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    <item>
      <title>Strategien zur Kohlenhydratspeicherung und -zufuhr für Höchstleistungen im Skilanglauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097843</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097843</guid>
      <author>Ørtenblad, N.</author>
      <author>Holmberg, H.-C.</author>
      <author>Nybo, L.</author>
      <author>Gejl, K. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nordische Kombination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Glykogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ørtenblad, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmberg, H.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nybo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gejl, K. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Carbohydrates are essential for sustaining performance in most competitive exercise, fueling both anaerobic glycolysis during high-intensity efforts and aerobic metabolism during prolonged activity. Numerous factors contribute to muscle fatigue and exercise performance; still, carbohydrate and muscle glycogen contents are agreed to have an essential role in sustaining prolonged exercise at moderate-to-high intensities. To maintain consistent training and competition performance, elite athletes under certain conditions consume adequate carbohydrates between sessions to restore liver and muscle glycogen and possibly supplement during prolonged workouts to delay depletion. Effective glycogen restoration requires both sufficient carbohydrate intake and adequate recovery time. Understanding how glycogen levels fluctuate during intense or prolonged exercise, the rate at which stores are utilized, and the optimal amount and timing of carbohydrate intake for replenishment is essential. Here we examine the role of carbohydrate availability and utilization in competitive cross-country skiing, which is characterized by exceptionally high whole-body energy turnover with varying loads on the upper- and lower-body muscles as well as fluctuating physiological demands determined by course profile, snow conditions, sub-technique, and race format. This narrative review synthesizes existing evidence on the role of muscle glycogen contents and carbohydrate intake in muscle function and fatigue mechanisms, with a particular focus on cross-country skiing and herein biathlon and Nordic combined. Additionally, we explore how exercise influences glycogen metabolism, the factors regulating glycogen utilization, and training adaptation in order to clarify physiological underpinnings and practical implications for endurance athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Was bedeutet mentale Erholung für Profisportler? Eine Studie unter Spielern der National Football League</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097818</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097818</guid>
      <author>Eccles, D. W.</author>
      <author>Twedell, H.</author>
      <author>DeCouto, B. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eccles, D. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Twedell, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DeCouto, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To better understand the concept of mental rest in professional athletes. Mental rest appears to be important for recovery and movement skill learning, yet there is limited understanding of this concept in the professional athlete context.

Design
A qualitative description study design was employed.

Method
Sixteen NFL athletes were interviewed about what mental rest means to them. A codebook thematic analysis was undertaken to examine the analytical generalizability to the professional athlete context of an extant model of mental rest proposed based on a study of college athletes (Eccles & Kazmier, 2019).

Results
The Eccles and Kazmier model offers considerable analytical generalizability to the professional athlete context. Consistent with the model, the process of resting mentally in professional athletes includes (a) sleep and (b) resting while awake, involving multiple resting experiences including a break from thinking about one's sport. Departures from the model were also observed. For example, in the original model, to achieve a break from thinking about one's sport, college athletes spent time on a rest day in public locations (e.g., restaurants) within which there were few cues to think about their sport (e.g., no teammates). In contrast, for recognizable professional athletes studied here, public locations often offered no escape from these cues due to uninvited questions from the public about their sport.

Conclusion
The findings advance understanding of the constituents of mental rest in professional athletes and inform education about how athletes can obtain the mental rest needed to perform effectively and stay healthy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Update: Ist durch körperliche Betätigung verursachter oxidativer Stress Freund oder Feind?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097819</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097819</guid>
      <author>Powers, S. K.</author>
      <author>Gomez-Cabrera, M. C</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewebe</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>oxidativer Stress</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Skelettmuskulatur</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Powers, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomez-Cabrera, M. C</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Free radicals (radicals) are highly reactive atoms or molecules that contain one or more unpaired electrons in their outermost shell. The first evidence that muscular exercise increases radical production and promotes oxidative damage to tissues was reported almost five decades ago. Following this milestone discovery, many studies have corroborated the finding that exercise increases the production of radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative damage to macromolecules in muscles and other tissues. Although exercise-induced ROS production is associated with oxidative damage in many tissues, growing evidence reveals that ROS produced in contracting muscles act as signaling molecules to promote healthy exercise-induced adaptations in skeletal muscles and other tissues. These adaptive responses include increased mitochondrial volume, improved antioxidant capacity, and expression of cytoprotective proteins. Therefore, a key question emerges: "Is exercise-induced ROS production a friend or foe?" This review provides a state-of-the-art discussion of both the positive and negative effects of exercise-induced ROS production by examining the consequences of both oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules and the redox signaling-induced adaptations that occur in muscle fibers. To address the question of whether exercise-induced ROS production is a friend or foe we conclude with a risk/benefit analysis of the biological effects of exercise-induced production of ROS.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wissenschaftliche Trends und aufkommende Themen im Mädchenfußball: Eine bibliometrische Perspektive</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097820</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097820</guid>
      <author>Mainer-Pardos, E.</author>
      <author>Gonzalo-Skok, O.</author>
      <author>Nobari, H.</author>
      <author>Roso-Moliner, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Literatur</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mainer-Pardos, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalo-Skok, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nobari, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roso-Moliner, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Soccer is the most widely played sport worldwide, and women`s participation has grown exponentially through media visibility, institutional support, and increased opportunities. Young female athletes are important for ensuring the sustainable development of the sport. However, no bibliometric analysis has yet focused specifically on youth women`s soccer. This study aims to fill this gap. A comprehensive search was conducted using the Web of Science database to retrieve scientific articles related to youth women`s soccer, analysing titles, abstracts, and keywords without year restrictions. Results show that research in this field has increased steadily, particularly since 2015. Authors such as Stacey Emmonds, research groups in the USA, and journals including the Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports are leading contributions. Key topics include injury prevention, physical performance, and talent development. This study provides an overview of influential authors, countries, journals, and thematic trends, identifying gaps to guide future research and policy development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich zwischen Komplex-Kontrast- und French-Kontrast-Training hinsichtlich der Steroidhormone und der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit von männlichen Feldhockeyspielern der 3. Liga: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097821</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097821</guid>
      <author>Valappil, I. N. K.</author>
      <author>Elayaraja, M.</author>
      <author>Vasanthi, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kontrasttraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Steroid</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Valappil, I. N. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elayaraja, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasanthi, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
As a high-intensity, intermittent sport, field hockey demands optimal muscular power, speed, agility, and hormonal readiness to sustain competitive performance.

Objective
This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of Complex-Contrast Training (CCT) and French Contrast Training (FCT) on steroid hormone responses and selected physical performance parameters in tier 3 male field hockey players.

Materials & methods
Forty-five players (age: 19.56 ± 1.34 years) were randomly assigned to either a CCT group (n = 15), an FCT group (n = 15), or a regular training group (RTG) (n = 15). Training interventions were conducted thrice weekly for 12 weeks (36 sessions total), each lasting 60 min, following a 2-week familiarization period. Baseline assessment (A1) and 12-week assessment (A2) included serum testosterone (TST) and cortisol (CRSL) concentrations, 50 m sprint time, change of direction speed (CoDs), and countermovement jump (CMJ).

