.1 ± 1.1 years of age. Across all sessions, the mean exercise duration was 59.5 ± 38.7 min, with an average distance of 2.6 ± 2.1 km, and energy expenditure of 387.2 ± 283.5 kcals. Recovery duration was significantly longer after competition (51.3 ± 59.6 h) compared to practice (13.0 ± 15.8 h, p < 0.001). The regression model indicated that formal competition predicted an additional 51 h of recovery time (ß = 50.540; p < 0.001), independent of physical workload. Recovery following formal competition is significantly prolonged, holding multiple components of workload constant. These findings offer novel insights into female athlete recovery and highlight the importance of sex-specific approaches in sports science.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reliabilität zwischen Trainingseinheiten von tragbaren isometrischen Oberschenkelzugtests und Countermovement Jump Tests bei männlichen Elite-Eishockeyspielern aus der schwedischen Eishockeyliga</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096843</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096843</guid>
      <author>Godhe, M.</author>
      <author>Bergman, S.</author>
      <author>Petré, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Godhe, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bergman, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petré, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the test-retest reliability of strength and power-related measures assessed with a portable IMTP set-up and with CMJ in elite ice hockey players from the Swedish Hockey League. Twenty-two male ice hockey players (age: 26.8 ± 5.1 yr; height: 184.5 ± 3.9 cm; body mass: 88.6 ± 5.7 kg) participated in this study. The participants performed three maximal IMTP and CMJ trials on two separate occasions. Absolute and relative variables from the portable IMTP (force and rate of force development) and CMJ (force, power, velocity, impulse, jump height, time to peak force, time to peak power, concentric duration and eccentric duration) were obtained using force plates. Excellent reliability (ICC > 0.90; CV < 5%) was observed for multiple CMJ parameters, such as peak force (ICC = 0.94; CV = 2.7%), concentric and eccentric impulse (ICC = 0.96; CV = 1.4% resp. ICC = 0.95; CV = 2.9%) and CMJ peak power (ICC = 0.93; CV = 2.3%). IMTP peak force also demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC = 0.95; CV = 2.4%). IMTP rate of force development variables yielded reliability ranging from poor to moderate (CV = 12.9-54.6%). CMJ and portable IMTP provide highly reliable assessments of most strength and power-related variables in elite male ice hockey players. While absolute peak impulse, velocity and force, power and concentric duration displayed the highest reliability and should be prioritized, RFD variables require cautious interpretation due to high variability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wirksamkeit des Beckenbodentrainings zur Behandlung von Harninkontinenz bei Sportlerinnen: Ein kritisch bewertetes Thema</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096877</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096877</guid>
      <author>Finley, A.</author>
      <author>Romesburg, L., Baumann, S. G.</author>
      <author>Yannaccone, A.</author>
      <author>Crane, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Physiotherapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Becken</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausscheidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Inkontinenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Finley, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romesburg, L., Baumann, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yannaccone, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Crane, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training in treating urinary incontinence in female athletes aged over 13 years.

Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Sports Medicine & Education Index, Cochrane Central, and grey literature. Study Selection: Randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, or case series evaluating PMFT in female athletes  >13 years with urinary incontinence from inception to February 2025 were included.

Data Extraction: Data on participant characteristics, study design, interventions, and outcomes were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, Downs and Black, Joanna Briggs Institute Tool, STROBE, CONSORT checklist, Risk of Bias-2 (RoB-2), and/or Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions, Version 2 (ROBINS-I V2).

Data Synthesis: A search yielded 324 studies; four met inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes included maximum voluntary contraction or the pad test. Secondary outcomes included urethral closure pressure, pelvic floor muscle endurance, and self-report questionnaires.

Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests that pelvic floor muscle training may improve urinary incontinence in female athletes, particularly in high-impact sports; however, study quality is limited, and effectiveness varies by sport-specific demands. Further high-quality research is needed to establish standardized protocols and optimize pelvic floor muscle training implementation across athletic populations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wirksamkeit von Kaltwasserbädern nach Ausdauerübungen: Ein kritisch bewertetes Thema</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096878</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096878</guid>
      <author>Schroeffel, C.</author>
      <author>Solomon, L.</author>
      <author>Kuehner-Boyer, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kältetherapie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schroeffel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Solomon, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuehner-Boyer, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Cold-water immersion (CWI) has long been used by athletes participating in endurance exercises to aid in recovery. Although studies have been published examining CWI`s effects, a lack of methodological strength and the use of eccentric protocols to induce muscle damage have limited the clinical applicability of the findings when treating patients after endurance exercise. This critically appraised topic investigated the effects of CWI on delayed onset muscle soreness and markers of recovery in athletes participating in endurance exercise. Articles were limited to peer-reviewed randomized control trials published between 2017 and 2024 that scored a six or higher on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Four randomized control trials were found that met the criteria. All four articles concluded that CWI does not assist in recovery compared with control groups. An appraisal of good to excellent randomized control trials suggests that CWI does not assist in recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness symptoms or markers of recovery following endurance exercise. However, none of the studies reported adverse effects. Given CWI`s long-standing use in endurance sports, it may remain a preferred recovery strategy among athletes participating in endurance exercise. Clinicians should acknowledge patient preferences while educating them on the lack of evidence supporting CWI`s benefits for endurance exercise recovery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnose einer lebensmittelabhängigen, durch körperliche Anstrengung ausgelösten Anaphylaxie bei einer Ruderin: Fallstudie der Stufe 4</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096879</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096879</guid>
      <author>Sedlmayer, V.</author>
      <author>Appold, E.</author>
      <author>MacKnight, J. M.</author>
      <author>Moore, E. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Allergie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sedlmayer, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Appold, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>MacKnight, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moore, E. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A 19-year-old female collegiate rower with a history of multiple food allergies presented with full-body urticaria after two separate practices, 4 days apart. Patient has a history of anaphylaxis every 2 months and takes allergy medications. No known allergens were identified after food recall. Referred to a medical doctor and allergist, patient underwent a 3-week wheat elimination diet and had no further reactions. Diagnosed with food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, patient was instructed to avoid gluten and other trigger foods pre- and postexercise, and to carry an epinephrine auto-injector while rowing. Patient made a full return to sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der Nordic-Hamstring-Übung: Auswirkungen der Schienbeinposition auf das Drehmoment der Kniebeuger und die Muskelaktivität</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096880</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096880</guid>
