<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/sponet/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Ergebnis für </title>
    <description>Treffer 701 - 750 von 125416</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=15&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>125416</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>700</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur ersten Seite springen" href="https://sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur vorherigen Seite" href="https://sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=14&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur nächsten Seite" href="https://sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=16&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur letzten Seite springen" href="https://sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=2509&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=15&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <item>
      <title>KI-Racer: Ein fesselndes, KI-gestütztes VR-Tool für den alpinen Skirennsport</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097486</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097486</guid>
      <author>Bruhin, B.</author>
      <author>Bünner, M.</author>
      <author>Délèze, F.</author>
      <author>Notari, N.</author>
      <author>Guillaume, S.</author>
      <author>Schwyn, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Abfahrtslauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>virtuelle Realität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bruhin, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bünner, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Délèze, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Notari, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guillaume, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schwyn, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The choice of the racing line is a key success factor in alpine ski racing. Nevertheless, to define before the race a "proper" racing line for a given racing track remains a highly subjective process for coaches and athletes, as objective quality criteria for racing lines are not available. As such, the definition of racing lines and racing strategy is until now not accessible for scientific discussion opening up the room for myths and subjective rules-of thumb. The aim of this work is to establish a formal procedure for the computation of optimal racing lines before the race. With this, we hope to introduce objective factors supplementing the already available subjective factors.

METHODS: On the basis of a physical model of an alpine ski racer and a 3D-measurement of the surface of the racing track, optimal control theory is applied to compute an optimal racing line for the ski racers. To this end, a nonlinear programming problem (NLP) is formulated with > 10`000 unknowns, and > 1 Mio. equality and inequality constraints, the solution of which is the optimal racing line. Additionally, the racing track is measured accurately with LIDAR- and photogrammetry- technology. With this, an accurate 3D-world could be created allowing to visualize the optimal racing line with Virtual-Reality-(VR)-technology, allowing for an highly immersive experience for the athletes.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The AI-RACER has been tested on World-Cup racing tracks with professional athletes, after the competion has taken place. The error in forecasting the finish time was below 1.0 - 2.0 s. The accuracy of the physical model is surprisingly high for gliding phases. The model for more complex skiing techniques, such as drifting or energy pumping, needs further improvements, though.

CONCLUSION: While not being perfect today, the AI-RACER opens up the space for advancements in the future. Clearly, there are promising future applications for racing as well as for training and education of young athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines komplexen Kontrasttrainings während der Saison auf anaerobe Leistungsparameter bei Elite-Fußballerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097502</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097502</guid>
      <author>Gepfert, M.</author>
      <author>Terbalyan, A.</author>
      <author>Roczniok, R.</author>
      <author>Golas, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kontrasttraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Saisonverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gepfert, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Terbalyan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roczniok, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Golas, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of in-season complex contrast training (CCT) on speed, power, and anaerobic capacity metrics in elite female soccer players. Twenty-one players participated in a 3-phase study conducted across the postpreparatory period, midseason, and postseason. Testing included countermovement jump, single-leg jump, 5 and 30 m sprints, and the repeated anaerobic sprint test (RAST). Weekly complex training sessions combined resistance exercises with plyometric drills. Significant improvements were observed in anaerobic performance midseason compared with the preparatory phase (RAST 1, p = 0.0073, d [Cohen's d ES] = 0.45; 30 m sprint, p = 0.0073, d = 0.81), followed by performance declines at the end of the season. Peak RAST metrics improved significantly midseason (e.g., RAST 2, p = 0.025, d = 0.81; RAST 3, p = 0.0083, d = 0.95), but no changes were observed for concentric peak velocity (p = 0.98) or rate of force development (p = 0.37). The findings demonstrate that complex contrast training effectively enhances power and anaerobic performance during the midseason but may require strategic load management to mitigate late-season fatigue-related declines. A single weekly session of CCT seems sufficient to maintain, and in some instances improve, physical performance across the season. However, without a comparison group, it is unclear whether it is more or less effective than other training methods.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Objektivierung der Ergebnisse des Agility-Tests durch den Einsatz von KI-Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097503</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097503</guid>
      <author>Huber, A.</author>
      <author>Hummel, C.</author>
      <author>Rieder, M.</author>
      <author>Spitzenpfeil, P.</author>
      <author>Waibel, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freestyle Skilauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huber, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hummel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rieder, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spitzenpfeil, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Waibel, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Since 2016, the agility test [1] has been used in performance diagnostic tests and in the return-to-sport process of the German alpine skiing, ski cross and ski freestyle team athletes. While the test has proven in practice to be very effective in the return-to-sport process, the assessment of both the two landings and the 15 jumps was subjective, with three categories each: good, average and bad. The subjective assessment is to be expanded, objectified and, ideally, replaced by an AI-supported, automated kinematic evaluation (Nemo, Simi Reality Motion Systems GmbH ©, Unterschleißheim, Germany).

METHODS: All attempts were filmed frontally by only one camera (2D). The video recordings made, went through the automated AI process and as a result the joint points were transformed to pixel coordinates. The quality of the landings was subjectively assessed analogously to Stensrud [2]: Performance was reported concerning lateral tilt of the pelvis (not significant - some - obvious), Valgus motion of the knee (no obvious - slightly - clearly) and medial/ lateral side-to-side movements of the knee during the performance (no - some - clear). For comparison, the position of the hip axis in relation to the shoulder axis (hip to shoulder) and to the horizontal (hip to horizontal), the leg axes in relation to each other and the knee movement during landing were calculated from the coordinates. To assess the jumps, the determined flight and contact times, 2D center of gravity in flight and contact times and the horizontal distance from the middle of the foot to the middle of the knee (distance foot to knee) during the contacts were used. The subjective assessment had the criteria of position of the foot and leg axes, stable body position and overall coordination.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The parameters determined showed a wide range in the results, greater than a rigid 3-point assessment. The quality of the valgus movement determination in the knee was sufficient. As of now, all results that were related to spatial expansion were more difficult to assess and therefore significantly less satisfactory.

CONCLUSION: Even if not all criteria were found automatically due to the limitation to a frontal video, additional features are already emerging to better assess the athlete, especially in the back-to-sport process. The next process will be the calibration of the videos (height and width of the first and last hurdle) and a rescaling as they get closer (captured by the fixed order of the jumps).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Streckengestaltung auf Ersatzindikatoren für das Verletzungsrisiko bei Frauen und Männern im Skicross-Weltcup</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097505</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097505</guid>
      <author>Tomelleri, L.</author>
      <author>Mannsåker, I. H.</author>
      <author>Lachaize, T.</author>
      <author>Wortelboer, W.</author>
      <author>Lasshofer, M.</author>
      <author>Gilgien, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freestyle Skilauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltcup</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tomelleri, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mannsåker, I. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lachaize, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wortelboer, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lasshofer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gilgien, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In skicross, the number and severity of injuries are among the highest and most serious in winter sports [1]. The specific aspect of skicross is the head-to-head racing during the finals and the course, which is made up of different types of obstacles. Previous research has linked injuries to three types of obstacles (jumps, turns and rollers) and the injuries were primarily caused by unintentional contact between skiers and personal error [2,3]. To provide a more comprehensive picture of the factors that might lead to injuries, this study assumed that surrogate measures of injury risk (hereafter named "events"), such as crashes, are related to actual injury risk. Based on this assumption this study investigated how course characteristics affected these injury risk metrics for women and men.

METHODS: During the 2023/24 season the connection between injury risk events and course characteristics were evaluated across five World Cup races (Innichen, Alleghe, St. Moritz, Reiteralm and Veysonnaz). For that purpose, human reviewers utilized TV footage of all final heats, for men and women, to pinpoint the location of such events. Crashing was defined as the event with the closest relation to true injuries, while out of balance, contacts and avoided contacts between athletes were defined as potential pre-conditions of crashing. The geometric attributes of the World Cup courses were logged using differential GNSS, facilitating the creation of digital terrain models, that were used to determine the nature and location of obstacles.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Men had more contacts, avoided contacts and out of balance events than women, while women and men had the same number of crashes. For women, the occurrence of crashes was the same for each type of obstacle, whereas for men most crashes occurred in turns. Women most often crashed with an out of balance event as a prerequisite, while for men the combination of an out of balance event and contact with another skier most often caused a crash.

CONCLUSION: Since women usually crash without interference to other skiers, the technical difficulty of the course itself seems to cause crashes while men seem to have a higher capacity to recover from out of balance and contact events than women. Since the courses are used by women and men, they need to be designed so that they are not too difficult for women but still challenging for men.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistung, Biomechanik, Prüfung und technische Konstruktion von Skibindungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097506</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097506</guid>
      <author>Brown, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brown, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A rigorous, science-based, engineering design method is used to explain how ski bindings can protect ACLs and avoid inadvertent release. Additionally, it shows how appropriate binding retention/release setting methods could be developed for elite skiers. In skiing, as other sports, awareness of injury mechanisms and how they can be avoided has not led to safer equipment. For decades concepts for ski bindings that could reduce ACL injuries and inadvertent release have been patented, presented, and published [1,2]. Yet, equipment designs from most manufacturers still do not address these problems. ACL injuries continue at unfortunately high rates. Inadvertent release problems are addressed by increasing release settings and increasing injury risks. Sports science and sports medicine communities could foster more innovation by promoting publication and presentation of design work. This could encourage dialog, activity, and investment required to develop and realize design innovations.

METHODS: Using Suh`s design theory and method [3] with C-K theory [4], the best design parameters (DPs), i.e., physical solutions, are developed and selected using Suh`s two design axioms. One maintains the independence of functional requirements (FRs), and two minimizes the information content. Solution neutral FRs are formulated based on needs. Corresponding DP candidates are sought to fulfill them. Top-down, parallel FR-DP hierarchies of increasing detail are developed. Decomposition equation tests validity to be collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive. Design equations show how DPs are adjusted to get FRs into functional tolerance. Care is taken in formulating and understanding good FRs, which are required to develop good solutions. Viability is established through compliance with Suh`s design axioms.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: FR-DP decompositions are presented as actionable, intent-solution, design representations. FR1 is to transmit performance loads with high fidelity. FR2 is to absorb energy that would otherwise increase loads beyond those for safe performance. FR3 is to avoid inadvertent release. DPs 1-3 comprise stiff-soft, load-limiting spring systems. Displacement to release and the loads to initiate displacement prior to release can be adjusted independently. Plate assemblies under bindings can provide displacement prior to release. An FR4 to limit combined valgus-inward-rotation (CVIR) loads, known to stress the ACL, can be fulfilled by supplementing current bindings with a vertical rotation axis in front of the toe. This DP4, can be integrated in the plates [2]. Bindings mounted on plates can fulfill release functions, while plates improve retention and reduce CVIR type ACL injuries. Performance loads for elite skiers could be functions of skier strength in addition to mass. Retention needs increase with speed. Research on correlations between strength tests, performance loads, and speed can test this hypothesis and establish functional relationships for setting response loads.