Results
Both CCT and FCT groups demonstrated significant improvements in sprint performance (p < 0.001, n2=0.066), and CoDs (p < 0.001, n2=0.117), and CMJ (p < 0.001, n2=0.133), compared to the RTG. TST levels increased significantly in both CCT and FCT (p < 0.001, n2=0.094), with a greater effect observed in the FCT group. CRSL responses indicated a favorable anabolic-catabolic balance post-training (p < 0.001, n2=0.056), particularly in the FCT group. Between-group comparisons revealed that FCT produced superior gains in explosive power and hormonal adaptation, while CCT yielded slightly better improvements in sprint performance.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that both training methods are effective for enhancing steroid hormone profiles and performance variables in competitive field hockey players, with FCT offering a marginal advantage for power-oriented adaptations. Coaches and practitioners may consider incorporating either approach during pre-competition phases to optimize physiological and performance outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>"Die Spieler stehen im Mittelpunkt, über Trainer wird nie gesprochen": Wahrgenommene Faktoren, die die mentale Gesundheit australischer Elite-Trainer beeinflussen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097822</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097822</guid>
      <author>Frost, J.</author>
      <author>Purcell, R.</author>
      <author>Rice, S. M.</author>
      <author>Walton, C. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Frost, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Purcell, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rice, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Walton, C. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Elite-level coaches operate within highly demanding, pressurised and unstable high-performance environments that can increase their risk of mental ill-health. This qualitative study investigated perceived factors influencing the mental health of Australian elite-level coaches using an ecological systems approach. Fourteen coaches (men = 12, women = 2) from a range of individual and team sports participated in a single semi-structured interview. Five overarching themes perceived to influence the mental health of Australian elite-level coaches were developed through reflexive thematic analysis, including: (1) encountering multifaceted demands, (2) using psychological resources to moderate the demands of coaching, (3) the protective value of interpersonal networks, (4) the influence of organisational expectations and support, and (5) stigma impedes mental health and help-seeking. Within an ecological systems framework, elite coaches primarily described encountering organisational stressors (e.g. job insecurity, poor work-life balance) that were managed by leveraging individual (e.g. psychological skills), interpersonal (e.g. robust social networks) and organisational (e.g. flourishing environments) supports. Coaches who were unable to employ effective coping strategies, engage with their support networks and lacked robust organisational supports (e.g. promoting a work-life balance) described feeling more vulnerable to poor mental health. The findings suggest that elite sports organisations should offer coaches opportunities to develop psychological skills (e.g. self-compassion), spend adequate time with their support network, and work in psychologically safe environments that promote flourishing. Longitudinal research is needed to identify which factors exert the greatest influence upon the mental health of elite coaches, enabling sports organisations to direct their resources to support coaches in a timely and effective manner.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verläufe von sportbezogener Erschöpfung, Zynismus und Unzulänglichkeitsgefühlen bei jugendlichen Schüler-Athleten: Eine dreijährige Längsschnittstudie zu sozialen Einflüssen im finnischen Doppelkarrierekontext</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097823</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097823</guid>
      <author>Kuokkanen, J.</author>
      <author>Phipps, D. J.</author>
      <author>Saarinen, M.</author>
      <author>Korhonen, J.</author>
      <author>Romar, J.-E.</author>
      <author>Gustafsson, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Finnland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>duale Karriere</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Burnout</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Erschöpfung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Eltern-Athlet-Beziehung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Sportler-Beziehung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kuokkanen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Phipps, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saarinen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Korhonen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romar, J.-E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gustafsson, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sport schools enhance adolescents` athletic development by offering extra training opportunities in addition to sport club training, but a rapid increase in the training load may elevate the risk of sport burnout. Thus, the aim of this study was twofold: (1) to explore the trajectories of three sport burnout dimensions (exhaustion, cynicism and inadequacy) among Finnish student-athletes (n = 268; 44 % female, 56 % male) across three academic years in lower secondary sport schools (ages 13-15 years), and to (2) examine how these trajectories were associated with student-athletes' perceived social support from parents, peers and coaches, as well as their gender, sport type and competition level. Student-athletes completed associated questionnaires at three time points at the end of three academic years—Grades 7, 8, and 9. Linear latent growth models revealed that feelings of inadequacy and cynicism increased during lower secondary school across the sample. At baseline, female student-athletes reported higher levels of inadequacy and cynicism, whereas males showed higher levels of exhaustion. Social support from peers and coaches reduced the initial levels and progression of burnout over time, respectively. Although paternal support initially minimized inadequacy, continued support subsequently tended to increase inadequacy. The findings highlight the importance of examining the three dimensions as interconnected aspects of sport burnout, and to support student-athletes in addressing emerging feelings of inadequacy and cynicism before these symptoms intensify. Educating coaches and strengthening peer support would be particularly beneficial while helping mothers to take a more active role in sports and fathers to provide support without becoming overly involved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Brief an mein jüngeres Ich: Einblicke in die Erfahrungen talentierter Sportler und Empfehlungen für die Zukunft hinsichtlich der Inanspruchnahme von Hilfe bei psychischen Problemen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097824</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097824</guid>
      <author>McLoughlin, E.</author>
      <author>Arnold, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McLoughlin, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arnold, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Researchers have suggested that athletes are at-risk for mental health difficulties partly due to the stressors they encounter. Despite this, athletes may not acknowledge nor seek support for their mental health problems. The aim of this study is to explore talented athletes' experiences of seeking help for mental help difficulties, and their perceptions of the psychological services offered. Utilizing letter to self-methodology, 16 talented athletes (11 female; Mage = 25.27, SD = 7.95) were asked to write a letter to their younger self outlining their experiences of seeking help for mental health difficulties. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, and five themes were generated: (1) Athletes have a tendency to bottle up feelings as a way to protect themselves; (2) Unable to identify signs and symptoms of mental ill-health; (3) Availability of sport psychology support has improved, but it is still insufficient; (4) Athletes are individual and should be treated as so; and (5) The sporting environment should attempt to develop cultural competency. Following this, a composite version of the letter was developed and presented to a selection of the original sample (n = 9). Member reflection interviews were then completed (Mduration = 63.07 min; SD = 11.15) to explore their responses to the letter. This study provides insight into athletes` current and desired mental health support. From the findings, a set of recommendations are forwarded to strengthen the provision of mental health support and provide athletes with earlier and tailored support.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der langfristigen sportlichen Entwicklung: Was Fachkräfte wissen und umsetzen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097825</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097825</guid>
      <author>Eisenmann, J. C.</author>
      <author>Burton, A. M.</author>
      <author>Cowburn, I.</author>
      <author>Till, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>langfristiger Leistungsaufbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übungsleiter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Praxis</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eisenmann, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burton, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cowburn, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Till, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite the widely recognized importance of long-term athletic development (LTAD) by scholars and practitioners who work with youth in a physical activity setting (e.g., physical education, sports, strength and conditioning, sport coaches, program directors), there is a gap between research and real-world application. In this study, we aim to address this gap by better understanding what practitioners who work with youth know and do in relation to applying LTAD, specifically developing motor skill competency. In this narrative review, we summarize three studies from our research group that evaluated the knowledge, practices, and challenges of practitioners responsible for developing motor skill competency and implementing LTAD programs. Overall, practitioners reported that it is important to develop a broad range of motor skills; however, physical education teachers did not emphasize resistance training movements until puberty. Practitioners recognized their responsibility to enhance health, fitness, and physical performance and reduce the risk of injury. However, the ability of practitioners to define athleticism and LTAD along with their familiarity with existing models was variable. Practitioners reported good adherence toward delivering LTAD programs, in spite of a range of challenges. Overall, continued mutual collaboration is warranted between scholars and practitioners related to education, knowledge translation, and implementation toward LTAD and motor skill competency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Voraktivierung des Tennisspielers: Ein zeitfensterbasiertes Modell zur neuromuskulären Vorbereitung am Wettkampftag und am darauffolgenden Tag</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097826</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097826</guid>
      <author>Colomar, J.</author>
      <author>Fernández-Fernández, J.</author>
      <author>Carrera Prat, J.</author>
      <author>Baiget, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Colomar, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernández-Fernández, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carrera Prat, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baiget, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tennis tournaments impose fluctuating match times, consecutive-day play, and occasional same-day doubles, creating a need for preparation strategies that boost explosive performance while preserving freshness. This article integrates tennis-specific post-activation performance enhancement evidence with the broader priming literature to propose a practical, schedule-driven framework for neuromuscular preparation. Four time windows are outlined: (a) 2-3 hours "micro-priming" between matches, emphasizing minimal ballistic work, short accelerations, joint-specific isometrics and high-intent strokes to restore neural readiness; (b) 3-12 hours within-day priming under uncertain start times, using low-volume, high-intent strength-power exercises and sport-relevant sprints/throws while safeguarding against schedule compression; (c) 12-24 hours next-day (MD-1) priming, combining compact strength-power work with small doses of tennis-specific serving/rotational actions to leverage overnight recovery; and (d) 24-48 hours primers on rest days/cancellations, using low-volume maintenance strength-power sessions to preserve neuromuscular qualities. Across windows, recommended principles are low total volume, high movement intent, sport-relevant patterns and sufficient recovery, with strong emphasis on individualization (training status, strength level, accumulated fatigue, age, and sex). Key research gaps include ecologically valid tennis trials, dose-response profiling and studies in women and youth players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Von der Anekdote zur Evidenz: Mythen im Bodybuilding und in ästhetischen Kraftsportarten entkräften</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097827</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097827</guid>
      <author>Roberts, B. M.</author>
      <author>Buckner, S. L.</author>
      <author>Colenso-Semple, L. M.</author>
      <author>Conlin, L. A.</author>
      <author>Church, D. D.</author>
      <author>Campbell, B. I.</author>
      <author>De Souza, E. O.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez, A. M.</author>
      <author>Helms, E. R.</author>
      <author>Newmire, D. E.</author>
      <author>Pearson, J. R.</author>
      <author>Tinsley, G. M.</author>
      <author>Trexler, E. T.</author>
      <author>Escalante, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraftsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreatin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bodybuilding</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hypertrophie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nahrungsergänzungsmittel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roberts, B. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buckner, S. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Colenso-Semple, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conlin, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Church, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campbell, B. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Souza, E. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Helms, E. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Newmire, D. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pearson, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tinsley, G. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trexler, E. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Escalante, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bodybuilding and physique sports are often clouded by myths and misconceptions about training, nutrition, and supplements. This article examines some of the myths in the fitness community, including periodization for muscle growth, the belief that training to failure is required, and the idea that cardiovascular training impairs hypertrophy. In addition, this article covers misconceptions about nutritional strategies, such as the need for restrictive diets, the effectiveness of fasted cardiovascular training, and the importance of meal timing. The fear that women will become bulky from resistance training and the misclassification of creatine as a steroid are also addressed. Drawing on current scientific evidence, we demonstrate that progressive overload, intensity management, and flexible dieting are more effective and sustainable than other methods. Cardiovascular training, when properly integrated, does not hinder muscle growth, and women benefit from resistance training without developing excessive muscle mass. Creatine supplementation is validated as a safe and effective ergogenic aid and is distinct from anabolic steroids. By debunking and contextualizing these myths, this article provides bodybuilders and physique athletes with evidence-based training and nutrition strategies to optimize performance, support long-term health, and maximize results safely and efficiently.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlaf, Kraft und das Gehirn - Coaching von Erholung und Reisen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097828</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097828</guid>
      <author>Kraemer, W. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nervensystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reise</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kraemer, W. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Strength coaches have long recognized recovery as a cornerstone of effective training. Among recovery modalities, sleep is often considered paramount yet remains underemphasized or misunderstood in practice. Although the conventional narrative emphasizes sleep's role in muscular repair and hormonal balance, recent advances reveal compelling insights, particularly its impact on brain function, reaction time, and neural network coordination, which are critical to strength and sports performance. Emerging research with objective sleep data from wearable devices challenges coaches to reconsider their approach to sleep as more than just "rest" but as an active driver of neuromuscular readiness and central nervous system integration.