      <author>Kmetic, K.</author>
      <author>Spudic, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kmetic, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spudic, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is widely regarded for its effectiveness in enhancing eccentric strength and reducing the risk of injuries, particularly in field sports and sprinting activities. This study explores the impact of varying shin angle positions on knee flexion torque and muscle activation during the NHE. Fifteen male participants with a background in strength training participated in a cross-sectional study, performing three NHE variations: inclined, horizontal, and declined shin positions. Key variables analyzed included peak torque, peak activation of the knee flexor muscles, and the angles at which these peaks occurred across all variations. A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that the declined NHE, where the knees were positioned higher than the ankles, produced the highest peak torque at more extended knee angle positions. These torque angles corresponded to the greatest activation of the knee flexor muscles. The results indicate that the declined shin position during the NHE most closely replicates the mechanical demands and activation of the knee flexors observed during the late swing phase of sprinting—a critical phase for optimizing performance and minimizing the risk of hamstring injuries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung des Hörvermögens auf die visuelle Orientierung bei der Haltungskontrolle</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096881</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096881</guid>
      <author>Brancaleone, M. P.</author>
      <author>Caccese, J.</author>
      <author>Talarico, M.</author>
      <author>Boucher, L. C.</author>
      <author>Merfeld, D.</author>
      <author>Grooms, D.</author>
      <author>Onate, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ohr</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sinnesfunktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensomotorik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehörlose</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>visuomotorische Koordination</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brancaleone, M. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caccese, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Talarico, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boucher, L. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Merfeld, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grooms, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onate, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (D/HoH) have differing postural control performance differences compared with athletes who are hearing; however, no evidence exists regarding their reliance on visual information. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the visual reliance during postural control between athletes who are D/HoH and athletes who are hearing. Athletes who are D/HoH (n = 22) and athletes who are hearing (n = 24) completed the traditional modified clinical test of sensory interaction and balance tasks with the addition of a third visual condition using stroboscopic vision glasses. Independent t tests revealed sway velocity Romberg ratios for eyes closed/eyes open on firm, eyes closed/eyes open on foam (p = .01), and stroboscopic vision/eyes open on foam were different between groups (p < .05 for all). Sway area Romberg ratios were not different (p > .05). Findings may allow health care professionals to gauge recovery from injury in athletes who are D/HoH.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimale Massenskalierung der Leistungsabgabe für komplexe Strecken und ihr Zusammenhang mit der Zeitfahrleistung im Radsport </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096882</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096882</guid>
      <author>Horvath, M.</author>
      <author>Andersson, E. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zeitfahren</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Horvath, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andersson, E. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The allometric scaling of power output is a long-standing topic of debate in cycling research concerning performance prediction. In contrast to previously used test-based approaches, this study employed a numerical method to determine how external forces influence the conversion of power output into race velocity. Time-trial performances of typical elite-level road cyclist models were estimated utilizing the power-duration relationship and normative power data for two recent Grand Tour individual time-trial courses. Optimal body mass exponents were determined based on the estimated average speed of typical cyclists over the respective course sections, their morphological characteristics, and external factors such as incline and wind velocity. Estimated power output expressed in terms of optimally scaled power metrics - namely W/kg0.6068 and W/kg0.4891 - accurately predicted the estimated performance of five typical elite-level cyclists on two recent Grand Tour individual time-trial courses (for both). The study`s findings suggest that optimal mass exponents are course-specific and primarily influenced by the magnitude of headwind relative to the cyclist and the road gradient. Further field-based research is needed to validate the proposed method for determining these optimal mass exponents.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Natriumhydrogencarbonat-Einnahme zur Leistungssteigerung im Radsport: Vom ursprünglichen Konzept zum Ausdauer-Ergogenikum </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096883</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096883</guid>
      <author>Sparks, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sparks, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (SB) to enhance extracellular buffering and exercise performance has been researched since the 1930`s. In that time there has been a considerable volume of research on SB across many sport and exercise contexts. Much of this work was conducted during the 1980`s and 1990`s (McNaughton, 1992) and laid the foundations for the ingestion practices that some athletes are still using, but over the past 10 years, there have been notable advances in SB ingestion methods. Renewed interest in SB began with the identification of highly variable inter-individual blood bicarbonate (HCO3) responses (Jones et al., 2016), typical with traditional ingestion modes such as fluid or gelatine capsules. In response to this, the time to peak pre-exercise ingestion timing approach demonstrated that individualising ingestion time could improve performance further (Boegman et al., 2020). Meanwhile, attention also started to focus on methods to reduce the gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) that can negatively impact performance for some athletes following SB ingestion. Pharmaceutical technologies were used to reduce the interaction of SB with stomach acid, via delayed release and enterically coated capsules, establishing that it was possible to considerably reduce some of the GIS (Hilton et al., 2019). In so doing, the pharmacokinetic responses of blood HCO3 were also observed to be specific to the mode of SB ingestion, which has implications for both the dose and timing of each ingestion form to maximise its ergogenic potential (Leach et al., 2023). The resolution of GIS problems has come recently in the format of a commercially available SB ingestion system that combines mini-tablets with a carbohydrate hydrogel delivery system (MBS). The MBS has demonstrated very low GIS responses and elevated and prolonged changes in blood HCO3 (Gough and Sparks 2024a). Furthermore, the MBS has now been shown to be effective at improving performance and recovery from 4 km time trials (Gough and Sparks 2024b), to enhance 40 km time trial performance (Shannon et al., 2024) and is being used extensively in the professional peloton. Interestingly, Shannon et al., (2024) have also suggested that gross economy may be improved using the MBS, along with relative reductions in perceived exertion. With the resolution of the GIS, it may now be possible to more clearly determine the ergogenic mechanisms that SB may enhance in addition to hydrogen ion buffering. These potential mechanisms include improved economy, muscle recruitment, and reduced pain and perceived exertion, and represent an exciting new avenue of investigation in future SB performance research.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Antriebskonfiguration auf die Gesamteffizienz beim Radfahren: Simulationen, Experimente und Fallstudien aus Zeitfahren der World Tour </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096884</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096884</guid>