CONCLUSION: Ski bindings can be advanced using rigorous engineering design theory and methods to develop and test concepts. ACL injuries and inadvertent releases can be reduced. Papers describing theoretically validated, viable design solutions can lead to improvements in athlete safety. Design papers should be valued similarly with other kinds of research papers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D-Kinematik und mechanische Energie beim Freestyle-Skilauf (XCS) während Sprint-Weltcup-Rennen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097507</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097507</guid>
      <author>Canclini, A.</author>
      <author>Canclini. A.</author>
      <author>Besseghini, A.</author>
      <author>Baroni, G.</author>
      <author>Lindinger, S.</author>
      <author>Karczewska-Lindinger, M.</author>
      <author>Pozzo, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freestyle Skilauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Canclini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Canclini. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Besseghini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baroni, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lindinger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karczewska-Lindinger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pozzo, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The "new" freestyle (FT) in XCS was formally introduced in 1985 in specialized races. In the `90s several studies have been conducted in an attempt to describe the most relevant aspects of XCS freestyle, but the kinematic information is generally limited over the full velocity range. More recently Stöggl (2010), Andersson (2010), Lindinger (2011) compared biomechanical characteristics of the main skating techniques identified as gears G1-G5 as proposed by Nilsson (2004). The purpose of this work was to analyze the 3D kinematics and its changes of the main gears (G3 & G4) performed by elite skiers during sprint World Cup races in the last decade and to calculate energy recovery parameters.

METHODS: The data collection was performed in 2012 (Dobbiaco) and 2023 (Livigno) during WC XCS individual Sprint Qualification FT races. In the 2012 race a total of 11 male skiers (ranking 122) were analyzed on flat sections where the athletes performed G3 or G4. In the 2023 race, in similar conditions of flat terrain, all the 30 skiers qualified for the heats were analyzed where 16 performed G3 and 14 performed G4.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Linear kinematic and angular parameters were calculated for each athlete (Table 1) as their mean values averaged over several cycles for each race. For the CoG Velocity we found some significant differences between G3 and G4. The CoG velocity in G4 was lower than in G3 about 4%, in 2012, and 9%, in 2023. The faster skiers have lower cycle time/higher cycle rate, in both strides:  G3 (r=0.62) and G4 (r=0.66). The corresponding energy recovery indices are reported in Table1. We found a significant decrease of the R% between the 2012 and 2023 races: R% is lower 36% for G3, and 50% for G4.

CONCLUSION: Skiers that adopted the G3 technique were faster than G4-skiers. Moreover we found that the faster skiers, in G3 and G4, have a longer cycle rate. The skiers adopted to a different strategy to perform the poling with respect to the trunk, shoulder and elbow angular variations. In the Double Poling (Canclini 2021) we calculated similar values of R% (32%) only for the 2° slope. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Stocklänge auf Stoffwechsel- und Bewegungsdaten bei Paraskiläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097508</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097508</guid>
      <author>Blickensderfer, S.</author>
      <author>Inman, M.</author>
      <author>Jarrett, D.</author>
      <author>Becker, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraskilauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sitzski</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blickensderfer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jarrett, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Unlike able-bodied skiers, sit-skiers rely solely on poling for forward propulsion. Thus, any changes impacting poling mechanics may have a large influence on sit skier performance. While able-bodied skiers show a negative correlation between oxygen uptake and pole length [1], whether this is also true in sit-skiers remains unknown. Manipulating pole length may also influence cycle kinematics [2], a change with potential direct bearings on performance as faster sit-skiers have longer cycle lengths. Given these gaps in knowledge, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the metabolic and kinematic effects of changing pole lengths on Para Nordic sit-skiers.

METHODS: Six elite Para Nordic sit-skiers participated in this study. Oxygen consumption and pole kinematics were recorded while skiing on a roller ski treadmill using four different pole lengths: habitual (H), ~ 2.5 cm shorter (S), ~ 2.5 cm longer (L1), and ~ 5.0 cm longer (L2). All trials were four minutes at a constant 3.5% grade, with order randomized. Oxygen consumption was measured using a wearable metabolic cart while IMUs were placed on the poles, just distal to the grip, and used to calculate cycle time (CT), cycle rate (CR), cycle length (CL), plant time (PT), and swing time (SW). Linear mixed-effects models with Tukey post hoc tests were used to evaluate the effects of pole length on dependent variables.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: There were no significant fixed effects of pole length for any of the physiologic variables (all p > .05). However, there were significant fixed effects of pole length for CT (p < .001), CR (p < .001), CL (p < .005), PT (p < .001), and SW (p < .005, Table 1). Pairwise comparisons showed that CT, CL, PT, and SW all increased from the H condition to the L2 condition, while CR decreased (all p < .05, Table 1).

CONCLUSION: Changing pole length does not influence metabolic cost but does affect cycle kinematics in sit-skiers. Increasing pole length may be one way to improve efficiency in sit-skiing with no additional metabolic cost. However, it is important to consider that this study was performed on a ski treadmill at a set speed and grade, and thus may not reflect the variable conditions found on snow or mixed terrain courses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Sitzposition auf die Leistung beim Sitz-Ski auf dem Laufband und am Ski-Ergometer - Fahrverhalten und physiologische Parameter: Eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097509</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097509</guid>
      <author>Sampolahti, V.</author>
      <author>Linnamo, V.</author>
      <author>Ohtonen, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraskilauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sitzski</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sampolahti, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linnamo, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohtonen, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In sit-skiing, impaired athletes are classified into five classes based on the evaluations of their trunk control (LW10, LW10.5, LW11, LW11.5, LW12). A calculation system in which certain percentages are deducted of the competition finishing time (14.0%, 10.0%, 6.0%, 4.0%, 0.0%) has been created. [1] Two commonly used sitting positions are "kneeing" (KL) and "knee-high" (KH) positions [2]. Studies on biomechanical patterns and performance between classified athletes have mostly been conducted under laboratory conditions and have reported many positive patterns of KL for sit-skiing performance. [2,] In the ski ergometer, the effect of chancing sitting position in able-bodied athletes on performance in physiological and biomechanical parameters has been reported to be 7-15% favoring KL position [3]. The purpose of the present study wanted to measure the effect of sitting position on sit-skiing performance on a treadmill because it could simulate natural conditions better than in the ski ergometer.

METHODS: The athlete was LW11 classified female sit-skier, who had used KH position ten years, before one year of training in the KL position. In the ski ergometer, the athlete performed a maximal power test and on a treadmill, a maximal oxygen uptake test and performance tests for speed and uphill till exhaustion. Cycle length (CL), cycle time (CT), cycle rate (CR) and Blood lactate (B-La) were measured from treadmill tests. Maximal oxygen uptake VO2peak (ml/kg/min), oxygen consumption (VO2, l/min) and ventilation (VE, l/min) were measured during maximal oxygen uptake test.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: 7.0%, 6.0% and 5.4% greater time to exhaustion in treadmill tests (maximal oxygen uptake test, speed test & uphill test respectively) and 14.4% higher power output in the ski ergometer in the KL position were observed. Higher CL and CT with lower CR were recorded in the KL position. The greatest difference in lactate (B-La peak) was after the maximal test; 42,5% higher in the KL than in the KH position. There were no differences in VO2 peak, Ventilation was 6.0% higher in KH than in KL. A study with abled-bodied athletes reported the differences between the sitting positions to be 7-15% in the ski ergometer in physiological and biomechanical patterns [3], which is in line with the present study. The differences between the positons increase when the load increases and are caused by better ability to use upper body in the KL position. [2;3] The differences between the positions are greater than the differences between the classes.

CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of previous studies and this case study, it is highly recommended for the athletes to use KL position in sit-skiing.  Unfortunately using KL position is not possible in lower classes (LW 10, LW10.5 and mostly LW11) due to their impairments and control of trunk abilities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Absprungbewegung im Skispringen mithilfe von Hauptkomponentenanalyse und numerischer Strömungssimulation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097510</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097510</guid>
      <author>Ikeda, S.</author>
      <author>Shimada, T.</author>
      <author>Bale, R.</author>
      <author>Ueno, T.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, K.</author>
      <author>Tsubokura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skispringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ikeda, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimada, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bale, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ueno, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsubokura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The motions of ski jumping are divided into four parts: in-run, takeoff, flight, and landing. The takeoff motion in which largely change jumpers` posture in a short time of about 0.2~0.3 seconds is considered to strongly affect the performance. However, suitable takeoff motions have not been biomechanically and aerodynamically identified. Therefore, in this study, we first constructed a simulation framework that can reproduce detailed posture changes during takeoff using markerless motion capture. Next, the various jumps are classified with principal component analysis. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between postural change during takeoff and the unsteady aerodynamic forces using the constructed framework.

METHODS: A total of 640 actual takeoff motions of 80 athletes were recorded. The 3D posture data were acquired using markerless motion capture application (Theia3D). Next, using the obtained motion data, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the time series data of angle of attack (AOA) of trunk to classify the takeoff motion data. Finally, 3DCG animations of representative motions among the classified ones were created, and the unsteady aerodynamic forces acting during each takeoff were analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework [1].

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: PCA showed that it is important to keep the displacement of the AOA of trunk within the certain range for exceeding the K point. And also, the takeoff motions for exceeding K point have the difference in the overall size of the AOA of trunk. Therefore, we selected several trials with different AOA of trunk among trials over K-point and analyzed the unsteady aerodynamic forces by CFD (Figure 1). As a result, it was found that different aerodynamic characteristics exist among the trials exceeding K-point.

CONCLUSION: Through this study, it is concluded that suitable takeoff motion in ski jumping is closely related to AOA of trunk displacement, and differences in aerodynamic characteristics exist among suitable takeoff motions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technikanpassung bei unterschiedlicher Reibung im Skating-Lauf beim Skilanglauf</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097511</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097511</guid>
      <author>Hindér, G.</author>
      <author>Vieider, M. A.</author>
      <author>Sandberg, J.</author>
      <author>Almqvist, A.</author>
      <author>Larsson, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hindér, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vieider, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandberg, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almqvist, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The varying snow conditions in cross-country skiing races lead to significant changes in the resistive forces caused by ski-snow friction. Previous studies have examined how this affects skiers while skating on snow [1,2] and roller skis on a treadmill [3], but somewhat conflicting results have emerged. A common factor in these studies is that skier velocity was restricted. This study aims to investigate how cross-country skiers adjust their technique across varying resistive forces, on both traditional and roller skis, using perceived exertion and heart rate as a controlled factor to simulate a race-like situation.

METHODS: The study involved 5 to 8 national-level cross-country skiers who participated in three tests conducted under different conditions: cold, hard-packed snow (-16ºC), warm, soft snow (3ºC), and on a roller-ski track (10ºC). Each athlete alternated between fast and slow skis, performing three intervals with each pair, while maintaining a self-selected skiing intensity corresponding to their threshold pace. Motion data were collected using advanced inertial measurement units (IMU) and GPS sensors (ASI, Switzerland) along a predefined flat track segment of 140 meters (approximately 10 cycles per segment). Cycle duration, cycle length, and velocity were calculated using Archinisis software (Archinisis, Düdingen, Switzerland). Data were analysed using paired t-tests to determine significant differences in technique adaptations between the fast and slow skis.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The G3 segment data presented in Table 1 showed no significant change in cycle duration between fast and slow skis. However, longer cycle lengths and higher speeds were observed with faster skis. This suggests that athletes adapt by increasing cycle length rather than altering skiing frequency. These results somewhat contradict the findings of Ohtonen et al. [1], where skiing frequency increased with higher friction at constant speed, indicating that increased intensity leads to higher frequency. Moreover, when comparing roller skiing with snow skiing, similar cycle data were recorded, despite nearly double the friction coefficients. This difference points to varying friction mechanics between gliding and skating phases on snow and asphalt.