Sleep is often referred to as the "magic bullet" for recovery and may be the most important ergogenic aid. But in the real world of strength and conditioning, it is much more than 8 hours in bed, as the quality of sleep is also important. Sleep coordinates muscle repair, hormone regulation, brain networks, and autonomic balance - all of which dictate how an athlete feels, responds to training, and performs in competition. For coaches, I have observed that sleep is not a passive background process, it is an active driver of performance and adaptation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der wahrgenommenen Anstrengung: Anwendung der validierten Skalen gemäß ihrer Konzeption</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097829</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097829</guid>
      <author>Kraemer, W. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kraemer, W. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Understanding how to use Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scales properly is fundamental for strength and conditioning professionals. Although RPE charts are ubiquitous in gyms, training rooms, and athletic and human peformance laboratories, many practitioners unknowingly modify the scales, alter anchor descriptors, or apply them under conditions outside the original validations. When this occurs, the collected data no longer truly represent RPE but instead become arbitrary "effort scores" lacking scientific validity. This article presents a brief historical perspective in the development of RPE scales, outlines the validated scales to be employed, and provides basic instructions for proper implementation. In doing so, strength and conditioning professionals will have both a theoretical grounding and a practical roadmap for integrating RPE reliably into the evaluation of perceptual stress with exercise and training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Beschleunigungs-Geschwindigkeits-Profil als Rahmenmodell für individualisiertes Schnelligkeitstraining im Fußball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097830</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097830</guid>
      <author>Cardoso, P.</author>
      <author>Vaz, J. R.</author>
      <author>Loureiro, N.</author>
      <author>Ferreira, R.</author>
      <author>Araújo, J. P.</author>
      <author>Reis, J. F.</author>
      <author>Tavares, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>individuell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Individualisierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaz, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loureiro, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araújo, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reis, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tavares, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The ability to accelerate rapidly and reach high maximal speeds is essential for soccer performance. The Acceleration-Speed (A-S) profile provides an efficient method to assess these capabilities through continuous monitoring during training sessions. This article introduces a novel four-quadrant profiling system based on A-S profile parameters - maximal theoretical acceleration (A0) and speed (S0) - to categorize athletes and inform individualized training strategies. Each quadrant reflects distinct performance characteristics, allowing practitioners to tailor interventions accordingly. To enhance diagnostic precision, the model integrates complementary strength and power assessments (e.g., countermovement jump, depth jump, sprint times) that reveal underlying physical limitations. Practical training recommendations are presented for each quadrant across 3 levels: gym-based, sprint-specific, and soccer-specific drills. The framework also facilitates athlete comparison across age groups, playing positions, and longitudinal development, providing actionable insights for talent identification and performance optimization. This integrated approach supports evidence-based decision making and promotes individualized player development in elite soccer environments. Future research should examine the long-term impact of quadrant-specific interventions and validate physical benchmarks across soccer populations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Notwendigkeit der Normalisierung von GPS-Daten für Leistungs- und Ermüdungsmonitoring im Fußball: Überlegungen zu Beschleunigungen und Verzögerungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097831</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097831</guid>
      <author>Pimenta, R.</author>
      <author>Antunes, H.</author>
      <author>Silva, H.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, F. Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Abbremsen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pimenta, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Antunes, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, F. Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Load monitoring is an essential process for optimizing player performance, requiring accurate quantification of external training load. In soccer, locomotor-related external load is typically analyzed considering high-intensity actions such as sprints, high-speed running, and accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC). Indeed, ACC and DEC represent a significant portion of the total external load produced by a soccer player during a game and vary considerably depending on factors such as playing position, competitive level, age category, and game-to-game variability. Furthermore, given the associated metabolic cost and increased eccentric component, these actions contribute to the development of high fatigue levels, as evidenced by increased biochemical and neuromuscular fatigue markers. However, several studies report ACC and DEC outputs using arbitrary absolute thresholds (AATs) to characterize ACC and DEC efforts, thereby neglecting the relative capacities of each soccer player. Consequently, quantifying ACC and DEC volumes using AATs may under- or overestimate individual soccer player performance by failing to consider their maximum ACC and DEC. Because inaccurate load monitoring may lead to underperformance and increased likelihood of injury occurrence, this review explores the plausible benefits of implementing normalization-based approaches to quantify ACC and DEC outputs, as opposed to relying on AATs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle des Sportzahnarztes im Spitzensport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097805</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097805</guid>
      <author>Fine, P.</author>
      <author>Davidson, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zahn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Arzt</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fine, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davidson, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The role of the sports dentist has evolved particularly over the past 15 years. The traditional role of dealing with dental trauma in the dental surgery environment has now been extended to include working with the sports medicine specialists at sporting events, looking into the prevention or sporting dental trauma, regular screening, looking at nutrition and having an educational role with the athletes and wider sporting family. The risk of dental diseases amongst elite athletes has been shown to be higher than the normal population. Therefore, the sports dentist needs to be able to advise these athletes how to minimize the risks and how to mitigate against routine dentine diseases. The study aims to highlight the changing role of the sports dentist and investigate how these practitioners integrate with the sports medicine teams, at sporting events and during downtime from events.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines mit dem Sporttraining verbundenen Neuromodulationsprotokolls auf die Funktion der oberen Extremitäten bei einem Para-Spitzensportler: ein Fallbericht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097806</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097806</guid>
      <author>Aleixo, G. F.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, L. S.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, L. F. R. M.</author>
      <author>Luvizutto, G. J.</author>
      <author>Lobato, D. F. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraleichtathletik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aleixo, G. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, L. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, L. F. R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luvizutto, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lobato, D. F. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) optimizes the upper limb functional performance in a para-athlete with spinal cord injury (SCI). A right-handed para-athlete specializing in shotput, discus, and javelin throw with an incomplete SCI participated. The tDCS was applied in the left primary motor cortex twice-weekly for 5 weeks (20 min/session), associated with sport-specific training. Shoulder medial (MR) and lateral rotators (LR) isometric torque, handgrip and key pinch strength, and the specific functional performance were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. There were increases in the Shoulder MR and LR torque increased for both the dominant (22% and 39%) and non-dominant (36% and 6%) limbs. There was a increase in the Peak and mean forces sustained during maximal handgrip (11% and 7%) and key pinch (280% and 210%) increased in the dominant hand, as well as the shotput (11%) and javelin throw (3%) performance. The tDCS protocol may enhance the upper limb functional performance in a para-athlete with SCI.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gemeinsame Bewältigungsstrategien in Spitzensportmannschaften: Eine Untersuchung unter Verwendung gemischter Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097807</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097807</guid>
      <author>Mahot, K.</author>
      <author>Péte, E.</author>
      <author>Lienhart, N.</author>
      <author>Doron, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Coping</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mahot, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Péte, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lienhart, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Doron, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Communal coping, defined as collectively perceiving and addressing stressors as "our problem," plays a critical role in teams` ability to manage stressful situations. By using a mixed-method approach this study examined (1) the extent to which athletes share their appraisals of stressful match situations, (2) the degree to which they perceive coping strategies as collectively enacted, and (3) psychosocial and contextual factors that may facilitate or hinder these shared processes. Forty-nine elite athletes from four high-level sports teams (basketball, football, and ice hockey) participated in this study. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, whereas qualitative data from the focus groups were analyzed using thematic analysis. The quantitative results indicated variability in athletes' shared appraisals of stress intensity and revealed differential use of communal coping strategies across teams and situations. Focus groups provided in-depth qualitative insights into the factors that influenced these processes. The findings highlight that communal coping is a complex social phenomenon influenced by communication, leadership, emotional expression, and environmental contexts such as competition stakes and timing. This study underscores the necessity for mixed methods approaches in future communal coping research, especially in ecological settings, emphasizing both shared appraisal and communal action dimensions. Recommendations for future research include employing larger samples, evaluating both primary and secondary appraisals, and explicitly examining perceptions of stress ownership to enhance understanding of communal coping among sports teams.

Highlights

    •    Mixed methods in ecological settings explore communal coping in high-level sports teams.
    •    Athlete perceptions vary in shared stress appraisals and communal coping strategies.
    •    Psychosocial factors (leaders, communication) influence communal coping processes.
    •    Environmental factors (competitive context) shape communal coping.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Bewältigungsstrategien bei jugendlichen Sportlern in einem Leistungszentrum: Eine Profilanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097808</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097808</guid>
      <author>Varenne, F.</author>
      <author>Lienhart, N.</author>
      <author>Doron, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingszentrum</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Varenne, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lienhart, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Doron, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Intensive training exposes adolescent athletes to numerous stressors, presenting both challenges to be overcome and opportunities. The athletes' ability to cope with stress and maintain effective social interactions is essential to preserving well-being and performance. Using a person-centred approach, this study had three objectives: (a) identify the coping profiles of adolescent athletes in intensive training centres, (b) examine the influence of perceived social support on profile membership, and (c) characterise the adaptive nature of these profiles in relation to stress perception, subjective performance, well-being and emotions. A sample of 461 adolescent athletes (female = 59 %; age  = 17 ± 1.3) competing at national (82 %) or international (18 %) levels, completed a questionnaire on perceived availability and satisfaction with parental and coach support, individual coping, stress perceptions, subjective performance, well-being and emotions. The results yielded four distinct coping profiles, whose membership varied according to perceived social support: low-, engaged-, moderate- and disengaged coping profiles. The MANOVA revealed differences in stress perception, subjective performance, well-being and emotions across coping profiles, with the disengaged profile standing out for its particularly low levels of well-being, pleasant emotion direction and subjective performance, and high levels of unpleasant emotion intensity and direction. These results enhance understanding of adolescent athletes' coping profiles in intensive training centres and highlight the role of their entourage in helping them manage stress effectively. They confirm the multidimensional nature of coping and provide valuable guidance to athletes` support networks on how to offer appropriate support in their pursuit of excellence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Stressfaktoren und Bewältigungsstrategien bei E-Sport-Trainern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097809</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097809</guid>
      <author>Leis, O.</author>
      <author>Poulus, D. R.</author>
      <author>Trotter, M. G.</author>
      <author>Didymus, F.</author>
      <author>Swettenham, L. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>E-Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Coping</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leis, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poulus, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trotter, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Didymus, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Swettenham, L. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Esports coaches are integral to the development, performance, and overall success of esports players. Sharing the same high-pressure environment, they are likely exposed to similar stressors that can affect not only their effectiveness as coaches but also their personal well-being. Despite their critical role, esports coaches often lack access to structured development programs and support systems. To inform future research enabling tailored intervention strategies for coaches, this study explored the stressors faced by esports coaches and the coping strategies they employ. Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews with 12 male esports coaches, this study reports stressors associated with coaches navigating performance and interpersonal demands (e.g., underperforming players, player attitudes), organizational demands (e.g., organizational pressure), social exposure (e.g., social media comments), and boundaries of personal and professional life (e.g., work-life balance). Coaches discussed fostering a supportive environment, rest as a relational and professional practice, and managing focus, emotion, and meaning to cope with stressors. Findings demonstrate similarities with previous research on esports players and coaches in traditional sports, highlighting a combination of work-related and personal stressors. Esports coaches placed less emphasis on social stressors but highlighted the role of personal stressors. Insights underscore the need for research examining personal (e.g., gender) and situational factors (e.g., organizations), and practical interventions such as communication training and better support to reduce burnout and improve stress management. Ultimately, understanding and addressing these stressors can optimize coaches' well-being and professional development, leading to better support for players and improved performance.