      <author>Blockmans, B.</author>
      <author>Laseur, S.</author>
      <author>de Jong, H.</author>
      <author>Verschaeve, V.</author>
      <author>De Naeyer, B.</author>
      <author>van Druten, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Experiment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zeitfahren</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blockmans, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laseur, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Jong, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verschaeve, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Naeyer, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Druten, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite frequent displays of undisputed dominance in cycling`s biggest road races, time trialing remains a test of precision, where victory is often determined by razor-thin margins. In all of the major time trials of the 2024 season, champions were separated from runners-up by time differences of less than 0.5% (or 9 seconds per 30 minutes). As a consequence, the pursuit of cycling efficiency has never been as relentless as today, with countless hours of wind tunnel testing being used to scrape off the last fraction of a watt from a cyclist`s jersey. Besides aerodynamic efficiency, bicycle drive-train efficiency has received increased interest in recent years. On the verge of what could be a paradigm shift in bicycle drivetrain technology, the traditional front derailleur-based 2x systems are increasingly being challenged by "derailleur-killing" technologies such as 1x configurations and drivetrains equipped with hub gears. Whether or not said technology shift will actually happen, and if so in which of cycling`s many disciplines, depends to a large extend on the proven efficiency of these new drivetrain concepts. In the current work, a comparative analysis of various drivetrain configurations is presented, based on a combined simulation-based and experimental approach, with case studies from World Tour time trialing in the 2024 and 2025 seasons.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beckenbewegung und Satteldruck bei weiblichen und männlichen Radfahrern während eines fahrradspezifischen Stufentests</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096885</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096885</guid>
      <author>Michel, F. I.</author>
      <author>Vollprecht, I.</author>
      <author>Schwanitz, S.</author>
      <author>Edelmann-Nusser, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sattel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Michel, F. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vollprecht, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schwanitz, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edelmann-Nusser, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to analyse the movement of the buttock on the saddle based on pelvic motion and saddle contact pressure during a cycling specific graded exercise test. Nine female and ten male recreational cyclists took part in the study. Overall, both the saddle pressure distribution and the pelvic motion show that with increasing intensity/fatigue there is more movement between the buttock and the saddle to observe. In particular, pelvic movement in the frontal plane (rocking) should be considered for bike fitting interventions as well as for the design of saddles and seat pads at high load intensities/fatigue. Substantial pelvic movement can lead to critical shear forces between the buttock and saddle. These shear forces, combined with moisture development can therefore lead to a higher risk of seating discomfort and pain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Sitzhaltung und des Geschlechts auf die Beckenbewegung und den Satteldruck beim Radfahren </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096886</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096886</guid>
      <author>Michel, F. I., Vollprecht, I.</author>
      <author>Schwanitz, S.</author>
      <author>Edelmann-Nusser, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sattel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Michel, F. I., Vollprecht, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schwanitz, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edelmann-Nusser, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present study was to compare female and male cyclists riding in an inclined and an upright seating posture based on saddle pressure distribution and pelvic movement. The results show differences between females and males as well as between the two seating postures. In general, females show less mean saddle pressure and less pelvic movement in the frontal plane. However, females reveal a higher anterior forward pelvic tilt which contributes to higher mean pressure around the anterior saddle region. The results of the study confirm the importance of selecting the appropriate saddle and seat pad respectively depending on gender and cycling specific activities to improve seating comfort and to reduce the risk of injury.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lineare Sprint- und Vertikalsprungleistung bei Rugby-Union-Spielerinnen: Eine explorative Analyse über Altersgruppen und Spielpositionen hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096888</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096888</guid>
      <author>Fink, B.</author>
      <author>Zabaloy, S.</author>
      <author>Loturco, I.</author>
      <author>Gálvez-González, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fink, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zabaloy, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loturco, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gálvez-González, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to (a) determine the distance needed to reach maximum velocity (Vmax) in female rugby union players during a 50-m linear sprint, considering age categories (i.e., under-14 [U14], under-16 [U16], under-18 [U18], and Seniors) and playing positions (i.e., forwards and backs); (b) examine differences in linear sprint performance and countermovement jump (CMJ) height across age categories and playing positions; and (c) explore the associations between sprint times, Vmax, and CMJ height, using players' body mass as a covariate. Eighty-five female rugby players (U14: n = 22; 13.45 ± 1.06 years, U16: n = 23; 15.39 ± 0.78 years, U18: n = 21; 16.19 ± 0.68 years, Seniors: n = 20; 24.35 ± 5.16 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects completed a 50-m linear sprint and CMJ test on the same day. Results showed that younger players (i.e., U14, U16, U18) reached Vmax at 15-20 m whereas Seniors did so at 20-25 m. Backs showed a higher Vmax than forwards in U14, U16, and Senior categories (p < 0.05; effect size [ES] > 0.85), and greater CMJ height in U14 (p = 0.028; ES = -1.01). Likewise, lower sprint times (from 5 to 20 m) and higher CMJ height were observed in Senior compared with their younger counterparts (p < 0.05). Similarly, Senior forwards showed lower sprint times (from 20 to 50 m) and higher CMJ height than U14 players (p < 0.05; r: small to moderate). Regarding associations, CMJ height was significantly related to all sprint measures (p < 0.05). In conclusion, younger female rugby players require shorter distances to reach Vmax than Seniors, and these results emphasize the importance of assessing vertical jump and sprint performance, given the associations observed across all measures.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in anthropometrischen Merkmalen und körperlicher Fitness in Abhängigkeit von der Spielposition bei leistungsorientierten Jugendfußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096889</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096889</guid>
      <author>Rites, A. A.</author>
      <author>da Silva, R. C. F.</author>
      <author>de Souza, E. B.</author>
      <author>dos Santos, R. P.</author>
      <author>Pinto, V. S.</author>
      <author>Paulucio, D.</author>
      <author>Miranda, H.</author>
      <author>Gomes, D. V.</author>