CONCLUSION: The study concludes that cross-country skiers primarily adjust their G3 skating technique by increasing cycle length while maintaining a constant skiing frequency when using faster skis and sustaining a constant intensity. The findings also highlight the need for further research into the friction dynamics of roller skiing. This knowledge may help optimize skiing techniques for various environmental conditions, contributing to enhanced race performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Entwicklungsprozess, junge Talente im Skilanglauf auf Weltklasseniveau zu bringen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097512</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097512</guid>
      <author>Sandbakk, Ø.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sandbakk, Ø.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this keynote, I will discuss key elements of a comprehensive athlete development system in cross-country skiing, drawing on both research and practical experience.

Central to an effective development system is a shared training philosophy and a common understanding of the demands of the sport, aligning all stakeholders—athletes, coaches, and support teams—throughout an athlete's career. By conducting gap analyses to assess current athlete capabilities against long-term goals, individualized training plans are developed to systematically address these gaps. The periodization of volume, intensity, and the use of different exercise modes must ensure that each session meets its intended objectives while balancing load and recovery to facilitate optimal training adaptations. Regular coach-athlete evaluations and debriefs facilitate continuous learning and improvement, helping athletes to refine their individual approaches and optimize training quality. In addition, the integration of robust monitoring and evaluation systems is important to ensuring long-term performance development. Regular testing, documentation, and feedback loops allow for timely adjustments to training plans, minimizing risks of overtraining and underperformance. In this context, attention should also be given to critical recovery practices, including sleep and nutrition.

Establishing a development culture also involves fostering an environment of trust, respect and joy. Coaches play a pivotal role in this process, acting as both leaders of teams and mentors by planning and overseeing individual athletes` training, providing real-time feedback, and engaging them in reflective discussions. Additionally, coaches must prioritize preventive health measures, such as injury prevention strategies, energy availability monitoring, and mental health support, to promote sustainable performance development. Finally, I will underscore the importance of maintaining a holistic perspective on athlete development. Athletes should not only be supported as competitors but also as individuals, with attention to their academic, social, and personal growth. Hopefully, this keynote will provide actionable insights into high-quality athlete development systems, fostering environments where young cross-country skiers are given the opportunity to reach their full potential. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training von Snowboard-Tricks: Stimmen biomechanische Daten mit den Erkenntnissen von Experten überein?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097513</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097513</guid>
      <author>Fay, L.</author>
      <author>Merz, C.</author>
      <author>Thelen, M.</author>
      <author>Friedl, F.</author>
      <author>Donath, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fay, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Merz, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thelen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Friedl, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donath, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In freestyle snowboarding, particularly in the discipline halfpipe, athletes perform highly technical aerial movements with increasing rotation [1], requiring precise body control and landing techniques. Trampolines provide a safe environment for refining these techniques [2], with coaches offering feedback based on visual cues. While research has focused on the biomechanics of the landing phase during on-snow training [3], the cues coaches use to analyze tricks during off-snow training on trampolines remain largely unexplored. Until now, no studies have systematically investigated how coaches assess tricks or whether these assessments align with biomechanical measurements. Therefore, this study aims to analyze which visual cues coaches use to evaluate snowboard tricks performed on trampolines, explore whether these cues are biomechanically measurable, and how coach evaluations compare with athlete self assessments.

METHODS: Four elite male snowboard halfpipe athletes (age: 23 ± 4 years; weight: 74 ± 8.8 kg; height: 178 ± 7.8 cm, experience Snowboard Halfpipe: 10 ± 9 y), national team members who compete or have competed at the international level (Welt cups), performed a total of 584 tricks on a freestyle trampoline using a bounce board, with the amount of rotation ranging from 360° to 900° in different direction. A national coach of snowboard halfpipe (age: 28 years; national license; coach experience 5 y) and the athletes themselves judge the quality and execution errors of the tricks based on a questionnaire. The body position was captured by a motion capture system (Xsens, Nederland, 18 IMU, 240 Hz).

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The coach focused primarily on 13 cues, with the front leg receiving the most attention, followed by gaze and upper body cues (s. Figure 1). The movement flow (t = -3.2; p < 0.001) and difficulty (t = 9.53; p < 0.001) showed statistically significant differences between coaches and athletes. Both coaches and athletes agreed on the feasibility of transferring tricks to on-snow conditions, suggesting that trampoline training effectively prepares athletes for the halfpipe. Coaches, relying on visual cues and experience, may provide more objective feedback compared to athletes, whose self-assessments can be biased. Biomechanical analysis could help standardize these cues and enhance coaching feedback.

CONCLUSION: Coaches and athletes perceive movements subjectively in different ways. Integrating biomechanical analysis into coaching could further refine visual cues, enabling more evidence feedback and improving athletes' technique and safety when transitioning tricks from trampoline training to on-snow performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die eigenständigen und einzigartigen Wege der Freestyle Skiläufern zu Weltklasse-Leistungen im Big Air</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097514</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097514</guid>
      <author>Berg-Johnsen, E.</author>
      <author>Rudd, J.</author>
      <author>Aune, T. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freestyle Skilauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spezialisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Berg-Johnsen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rudd, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aune, T. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Development of expertise in sports is an outcome of a complex process that emerges as dynamic interactions among various sport-specific constraints [1, 2]. The present study investigates the unique pathway to skill acquisition for world-class freeskiers based on the following specific objectives: 1) How world class athletes create the idea for a new big air trick and how they design practice towards mastering the new skill, and 2), How the practice designs align with key skill acquisition principles.

METHODS: A qualitative research approach was conducted using semi-structured interviews of 8 world-class freeskiing athletes (6 men and 2 women) and two coaches from the Norwegian National Freeski team. The data was analyzed using the six phases of thematic analysis.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Athletes and coaches describe the process of mastering new and complex skills to be highly self-organized and individualized, involving co-creation dynamics between athletes and coaches. Athletes describe two main pathways of skill acquisition: replicating a trick done by other athletes and creating entirely new tricks. All athletes and coaches acknowledged that developing new tricks is more challenging, but also as the most prestigious and creative process. Motivations for learning new tricks varies between short-term goals of competitive success to the desire for innovation and creating unique tricks, independent of competition scores. The learning process described by athletes and coaches aligns with an ecological perspective, emphasizing individual differences and a focus on the interaction between the athlete, the environment, and the task. The athletes self-organized training design reflects key skill acquisition principles, even though athletes are not explicitly aware of these principles. Athletes and coaches describe practice activities that progressively enhance specificity and task representativeness, continually challenge their current capabilities through the training principle of overload and incorporate variability to support skill retention and minimize monotony.

CONCLUSION: The world class freeskiers describe a systematic and self-organized approach to design and practice to accomplish new and complex skills. While not explicitly aware of the underlying training principles, they inherently and extensively apply training principles such as specificity, overload, individuality, and variability in practice. The elite freeskiers` pathway to world class performance is characterized by a high level of ownership to their individual skill development, facilitated through a self-organized approach. We argue that increasing athletes and coaches` competence around the ecological dynamics of skill acquisition can further improve the quality of practice and reduce risks of injury. Freeskiers` unique and self-organized method of skill acquisition may have broader implications for a more comprehensive understanding of different pathways to world-class performance in other sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines Leistungsstrukturmodells für Snowboard Slopestyle und Big Air</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097533</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097533</guid>
      <author>Ozaki, H.</author>
      <author>Inaba, Y.</author>
      <author>Kimura, A.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ozaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inaba, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kimura, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The performance structure model (PSM) is one of the better tools when considering the structure of sport. The model aims to provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating and supporting athletes, ensuring they receive the necessary training and resources to excel in competitive environments. We therefore built a PSM for Snowboard Slopestyle Big Air (SSBA) before providing scientific support to the Japanese National SSBA Team.

METHODS: It is important for PSM that the upper elements be fully explained by the lower elements and that they be expressed in physical quantities whenever possible [1]. We therefore determined the higher-level elements based on the SSBA competition rules; since SSBA is a scoring competition, the highest-level element is Scale. Next, each element listed in the competition rules was logically decomposed until a measurable physical quantity was obtained. When building the model, scientists not only examined the model logically, but also sought input from coaches and athletes to ensure that there were no omissions in the elements.

RESULTS: Figure 1 shows the PSM for the SSBA we constructed (Fig.1). The elements in bold are those listed in the rulebook. The elements at the bottom are those that can be measured by sensors and fitness measurements. The model revealed the relationships among the elements.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: PSM allows athletes, coaches, and scientists who want to make changes in technique or fitness to begin training with an understanding of the expected benefits and risks before the training. It also allows us to mechanically understand what elements to change next if the training is not effective. For example, athletes often wish to gain or lose weight. In the PSM, however, "body weight" is located in four places, and the advantages and disadvantages of changing weight vary depending on the location. In conclusion, this PSM allows us to consider the advantages and disadvantages of interventions before coaches and scientists initiate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanische Energie und Kinematik der Diagonal-Schritttechnik bei Weltcup-Rennen im Skibergsteigen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097535</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097535</guid>
      <author>Pozzo, R.</author>
      <author>Besseghini, A.</author>
      <author>Canclini, A.</author>
      <author>Baroni, G.</author>
      <author>Lindinger, S.</author>
      <author>Karczewska-Lindinger, M.</author>
      <author>Canclini, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Diagonalschritt</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pozzo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Besseghini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Canclini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baroni, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lindinger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karczewska-Lindinger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Canclini, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In the last decade, SKIMO skiers improved their technical and physiological performances in all kinds of races. Due to the complex multiparametric environment conditions and the relatively recent development of the discipline, there is a lack of specific studies, especially under race conditions [4]. On the other hand, technique and physiological analysis comparing normal race and treadmill conditions have been undertaken [1-5]. The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinematics and the energy patterns of elite SKIMO skiers during high-level competitions such as Sprint World Cup races.

METHODS: Data collection was performed in 2016, 2017 and 2022 during 3 World Cup sprint qualifications. For each race, a minimum of 5-10 top male and female skiers were analyzed by standard 3D kinematic analysis (CCD-Camera 50Hz) on an uphill section (21°) where the athletes performed Diagonal Stride (DS). Mechanical energy fluctuation was calculated using the same approach presented early where R+ and R(t)cyc indicate the energy recovery indices for only the positive variations or the absolute values of positive and negative energy fluctuations respectively. R(t)cyc is computed by the sum of poling (R(t)pol) and swing phases (R(t)swi) [5].

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Mean value averaged on 4 movement cycles were calculated. For males, CoG velocity was similar but poling time differs with higher values in the 2016 race. The vertical CoG displacement was higher in 2022 (Tab. 1). The R+ values were consistent (16,12 % vs 15,54%) in both races but differences are noted for R(t)cyc (15,61 % vs 21,14%) and this is mostly accounted for by the amount of the poling phase (R(t)pol Tab.1). Females show lower CoG velocity and higher R+ and Rcyc values (39,37% and 30,71%) respectively. Some linear and nonlinear relationships were found between the R(t) indices and kinematic parameters.