Highlights

    •    Despite the stress, coaches emphasized their passion and prioritized their players.
    •    Performance and interpersonal demands emerged as key stressors.
    •    Coaches highlighted multiple personal and organizational stressors.
    •    Fostering a supporting team environment was a central coping strategy.
    •    Rest was co-constructed as a relational and professional practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Strategische Entscheidungen beim Pitching und die Rolle von Heuristiken im Major League Baseball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097810</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097810</guid>
      <author>Jo, J. H.</author>
      <author>Jin, H. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pitching</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jo, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jin, H. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examines pitch-location patterns and investigates how these patterns may reflect simplified evaluative cues employed by Major League Baseball batteries—pitchers and catchers. We analyze pitch-level data from the 2002-2024 seasons to examine the relative effects of traditional batting statistics, such as home runs and runs batted in, and advanced metrics, such as weighted runs created plus and wins above replacement (WAR), on out-of-zone pitch rates. The results show that traditional statistics, particularly home runs, exert a stronger influence on pitch location, consistent with the availability and representativeness heuristics. Several advanced measures, such as WAR and batting runs, also significantly affect pitch decisions, indicating that they contribute to the battery's evaluative framework. Rather than a strict divide, the evidence points to a relative weighting: under time pressure and cognitive load, traditional statistics are more cognitively accessible and therefore more influential in shaping tactical choices. These findings suggest a potential behavioral-analytical gap between organizational analytics and on-field decision-making, pointing to possible implications for coaching, scouting, and performance management.

Highlights

    •    Baseball batteries rely more on home runs and RBI over advanced metrics in practice.
    •    This study reveals how heuristics shape strategy, highlighting a potential gap between analytics and behavior in elite sport.
    •    #SportPsych #BaseballAnalytics #Heuristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Eis brechen: Eine Untersuchung der Hindernisse und Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten, mit denen Trainerinnen bei Snowsport England konfrontiert sind</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097811</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097811</guid>
      <author>Monserrat-Revillo, S.</author>
      <author>Salhauge-Rasmussen, F.</author>
      <author>Matthews, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monserrat-Revillo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salhauge-Rasmussen, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matthews, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite progressing levels of female participation in sport, women remain underrepresented in coaching roles. This study analyses the experiences of 21 female coaches from Snowsport England to explore the barriers and supports they experience and to shed light on possible reasons for their under-representation in snow sport coaching. A multi-level approach is applied, along with a critical feminist perspective. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were utilised for data collection and a thematic analysis (NVivo) was applied. Barriers encountered include: low perceived self-efficacy; family commitments; lack of female role models, limited mentoring and networking opportunities; lack of respect; zero-hour contracts and low pay. Supports include: athletic and coaching experience; strong intrinsic motivation; supportive family and work environments such as colleagues and informal networks. The data indicates barriers outweigh supports, which are underpinned by structures of gender, as stereotypical beliefs about women`s abilities seem to permeate many of the coaches` lived experiences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>"Ich mache das nur, weil der Verein es so will": Eine Untersuchung der Diskrepanz zwischen der Einhaltung von Richtlinien und der bevorzugten Praxis bei Trainern englischer Fußball-Nachwuchsakademien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097812</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097812</guid>
      <author>Aderiye, F.</author>
      <author>Mulvenna, C.</author>
      <author>Lusted, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aderiye, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mulvenna, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lusted, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article explores the various ways that coaches receive and enact policy-informed organisational expectations of practice. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 14 male English football academy coaches to explore their experiences of aligning practice to broader policy-led goals. Goffman`s dramaturgy theory (1959) is used to frame these experiences, with policy compliance often prompting impression management "performances" of practice. Findings suggest that the process of adopting the "role" of a policy compliant coach can cause varying degrees of misalignment between a coach`s expected practice and how they prefer to coach. This in turn shapes the extent to which coaches feel compelled to "fabricate" their practice. The paper advocates for greater recognition of how policy can shape coaching practice in varied ways. Policy makers should consider the consequences that may arise from a misalignment between a coach`s preferred practice and that which is expected of them when performing policy compliance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Macht, Disziplin und Subjektivierung im Talentförderungsprogramm des norwegischen Fußballverbands</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097813</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097813</guid>
      <author>Bjørndal, C. T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Norwegen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Disziplin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Individualisierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bjørndal, C. T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examines how disciplinary and pastoral power operate within a youth football talent pathway, drawing on Michel Foucault`s theorisation of power, discipline, and subjectification. Using documentary material about the Norwegian Football Association`s Talent Pathway, the analysis examines how institutional routines, coaching practices, and normative expectations shape young players. The findings show how players are subjected to surveillance, normalisation, and emotional governance, often under the guise of care and development. Although coaches present their guidance as supportive, this care is located within a broader moral economy that is oriented towards competition, selection, and performance. By highlighting how power is enacted through both discipline and care, the study contributes to critical sport scholarship and raises important questions about the ethics and consequences of dominant approaches to youth talent development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Theorie und Praxis der Lehrplanentwicklung: Eine Untersuchung der Erfahrungen von Akademieleitern mit der Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Lehrplänen in britischen Rugby-Akademien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097814</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097814</guid>
      <author>Moran, J.</author>
      <author>Craig, M.</author>
      <author>Collins, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bildung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Craig, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Collins, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aware of the need for evidence-based guidelines to support sports organisations in operationalising existing athlete development models, our study responds to Moran, Craig & Collins (2024) call for employing constructs from the field of curriculum studies. Drawing principally on Tyler`s (1949) contention that curriculum development should address four questions concerning purpose, content, procedures, and evaluation, we report on a qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis to focus on the views and practices of eight UK-based regional Rugby Union academy managers. Using Tyler`s framework to examine the design and development of their respective programmes, three areas arose from the participant accounts: managing dual objectives; coherence, i.e. consistencies and disconnects within their programmes; and how their academies capitalise on existing educational practices. Tyler`s (1949) contentions could support talent developers as an evaluative, as well as a complementary planning tool to support the development of more coherent, evidence-informed talent development pathways.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wahrgenommene Bedeutung und Selbsteinschätzung frauenspezifischen Wissens: Aktuelle Erkenntnisse zum sportlichen Training von Sportlerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097815</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097815</guid>
      <author>Ausland, Å.</author>
      <author>Solstad, B. E.</author>
      <author>Ivarsson, A.</author>
      <author>Melin, A.</author>
      <author>Laxdal, A.</author>
      <author>Augustsson, S. R.</author>
      <author>Radovan, F.</author>
      <author>Linnér, S.</author>
      <author>Kjær, J. B.</author>
      <author>Bjärsholm, D.</author>
      <author>Torstveit, M. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schweden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Norwegen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kenntnisvermittlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Psychosoziale Faktoren</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ausland, Å.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Solstad, B. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ivarsson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Melin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laxdal, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Augustsson, S. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Radovan, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linnér, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjær, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bjärsholm, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Torstveit, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Female athletes encounter biological challenges, such as puberty and hormonal health, embedded within psychosocial coaching environments. Despite their relevance, these topics remain insufficiently integrated into coach education programmes. This study surveyed 779 coaches in Norway and Sweden to examine perceived knowledge versus the importance of female-specific topics through a biopsychosocial perspective. Results revealed a consistent discrepancy: coaches rated these topics as highly important but reported limited knowledge. Latent profile analysis identified three distinct profiles: "High-Performance but Resource-Limited", "Aware but Underprepared", and "Confident but Unaware," with no significant differences based on coach sex or education. Across profiles, coaches reported limited resource access and a strong need for education regarding how these factors impact communication, training, and well-being. These findings indicate persistent gaps in coach preparedness, highlighting the need for context-sensitive education. Integrating biologically grounded content within a biopsychosocial perspective may strengthen coaching practice and thus enhance female athletes´ long-term development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zuverlässigkeit neuartiger Diagnoseprotokolle für Determinanten der metabolischen Leistungsfähigkeit beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097816</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097816</guid>
      <author>Smolarek, T.</author>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <author>Keller, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smolarek, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
While reliable performance diagnostics are crucial for guiding training and detecting small changes in swimming performance, the reliability of existing protocols remains insufficiently evaluated.

Design
Test-retest study.

Methods
Twenty-four swimmers and triathletes of both sexes completed a 20-s sprint to assess anaerobic power (i.e., maximal lactate accumulation rate [cLamax], peak lactate concentration [Lapeak]) and a 3-min step test (ST) to evaluate aerobic performance indicators (i.e., post-exercise peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak], cost of swimming [Cs], speed at lactate thresholds [vLT1, vLT2] and in the final step [vpeak], alongside corresponding heart rate [HR]) on three separate days (within 3 weeks). Reliability and agreement were examined using (among others) intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 2,1), typical error (TE), and TE to smallest worthwhile change (SWC) ratio, indicating sensitivity.