      <author>Lattari, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rites, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da Silva, R. C. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Souza, E. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>dos Santos, R. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinto, V. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paulucio, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miranda, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lattari, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To examine differences in anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness based on playing position in elite youth soccer players, a comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 160 male players in the U13-14, U15-16, and U17-20 categories. The players were grouped as lateral defender (LD), central defender (CD), midfielder (MF), and attacker. During the first visit, anthropometric assessments, squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ) were conducted. On the second visit, 48 hours later, a 20-meter sprint test and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test were performed. Height, body mass, lean mass, vertical jumps, 20 m sprint, and Vo2max all increased with advancing age (p <= 0.001). A main effect of position (p <= 0.001) showed that CD had higher stature, body mass, and lean mass than players in other positions. In addition, CD exhibited higher values than LD for SJ and CMJ height (p < 0.05). The U17-20 group exhibited greater SJ and CMJ peak power than the U15-16 and U13-14 groups (p <= 0.001 for all comparisons). In addition, CDs outperformed all other positions in SJ peak power and showed higher CMJ peak power than LDs and MFs across all age categories. This study demonstrated that height, body mass, lean mass, vertical jump performance, sprint speed, and Vo2max all increased with advancing age in youth soccer players. Central defender consistently exhibited higher values for these physical characteristics than players in other positions, including LD, particularly in SJ and CMJ performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Gelenkdrehmoments und der Kraft der unteren Extremitäten bei vertikalen und horizontalen Sprüngen auf die Startleistung im Leistungsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096890</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096890</guid>
      <author>Ikeda, Y.</author>
      <author>Kawabe, M.</author>
      <author>Hisamitsu, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Drehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moment</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>vertikal</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>horizontal</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ikeda, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawabe, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hisamitsu, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Jumping ability plays a crucial role in optimizing kick start performance in swimming. However, effective training methods for transferring the enhanced jumping ability to the kick start movement remain unclear owing to insufficient understanding of the relationship between kick start and jump movements. This study explores the relationship between kinematic parameters during the kick start and leg muscular power output in horizontal and vertical jumps. Fourteen male competitive swimmers (20.2 ± 2.3 years) participated in the swim start and jump tests. Jump performance was evaluated using vertical jumps (VJ), squat jumps (SJ), and standing long jumps (SLJ). Key metrics included the jump height (VJ, SJ), horizontal distance (SLJ), take-off velocity, joint torques, and power output. The results showed that flight distance, influenced by the vertical velocity of the center of mass (CM) at take-off, was significantly correlated with 5-m and 10-m performance (P < 0.05). Jump performance metrics were notably associated with swim start parameters, highlighting the importance of jump direction. However, these metrics did not correspond to the vertical velocity of the CM at take-off during the kick start (r = -0.059-0.473, n.s). Swimmers with greater flight distances exhibited higher joint torques and power in the knee and ankle joints during jumps, as along with greater deviation of the CM take-off angle during the kick start. These findings suggest distinct technical requirements for enhancing both flight distance and CM horizontal velocity. Targeted resistance and plyometric training, combined with technical adjustments in CM positioning, may improve swimming start performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ischämisches Präconditioning verbessert die kletterspezifische Leistung bei Leistungssportlern nicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096891</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096891</guid>
      <author>Platzer, H.-P.</author>
      <author>Köck, A.</author>
      <author>Schobersberger, W.</author>
      <author>Dünnwald, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>ischämische Präkonditionierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Platzer, H.-P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Köck, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schobersberger, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dünnwald, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present investigation was to analyze the performance enhancing potential of an Ischemic Preconditioning (IPC) application in elite climbers and to evaluate its effects on fatigue resistance and metabolic responses. In a crossover design, female and male competitive climbers (n = 11) completed intermittent hangboard tests (8-s hanging phases alternating with 3-s passive rests until exhaustion) on 2 separate occasions (IPC/SHAM). Next to recordings of the number of completed intervals in the hangboard test, heart rate, rating of perceived fatigue (RPF), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), measurements of blood lactate and blood gases (BGA) were performed. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to examine muscular and cerebral oxygenation. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. No differences between the 2 conditions were found for the hangboard test, RPF, RPE, and heart rate (p >= 0.05). Analysis of variance for BGA and NIRS variables showed no significant interaction effects except for partial pressure of oxygen and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (p < 0.05). However, these effects were not clinically relevant. As IPC was not able to elicit improved hanging performance nor alterations in other variables that would indicate a beneficial effect on recovery, there is no justification to recommend the use of IPC in elite climbing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Kopfballarten auf die neurokognitive und vestibuläre Leistung bei Jugendfußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096896</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096896</guid>
      <author>Reeschke, R.</author>
      <author>Dautzenberg, L.</author>
      <author>Mund, F. K.</author>
      <author>Koch, T.</author>
      <author>Reinsberger, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kopfball</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Neurokognition</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reeschke, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dautzenberg, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mund, F. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koch, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reinsberger, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose 
Repetitive head impacts due to heading in soccer may bear the potential to induce brain changes. To investigate how brain development is affected by heading, effects of heading exposure on neurocognitive and vestibular performance in adolescent soccer players were prospectively examined.

Methods 
In this longitudinal cohort study, male and female high-level youth soccer players of different ages were enrolled in two seasons. Age-matched athletes of other ball sports were included as controls. Before and after each season, neurocognitive performance (six domain scores), vestibulo-ocular reflex, dynamic visual acuity, and postural control (sway velocity) were objectively assessed in all athletes. Every soccer training and match during the observation period was videotaped to analyze individual heading exposure. Associations between heading frequency (total, in duels, >20-m flight distance) and pre- to post-changes were investigated via the Spearman correlation.

Results 
A total of 103 soccer and 51 control athletes (9-19 yr) participated. Neurocognitive scores and sway velocity significantly improved in each season in soccer and control athletes. There were no associations between total heading numbers and changes in any parameter. Over the first season, the more headers played in duels (r = -0.255; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.474 to -0.006; P = 0.04) and from >20-m distance (r = -0.299; 95% CI, -0.510 to -0.055; P = 0.02), the less psychomotor speed improvement occurred. In the second season, improvements in reaction time were significantly smaller with higher numbers of headers played in duels (r = 0.375; 95% CI, 0.043 to 0.632; P = 0.02) and from >20-m distance (r = 0.359; 95% CI, 0.025 to 0.621; P = 0.03).