CONCLUSION: Significant changes in the time structure occur during the years and this is due mostly to a reduction of the poling time decreasing from 61% to 53% of the entire cycle time (CT). Comparing these results with those obtained for CCS specialists in a WC-race 2009 (8° inclination), CCS show significant differences for the CoG kinematics with higher values of avg_Vel, CL, CT and DispY (45%, 55%, 18% and 52% respectively) as well as for R+, R(t)cycl, R(t)pol and R(t)swi (51%, 44%, 24% and 53% respectively). Relationships between CL, CT and the energy recovery indices are presented.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weiterentwicklung der Gait-Analyse im Skibergsteigen: Messung der Schrittfrequenz und der Bodenkontaktzeit auf einem Laufband mit Beschleunigungssensoren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097536</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097536</guid>
      <author>Matej, M.</author>
      <author>Pezdir, E. C.</author>
      <author>Verdel, N.</author>
      <author>Samo, R.</author>
      <author>Svenšek, D.</author>
      <author>Supej, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schrittanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schrittfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matej, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pezdir, E. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verdel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Samo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Svenšek, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Supej, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION. Ski mountaineering (SkiMo) success in uphill segments depends on efficient push-offs of legs and poles with leg movements characterized by a complex alternation between push-off and glide phases [1]. The aim was to advance analysis by developing an algorithm to measure stride frequency and contact time on a treadmill using accelerometers.

METHODS. The pilot study involved a well-trained recreational ski mountaineer, formerly an elite alpine skier. Uphill walking was performed on a Rodby treadmill at two vertical speeds: 680 and 1008 vm/h. Two Dytran accelerometers were mounted on the skis and connected to a Dewesoft Dewe-43 analog-to-digital converter while simultaneously recorded using a DS-CAM-1100m high-speed camera. Custom algorithms shown in the figure were developed in Matlab to measure stride frequency and contact time based on horizontal acceleration data. The algorithm's accuracy was validated through high-speed video analysis by an expert in motion analysis and SkiMo, using 200 strides from both the left and right legs.

RESULTS. During uphill walking at 680 vm/h, the stride frequencies were 0.77 ± 0.018 Hz and 0.77 ± 0.011 Hz, with contact times of 0.86 ± 0.026 s and 0.85 ± 0.019 s for the left and right leg, respectively. This resulted in negligible differences in stride frequencies between the two systems (left: -0.00 ± 0.021 Hz, right: 0.00 ± 0.022 Hz), while contact times using a camera were shorter (left: -0.04 ± 0.030 s, right: -0.02 ± 0.030 s, average: -3.7%). At 1008 vm/h, the stride frequencies were 0.84 ± 0.017 Hz and 0.84 ± 0.027 Hz, with contact times of 0.76 ± 0.026 s, 0.76 ± 0.023 s, and 0.77 ± 0.028 s for the left and right leg, respectively. This also resulted in negligible stride frequency differences between the two systems (left: -0.00 ± 0.018 Hz, right: 0.00 ± 0.027 Hz) and shorter contact times using a camera (left: -0.02 ± 0.025 s, right: -0.03 ± 0.035 s, average: -2.8%).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The developed algorithm reliably assessed biomechanical characteristics for ski mountaineering with negligible differences in stride frequency and slightly longer contact times compared to cameras on a treadmill, and it is expected to perform similarly on snow due to the comparable movement patterns [2]. However, increased variability, such as differing snow conditions or turns, may affect its performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende kinematische Analyse von Skibergsteiger-Schuhen zeigt leistungsbeeinflussende Gelenkmechaniken</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097537</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097537</guid>
      <author>Mattivi, M.</author>
      <author>Savoldelli, A.</author>
      <author>Marchetti, M.</author>
      <author>Costa, I.</author>
      <author>Bortolan, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schuh</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mattivi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Savoldelli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marchetti, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bortolan, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In the context of ski mountaineering's evolution as an Olympic discipline, especially ahead of the Milano-Cortina 2026 Winter Games, optimizing equipment for performance has gained prominence [1]. Central to this optimization is the ski boot, a critical component that directly influences an athlete's efficiency and mobility during both ascent and descent. The weight and design of ski mountaineering boots play pivotal roles in determining overall performance, as even minor variations can significantly affect the energy cost and mechanical workload of the skier [2]. These characteristics become particularly relevant in the high-intensity context of competitive races, where every detail can impact results.

METHODS: Seven athletes (VO2max: 63.8 ml/kg/min) competing at the national level participated in the study. Each athlete completed two time-to-exhaustion tests, separated by a recovery period of two hours to minimize fatigue carryover. The order in which the ski boots (PG: Pierre Gignoux Race Pro; R: Dynafit, Rabbit) were tested was randomized to control for potential sequence effects. Both tests were conducted at a constant speed of 8.5 km/h on a 25% incline to simulate sprint competitive conditions. During each trial, kinematic data of the lower limbs were recorded using a motion capture system. The collected data were analyzed using a paired t-test to compare the results between the two boot conditions.

RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the duration of performance between the two boot conditions, even when grouping the data by first and second trials. However, significant differences were observed in several kinematic parameters. Additionally, the duty cycle was found to be greater for the R boot, indicating a longer stance phase relative to the total stride cycle.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The absence of significant differences in performance duration suggests that both boot types support comparable endurance under test conditions. However, the observed kinematic variations indicate that boot design influences joint mechanics during skiing. The greater ankle range of motion and duty cycle seen with the R boot may enhance adaptability and energy transfer during the stance phase, whereas the increased knee range with the PG boot may indicate differing load distribution strategies. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring ski mountaineering boots to the specific biomechanical needs of athletes, potentially impacting performance in diverse race formats.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kurz oder lang? Eine Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der Skistocklänge auf die Leistung von Elite-Skibergsteigern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097538</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097538</guid>
      <author>Verdel, N.</author>
      <author>Bortolan, L.</author>
      <author>Holmberg, H.-C.</author>
      <author>Pellegrini, B.</author>
      <author>Supej, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>GNSS</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Verdel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bortolan, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmberg, H.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pellegrini, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Supej, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Ski mountaineering  (SkiMo) is a rapidly growing winter sport, and the 2026 Winter Olympics will feature ski mountaineering for the first time [1]. Olympics competitions will include men's and women's sprint races, as well as a mixed relay event. Sprint races in ski mountaineering consist of short courses with ascents of less than 80 meters, lasting between 180 and 210 seconds [1]. The first round comprises an individual qualification, with athletes starting every 20 seconds. After qualifying, athletes compete against one another in heats of six. The race start is similar to that of cross-country skiing. Studies have shown that cross-country skiers can benefit from using longer poles [2]; therefore, the aim of this study is to test this approach for ski mountaineering athletes.

METHODS: Five elite ski mountaineers participated in the study. Measurements were conducted on a ski slope with a course length and elevation similar to SkiMo sprint races. Each participant ascended the slope three times, with the pole length changed for each ascent: participant's preferred length, 103%, and 106% of the preferred length. The order of pole lengths was randomized. For each ascent, the following data were collected: ascent time, athlete's heart rate (Polar H10), c) athlete's position via Global Navigation Satellite System (Ublox), and forces in the poles (Deltatech Italy).

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The results presented are for a single female athlete. The pole lengths order was 100%, 103%, and 106% of the preferred length. The ascent times were 2:21.97, 2:22.55, and 2:20.66. The maximum and average heart rates were 172, 172, 173 and 163, 163, 166, respectively. Figure shows the mean force calculated for the initial 5 cycles on the flat part of the course, and for the final 25 cycles at the end of the uphill. However, on the last hilly part of the ascent, there was no difference in the mean force between different poles. In addition, on the flat part, the average speed of the athlete was 13.1, 13.8, and 14.3 km/h, and on the last ascent part, it was 6.1, 5.9, and 6.2 km/h, respectively for 100%, 103%, and 106% length of the poles.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, preliminary analysis seems to demonstrate that the athlete tested here benefited from using longer ski poles, particularly on the flat part of the race. This finding highlights the potential value of systematically testing each elite athlete to determine their optimal pole length, which could enhance performance outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Entwicklung biomechanischer Messungen im alpinen Skisport: Das Outdoor-Labor über Milano Cortina 2026 hinaus</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097539</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097539</guid>
      <author>Supej, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Supej, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Alpine skiing is a sport that presents significant physical, technical, and tactical complexities and challenges. The intricacies of adapting turning techniques to diverse terrain, slope configurations, gate setups, and snow conditions necessitate a thorough biomechanical analysis of the factors that influence elite performance and safety [1]. Historically, researchers have examined various kinematic and kinetic parameters such as time, trajectory, turning radius, speed, ground reaction forces, aerodynamic drag, ski-snow friction, energy dissipation, and joint torques as well as their interactions with turning techniques, tactics, and equipment. In this presentation, I will focus on the evolution of the most widely utilized biomechanical measurement techniques in alpine skiing, with an emphasis on what we can anticipate beyond the Milano-Cortina Olympic Games in 2026.

DISCUSSION: The foundations of modern biomechanics of human locomotion were laid in Göttingen by the Weber brothers in the early 19th century. While progress was initially slow by today`s standards, Eadweard Muybridge`s development of photogrammetry before the end of the 19th century provided the groundwork for modern kinematics. In alpine skiing, 3D kinematic analysis began in the late 1970s. Given the sport's complexity, it is unsurprising that innovations in kinematic and kinetic measurements from other fields were rapidly adopted in skiing research. Techniques such as pan-tilt-zoom cameras [2], and infrared cameras with markers [3] quickly became staples of ski biomechanics. Due to the spatial limitations of video-based measurements, high-resolution GNSS systems were subsequently introduced, later enhanced with inertial motion capture suits [4]. These wearable devices have evolved to become smaller, lighter, and more efficient. Recently, markerless motion capture systems powered by artificial intelligence have gained traction [5], offering not only advanced motion capture capabilities but also data processing potential [6]. Since kinetics is crucial for understanding motion, measuring ground reaction forces has become a cornerstone of biomechanical research [7]. This involves assessing forces in three dimensions, determining the centre of pressure, and miniaturizing systems to make them lighter and more portable.

CONCLUSION: Considering the latest advancements in sports technology, including stretchable electronics for smart patches [8], AI-based 3D motion capture and data analysis tools, two distinct pathways for "outdoor laboratories" emerge. On one hand, ultra-light, thin, compliant inertial mocap; on the other, AI-driven video-based kinematics, both supported by AI-automated data processing. Combined with lightweight and unobtrusive GRF measurement systems, these technologies will enable seamless musculoskeletal modelling, pushing the boundaries of biomechanical research in the field beyond the Milano-Cortina 2026.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>3D-Verformung von Skischuhen anhand von verteilten IMUs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097540</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097540</guid>
      <author>Dallain, S.</author>
      <author>Desbiens, A. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schuh</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Drehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Längenachsendrehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Flexion</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dallain, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Desbiens, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Ski boots are an important piece of equipment for alpine skiing: they play a vital role both in protecting the skier from injuries and transmitting loads to the ski. Ski boots exhibit complex nonlinear material deformation under load [1]. Measuring those deformations in-run could provide valuable information for manufacturers (e.g. optimizing mass) and for users (e.g. choosing an appropriately stiff boot). Various methods have already been tested: angular potentiometers [2], electrogoniometers [2] and strain gauges [3]. A new method is proposed which uses distributed IMUs. This could provide a less intrusive, more accurate, complete 3D deformation of ski boot at multiple locations even through the presence of mechanical joints, large shell deformations and liner compression.