Results
The sprint demonstrated moderate reliability for cLamax (ICC: 0.625-0.728) and Lapeak (ICC: 0.705-0.749), with high TEs of 11.8-16.8% and 9.7-12.0%, respectively. Although familiarization improved reliability, sensitivity remained inadequate (TE/SWC: =1.23). The ST exhibited good to excellent reliability (mixed sensitivity) across all parameters. Uncorrected post-exercise VO2peak (ICC: 0.829-0.963, TE: 3.8-7.1%, TE/SWC: 1.02-1.83) and Cs (ICC: 0.884-0.952, TE: 3.8-5.7%, TE/SWC: 0.83-1.17) aligned with HR-corrected values. vLT1, vLT2, and vpeak showed excellent reliability (ICC: 0.971-0.990, TE: 0.8-1.4%) with adequate sensitivity (TE/SWC: 0.60-1.14), whereas HR measures were less reliable (ICC: 0.828-0.951, TE: 1.2-3.5%) and insufficiently sensitive (TE/SWC=1.60).

Conclusions
The ST provides a reliable method for assessing aerobic performance, with high sensitivity for lactate-based training intensity markers and Cs, but limited sensitivity for VO2peak and HR. The 20-s sprint requires methodological refinement before practical application.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Merkmale von spielbedingten Kopfverletzungen im professionellen Frauenfußball: Eine prospektive Kohortenstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097817</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097817</guid>
      <author>Gautland Nuri, S.</author>
      <author>Dahlén, S. C.</author>
      <author>Bjørneboe, J.</author>
      <author>Andersen, T. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gautland Nuri, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dahlén, S. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bjørneboe, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andersen, T. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
This study aimed to describe the incidence, severity, burden, and mechanisms of three different match-related head injury categories in professional women's football.

Design
Prospective observational cohort study.

Methods
Match-related head injuries in the Norwegian Women's Premier League were identified by video analysis and reports from team-physiotherapists. The Modified Happy Concussion Questionnaire was used to interview injured players. Incidence rates, severity, burden, and injury mechanisms were presented for three categories: match-related head injuries, suspected sports-related concussions and diagnosed sports-related concussions.

Results
Fourteen head injuries were included from a total of 135 matches and 246 players. Across the three injury categories, incidence rates and burden ranged from 0.7 (95% confidence interval: -0.1 to 1.4) to 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 4.8) and 21.1 (95% confidence interval: 20.3 to 21.9) to 32.3 (95% confidence interval: 30.7 to 34.0) per 1000h of match play, respectively. Across all categories, median severity ranged from 6 (interquartile range: 2.5 to 7.5) to 9 (interquartile range: 7 to 78) days of time loss. Player-to-player contact was the main injury mechanism for match-related head injuries and suspected sports-related concussions, while ball-to-head impact caused most diagnosed sports-related concussions.

Conclusions
Incidence rates varied depending on head injury inclusion criteria. Broader inclusion criteria identified a greater number of head injuries (match-related head injuries and suspected sports-related concussions), predominantly associated with shorter time loss and player-to-player contact. Conversely, stricter criteria (diagnosed sports-related concussions) captured fewer injuries characterized by longer time loss and a higher proportion of ball-to-head impacts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wissen über niedrige Energieverfügbarkeit im Biathlon: Warum Trainer gezieltere Schulungen benötigen. Ergebnisse einer nationalen Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097791</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097791</guid>
      <author>Mathisen, T. F.</author>
      <author>Sundgot-Borgen, J.</author>
      <author>Macnaughton, L.</author>
      <author>Rustaden, A. M.</author>
      <author>Løkkevik, I. J.</author>
      <author>Lundberg, H. E.</author>
      <author>Sundgot-Borgen, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weiterbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kenntnisvermittlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Low Energy Availability</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mathisen, T. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sundgot-Borgen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macnaughton, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rustaden, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Løkkevik, I. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lundberg, H. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sundgot-Borgen, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study explores the knowledge of coaches working with adolescent biathletes regarding eating disorders (ED), low energy availability (LEA), and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). METHODS: Recruited coaches completed a questionnaire assessing self-reported knowledge (scale 0-10) of ED, LEA and REDs, and secondly by articulating their knowledge (scored by three experts, scale 0-2). RESULTS: Thirty-three coaches participated (mean age 40.6 ± 12.2 years), most without formal coach education (n = 25, 75.8%), and 13 (39.4%) were female. Self-reported knowledge of LEA/REDs was lower than ED knowledge (4.75 ± 2.9 vs. 5.74 ± 2.5; p = 0.02, g = 0.4), with a similar pattern in expert-rated scores (0.72 ± 0.6 vs. 1.12 ± 0.6; p < 0.01, g = 0.8). A regression model explained 45% of variance in self-reported LEA/REDs knowledge, with education level and course participation positively associated, while sex had no significant effect. For expert-rated scores, the model explained 33% of variance, with only course participation significant. For knowledge of guidelines on addressing LEA/REDs concerns self-reported scores were 3.6 ± 2.9, and 4.5 ± 2.9 for ED concerns (p = 0.04, g = 0.4); and expert-assessed scores were 0.7 ± 0.7 and 0.9 ± 0.8 (p = 0.11), respectively. Regression models did not significantly explain variability in these scores CONCLUSION: Biathlon coaches are less aware of LEA/REDs symptoms and less confident in addressing them than symptoms of ED. Importantly, education and course attendance raised knowledge scores, and preferred learning methods were virtual or physical courses with experts over scientific papers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Auswirkungen kognitiver Funktionen bei Elite-Judokas</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097792</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097792</guid>
      <author>Korobeynikov, G.</author>
      <author>Raab, M.</author>
      <author>Korobeinikova, L.</author>
      <author>Xin, H.</author>
      <author>Pryimakov, O.</author>
      <author>Barbas, I.</author>
      <author>Bulatova, M.</author>
      <author>Chernozub, A.</author>
      <author>Goncharova, O.</author>
      <author>Raximov, V.</author>
      <author>Burnashev, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Korobeynikov, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raab, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Korobeinikova, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xin, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pryimakov, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbas, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bulatova, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chernozub, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncharova, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raximov, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burnashev, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Problem. The aim of this study is to study cognitive properties and decision-making in judokas of different genders. This problem is relevant due to the great popularity of women`s judo and the need to restructure training in accordance with gender characteristics. 

Method. The study involved 57 elite judokas: 33 male (age 26.62; SD=3.62) and 24 female (age 24.73; SD=3.57). As a control group, we recruited 19 male (age 25.52; SD=2.48) and 22 female (age 23.92; SD=3.82) who led a sedentary lifestyle and did not play sports. Testing relevant cognitive functions, we applied a multidimensional strategy by testing perception speed, number comparison, memory for words, pattern making, and decision-making time. All the tests were part of the computer psychodiagnostic complex. Nonparametric methods (median, quartile range), correlation (Spearman) and multiple regression analysis were also used. 

Results. The obtained results showed gender-specific effects in cognitive functions in elite judokas. The gender specificity of cognitive activity in judokas and sedentary people did not differ. Female judokas have better indicators of visual perception productivity. Male judokas have predominantly faster information processing, non-verbal intelligence, and better processing of verbal information. The study of the decision-making variable showed significantly higher values of quick decision in male judokas compared to females. It was found that decision-making in elite judokas is determined by the speed and quality of processing verbal and non-verbal information. 

Conclusions. Gender features of cognitive activity are characterized by the predominance of a quick response to a non-verbal stimulus in male judokas against the background of the predominance of qualitative properties of visual perception and processing of non-verbal information in female judokas.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Auswirkungen von hochintensivem Intervall-Krafttraining und traditionellem Krafttraining auf die Leistungsfähigkeit und physiologischen Indikatoren bei jungen Ruderinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097793</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097793</guid>
      <author>Naghizadeh, F.</author>
      <author>Gholami, M.</author>
      <author>Ebrahim, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Naghizadeh, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gholami, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ebrahim, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose

Resistance training can improve performance in power and speed sports. This study aimed to compare the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) compared to traditional resistance training (RT) on the performance and physiological indicators of young female rowers.

Methods

Sixteen young female rowers who had more than 3 years of professional rowing experience were randomly divided into two groups: RT and HIIRT (n = 8 in each group). Resistance training for two groups was performed in the form of RT and HIIRT for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with additional training (three rowing sessions + one session of ergometer + two sessions of running and central stability training). Functional tests and physiological adaptations were measured before and after the RT and HIIRT programs.

Results

The statistical analysis of the data showed that the 2000-m rowing ergometer performance improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.0001). The magnitude of this performance increase was greater in the HIIRT group. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in the HIIRT group revealed a significant difference before and after 8 weeks of training (P = 0.002). Changes in the respiratory exchange rate (RER) were significantly affected by both RT and HIIRT (P < 0.01). However, changes in lactate levels were not significant in either training group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