Conclusions 
Potential high-impact headers may have affected neurocognitive improvements, exhibiting small to moderate effects. Therefore, more high-impact headers may be more important to consider than solely the overall heading exposure in discussions about adverse effects in youth soccer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer akuten Koffein-Supplementierung auf die integrierte Biathlon-Leistung bei männlichen Spitzensportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096953</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096953</guid>
      <author>Engel, H.</author>
      <author>Yilmaz, C.</author>
      <author>Appelhans, D.</author>
      <author>Staunton, C. A.</author>
      <author>Kock, H.</author>
      <author>Mathieu, J.</author>
      <author>Leitlauf, T.</author>
      <author>Brandl, R.</author>
      <author>Waibel, K.</author>
      <author>Koehler, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Koffein</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Engel, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yilmaz, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Appelhans, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staunton, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kock, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mathieu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leitlauf, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brandl, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Waibel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koehler, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Caffeine enhances endurance performance but may impair shooting accuracy, creating a potential trade-off for overall biathlon performance. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, seven elite male biathletes consumed caffeine (3 mg/kg) or a taste-matched placebo 60 min before a simulated biathlon competition consisting of five "laps" of 6-min treadmill skiing interspersed with four five-shot bouts. Participants also performed precision shooting (20 prone and 20 standing) before and after the competition.  Caffeine increased distance covered in Lap 1 (1824 +/- 73 vs. 1772 +/- 66 m; p = .03, dz = 1.12) and Lap 2 (1801 +/- 92 vs. 1776 +/- 84 m; p = .02, dz = 1.19) but did not improve total distance (p = .06). Blood lactate (p = .01, eta_p2 = .85) and ventilation (p < .001, eta_p2 = .90) increased with caffeine. Heart rate (p = .07) and perceived exertion (p = .69) did not differ between conditions.  Caffeine impaired shooting accuracy in the standing position (72.9 +/- 16.0% vs. 82.9 +/- 7.6%; p = .03, dz = 0.87), but not in the prone position. Integrated race times did not differ between conditions for individual (71.72 +/- 5.27 vs. 71.58 +/- 4.57 min), mass start (52.45 +/- 3.67 vs. 52.57 +/- 3.27 min), or pursuit (44.18 +/- 3.18 vs. 44.23 +/- 2.83 min; all p > .77) formats.  Caffeine impaired post-exercise precision shooting in the prone position (88.9 +/- 6.0% vs. 93.3 +/- 7.5%; p = .04, dz = 0.65). These findings highlight task-specific effects of caffeine and emphasize the importance of tailoring supplementation to integrated performance demands.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Beschleunigungs- und Verzögerungsprofile: Vergleich zwischen dem 5-0-5-Test und der saisonalen Spitzenleistung von Spielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096848</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096848</guid>
      <author>Pimenta, R.</author>
      <author>Antunes, H.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, F. Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Portugal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>U23</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pimenta, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Antunes, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, F. Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Change-of-direction (COD) capacity is a key performance metric in football due to the high volume of COD actions occurring during match play. This study aimed to (i) evaluate the repeatability of the 5-0-5 test and (ii) examine the relationship between acceleration and deceleration profiles of the 5-0-5 test and in-season peak performance. Nineteen national-level Portuguese football players competing in the under-23 Portuguese National Championship were analysed. Repeatability analysis was conducted using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Paired-samples t-tests and Pearson correlations (r) were employed to assess within-subject differences and associations between 5-0-5 measures (highest accelerations from a standing start [ACC_S], deceleration prior to the change in direction (DEC_COD), acceleration after decelerating and changing direction [ACC_COD]) and seasonal peak performances (ACCmax). The in-season peak values were determined from the average of the three maximal values that occurred either in training sessions or in matches. Normalized (relative to seasonal performance) parameters showed good repeatability (ICC = 0.76-0.85). The best ACC_COD and DEC_COD were not significantly different from ACCmax [ACC_COD] vs. ACCmax: (5.04 ± 0.39 m/s2 vs. 5.36 ± 0.54 m/s2; p > 0.05) and DECmax [DEC_COD] vs. DECmax: (-6.47 ± 0.26 m/s2 vs. -6.35 ± 0.61 m/s2; p > 0.05), respectively. The average and best 5-0-5 ACC_S performances showed significant, moderate correlations (r = 0.48; p = 0.040 and r = 0.50; p = 0.028, respectively) with the players` peak in-season acceleration performance. Therefore, the best ACC_S and ACC_COD attempts can reflect values above 90% of ACCmax, while DEC_COD reflects values above 100% of DECmax and may assist in monitoring and tailoring training for this capacity on an individual basis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Last-Geschwindigkeits-Parametern an Land und der bioenergetischen Leistungsfähigkeit im Wasser bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096849</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096849</guid>
      <author>Amara, S.</author>
      <author>Bouassida, A.</author>
      <author>van den Tillaar, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Maximalkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bioenergetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Oberkörper</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Amara, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bouassida, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van den Tillaar, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Neuromuscular determinants such as maximal force, maximal velocity, and upper-body power are recognized as key contributors to competitive swimming performance. However, despite the relevance of these dry-land qualities, their relationships with the physiological mechanisms underpinning in-water performance, particularly aerobic and anaerobic capacities, remain insufficiently established. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between upper-body load-velocity profile parameters (theoretical maximal force: F0; theoretical maximal velocity: V0; and maximal power: Pmax), aerobic capacity expressed through critical velocity, and anaerobic capacity in trained swimmers. Methods: Thirty competitive male swimmers (age = 16.50 ± 0.31 years) completed an upper-body load-velocity profile test using the bench press exercise to determine F0, V0, and Pmax. Swimming performances in the 100, 200, and 400 m freestyle events were used to calculate critical velocity and anaerobic capacity based on a linear distance-time model. Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between variables. Results: Pmax (r = 0.493, p = 0.006) and V0 (r = 0.697, p < 0.001) showed moderate to strong correlations with critical velocity, whereas F0 showed no significant association (r = 0.152, p = 0.422). Conversely, anaerobic capacity was strongly correlated with F0 (r = 0.842, p < 0.001) but not with V0 (p = 0.119). Regression models indicated that F0 explained 71% of the variance in anaerobic capacity, while V0 explained 48% of the variance in critical velocity. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated distinct contributions of neuromuscular qualities: speed and power-oriented parameters are associated with critical velocity, whereas maximal strength strongly associated with anaerobic capacity. Monitoring the upper-body load-velocity profile appears to be a relevant tool for individualizing dry-land training according to the aerobic and anaerobic demands of swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Über playerload hinaus: Erkennung kritischer Momente und Verletzungsrisiko im Elite-Frauen-Futsal</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096850</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096850</guid>
      <author>Villarejo-García, D. H.</author>
      <author>Navarro-Martínez, C.</author>