METHODS: A Scarpa Quattro SL boot was equipped with four IMUs (A, B, C, D) positioned as shown in the figure. The 3D angular velocity was recorded at 1000Hz and stored on a datalogger strapped to the user`s tibia. A custom post-processing algorithm obtains 3D orientation for each point and calculates the difference in orientation for each point with regards to IMU A, chosen as a boot-fixed reference point. This difference corresponds to the angular deformation for each point and is de-drifted using a new method as to correct for IMU noise and other errors. A simple preliminary test was performed indoors. The subject alternated between simulated movements (swinging the boot once from side to side) and loading the boot with his full weight.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Flexion (deformation around Y axis) is plotted for 3 measurement points (B, C, D), with reference to A. Deformation around X (torsion) and Z axis are also available, but not shown here. During the off ground simulated carving movement, flexion remained close to zero, as expected. Stability of the deformation during this moment shows that the signal was successfully de-drifted. During loading, flexion of the front of the cuff (DA) was the greatest (7deg), flexion at the back of the cuff (B-A) was small and flexion of the base of the boot (C-A) was in the negative direction. These measurements align with expected boot behavior, supporting the validity of our system for capturing realistic deformations.

CONCLUSION: A novel IMU-based ski boot deformation system was developed.  This system incorporates inertial navigation and a custom de-drifting technique to calculate 3D angular deformation of multiple points of the boot. Preliminary results suggest the system`s potential for accurate deformation measurements, and further testing in real skiing conditions will validate its practical application.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zuverlässigkeit von Systemen zur biomechanischen Analyse von Skifahrern: Von Labortests bis zur Leistung auf der Piste</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097541</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097541</guid>
      <author>Cuniberti, G. C.</author>
      <author>Costa, I.</author>
      <author>Bortolan, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Labortest</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cuniberti, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bortolan, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Alpine skiing is a popular sport at both amateur and competitive levels, characterized by complex biomechanics. However, research on skiing biomechanics is limited due to the challenges of replicating real-world conditions in controlled environments and conducting on-field studies where conditions are variable. Technological advancements have made it easier to use equipment even in difficult environments. In movement analysis, motion capture (MoCap) systems provide valuable data for training and injury prevention, with passive marker-based systems being the gold standard in laboratories. However, these systems are less effective outdoors due to sunlight and snow reflections1, while inertial MoCap systems are more practical for outdoor conditions2. This study compares various measurement systems for assessing skier biomechanics, focusing on their effectiveness in capturing key movement parameters and forces in both simulated and real on-slope conditions.

METHODS: Six subjects performed nine trials, each lasting 20 seconds, during which they executed flexion-extension movements of the lower limbs to simulate the technical gesture involved in skiing. The trials were conducted on an inertial system (YoYo, Hance, Sweden) equipped with ski bindings, and the subjects were fitted with an X-sens system (Movella) to derive the ankle flexion angle. Additionally, markers were placed on the ski boots and the tibial tuberosity of the subjects, which were recorded by six cameras of the MoCap system (Qualisys) to obtain a reference angular value. The forces exerted by the subjects were measured using two methods: four load cells (Fyearfly 200kg) mounted between the ski bindings and the inertial system, two for each side, one in the front and the other in the rear of the binding, and sensorized insoles (Pedar Loadsol-mlp) placed inside the ski boots.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The comparison between the two motion capture systems showed excellent results in detecting ankle angle variation. The values provided by both systems, a significant correlation (p < .001) and a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.91). The analysis of the force data revealed that the load cells measured higher force values than the insoles (mean value 709.5 ± 239.8 N vs. 401.6 ± 135.8 N, respectively). This difference may be due to the placement of the load cells under the bindings, while the insoles were located inside the ski boots. We can hypothesize that the force detected by the load cells is the sum of what is detected by the insoles plus the load transmitted from the leg through the ski boot. However, the correlation between the two data sets was statistically significant (p < .001). Notably, a moderately strong quadratic fit (R² = 0.67) implies that there is a non-linear relationship that captures the variance in the data, further supporting the relationship among the observed data.

CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that both motion capture systems effectively detect ankle angle variations with a strong correlation. While the load cells measure higher forces, the significant correlation with insole data suggests that insoles reproduce approximately 70% of the load cell measurements. Therefore, they can be used for measurements during on-slope skiing, but the results should be analyzed with caution, as they do not precisely reflect the forces exerted on the skis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jenseits der Carving-Skidding-Dichotomie: Sensorgestützte Messung des Anstellwinkels im Skifahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097542</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097542</guid>
      <author>Thorwartl, C.</author>
      <author>Schütz, S.</author>
      <author>Holzer, H.</author>
      <author>Resch, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>GNSS</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Carving</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thorwartl, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schütz, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holzer, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Resch, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: A carving turn is defined by the ski experiencing minimal to no lateral movement relative to its path. Divergence between the ski's orientation vector (E) and the resultant velocity vector (v), known as the angle of attack (AoA), results in skidding. Reid et al. (2020) investigated the AoA in the field using a videographic method, but this approach was laborious [1]. Up to now, only Schütz et al. (2024) have reported a sensor-based solution, but it was tested solely in the lab, without field data [2]. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate a sensor-based solution for detecting AoA in the field and distinguishing between carving, parallel ski steering, and transitions.

METHODS: Four IMUs (Xsens DOT) and a GNSS (Xsens, MTi-680G) were equipped to the ski (Atomic Redster G7, length: 1.82 m, radius: 17.3 m) with the antenna of the GNSS sensor placed directly on top of the GNSS sensor. The participant carried a backpack with a laptop to connect to the GNSS and performed 20 turns of each of the following: (i) carving, (ii) parallel ski steering, and (iii) transitions from parallel ski steering to carving. To address distortions in v data during skiing, a three-step filtering process was applied separately to each dimension: (i) Kalman smoothing, (ii) Hampel filtering for outlier removal, and (iii) Butterworth low-pass filtering. The AoA was subsequently calculated using the procedure outlined in previous research [2]. The runs were divided into individual turns using gyroscope-based turn detection in accordance with Martinez et al. (2019) [3]. The right turns (instrumented outer ski) were time-normalized, and the mean AoA ± standard error (SE) was calculated for each technique.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Figure 1 shows the mean AoA ± SE for all techniques. The results indicate that carving has the lowest mean AoA of 6.26°, while parallel ski steering has the highest mean AoA of 18.80°. The peak AoA for parallel ski steering is 32.47°, and the minimum AoA for carving is 4.09°. This is in line with past research, showing that the AoA increases as skidding is introduced [1]. During the transition, the maximum AoA of 22.13° is reached at approximately 20% of the turn completion, after which it decreases. This observation aligns with the video data, which clearly shows a transition from a skidding to a carving turn. In summary, each skiing technique can be associated with a distinct progression of the AoA during a turn.

CONCLUSION: Given that the AoA examines the definition of carving, the authors consider it crucial for monitoring and improving performance. Tracking AoA gives coaches and athletes insights to refine technique and make data-driven adjustments for better skiing proficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schätzung von Kantenwinkeln mithilfe von IMUs - Ein Ansatz zur Validierung unter realen Bedingungen unter Verwendung einer KI-basierten Schätzung der Körperhaltung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097543</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097543</guid>
      <author>Hummel, C.</author>
      <author>Huber, A.</author>
      <author>Spitzenpfeil, P.</author>
      <author>Waibel, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hummel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huber, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spitzenpfeil, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Waibel, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION:
Ski-snow interaction is the essential component of alpine skiing. A skier changes his trajectory and speed by manipulating the orientation and loading pattern, generating a reaction force from the snow surface which results in a change of direction (Reid et al., 2020). Using IMUs to determine, edging angles allows to measure the ski orientation throughout a complete run, but a concern is sensor offset, sensor drift and saturation leading to wrong estimations of the ski orientation. In simulating skiing with similar angular velocity and cycle frequencies we were able to estimate peak edge angles within ±1.96° (95% LoA) of a reference system using IMUs (Hummel et al., 2024) applying the Madgwick filter (Madgewick et al., 2011). In this study, we want to validate not just peak angles, but also investigate curve progression in an on-snow experiment.

METHODS:  
Two IMUs (1000 Hz, 6-DOF, 16-bit, ± 2000°/s, ± 16 g) are mounted in two different setups: 1) To the back of both ski boots. 2) To the top of the left Ski and to the back of the left ski boot. Before IMUs are mounted, axes are adjusted and the accelerometer and gGyroscope are calibrated. Three trials each are performed by former ski racers and coaches (n = 3). Every trial starts with a five-second zero-movement-phase to remove gyroscope offset and retrieve the initial orientation. Trials consist of a full hill run, of which the edge angle will be estimated throughout. The last section of each trial is evaluated against a 3D AI pose estimation system (Nemo, Simi Reality Motion Systems GmbH ©, Unterschleißheim, Germany). Calf segment orientation is compared with regards to angle progression and peak angle against the estimation of the IMUs for setup 1. Further, the deviation between ski and boot orientation is evaluated with setup 2. To assess the overall quality of the AI System`s calibration a differential GPS is added to the ski and the 3D speed is compared between both systems.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION:  
Pilot tests and the previous experiments on snow suggest plausible results, where no drift or saturation was detected. The accuracy and precision of the angels are yet to be investigated and results will be presented at the conference.

CONCLUSION:  
Overall, the Madgwick filter is a promising approach to measure accurate edging angels for alpine skiing. The combination with pressure insoles and ski position is subject of further research to determine reaction forces and therefore, effects on change in the ski´s trajectory.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vibrationsoptimiertes Design zur Verbesserung der sicherheitsrelevanten Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097544</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097544</guid>
      <author>Wohlgut, V.</author>
      <author>Senner, V.</author>
      <author>Carqueville, P.</author>
      <author>Ellerböck, P.</author>
      <author>Girardini, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vibration</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Dämpfung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wohlgut, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Senner, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carqueville, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ellerböck, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Girardini, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Vibration damping of sports equipment is nothing new. Over 45 years ago, the company Georg Fritzmeier GmbH & Co. KG, Großhelfendorf, Germany, presented the "Duo Ski". With the help of interchangeable weights - attached to the tip and tail of the ski - the vibration frequencies were adjusted [1]. Vibrations affect edge contact with the snow and, therefore, also the skier's control and safety [2]. Nowadays, the vibration characteristics of skis are influenced by a combination of materials with different internal damping. We use two essential pieces of ski mountaineering equipment, the ski and also the ice axe, to show how much vibrations can be influenced by material damping and weight adjustment to improve safety-related performance. While in skiing, the vibration is primarily induced by uneven ground, with an ice axe, the vibration is actively triggered by a strike from the athlete.

METHODS: The skis and ice axes measurements were divided into indoor mechanical vibration tests and/or outdoor subject tests with acceleration sensors. Standardized ski cross-sections were laminated with varying materials (glass fiber, carbon fiber, flax fiber, rubber, and Titanal) and fiber orientation for the mechanical vibration tests. In addition, using a vibration damper with varying mass at the tip of the ski is also considered. The cross-sections are clamped on one side and excited to vibrate freely by a single deflection. Two ice axe variants are analyzed: a self-developed prototype with a carbon-rubber mixt shaft versus a conventional ice axe. The ice axes are clamped on one side and stimulated to swing by a strike. 200g acceleration sensors are mounted on the skis and ice axes for the subject tests. The average accelerations and vibration frequencies are observed.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: A ski layer structure with pure carbon fibers has the lowest damping, followed by glass fiber and flax fiber. By using a rubber layer, the damping can be increased significantly. The outdoor tests show a similar trend, although the differences are smaller. The acceleration signals at the tip of the ski result from a superposition of numerous frequencies. Vibration absorbers with a high mass at the tip of the ski increase the inertia of the system. This can reduce vibrations. However, the driving dynamics suffer. The ice axe with a carbon-rubber mixt shaft absorbs strikes better than a conventional ice axe. The use of carbon also makes it lighter. At the same time, the rubber insert increases the impact tolerance.