According to the results of the present study, it seems that HIIRT is more effective than traditional RT exercises in enhancing the physiological characteristics and performance of young female rowers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Kohlenhydratrestriktion führt bei männlichen Spitzensportlern zu stärkeren Schwankungen der zirkulierenden Stoffwechselprodukte als eine geringe Energieverfügbarkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097794</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097794</guid>
      <author>Dunlop, K. A.</author>
      <author>Lawler, N. G.</author>
      <author>Whitfield, J.</author>
      <author>McKay, A. K. A.</author>
      <author>Tee, N.</author>
      <author>Ross, M. L.</author>
      <author>Reinke, S. N.</author>
      <author>Hawley, J. A.</author>
      <author>Broadhurst, D.</author>
      <author>Burke, L. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Diät</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dunlop, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lawler, N. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Whitfield, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McKay, A. K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tee, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ross, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reinke, S. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hawley, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Broadhurst, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burke, L. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Periods of low energy availability (LEA) are common in elite athletes and typically arise from reduced energy intake, often involving some degree of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction. Whether the metabolic profile created by energy restriction per se is distinct compared to that driven by CHO restriction is unknown. Using untargeted metabolomics, we examined metabolic perturbations linked to CHO restriction and energy restriction in plasma from elite male endurance athletes. In a semi-randomized controlled trial, athletes (n = 20) completed one of three 5-day dietary interventions: high energy-high CHO (HCHO); LEA (energy-restricted, CHO-reduced); or low-CHO, high-fat (LCHF; energy-matched, CHO-restricted). Plasma samples were taken at multiple timepoints pre- and post a standardized 25 km race walk protocol. Metabolomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), with multivariate analysis conducted using RM-ASCA+ and hierarchical clustering. A total of 5391 metabolic features were detected and 138 metabolites annotated. LCHF induced substantial metabolic perturbations, especially after prolonged exercise, including elevations in fatty acyls, hydroxy acids, dicarboxylic acids and acylcarnitine intermediates, responses not seen under LEA. We conclude that CHO restriction concomitant with a high-fat load induces a greater metabolic perturbation in selected lipid-based metabolites than short-term LEA exposure in elite athletes undergoing prolonged endurance exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Phasenwinkel, Impedanzverhältnis und sportliche Leistung junger japanischer Leichtathletik-Werfer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097795</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097795</guid>
      <author>Hikita, A.</author>
      <author>Oshita, K.</author>
      <author>Myotsuzono, R.</author>
      <author>Murai, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Disziplin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammensetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>BIA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hikita, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oshita, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Myotsuzono, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murai, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the relationship between World Athletics (WA) points and body size, body composition, phase angle (PhA), and impedance ratio (IR) among young adult Japanese university track and field throwing athletes. Twenty-five female and 39 male athletes (11 and 14 javelin throwers, 5 and 13 discus throwers, 6 and 7 hammer throwers, 3 and 5 shot putters; and WA points: 852.5 ± 90.3 and 831.8 ± 105.4, respectively) underwent body composition, PhA, and IR measurements using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and their best competition records for the season were examined. No significant relationship was found between WA points and body size. While no significant relationship was found between WA points and fat-free mass in females, a weak relationship was observed in males. Therefore, the importance of muscle mass in throwing performance may differ across the four disciplines. However, PhA and IR were significantly and substantially related to WA points in both sexes. Furthermore, the higher WA points group had significantly higher PhA and lower IR values than the lower WA points group, with large effect sizes. These results suggest that PhA and IR, which are indicators of muscle quality, may be useful markers of throwing performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stoffwechselreaktionen, VO2-Kinetik und Muskeloxygenierungsreaktionen bei und oberhalb des maximalen Laktat-Steady-State bei trainierten männlichen Ruderern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097796</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097796</guid>
      <author>Trevisol, L.</author>
      <author>Borszcz, F. K.</author>
      <author>de Lucas, R. D.</author>
      <author>Turnes, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nahinfrarotspektroskopie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Steady-State</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Trevisol, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borszcz, F. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Lucas, R. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turnes, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to compare physiological responses during rowing ergometer exercise at the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and 5% above the MLSS (MLSS+5%). Blood lactate concentration (BLC), oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics, heart rate (HR), and muscle oxygenation (deoxygenated hemoglobin [HHb] and tissue saturation index [TSI]) of the vastus lateralis were compared. Twelve male rowers (VO2max: 53.0 ± 6.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) completed an incremental test and several 30-min constant workload tests to determine their MLSS and MLSS+5%. At the 30th minute, exercise at MLSS+5% (195 ± 25 W) resulted in significantly higher BLC (5.02 ± 1.44 vs. 3.07 ± 1.03 mmol·L-1), VO2 (3.56 ± 0.35 vs. 3.33 ± 0.33 L·min-1), HR (177 ± 11 vs. 166 ± 10 bpm), and [HHb] (83.9 ± 16.9 vs. 72.7 ± 13.2%) compared to MLSS (185 ± 24 W) (p < 0.05). No VO2 slow component was observed during either the MLSS or MLSS+5% trials. In conclusion, while exercise 5% above MLSS induced a non-sustainable BLC response, there was no apparent VO2 slow component and [HHb] remained stable in the vastus lateralis during rowing exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Screenen oder nicht screenen? Kritische Reflexionen über den Einsatz von Screening-Maßnahmen zur mentalen Gesundheit im Hochleistungssport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097797</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097797</guid>
      <author>Kegelaers, J.</author>
      <author>Wylleman, P.</author>
      <author>Brevers, D.</author>
      <author>Pankow, K.</author>
      <author>Kenttä, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Screening</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kegelaers, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wylleman, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brevers, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pankow, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kenttä, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Mental health screening has rapidly gained prominence within sport organisations as an important mental health initiative, to identify individuals at risk and facilitate early intervention. Despite growing policy endorsement and institutional uptake, the empirical and ethical foundations underpinning mental health screening in sport have received limited critical scrutiny. The present paper, therefore, provides a critical narrative review to examine the conceptual, empirical, and ethical foundations of mental health screening in sport. We first provide a concise overview of what is meant by mental health screening in the context of high-performance sport, followed by a discussion of the rationale behind its use. We then critically examine the available evidence, structured around four key areas: (a) the predictive validity of existing screening instruments, (b) implementation and feasibility considerations, (c) the effectiveness of mental health screening programmes, and (d) potential harms and unintended consequences associated with screening. We conclude the paper by offering our recommendations on the conditions under which mental health screening may be considered, as well as situations in which alternative approaches may be more appropriate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selbstverwirklichung und Selbsttranszendenz: Ein empirisches Modell der Sinnfindung von Athleten im Spitzensport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097798</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097798</guid>
      <author>Oblinger-Peters, V.</author>
      <author>Henriksen, K.</author>
      <author>Küttel, A.</author>
      <author>Ronkainen, N. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Selbstbestimmung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zielorientierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oblinger-Peters, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henriksen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Küttel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ronkainen, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In line with sport psychology's growing focus on wellbeing and mental health, meaning (i.e., experiencing life as coherent, significant, oriented, and belonging) has been gaining attention in elite sport. Its study is theoretically and practically relevant, since athletes often refer to meaning, especially when it is lacking. However, while wider research highlights its role for physical and mental health, empirical inquiry in sport psychology has produced diverse conceptualizations and lacking alignment with psychological theory. This makes it difficult for practitioners to address meaning when its nature, threats, and supports remain unclear. To address this gap, our study sought to (a) provide an empirical account of athletes' lived experience of meaning, (b) advance theoretical integration with psychological frameworks by proposing a contextualized model of meaning in elite sport that draws on pertinent meaning in life theory, and (c) facilitate applied work. To this end, we interviewed 13 international Olympic athletes multiple times from February 2022 to August 2024. Through framework analysis, we developed an empirical model, incorporating the dimensions of coherence, significance, purpose, belonging, alongside the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness, and contribution. The model identifies two routes to experiencing meaning in elite sport: Self-actualization arises when athletes connect to themselves through feeling self-determined, competent, mattering to themselves, and having a personal purpose. Self-transcendence emerges when athletes connect with others by pursuing a wider purpose, mattering to others, contributing through giving back, and nurturing relationships. We conclude with critical reflections and recommendations for supporting both routes in practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Priming-Effekt und sein Einfluss auf sportliche Leistung und die Einschätzung von Schwierigkeit: Evidenz aus dem olympischen Bouldern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097799</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097799</guid>
      <author>Medernach, J. P.</author>
      <author>Aleithe, P.</author>
      <author>Sanchez, X.</author>
      <author>Memmert, D.</author>
      <author>Henz, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bouldern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwierigkeitsgrad</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Medernach, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aleithe, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanchez, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Memmert, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henz, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
Priming refers to the psychological phenomenon whereby a prior stimulus modulates cognitive processes and behavioural responses. To date, perceptual-cognitive mechanisms through which priming influences sporting performance remain underexplored. Olympic Bouldering provides a compelling and ecologically valid context for investigating psychological priming, as it involves perceptual-cognitive processes sensitive to priming while offering robust performance indicators and a controllable experimental environment. This study aimed to advance theoretical and empirical understanding of psychological priming by examining the impact of manipulated difficulty labels, assigned to boulders (short climbing routes) and serving as primes, on climbers` performance outcomes and their perceived difficulty judgments (targets).

Methods
Twenty-eight female climbers previewed and attempted four boulders that were equivalent in movement demands and difficulty, but presented with manipulated difficulty labels: B1 (labelled easier than actual difficulty), B2 (true difficulty), B3 (labelled harder than actual difficulty), and B4 (no difficulty label). Measures included climbing performance and perceived boulder difficulty.

Results
Among the boulders included in the priming manipulation (B1-B3), climbing performance (successful completion, number of attempts) was lowest in B3, labelled as most difficult (negative priming), and highest in B1, labelled as easiest (positive priming). Although all four boulders were of identical difficulty, participants perceived B3 as most difficult and B1 as easiest.

Conclusion
Findings indicate that priming through manipulated difficulty labels can influence athletes` climbing performance and perceived boulder difficulty. The study provides empirical evidence that exposure to prime stimuli can activate pre-existing internal representations, modulating both procedural and expectancy processes, and ultimately shaping sporting performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Videogeschwindigkeit auf die Zuschreibung von Intentionen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097800</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097800</guid>
      <author>Schütz, L.-M.</author>
      <author>Betsch, T.</author>
      <author>Plessner, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfrichter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schütz, L.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Betsch, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Plessner, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Supporting referees and judges with video footage is very common in sports. Recent research investigating video footage in sport suggests that video speed influences duration estimation (Schütz et al., 2021; Sperl et al., 2021). It is also discussed that changes in video speed (e.g., slow motion) can lead to harsher penalizations because the intention is overestimated (Caruso et al., 2016; Spitz et al., 2018). In four experiments we investigated whether video speed influences time judgment and intention attribution. In study 1-3 participants (n1 = 98; n2 = 81; n3 = 104) saw four different animated video contexts of stick figures acting (fouls scene in soccer and hockey, assault with an axe and gun) in different video durations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 s). In study 2 and study 3, video material was modified, integrating bystanders (Study 2) and crowd noise (Study 3). In study 4 (n4 = 97) more realistic video material (real sport videos) was used.
Results show a main effect of video speed for intention attribution and duration estimation. With decreasing video speed intention attribution increased, suggesting a linear trend (Study 2-4). We found an interaction of video speed and bystander reaction on intention attribution (Study 2). The valence of crowd noise had no effect on intention attribution (Study 3). These studies help to generate a more differentiated picture of the influence of video speed on both intention attribution and duration estimation, e.g. in the context of sports officiating.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale der Trainingsaktivitäten chinesischer Fußballspielerinnen: Eine vergleichende Analyse zwischen National- und Profiebene</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097801</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097801</guid>
      <author>Wang, S.</author>
      <author>Chen, Q.</author>
      <author>Cai, H.</author>
      <author>Li, P.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relativer Alterseffekt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cai, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental activities of Chinese female national and professional football players.