      <author>Pino-Ortega, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spanien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Villarejo-García, D. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro-Martínez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pino-Ortega, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Monitoring the volume and intensity of physical load is essential in elite women`s futsal to optimize performance and prevent injuries. However, external load indicators such as PlayerLoad may underestimate critical moments in competition where the intensity and volume of accelerations and decelerations sharply increase. This study aimed to identify and characterize such critical moments by analyzing the interaction between current score, playing position, match half, and location on acceleration and deceleration volume (distance, km/h) and intensity (peak, m/s2). Thirteen elite female futsal players (age: 29.9 ± 5.1 years; height: 164.96 ± 4.22 cm; body mass: 60.31 ± 4.56 kg) competing in the Spanish First Division were analyzed over a full season. All match accelerations and decelerations recorded with WIMU PRO™ inertial devices were processed using four Linear Mixed Models (LMMs). Significant interactions emerged across all models. Volume increased when winning, particularly among pivots, while intensity rose during adverse conditions, especially when losing at home. Interindividual variability was minimal (ICC < 1%). Physical load in women`s futsal follows two situational patterns: volume increases when leading, and intensity peaks when trailing. Identifying these critical moments provides insight beyond total load metrics, offering guidance for individualized and context-specific injury prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Effekte von exzentrischer Überlastung mit dem Schwungrad auf Vertikalsprung, Richtungswechsel und isometrische Mid-Thigh-Pull-Leistung bei Spitzenathleten in Mannschaftssportarten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096851</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096851</guid>
      <author>Andric, N.</author>
      <author>Jezdimirovic-Stojanovic, T.</author>
      <author>Mikic, M.</author>
      <author>Mededovic, B.</author>
      <author>Jakšic, D.</author>
      <author>Stojanovic, M. D. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Mannschaftssportart</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Überlastung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schwungrad</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Andric, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jezdimirovic-Stojanovic, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mikic, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mededovic, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jakšic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojanovic, M. D. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We examined the acute effects of flywheel eccentric overload (FEO) on countermovement jumps (CMJs), changes of direction (COD), and isometric mid-thigh pulls (IMTPs) in top-level team sports athletes (three females and seven males). FEO was carried out by performing 3 × 6 reps with 0.025 kg·m2 inertia and a 2 min passive rest period. Its post-activation potentiation was compared to a control warm-up. Performance was tested at 0, 3, and 6 min post-intervention. Significant improvements were reported in the COD5m times for the left (F = 8.38, p < 0.001, ES = 1.92) and right legs (F = 11.3, p < 0.001, ES = 2.24), as well as for CMJ height (F = 12.4, p < 0.001, ES = 2.35). Significant differences were observed in COD5m between baseline and 3 min (p < 0.001, ES = 0.99 and p = 0.003, ES = 1.25) and 6 min (p = 0.04, ES = 1.19 and p < 0.001, ES = 1.09) for the left and right legs, respectively. Jump height increased significantly at 3 min (p < 0.001, ES = 1.62) and remained elevated at 6 min (p < 0.001, ES = 1.02). CMJ peak power (CMJPP) decreased significantly (F = 6.4, p = 0.002, ES = 1.68), with a drop at 0 min (p = 0.024, ES = 0.85) and a return to baseline at 3 min (p = 0.002, ES = 1.35). No significant effects were found for the CMJ eccentric rate of force development (CMJRFDecc) or IMTP. It was found that FEO can acutely enhance jumping and changes of direction but not strength in elite team sports athletes. A three-minute rest appears to maximize these effects.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bilaterale und positionsbedingte Unterschiede in der Dicke der Bauchmuskulatur bei Golfspielern mit einer Vorgeschichte von Schmerzen im unteren Rückenbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096875</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096875</guid>
      <author>Skibski, A.</author>
      <author>Callahan, E.</author>
      <author>Stout, J. R.</author>
      <author>Ingersoll, C. D.</author>
      <author>Mangum, L. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rücken</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>bilateral</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Skibski, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Callahan, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stout, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ingersoll, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mangum, L. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Low back pain is a frequent injury in golfers which impacts trunk muscle activity patterns. The primary purpose of this study was to bilaterally compare thickness of the external obliques and internal obliques across three positions (supine, golf setup, and swing peak) in 16 adult golfers with a history of low back pain via ultrasound. There were no significant differences between lead and trail external obliques thickness in supine (Z = 0.982, p = .326), setup (Z = 1.758, p = .079), or peak (Z = 1.396, p = .163). There were no significant differences between lead and trail internal obliques thickness in supine (Z = 1.448, p = .148), setup (Z = 0.078, p = .938), or peak (Z = 1.086, p = .278). Golfers with a history of low back pain do not demonstrate asymmetrical oblique adaptations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Normative Werte für die Symmetrie zwischen den Gliedmaßen bei der Sprunghöhe auf einem Bein bei unverletzten jugendlichen Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096876</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096876</guid>
      <author>VanZile, A. W.</author>
      <author>Jones, D. D.</author>
      <author>Almonroeder, T. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Symmetrie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>VanZile, A. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almonroeder, T. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The lack of normative data for single-leg vertical jump testing makes it challenging to determine when an injured athlete has achieved a level of interlimb symmetry that is within normal limits. The purpose of this study was to establish normative values for single-leg vertical jump height interlimb symmetry based on data from uninjured adolescent athletes. One hundred seventy three uninjured adolescent athletes completed single-leg vertical jump testing with both limbs. Descriptive statistics were generated to summarize the percent differences in jump heights between the limbs (interlimb symmetry) for the male and female athletes. Having normative data available will help clinicians assess injured athletes` recovery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gastrointestinale Symptome bei Sportlern außerhalb des Ausdauersports: eine Übersichtsarbeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096827</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096827</guid>
      <author>Haworth, J. J.</author>
      <author>Bhatt, N.</author>
      <author>Johnson, K. O.</author>
      <author>Close, G. K.</author>
      <author>Kasper, A. M.</author>
      <author>Wardenaar, F. C.</author>
      <author>Hobson, A. R.</author>
      <author>Fearn, R.</author>
      <author>Mancin, L.</author>
      <author>Pugh, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Darm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Magen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haworth, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bhatt, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, K. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Close, G. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasper, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wardenaar, F. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hobson, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fearn, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mancin, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pugh, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in endurance athletes but the prevalence across other sports is unclear.