CONCLUSION: Carbon-rubber combinations in particular exhibit high damping behavior with low weight. Our research has shown that inserting rubber layers over the entire surface can significantly improve the safety and performance of skis and ice axes. This finding has practical implications for the design and manufacturing of sports equipment. In the future, a partial insertion should be tested, whereby the vibration behavior can be tuned even more specifically.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Charakterisierung des Skiprofilverhaltens unter Verwendung verschiedener Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097545</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097545</guid>
      <author>Sandberg, J.</author>
      <author>Hindér, G.</author>
      <author>Almqvist, A.</author>
      <author>Larsson, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sandberg, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hindér, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almqvist, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: One of the most important factors affecting ski performance is the ski profile, which refers to the distance between the ski base and the contacting surface (snow or ice). Today, various methods are employed by manufacturers, professional racing teams, and amateurs to determine the best skis for specific conditions, based on factors such as the length and location of the glide zones, among others. This raises an important question: How accurate are the methods used to characterize these factors?

METHODS: The ski profile was measured using three different methods: 1. SkiSelector: a profilometer with a stylus that recording the distance between the ski base and the surface it is pressed against as it slides along the ski. Both the left and right side of the ski is measured. 2. Sentax Ski Monitor: a system utilizing 56 load cells distributed along the length of the ski to quantify the pressure distribution over the glide zones, as well as 7 height gauges to measure the height within the ski camber. 3. TekScan 5630N: a pressure mapping sensor with 20 individual pressure sensitive regions per cm2 and a total 1936 on the entire sensor, the sensor was moved along the length of the ski and individual measurements was merged to map the entire ski. A number of skis was mapped at 30/60 kg.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The results presented in the figure below show that the different methods can differ significantly. SkiSelector uses a 4 mm wide probe which capture a profile in a narrow section of the ski. When measuring the left and right profile (blue/yellow bands) the resulting profile look very different. Sentax seem to find larger pressure zones (red band) and narrower ski camber (green band) compared to the other two methods, this might be due to the distance between the load cells and relying on interpolation to fill in the gaps. TekScan provides a high-resolution pressure measurement, along the length and across the width of the ski and highlight the variation from left to right (blue/yellow histogram bars).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Klassifizierung von Alpinskiern und Prognose der Leistung auf Schnee anhand mechanischer Messungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097546</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097546</guid>
      <author>Desbiens, A. L.</author>
      <author>Audet, J.</author>
      <author>Benghanem, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steifigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Desbiens, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Audet, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benghanem, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Alpine skiers are faced with too many skis to choose from during shopping. The information about the skis provided by the manufacturers is also sparse, while reviews are subject to several biases (e.g., geographical, reviewer physical characteristics and skills, preferences, fatigue) and challenges (e.g., snow types, limited testing time, reviewers agreements). This limits the reliable comparison of thousands of new skis each year. As large databases of measurements are now becoming available [1,2], it is possible to envision the automated and deterministic categorization of alpine skis, as well as the prediction of their on snow performance.

METHODS: To achieve that goal, different categorization and performance evaluations were reversed-engineered. On one hand, the SoothSki database of alpine ski measurements was used. This database includes detailed geometry, mass and bending/torsional stiffnesses measurements of more than 5000 commercially available skis. On the other hand, the categorization of 865 skis from evo.com (e.g., Powder, All-mountain, Carving) and the rankings from Blister Gear Review were used (36 best-to-worst rankings of over 300 skis). A procedure based on Decision Trees was used to predict categories [3], while a procedure based on Elastic Net was used to predict rankings [4].

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Results show that simple and robust rules can be found based on mechanical measurements to categorize and predict the on-snow performance of alpine skis. The rules found generally include less than three mechanical parameters and reached classification accuracy and mean absolute rank errors of respectively 97.5% and 15%. These simple rules can thus be easily analyzed to obtain a better understanding of complex on-snow performance and the reviewers` language. Furthermore, to better suit each skier`s preferences, the rules can be easily fine-tuned. Finally, the automated processes could be repeated on other datasets to better represent different views (e.g., different skiing cultures).

CONCLUSION: Novel methods were developed to classify and predict on-snow performance based on mechanical properties. The rules found can be used to describe skis more easily and uniformly across brands, educate skiers, and simplify their shopping experience.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der Skileistung: Eine Multiskalenanalyse der Reibung zwischen Ski und Schnee unter kalten Bedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097547</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097547</guid>
      <author>Kalliorinne, K.</author>
      <author>Larsson, R.</author>
      <author>Almqvist, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schnee</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reibung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kalliorinne, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almqvist, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Minimising ski-snow friction is essential for optimising performance in winter sports, especially under cold conditions, where resistive forces can significantly affect race outcomes. This study investigates how macro- and micro-scale parameters influence ski friction, offering new insights into ski design.

METHODS: We utilised an RTK-GNSS-equipped sled to quantify the coefficient of friction (COF) across eight ski pairs [1], each with varying contact mechanical properties. Testing was conducted under controlled snow conditions at three temperatures: -3°C, -8.5°C, and -13°C. Multi-scale characterisation of the skis was conducted using advanced numerical simulations [2], and we focussed primarily on the relationship between the COF and the apparent contact length. This is on par with the length ski technicians would typically use a 0.05 mm feeler gauge to find [3].

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The results indicate that the apparent contact length is a significant factor in determining friction, particularly in colder temperatures. After excluding the ski pair considered an outlier (marked in black), the COF vs apparent contact length relationships, for each temperature condition, were approximated using least-square fits. The dashed red, blue and cyan-coloured lines indicate that longer contact lengths are more effective at the coldest condition, -13°C, while shorter lengths reduce friction at the conditions with higher temperatures, -8.5°C and -3°C.

CONCLUSION: The present analysis highlights how temperature influences ski-snow friction, offering insights for optimising ski performance and provides practical guidelines for optimising ski performance in different environmental conditions. Future work should explore more conditions to validate the applicability of the findings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wahrgenommene Symptome im Zusammenhang mit dem Menstruationszyklus über vier Zyklen hinweg bei südamerikanischen Elite-Futsal-Spielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097567</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097567</guid>
      <author>Larson, A.</author>
      <author>Gamboa, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Larson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gamboa, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Previous research suggests menstrual cycle (MC) phases have minimal impact on exercise performance; however, less is known about the influences of MC phases on day-to-day training variables, particularly those that are subjective in nature. Mobile apps designed to track MCs are becoming increasingly popular for exercise planning but the utility of these tools for capturing MC-related changes in training/performance variables has not been fully explored. 
PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify how the four phases of the MC (menstrual, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal), predicted by the Fitr Woman App, influence the frequency of daily, self-reported perceptions of decreased motivation (DM), heavy legs (HL), fatigue (F), and muscle aches (MA), over four consecutive MCs in female futsal players. 
METHODS: Six elite South American futsal players (age 21 ± 4.0 years) tracked their MCs and daily perceptions of DM, HL, F, and MA for four months
using the Fitr Woman app. To account for phase-length differences, the % of days that each symptom was reported was calculated relative to the total number of days in each respective MC phase. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare group-mean symptom frequencies across MC phases over four cycles and identify if there were cycle-to-cycle differences in mean % of days with reported DM, HL, F, and MA, respectively, for each MC phase. Significance was accepted at p<0.05. 
RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of DM, F, and HL symptoms across the MC phases; however, frequency of MA was lower during the follicular phase (19% ± 13%; p = 0.02) and the ovulatory phase (15% ± 12%; p = 0.01) compared to the menstrual phase (27% ± 10%), with large effect sizes (partial n² = 0.46 and 0.52, respectively). There were significant month-to-month differences in reported mean frequency of % of days with reported DM, HL, F, and MA respective to each MC phase suggesting no clear phase-related, month-to-month pattern (p<0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: This study supports previous research indicating MC phase doesn`t necessarily predict the presence of DM, HL, F, or MA and MC-tracking apps may not be useful for predicting changes in these variables. It is likely that other training-related variables and lifestyle factors have a more profound effect on perceptions of DM, HL, F, or MA.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Atemfrequenz als Indikator für die Kerntemperatur im American Football der Division 1</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097569</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097569</guid>
      <author>Albert, B.</author>
      <author>Draper, S.</author>
      <author>Johnson, P.</author>
      <author>Romano, V.</author>
      <author>Willis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hitzschlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hitze</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Albert, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Draper, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romano, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Exertional heat illness (EHI) is a leading cause of preventable sudden death in sports. American football (AmFb) accounts for 75% of reported heat-related illnesses in NCAA sports. EHI fatalities in AmFb have surpassed those from direct trauma since 1990, mainly occurring during preseason practices when wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT) exceed 27.8°C. Although internal temperature monitoring has been explored, the relationship between electrocardiogram-derived respiratory frequency (EDR) and core temperature (Tc) remains undefined. 
PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate EDR as a non-invasive, real-time monitoring strategy for heat stress compared to ECG-Tc during preseason practices. 
METHODS: Six University of Utah football players (20.3 ± 1.6 years) were recruited for the study. Following the pilot phase, data collection occurred during early preseason, which included observing back-to-back afternoon practice sessions. Participants ingested a BodyCap thermometer capsule the morning of their first scheduled practice to measure Tc. Physiological data (e.g., heart rate) were collected with ECG-integrated Catapult sensors. Individuals met with the researcher following observed sessions to synthesize data. Practice conditions were also documented. Investigators preprocessed and analyzed data in RStudio. 
RESULTS: Preliminary Pearson correlation analyses showed a moderate, positive relationship between measured Tc and HR-derived Tc estimates (r = 0.52, p < 0.001), but no significant relationship with EDR (r = 0.34, p = 0.57); additional data will be incorporated as analyses progress. 
CONCLUSION: Early findings indicate that ECG-Tc better represents actual Tc values than EDR; ongoing analyses will further inform ecological monitoring strategies to support athlete safety.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen visuellen und sensomotorischen Fähigkeiten und der Leistung im Spiel bei College-Basketballspielern der Division II der Männer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097570</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097570</guid>
      <author>Takacs, M.</author>
      <author>Snyder, B.</author>
      <author>Finn, B.</author>
      <author>Davis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensomotorik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sinnesfunktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>visuell</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takacs, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Snyder, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Finn, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletic performance in basketball is strongly influenced by sensorimotor skills such as reaction time, visual tracking, and perceptual-cognitive processing. Previous research has shown that skilled players outperform less-skilled counterparts in central and peripheral processing tasks, which are critical for tracking teammates, opponents, and the ball during dynamic play. There is very limited research on visual and sensorimotor skills at the NCAA Division II level, highlighting the need for further investigation. 
PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between preseason visual and sensorimotor skills and in-game performance statistics in NCAA Division II men`s basketball players. 
METHODS: Ten NCAA Division II men`s basketball players (20.5 ± 1.43 years; 1.95 ± 0.09 m; 94.54 ± 9.47 kg) completed preseason testing on the Senaptec Sensory Station, which assesses 10 visual and sensorimotor skills. Official game statistics were collected via official box scores from the 2024-2025 season, including points, assists, rebounds, steals, blocks, and shooting efficiency: field goal (FG%), free throw (FT%), and 3-point (3PT%) percentages. Pearson correlation analyses and level of significance were performed to examine associations between sensorimotor skills and performance metrics.
RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were found between binocular visual clarity and FG% (r = 0.636, p = 0.048). A trend toward significance was found between near-far quickness and blocks (r = 0.627, p = 0.052). 
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that select sensorimotor skills were associated with offensive and defensive in-game basketball performance. Specifically, greater binocular visual clarity appeared to be associated with higher FG%. Additionally, near-far quickness demonstrated a trend toward association with shot-blocking, suggesting a possible connection to defensive skill that warrants further examination. 
SIGNIFICANCE/NOVELTY: This study is among the first to directly examine the relationship between preseason sensorimotor skills and in-game statistics in NCAA Division II men`s basketball players. These results suggest that sensorimotor training may help identify player strengths and weaknesses, with potential for targeted visual drills to enhance performance. Incorporating this type of training into preseason programs may provide players and coaches with valuable insights and warrants further investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Ernährung auf die Trainingsleistung bei Ruderern an Hochschulen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097571</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097571</guid>
      <author>Garay, J.</author>
      <author>Vettamvelil, S.</author>
      <author>Voss, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Garay, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vettamvelil, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Voss, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Proper nutrition is needed to support the demands of intense physical activity, including full-body exercise such as rowing. However, this sport is often associated with a focus on low body fat and dietary restriction.
PURPOSE: To explore the relationship between dietary intake and exercise performance among male collegiate rowers. 
METHODS: Participants from a NCAA Division 1 men`s crew team (N = 20, 20.5 ± 1.3 years) completed a 2 km time trial twice, separated by 3 months. Participant body composition was also measured (BodPod), and dietary intake was assessed using a novel visual algorithm tool (DietID™).
RESULTS: Performance on the 2 km time significantly decreased by an average of 4.9 ± 2.7 seconds from trial 1 to trial 2 (6:13 vs. 6:08, p <.001), with a 1 second significant decrease in split time (1:33 in trial 1 vs. 1:32 in trial 2, p <.001). Absolute exercise output significantly improved by 17 ± 9 Watts over the two trials (430 ± 24 vs. 447 ± 21, p <.001) along with relative exercise output (4.7 ± 0.2 Watts/kg vs. 4.8 ± 0.3 Watts/kg, p <.001). Total dietary intake was 3844 ± 163 kcals, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score was 68 ± 21. HEI score was inversely correlated with the change in 2 km total time (R = -.487, p = .048) and split time (R = -.494, p = .044). Relative calorie intake (kcal/kg) was strongly correlated with change in exercise output (Watts/kg) (R =.638, p = .006). Macronutrient intake (total or grams per kg) was not significantly correlated with any 2 km time metric or change in 2 km performance. Body fat (13 ± 4%) was directly correlated with changes in 2 km total time (R = .581, p = .014) and split time (R = .585, p = .014). Body fat was inversely correlated with both absolute (R = -.552, p = .022) and relative (R = -.700, p = .002) changes in exercise output. 
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that higher diet quality, along with sufficient caloric intake, supports the improvement in time trial performance among male collegiate rowers.
SIGNIFICANCE/NOVELTY: Evaluating the relationship between dietary intake and exercise performance in male collegiate rowers has not been explored previously. Use of the DietID™ tool allowed for a quick assessment using a visual comparison to determine overall diet quality. The results support the need for nutrition education and monitoring of dietary intake to ensure that adequate calorie intake occurs among collegiate athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein tragbares Gerät zur Bestimmung des Rollwiderstands von Rollskirädern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097572</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097572</guid>
      <author>Löfgren, A.</author>
      <author>Hansson, A.</author>
      <author>Larsen, J.</author>
      <author>Sandström, A.</author>
      <author>Kuylenstierna, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollski</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Löfgren, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hansson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandström, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuylenstierna, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The rolling resistance of a roller ski wheel constitutes an important factor determining the outcome of roller ski competitions, yet there is a lack of equipment for effective characterization of the same. In the past this was less of a problem as most competitions were organized without restrictions on allowed wheel types. Each participant could freely select whichever wheel material they deemed most competitively advantageous, similar as is the case on snow. However, in recent years it has become increasingly common for roller ski competitions to restrict which wheel types are allowed, most commonly by restricting allowed wheels to so-called "standard-roll wheels" (also known as "grade-2 wheels"). Nevertheless, there exists no quantitative definition of standard-roll, and the variation among common available brands is large. The situation necessitates an instrument that can characterize the rolling resistance of roller skis with high precision and with efficiency in the testing procedure. A couple of attempts to develop such instruments have been done in the past, e.g., [1] presents an instrument based on a miniaturized treadmill and [2] presents an instrument based on a strain gauge. However, both these set-ups have drawbacks in terms of limited portability and/or that they require the wheels to be separated from the ski. The purpose of this work is to build a portable instrument for non-destructive characterization of roller ski resistance.