Design and methods
A total of 193 players (62 national-level, 131 professional-level) completed the Participation History Questionnaire (PHQ), which included demographic information (birthdate, birthplace), milestones across childhood (6-12 years), adolescence (13-17 years), and adulthood (>18 years), engagement in football-specific activities, participation in other sports, and social support factors.

Results
Chi-square tests revealed a significant relative age effect (RAE) among professional players (Q1: 36.6%, 48/131; X2 (3) = 10.832, P = 0.013), but not among national players (X2(3) = 3.419, P = 0.331), and no significant between-group difference in birth-quarter distribution (X2(3) = 0.256, P = 0.968, Cramer's V = 0.036). With respect to birthplace, both national and professional players were predominantly born in economically developed and densely populated cities, with 37.2% (64/172) originating from (emerging) first-tier cities and 46.5% (80/172) from megacities. Chi-square tests indicated no significant between-group differences in birthplace distributions across either economic tiers (X2 (4) = 3.038, P = 0.55, Cramer's V = 0.113) or population-size categories (X2 (3) = 0.715, P = 0.87, Cramer's V = 0.064). Milestone analyses demonstrated that national players initiated football participation (8.6 ± 1.6 vs. 10.8 ± 1.9 years, Z = -7.042, P < 0.001), commenced coach-led practice (10.3 ± 2.1 vs. 11.2 ± 1.9 years, Z = -3.380, P = 0.001), and reached the first team of senior professional clubs (17.9 ± 1.1 vs. 18.6 ± 1.4 years, Z = -3.845, P < 0.001) at significantly younger ages than professional players. Only 7.8% of players (15/193) (National: N = 10, Professional: N = 5) reported engagement in other sports. No significant between-group differences were observed in perceived social support.