Methods
A scoping review of studies available on Medline and SportDiscus databases (until September 1, 2025) which reported the prevalence of GI symptoms in highly trained and elite athletes was conducted. Keywords were used to identify cross-sectional studies and exclude those exclusively on endurance sports (distance running, cycling, triathlons). Articles were screened for eligibility and data were extracted by independent reviewers. Prevalence was reported according to timing, severity and sex.

Results
The search strategy generated 482 articles. After screening, seven studies were included with six different questionnaires utilised to determine prevalence. In total, there were 1087 athletes, of whom 682 were male and 405 female. Prevalence varied widely with 11.5-80.0% of athletes reporting at least one gastrointestinal symptom. The prevalence of any GI symptoms in males was 13.9-61% and females 20-80%. Three studies reported on timing of symptoms around training or competition, which ranged from 24.5-52.0% and this was more common in females (range 37.5-67.0%) than males (range 13.9-52.0%). Diarrhoea and urge to defecate were more common during exercise than at rest.

Conclusion
The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in athletes varies widely, which may be due to heterogeneity in screening tools. There is a lack of studies discerning the severity and timing of symptoms, but it appears that around 1 in 2 female and 1 in 3 male athletes may experience gastrointestinal symptoms around competing. Future studies should aim to better standardise methods for assessing GI issues in athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Beeinflusst Tagesmüdigkeit den psychischen Gesundheitszustand von studentischen Athleten? Eine retrospektive Studie zu ärztlichen Untersuchungen vor der Teilnahme</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096828</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096828</guid>
      <author>Pazik, M.</author>
      <author>LaMonica, T.</author>
      <author>Farmer, K. W.</author>
      <author>Roach, R: P.</author>
      <author>Chrabaszcz, S.</author>
      <author>Altman, J.</author>
      <author>Tipper, N.</author>
      <author>Horodyski, M. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pazik, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>LaMonica, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farmer, K. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roach, R: P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chrabaszcz, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Altman, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tipper, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horodyski, M. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Context: Lack of sleep in collegiate student-athletes may lead to decreased athletic and academic performance and longer injury recovery time. Recent research has found a link between decreased mental health status and poor sleep habits in collegiate student-athletes.

Purpose: The objective of the current study was to investigate the relationship between mental health scores measured via the General Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) scale and daytime sleep scores measured via the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in junior college student-athletes.

Results: A total of 204 participants (115 females, 89 males) with a mean age of 19.2 ± 0.8 were included in final analysis. Average GAD-7 scores were 1.05 ± 2.7, and average ESS scores were 6.04 ± 3.5. Females scored significantly higher (p < .01) on the GAD-7 questionnaire than males, but no significant difference was found between sexes on the ESS questionnaire (p = .67). A weak positive correlation was found between GAD-7 and ESS scores (r = .23, p < .001).

Conclusions: Female junior collegiate student-athletes had higher anxiety scores on the GAD-7 than their male counterparts. Daytime sleepiness measured did not differ based on sex. A weak positive relationship existed between junior collegiate student-athletes anxiety and daytime sleepiness scores.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Power! Eine feldbasierte Testressource für Kraft- und Konditionstrainer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096838</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096838</guid>
      <author>Bonder, I.</author>
      <author>Waller, M.</author>
      <author>Tangeman, M.</author>
      <author>Shim, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bonder, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Waller, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tangeman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shim, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Power may be the most vital physical trait towards successful sport performance. Whether competing in team sports such as basketball and rugby; individual sports including track and field events, tennis, and golf; endurance based events encompassing cross country skiing, marathon running, and long distance swimming; or even tactical occupations, power development and maintenance is crucial to an athletes` success. The specific power component most vital to success should be identified, monitored, and tested to ensure continued development and/or maintenance throughout a competition calendar. By conducting a needs analysis, the specific contributions of power to a given sport can be determined. Equally important as knowing how to develop power, is also knowing what economic field based tests are available to accurately assess athletic development. The purpose of this article is to provide strength and conditioning coaches (SCC) across numerous levels/populations and having various levels of funding, with a brief overview, categorization and coaching resource for the vast array of field testing methods available to assess and monitor whole, upper, and lower body power.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der aktuelle Kenntnisstand und zukünftige Ausrichtung in eine neue Ära des exzentrischen Trainings, eine Delphi-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096840</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096840</guid>
      <author>Handford, M.</author>
      <author>Bright, T.</author>
      <author>Mundy, P.</author>
      <author>Lake, J.</author>
      <author>Theis, N.</author>
      <author>Suchomel, T.</author>
      <author>Hughes, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Überlastung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Handford, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bright, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mundy, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lake, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Theis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suchomel, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hughes, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of the study was to gain a consensus surrounding specific topics concerning eccentric muscle actions and training. Twelve leading researchers and practitioners agreed to conduct the study, of which eleven completed both rounds of the Delphi study. Statements consisted of: defining eccentric training (Question 1) and eccentric overload Question 4), a new construct of time in action, and finally how would they describe an eccentric muscle action. Both a consensus was reached for eccentric training definition: Eccentric training consists of training methods that incorporate just the eccentric phase, or the manipulation of eccentric actions or training with an eccentric emphasis during resistance or plyometric-based training that have two or more contractile phases (concentric, eccentric, isometric), and a classification to muscle lengthening actions consisting of a passive lengthening action, and an active and forced eccentric action (75%). A consensus was reached of a new term of time in action describing the duration of a phase or movement (100%). Finally, a consensus was not reached for a definition of eccentric overload (64%), and that if the term is used researchers are encouraged to define eccentric overload. Future research now needs to assess these concepts on a wider population and for research to investigate some of the concepts raised from the current study.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physische und leistungsbezogene Profile unterscheiden die Wettkampfniveaus bei U-18-Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096844</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096844</guid>