METHODS: Fig. 1 illustrates the instrument designed in this work. It is based on an electrical motor driving a flywheel that drives a roller ski wheel. The power consumption of the electrical engine is a function of the frictional force between the roller ski wheel and the metallic flywheel. In its final implementation the motor is connected to a micro-computer programmed with a behavioral model for calculation of roller resistance as dependent on speed and load.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The developed instrument has been validated by means of five different roller ski wheels characterized by the instrument as well as on treadmill, measuring rolling resistance using a dynamometer. The correlation is presented in Fig. 2. In addition to the strong correlation demonstrated in Fig. 2, the reliability of the instrument is also validated by means of repeated measurements, revealing a precision better than 1.1% assessed from 10 repeated measurements.

CONCLUSION: A portable instrument for non-destructive rolling resistance characterization of roller skis has been developed. This tool can quantify the performance of different wheels and thus contribute to more fair roll-ski competitions in the future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anorganische Sputterbeschichtung soll bei den Olympischen Winterspielen Goldmedaillen gewinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097573</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097573</guid>
      <author>Lefebvre, P.</author>
      <author>Wolfsperger, F.</author>
      <author>Herody, J.</author>
      <author>Jaggi, J.</author>
      <author>Mantoux, A.</author>
      <author>Coulmy, N.</author>
      <author>Hagenmuller, P.</author>
      <author>Blanquet, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wachs</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Material</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerätebau</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lefebvre, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wolfsperger, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herody, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jaggi, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mantoux, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coulmy, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hagenmuller, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanquet, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In cross-country skiing, reducing the friction coefficient between the skis and snow is essential for sportive performance [1]. Fluorinated waxes, i.e. containing perfluoroalkyl (PFA) are known for their hydrophobic properties and were remarkably efficient in wet snow conditions. However, the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) has banned fluorinated wax since winter 2023/2024 -for health and environmental reasons [2]. Since then, no alternative with equivalent performance has been found. This project aims to develop hard and hydrophobic coatings based on titanium nitride (TiN), aluminum nitride (AlN) and alumina (Al2O3) materials deposited on ski bases and UHMW polyethylene.

METHODS: The thin films were deposited using magnetron sputtering, a vacuum technique consist of creating a vapor from a target of the desired material that is then condensed onto the substrate, the ski bases.  The vapor is created by a plasma from which ions bombard the target and eject atoms from it. The surface (contact angle, roughness, chemical composition), mechanical and thermal properties of the coatings were investigated. The friction coefficient of the coated samples was evaluated on snow with a linear tribometer (speed: 0.1 m/s, contact pressure: 50 kPa) in a cold-room at 0°C. Snow with different liquid water content were used for the tests.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The deposition on the ski base is possible at ambient temperature with adhesive and dense coatings. The coating thickness was evaluated by electronic microscopy between 50 and 200 nm depending on process parameters. Chemical analysis with XPS indicates the nitride films contain a relative high amount of carbon and oxygen. Only a few coatings, selected for their hydrophobicity and structural properties, were investigated in gliding tests. AlN and Al2O3-based coatings presented very high friction coefficient (0.2-0.3). TiN-based coating had the lower friction coefficient with a value of 0.11 on very wet snow, whereas a ski waxed with PFA friction coefficient was measured at 0.072. No correlation was found between the friction coefficient and neither the wettability nor the roughness. Other properties might have a major impact. Indeed, TiN is known for better mechanical properties [3] and lower thermal conductivity [4] which will be further investigated.

CONCLUSION: The deposition of sputtered coatings was realized with success and may be a promising technique for preparing competition skis. The versatility of this technique allows the use of several different materials from pure metals, to alloys and ceramics. For winter sport application, titanium nitride seems to be the most promising. Next, the project will focus next on TiN coatings with different properties and on multilayers based on TiN, known to improve mechanical and thermal properties [5]. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rollwiderstandskoeffizient verschiedener Rollski Radtypen und -hersteller</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097574</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097574</guid>
      <author>Brulin, A.-M.</author>
      <author>Sundström, D.</author>
      <author>Ainegren, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollski</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brulin, A.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sundström, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ainegren, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Roller skis are used in training and competition to imitate cross-country skiing during the snow-free season, where different wheels are used for classic and skate roller skiing. Roller-ski wheels are typically categorised based on rolling resistance, with race and standard wheels commonly used in competition. The experience among athletes and coaches is that the rolling resistance coefficient (µR) of the roller-ski wheels varies not only between manufacturers but also within the same series of wheels. However, this has been sparsely investigated in previous studies [1][2]. The difference in µR can significantly influence the race performance [2]. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the µR of various types of roller-ski wheels from different manufacturers.

METHODS: Measurements of the rolling resistance of unused and pre-heated [1] roller-ski wheels were carried out with newly developed equipment, consisting of an electrically powered spinning Ø60-cm aluminium cylinder. To record the forces acting on the roller-ski wheel, the wheel was mounted to a fork attached to a 3-D load cell (NET Force/Torque sensor Mini58, ATI Industrial Automation, Apex, USA). µR was estimated as the ratio between the tangential and the normal forces measured by the load cell. The measurements were performed at a cylinder periphery speed of 20 km/h with a normal force of 300 N. A sample size of eight wheels of each type was measured, including both race and standard wheels for skate and classic styles. The wheels were all non-ratcheted and sourced from manufacturers Marwe, Swenor, SWIX and FF ski. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to determine any significant differences (P<0.05) in µR between the different manufacturers.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Significant differences in µR were found between all manufacturers for the tested skate wheels (P<0.001) and classic wheels (P<0.001), except for Marwe race vs Swenor race classic wheels (P = 0.058, ns), see Fig 1. The range of variation in µR between means for standard wheels was 0.011, 52% of mean (Skate) and 0.008, 41% (Classic), and for race wheels 0.005, 46% (Skate) and 0.001, 13% (Classic). Further measurements need to be made to study whether µR for different types of wheels is influenced by different normal forces and speeds.