Conclusions
These findings characterize the developmental profiles of Chinese female football players and provide a basis for refining talent identification systems and informing evidence-based strategies for long-term athlete development and differentiated training programmes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spielfeldgröße, Spieleranzahl und Spielregeln: Wie Einschränkungen in Small-Sided Games die Trainingsanforderungen im männlichen Nachwuchsfußball beeinflussen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097788</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097788</guid>
      <author>Olthof, S. B. H.</author>
      <author>Ferrandis, J.</author>
      <author>de Dios, V.</author>
      <author>Riboli, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regelung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>U18</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olthof, S. B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferrandis, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Dios, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Riboli, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Small-sided games (SSGs) are part of daily soccer practice and usually manipulated in pitch size, player number, and playing rules. The aim of this study was to identify constraints that significantly affect the physical demands in SSGs in youth elite soccer players. Training sessions from an under-18 Spanish academy team were monitored, including 87 SSGs. Small-sided games were labelled for area per player (ApP), number of players, type of game, playing duration, goal size, use of floater players and goalkeepers, and number of touches. Relative physical demands were measured as total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), sprint distance (SD), and acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) distance. A linear mixed-effects model analysis was performed estimating the effects of SSG constraints (a set at 0.05). Greater ApP consistently increased TD, HSR, SD, ACC, and DEC. By contrast, increasing the number of players and longer playing duration reduced TD, HSR, ACC, and DEC. In addition, specific playing rules, such as the use of floater players, limited touches, and small goals primarily affected ACC and DEC. These findings highlight the important role of ApPs in shaping physical demands, while also showing that team size, playing duration, and specific playing rules contribute to the physical demands of SSGs. Understanding the magnitude and direction of these manipulations allows coaches to design SSGs more effectively to meet training objectives.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen Standweitsprung und 30-Meter-Sprint bei 826 Nachwuchsfußballspielern: Eine Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097789</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097789</guid>
      <author>Škorik, M.</author>
      <author>Švantner, R.</author>
      <author>Brunn, D.</author>
      <author>Karabin, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Škorik, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Švantner, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunn, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karabin, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Speed and acceleration are essential for offensive and defensive actions in soccer. Given the high cost of advanced sprint measurement systems, alternative field tests such as the standing broad jump (SBJ) may serve as cost-effective tools for assessing horizontal force production. However, the relationship between SBJ and sprint performance across different acceleration phases in youth players remains unclear. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between a no-countermovement SBJ and sprint parameters in 826 elite male youth soccer players (U14-U19). Sprint performance was assessed using the 1080 Motion Sprint system, capturing maximum velocity (Vmax), theoretical maximum velocity (V0), maximum horizontal force (F0), maximum power, and maximum ratio of force (RFmax). Average speed (AS) and average force (AF) were analyzed across 3-meter segments for a 30-meter sprint. Pearson's correlation and linear regression were used, with significance set at p <= 0.05. Standing broad jump showed strong correlations with sprint parameters, particularly Vmax, V0, and RFmax (r = 0.68, 0.63, and 0.58; all p < 0.001). The strongest associations between SBJ and AS or AF occurred in the late acceleration phase (9-12 m) across all age groups (AS: r = 0.75; AF: r = 0.66), with the highest correlations in U14 and U15. Regression models revealed that SBJ explained 39.1% of Vmax variance in U14, but only 9.8% in U19. These findings suggest SBJ is a practical and valid tool for evaluating sprint performance in younger players, although its predictive value declines with age because of greater influence of technical and biomechanical sprint factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der Berichterstattung und Visualisierung von Fitness-Testdaten im Elitefußball: Eine Umfrage zu Präferenzen und Bedürfnissen von Praktikern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097790</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097790</guid>
      <author>Asimakidis, N. D.</author>
      <author>Beato, M.</author>
      <author>Parmar, N.</author>
      <author>Weldon, A.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Turner, A. N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Information</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kommunikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Asimakidis, N. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beato, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parmar, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weldon, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turner, A. N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This cross-sectional survey explored elite soccer practitioners' fitness testing reporting and visualization preferences. Overall, 145 soccer practitioners completed an online survey comprising 27 questions, with 3 sections: (a) background information, (b) preferences for fitness testing report content and insights, and (c) preferences and interpretation of data visualization formats. Fixed-response questions were analyzed using frequency analysis, while thematic analysis was applied to open-ended questions to generate key themes. Subjects predominantly valued tracking changes (91%) in performance over benchmark (61%) or position-specific (58%) comparisons. Although 44.8% prioritized individual performance, 42.1% emphasized both individual and team-level insights. Concerning the presentation of data, raw scores were the preferred format (62.1%), followed by standardized (37.2%) and composite scores (23.5%), depending on the context. Subjects highly valued interactive dashboards (91%), quadrant charts (87.6%), and traffic light systems (77.2%). Bar charts (77.2%) were the preferred visual format for interplayer comparisons, valued for their clarity, and reduced cognitive load, while line charts (51.7%) were favored for tracking performance over time, due to their simplicity and user familiarity. Radar charts (59.3%) were the preferred format for comparing individual performances to the wider team, valued for their ability to provide a holistic overview of strengths and weaknesses. Uncertainty indicators were endorsed by 52.3%, primarily for enhancing data interpretation and decision making, although concerns were raised about their ease of understanding and visual clutter. Practitioners can use this study's findings to inform user-friendly reporting strategies and meet diverse audience needs. Findings should also support practitioner training and the adoption of evolving industry practices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Analyse der physischen Anforderungen von Rondo-Übungen: Wie unterschiedliche Formate Beschleunigungs- und Verzögerungsprofile beeinflussen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097784</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097784</guid>
      <author>Silva, H.</author>
      <author>Monteiro, J.</author>
      <author>Baptista, J.</author>
      <author>Beato, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Anforderungsprofil</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Abbremsen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>GNSS</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Ballbesitz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monteiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baptista, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beato, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Accelerations and decelerations are a critical component in the assessment of training demands in soccer. The characteristics of accelerations (>3 m·s-2) and decelerations (<-3 m·s-2) were compared across 3 structured rondo drills (4 vs. 1, 4 vs. 2, 5 vs. 2) performed during 8 minutes in different training sessions. Twenty male elite soccer players (age: 27.1 ± 6.1 years; height: 1.78 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 75.8 ± 7.6 kg) participated for a 10-week period using global navigation satellite systems sampling at 10 Hz. All efforts exceeding the acceleration (>3 m·s-2) and deceleration (<-3 m·s-2) thresholds were characterized by duration, magnitude, starting and ending speed, and distance covered. Linear mixed models with post hoc comparisons were used to identify differences between drills. Results showed that the frequency of actions increased with the number of players and pitch size. During the 4 vs. 1 format, players attained greater acceleration magnitudes and higher end speeds than the 4 vs. 2 (p < 0.001) and 5 vs. 2 formats (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009, respectively). They also accelerated for longer times and distances in 4 vs. 1 than in 4 vs. 2 formats (p < 0.01). Conversely, fewer differences were reported in decelerations, with 4 vs. 1 format registering higher magnitudes than the other formats (p < 0.01) and starting from higher speeds than the 4 vs. 2 format (p = 0.010). During all formats, players started accelerations and ended decelerations from similar, near-stationary speeds (<4 km·h-1, p < 0.05). These findings highlight that different rondo formats elicit distinct demands, particularly for accelerations. Therefore, rondos should be carefully planned according to session objectives, because their high intensity may contribute to fatigue and muscle damage, reinforcing the need for careful monitoring and integration within training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine 10-Jahres-Analyse des Bronco-Fitness-Tests bei männlichen und weiblichen Super-Rugby-Athleten: Der Einfluss von Geschlecht und Positionsgruppe</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097785</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097785</guid>
      <author>Weakley, J.</author>
      <author>Murphy, S.</author>
      <author>Kan, M.</author>
      <author>Thurlow, F.</author>
      <author>Mitchell, L.</author>
      <author>Whelan, B.</author>
      <author>Williams, P.</author>
      <author>King, A. J.</author>
      <author>Read, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weakley, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murphy, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kan, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thurlow, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Whelan, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Williams, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Read, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Bronco fitness test is a commonly used assessment of high-intensity running capacity. This study aimed to (a) analyze 10 years of Bronco fitness testing data from male and female Super Rugby athletes by sex and positional group and (b) develop practical percentile thresholds. Bronco test data were retrospectively analyzed from 462 elite rugby athletes (303 males, 159 females), totaling 1,668 observations. Athletes were grouped by sex and positional groups. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess differences, with Cohen's d effect sizes calculated. Percentile thresholds were derived from model outputs. Male athletes completed the Bronco significantly faster than female athletes (5:11 ± 00:02 vs. 6:19 ± 00:03 minutes:secs; p < 0.001; d = 1.78). Backs outperformed forwards in both sexes (male: 4:57 ± 00:02 vs. 5:21 ± 00:02; d = 1.09; female: 5:52 ± 00:06 vs. 6:38 ± 00:05; d = 0.98). Among male athletes, halves were the fastest positional group, while the Back 3 was fastest among female athletes. Front rowers consistently recorded the slowest times. Greater performance variability was observed in the female cohort, potentially reflecting the continued development of the female game. These findings provide normative data and percentile thresholds to guide profiling, conditioning, and long-term athlete development. Practitioners are encouraged to use these benchmarks to inform position-specific training and performance targets. The percentile tables and positional benchmarks presented can support practitioners and sport scientists in evaluating high-intensity running capacity, setting development goals, and tailoring conditioning programs for male and female Super Rugby athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines europäischen U18-Rugbyturniers auf die Herzfrequenzvariabilität</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097786</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097786</guid>
      <author>Solís-Mencía, C.</author>
      <author>Jiménez-Herranz, E.</author>
      <author>Cano-Cappellacci, M.</author>
      <author>Ibacache-Saavedra, P.</author>
      <author>García-Fernández, P.</author>
      <author>de Sousa-De Sousa, L.</author>
      <author>Ramos Veliz, R.</author>
      <author>De Matías-Cid, P.</author>
      <author>Ramos-Álvarez, J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>U18</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nationalmannschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Solís-Mencía, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiménez-Herranz, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cano-Cappellacci, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ibacache-Saavedra, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Fernández, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Sousa-De Sousa, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos Veliz, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Matías-Cid, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos-Álvarez, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Rugby union is characterized by intermittent efforts combining high and lowintensity actions. In European Under-18 Rugby XV Championship, matches are played every 72 hours, which may hinder adequate recovery. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive method that assesses the autonomic nervous system activity, yet its role to measure the rugby players recovery remains underexplored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate HRV responses in elite under-18 rugby players during an European Championship with matches every 72 hours. This prospective study was conducted with 27 players from the Spanish under-18 national rugby team. HRV data were collected daily for 12 days, including pretournament preparation and 3 matches. Measurements were taken in a supine resting position using a Bluetooth chest-strap. Time-domain, frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRV metrics were analyzed. Statistical comparisons were made using Friedman and Wilcoxon tests (p < 0.05). HRV metrics showed no significant differences between pretournament values and the first match day (first MD). However, time-domain, frequency-domain, and nonlinear variables significantly decreased after the first MD compared with the second (second MD) and third match days (third MD) (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between the second MD and third MD. These findings suggest persistent autonomic imbalance and insufficient recovery between matches. Playing matches every 72 hours does not allow for adequate recovery in under-18 rugby players. Daily HRV monitoring provides a valuable tool for assessing fatigue, guiding training load management, and reducing injury risk during competitive tournaments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Mehr Spiele, weniger Zeit: Wie Belastungsverhältnisse Unterschiede zwischen Training und Wettkampf im Fußball aufdecken</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097787</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097787</guid>
      <author>Galiano, C.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, F. Y.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Asín-Izquierdo, I.</author>
      <author>Asian-Clemente, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfhäufigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mikrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Galiano, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, F. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Asín-Izquierdo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Asian-Clemente, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze the external load ratios of professional football players across microcycles of different lengths and to compare the distribution of external load in each of these types of microcycles. Twenty-eight professional outfield soccer players were monitored daily using GPS for 2 seasons (2022/2023 to 2023/2024). Players participated in a total of 105 matches (regular season: 68, European competition: 20, national cup: 17) throughout the 2 analyzed seasons. Total distance, high-speed running (HSR), sprinting distance, number of sprints, and the number of accelerations/decelerations >3 m·s-2 were recorded during both training sessions and matches. Microcycles of 3, 4, 5, and 6 days were analyzed. An individual training-to-match ratio was calculated for each external load measure in each microcycle. All external load ratios showed differences across microcycle lengths (p < 0.001; Eta2p > 0.364) with larger ratio values for longer microcycle durations. Regardless of the microcycle duration, accelerations >3 m·s-2 showed higher values than the other variables (p < 0.013; ES > 0.29), while those related to high-speed activity displayed lower values than the rest (p < 0.001; ES > 0.37). This "overstimulation" of accelerations >3 m·s-2 shows greater differences than the other variables as the microcycle lengthens. This insight can guide coaches in optimizing training periodization, ensuring a better balance between undervalued and overvalued variables, particularly for HSR and sprint performance in different microcycle structures.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ernährung im Sport: eine Chance, Leistung, Nachhaltigkeit und Präventivmedizin in Einklang zu bringen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097781</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097781</guid>
      <author>Del Grosso, F.</author>
      <author>Turco, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Del Grosso, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turco, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article explores the complex interaction between sport, nutrition and sustainable foods, emphasizing how a diet based on principles of sustainability can support athletic performance, promote rapid post-training recovery and contribute to injury prevention. In addition, the long-term impact of these nutritional choices on athletes` health and the environment is analysed, offering an integrated view that connects the well-being of the individuals with the global health. Through a critical review of existing scientific literature, as well as through the examination of case studies and experimental research, this work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of a sustainable diet for athletes. In particular, it highlights how specific dietary choices can, on one hand, optimize physical performance and, on the other hand, contribute to a more ethical and responsible lifestyle, in line with the growing demand for global sustainability. We also focused on how dentists, particularly those specialized in sport, also play a fundamental role in early diagnosis and in educating and guiding the most correct choices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Mundflora und ihr Einfluss auf die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit und die allgemeine Gesundheit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097782</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097782</guid>
      <author>Engels-Deutsch, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entzündung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Mund</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Engels-Deutsch, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the specific conditions of elite sport, eating habits, stress and intense physical activity influence the parameters of a normal oral bacterial flora. The diseases linked to these disturbances are generally caries and periodontal diseases, which combine to destroy teeth and periodontium. As these diseases progress, bacteria can colonize distant organs via the bloodstream from the sites of dental colonization and increase the levels of circulating inflammatory markers. These conditions influence the biological parameters necessary for well-being and performance. The aim of this review is to update knowledge on how oral dysbiosis can lead, for example, to musculotendinous injuries, and to highlight the importance of diagnosis during the dental examination and prevention messages for athletes. In sports medicine, particular attention needs to be focused on the oral condition of the athlete, to detect the sometimes-silent dental affections responsible for injury and under-performances.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungsmerkmale bei Elite-Badmintonspielern: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097783</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097783</guid>
      <author>Shaharudin, M. I.</author>
      <author>Muhamed, A. M. C.</author>
      <author>Yusof, H. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stützgewebe</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shaharudin, M. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muhamed, A. M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yusof, H. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Badminton is a fast-paced sport that requires a high level of skill. Despite its non-contact nature, badminton can still result in injuries. This review aimed to identify the characteristics of musculoskeletal injuries in elite badminton players. A systematic search was conducted through the electronic bibliographic databases between 2013 and 2025. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO, and article quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. A total of 11 eligible articles were included. Over 45% of elite badminton players have been injured in the past year. The most common location of injuries was at the lower extremity (54-71%), followed by the upper extremity (30-46%); tendinopathy (6-70%) and sprain (10-32%) are the most common types of injury. Identifying the characteristics of injuries in elite badminton players can provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals to develop effective injury prevention strategies for athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten und Gehirnerschütterungen sind im College-Frauen-Eishockey am häufigsten: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:08 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097422</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097422</guid>
      <author>Laaksonen, J.</author>
      <author>Pakarinen, O.</author>
      <author>Vaajala, M.</author>
      <author>Liukkonen, R.</author>
      <author>Kuitunen, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laaksonen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pakarinen, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaajala, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liukkonen, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuitunen, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives 
This review aimed to provide a pooled estimate of injury incidence and epidemiology in women`s ice hockey.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus in August 2024, including only reports published in English. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, and the PRISMA checklist was used. Observational studies reporting injury incidence in women`s ice hockey based on exposure time were included. Reviews, editorials and commentaries were excluded. A random-effects model calculated pooled injury incidences per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs), with separate analyses for games, practices, injury locations and types. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies.

Results
Of 510 records screened, 18 reports conducted in North America were included, with six reports contributing to the analysis. These reports reported a total of 3365 injuries and 719 010 AEs, yielding an overall injury incidence of 5.21 injuries per 1000 AEs. Injury rates were higher during games (10.10 per 1000 AEs) compared with practices (3.11 per 1000 AEs). Lower limb injuries were the most frequent (0.57 per 1000 AEs), while concussions or traumatic brain injuries were the most common injury types (0.54 per 1000 AEs).

Conclusion 
The overall injury incidence in collegiate-level women`s ice hockey is considerable, with lower limb injuries being the most common injury location and concussions the most frequent injury type. This review establishes a baseline for injury patterns in women`s collegiate ice hockey prior to the potential legalisation of body checking in all levels of women`s ice hockey, offering valuable insights for future research and the development of targeted injury prevention strategies.

PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024590497]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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