      <author>Goniotaki, A.</author>
      <author>Bourdas, D. I.</author>
      <author>Travlos, A. K.</author>
      <author>Bakirtzoglou, P.</author>
      <author>Theos, A.</author>
      <author>Zacharakis, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>U18</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Goniotaki, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bourdas, D. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Travlos, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bakirtzoglou, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Theos, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacharakis, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Evidence on how physical and technical factors distinguish U-18 basketball levels is limited, yet these determinants may aid talent identification and development. This study examined differences in anthropometric, physical performance, and technical characteristics between high-level (HL; n = 38) and low-level (LL; n = 35) U-18 male basketball players and explored relationships between technical skills and key physical attributes across all participants. Methods: Participants were evaluated across anthropometry, physical performance, and basketball-specific technical skills. Statistical analyses assessed between-group differences and correlations, with significance set at p <= 0.05. Results: Compared to LL players, HL players exhibited significantly superior physical attributes, including greater height (Cohen`s d = 0.67) and arm-span (d = 0.65), reduced body fat (d = -0.58), and advanced performance metrics (10 m-speed running (d = -0.78), 20 m-speed running (d = -0.93), flexibility (d = 1.26), counter-movement jump height (d = 1.27), intermittent endurance (d = 1.18)). Technical proficiency in tasks such as 10 m- and 20 m-speed dribbling, maneuver dribbling and defensive sliding was also significantly faster in the HL group (d = -0.96, d = -1.05, d = -1.87, and d = -1.14, respectively). Several anthropometric and performance variables were strongly correlated with technical skills, indicating their relevance for distinguishing competitive levels. Conclusions: These findings underscore the interplay of physical, technical, and performance factors in high-level youth basketball. Coaches may use this information to guide targeted training strategies that support talent identification, player development, and competitive success.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Wechselbädern auf die physiologische und wahrgenommene Erholung nach hochintensivem Intervallschwimmen bei Hochschulschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096845</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096845</guid>
      <author>Kino, K.</author>
      <author>Neya, M.</author>
      <author>Watanabe, Y.</author>
      <author>Kida, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kino, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neya, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watanabe, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kida, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effects of contrast water therapy (CWT) on physiological, perceptual, and performance-related recovery in collegiate male swimmers following high-intensity interval training. Fifteen freestyle swimmers (19.3 ± 1.1 years) completed two sessions of five 100 m maximal-effort intervals under two recovery conditions, CWT and passive rest (PAS), in a crossover design. The CWT protocol consisted of 10 alternating immersions in hot (40-41 °C, 60 s) and cold (20-21 °C, 30 s) water. Blood lactate (LA), blood pressure (BP), and subjective fatigue (VAS-FAS) were assessed at multiple time points. Compared with PAS, CWT resulted in significantly lower post-recovery blood LA (7.75 ± 2.08 vs. 10.86 ± 2.86 mmol/L, p = 0.002) and reduced subjective fatigue (6.60 ± 1.30 vs. 7.60 ± 0.91 cm, p = 0.021), whereas no significant differences were observed in BP or 100-m swimming performance. Individual-level analyses revealed heterogeneous responses, with most swimmers demonstrating improved lactate clearance and reduced fatigue following CWT, although performance responses varied among participants. These findings indicate that CWT facilitates physiological and perceptual recovery without producing immediate performance enhancement. CWT may be considered a practical short-term recovery option for competitive swimmers, although its effectiveness likely depends on individual response characteristics. Further research involving larger and more diverse samples is warranted to clarify optimal application parameters and individual recovery profiles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Sprinter, zwei olympische Vorbereitungen: Eine longitudinale Beobachtungsstudie eines einzelnen Athleten zur Trainingsintensitätsverteilung und deren Implikationen für zukünftige 50-m-Wettkämpfe</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 11:40:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096846</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096846</guid>
      <author>Papadimitriou, K.</author>
      <author>Margaritelis, N. V.</author>
      <author>Tsalis, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Fallstudie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Papadimitriou, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Margaritelis, N. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsalis, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This single-athlete, longitudinal observational study describes training intensity distribution (TID) across two Olympic preparation cycles (Rio 2016 vs. Tokyo 2021) and explores whether differences in high-intensity exposure coincided with performance outcomes. Methods: An elite male 50 m freestyle specialist (personal best 21.27 s; height: 187 cm, weight: 80 kg, body mass index: 22.9 kg·m-2, fat-free mass: 75.2 kg, and fat mass: 4.8 kg) was monitored across four mesocycle periods. TID is expressed as % of total swim volume in three zones: Z1 (low intensity), Z2 (threshold), Z3 [high intensity/race-pace, including High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Sprint Interval Training (SIT)]. Both the coach and swimmer signed a written informed consent for the use of their data. Results: For Rio 2016, TID (Z1/Z2/Z3) was as follows: General 80/0/20, Specific 60/0/40, Pre-competition 40/30/30, and Taper 50/20/30, indicating a polarized approach. For Tokyo 2021, TID shifted to: General 85/0/15, Specific 60/0/40, Pre-competition 30/30/40, and Taper 40/20/40. Discussion: In this single athlete, a greater proportion of work in Z3 during the Tokyo cycle, particularly in the Pre-competition and Taper phases, probably coincided with improved performance (21.57 vs. 21.79 s). Conclusions: Although clear causal inference is not possible, these observations depict the probability that sprint-swim preparation for 50 m events needs a training volume oriented to Z3 and relatively less in Z1. However, the study`s design, the methods by which the TID was recorded, etc., limit any generalization about the interpretation of the findings. Therefore, future studies should address these limitations, providing more insights into improving the training on that kind of events.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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