CONCLUSION: The results show that there are large differences in µR between different manufacturers of equivalent types of wheels, which can be decisive for the roller skier`s performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zur hydrodynamischen Gleitreibung beim Skifahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097575</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097575</guid>
      <author>Larsson, R.</author>
      <author>Sandberg, J.</author>
      <author>Hindér, G.</author>
      <author>Almqvist, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Boden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schnee</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reibung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Larsson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandberg, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hindér, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almqvist, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Can friction form a thick, low-friction film in the contact between ski and snow? Is the melting rate sufficiently large for that? These are questions to be discussed in this paper. Lubrication theory can be applied to the ski friction problem, since proper lubrication of the ski requires that the melting rate must balance the amount of water pushed out from the contact between a ski base asperity and the snow. If we assume that the base of the skis is ground with longitudinal ridges and valleys and is placed in contact with a smooth snow surface, then the flow balance equation reads:
(U+03B4 /U+03B4 y) * h^3 (U+03B4 p/U+03B4 y) = -12U+03B7 (U+03B4 hm/U+03B4 t) = -12 (U+03B7^2 * u^2 / hLU+03C1   (1) 
where p is water-film pressure, h is the thickness of the water film, u is the speed, and U+03C1, U+03B7, and L, are water density, viscosity, and latent heat, respectively. The RHS of (1) can be interpreted as a "melt squeeze effect" since U+03B4hm/ U+03B4t is the melting rate.

METHOD: The flow balance equation (1) can be solved analytically for flat grinds and numerically for more complex grind textures. In both cases it is possible to determine the load-carrying capacity (LCC) of a single ridge, and the coefficient of friction (COF).

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The results show that there is an obvious difference between grind textures with different amplitude. The figure below shows non-dimensional heat maps of LCC and COF vs grind amplitude and water film thickness. It is also possible to determine the melting rate to be in the order of magnitude of 1 mm/s at high speeds. This implies that the snow surface will change during one passage of one skier. The implications of this will be discussed during the presentation.

CONCLUSION: The friction melt lubrication theory may be valid if there is sufficient time of contact between the ski and snow. However, it is far from clear that there is time enough for the friction to generate a melt film that creates a hydrodynamically lubricated situation under situations with dry and/or cold snow surfaces.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risikomanagement im alpinen Skirennsport: Jedes Puzzleteil zählt!</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097576</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097576</guid>
      <author>Spörri, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Spörri, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Compared with those in other Olympic winter sports, the health risks associated with alpine ski racing are relatively high.[1] Risk management strategies are central to protecting the health of athletes,[2] but systematic, holistic and/or long-term orientated approaches are widely lacking. This is particularly because risk causality in alpine ski racing is multifactorial and complex,[3] and prevention and return-to-sport measures must consider a wide range of relevant stakeholders, intervention areas and target groups.[2] It is also often necessary to balance different health, performance and business interests, making effective health protection for athletes even more challenging. Effective risk management is therefore much more than just performing a specific neuromuscular prevention exercise or developing protective sports equipment, and every piece of the puzzle counts! The aim of this keynote presentation is to provide the audience with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the subject and to derive evidence-based risk management strategies for alpine ski racing. In the first part of the presentation, the available research on risk management in alpine ski racing will be systematically summarised and explored in all its aspects and in relation to contextual factors such as sport, sex and competition level. The second part of the presentation will focus on athlete-related risk management strategies and their build-up as part of the athlete's long-term development pathway. Finally, in the third and concluding part of the presentation, a selection of specific implementation issues related to injury reporting, warmup, training/testing and return to sport in alpine ski racing will be critically discussed, and potential solutions will be illustrated with best practice examples.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss eines vergrößerten Torabstands in flachem Gelände auf die Bewegungsabläufe von männlichen und weiblichen Weltcup-Skirennfahrern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097577</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097577</guid>
      <author>Mannsåker, I. H.</author>
      <author>Reid, R. C.</author>
      <author>Jølstad, P. H.</author>
      <author>Gilgien, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Riesenslalom</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mannsåker, I. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reid, R. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jølstad, P. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gilgien, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In World Cup competitive alpine skiing, the risk of injury is relatively high compared to other Olympic winter sports [1]. While injuries in giant slalom (GS) were found to be primarily linked to the mechanics of turning (i.e. high turn speeds, small turn radii, large ground reaction forces and high impulse), injuries in downhill and super-G were more associated with speed and impacts [2]. Expert stakeholders see course-setting as the primary measure to reduce injury risk [3]. Biomechanical research has shown that course-setting manipulations are suitable to reduce injury risk factors such as speed, forces, turn radii, inward lean, etc. [4,5]. However, these effects were only found in experimental settings in steep terrain and for a few turns [4] or in a competition setting with one forerunner only. Therefore, this study assesses the effect of a series of gates with increased offset on skier mechanics in flat terrain.

METHODS: 5 male and 2 female World Cup skiers, members of the Norwegian alpine ski team, participated in the study. An open rhythmic course was set on a slope with an average incline of 13 degrees with an average gate distance of 27.0m and a 6.6m offset. Athletes skied first in that original course (course 1) before the gate offset was increased by 1.0m (course 2) and later by 1.5m (course 3). Athletes skied three runs in each of the courses. Terrain and course set were measured using static differential GNSS. Athletes carried a differential GNSS from which speed, ground reaction force, turn radius and impulse (the integration of ground reaction force over time) were calculated. Athletes also subjectively assessed the consequences of the course set changes.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: In courses 2 and 3, where offset was increased by 1.0m, resp 1.5m compared to the original course (course 1) speed was reduced. Each additional gate with increased offset lead to an additional reduction in speed. Course 2, where offset was increased by 1.0m, caused a speed reduction per turn of about 0.7km/h compared to course 1. In course 3 where the offset was increased by about 1.5m speed reduction per turn was about 1.0 km/h for both sexes. Increased gate offset in the flat terrain did not lead to any increase in maximal ground reaction force or decrease in minimal turn radii, while the impulse and the subjectively perceived physical load on the athletes were increased with increasing gate offset. The course set intervention had similar effects on women.

CONCLUSION: In flat terrain, the main consequences of increased gate offset are speed reduction and an increased physical load, while minimal turn radius and maximal ground reaction force were not changed. Course setters should consider the trade-off between speed control and physical fatigue when setting courses in flat terrain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des Grades der Rumpfbeeinträchtigung auf die Rumpfbewegungen beim para-alpinen Sitzskifahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097579</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097579</guid>
      <author>Ishige, Y.</author>
      <author>Inaba, Y.</author>
      <author>Hakamada, N.</author>
      <author>Kobayashi, A.</author>
      <author>Yoshioka, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraski alpin</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sitzski</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ishige, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inaba, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hakamada, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kobayashi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshioka, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In recent years, The International Paralympic Committee(IPC) has recommended evidence-based classification [1]. Some studies have examined the evidence for classification of several summer sports. However, very few studies have examined the evidence for classification in para-alpine skiing [2]. It is thought that the reason for this is that it is extremely difficult to quantitatively evaluate how much the limitation of physical activity due to impairment affects ski performance and that the measurement itself on the snow is very difficult to conduct. This study aimed to examine the relationship between trunk impairment level and trunk movement during alpine sit-skiing. The knowledge obtained in this study is considered useful for evidence-based classifications.

METHODS: Ten sit-skiers (six men and four women), including four Paralympic medalists from the National Paralympic Alpine Ski Team, participated in the present study. They were classified as LW10-2(one skier), LW11(six skiers), LW-12-1(one skier), LW12-2(two skiers), respectively. A motion capture method with inertial measurement units was used to measure the kinematics of the skier (Trunk Extension/Flexion, Trunk Lateral flexion, and Trunk Rotation) during slalom free skiing[3].

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: There was no difference between the classes in the range of motion of the trunk during skiing. The trunk lateral flexion angle was associated with centrifugal force regardless of class. Factors other than the range of motion of the trunk may affect turn performance on snow. In this study, skiers free skied on slalom skis. Then, if you ski at the actual gate, there is a possibility that the result will be different. The population of alpine sit-skiers was quite small and a large number of sit-skiers with the same skill and impairment level could not be evaluated. International collaborative research is needed to increase the number of subjects.

CONCLUSION: During the turn, the body is passively moved because of the centrifugal force acting on it. The ROM of the trunk on snow was independent of the degree of disability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prävention von Verletzungen der Halswirbelsäule bei männlichen Elite-Rugbyspielern: eine elektromyografische Untersuchung der Aktivität der Nackenmuskulatur</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097580</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097580</guid>
      <author>Demeco, A.</author>
      <author>de Sire, A.</author>
      <author>Marotta, N.</author>
      <author>Salerno, A.</author>
      <author>Bartocci, G.</author>
      <author>Frizziero, A.</author>
      <author>Paermi, S.</author>
      <author>Tanrögen, B.</author>
      <author>Renzi, F.</author>
      <author>Ammendolia, A.</author>
      <author>Costantino, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hals</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Demeco, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Sire, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marotta, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salerno, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartocci, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Frizziero, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paermi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tanrögen, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Renzi, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ammendolia, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costantino, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Rugby is a high-contact sport with a significant injury risk, particularly cervical spine trauma. The repeated mechanical overload can contribute to long-term cervical dysfunctions. Surface electromyography (sEMG) and inertial sensors (IMU) offer valuable insights into neuromuscular function.

METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study followed STROBE guidelines. We included male professional rugby players with at least two years of experience. An anamnestic assessment was performed to collect data on previous injuries; sEMG was applied to the sternocleidomastoid and cervical paraspinal muscles, and the IMU on the head. Athletes performed lateral bending, flexion-extension, and rotational head movements to analyze head kinetics, energy content, muscle symmetry, and activation timing.

RESULTS: Thirty-six players participated, including 25 forwards (14 1st-line, 11 2nd/3rd-line) and 11 backs. Most athletes trained their necks 0 to 2 times per week, with 30.6% performing 2 sessions weekly. The 41.7% of players reported 1 concussion. Lateral bending and rotation exhibited low symmetry mostly on sternocleidomastoids. First line players showed reduced range of motion (ROM) in right head rotation (ROT-R ROM, r=-0.377, P=0.023) and flexion (FL ROM, r=-0.330, P=0.049). Backs players demonstrated significantly higher ROM across all movements, particularly in bilateral head rotations (ROT-R ROM, r=0.353, P=0.034; ROT-L ROM, r = 0.402, P<0.15).

CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of monitoring cervical muscle symmetry and mobility as potential risk factors for cervical pain. The findings suggest that personalized rehabilitation programs focusing on strengthening, mobility, and proprioception training could help mitigate cervical spine pain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des FIFA 11+ auf die Häufigkeit von Verletzungen des vorderen Kreuzbandes bei College-Fußballerinnen über drei aufeinanderfolgende Spielzeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097581</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097581</guid>
      <author>Magoshi, H.</author>
      <author>Hoshiba, T.</author>
      <author>Tohyama, M.</author>
      <author>Hirose, N.</author>
      <author>Fukubayashi, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Magoshi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoshiba, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tohyama, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirose, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fukubayashi, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: This non-randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the preventive effects of the FIFA 11+ on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury incidence rates in collegiate female football players in terms of intervention duration (one-season and over three consecutive seasons).

METHODS: A total of 763 collegiate female football players from seven teams belonging to Kanto University Women`s Football Association Division 1 during 2013-2015 were included in the study. At the study`s start (2013), 235 players from seven teams were assigned to the FIFA 11+ intervention (four teams, n = 115) and control groups (three teams, n = 120). The intervention period was from 2013 to 2015, and the allocated players were followed over three seasons. The one-season effect of the FIFA 11+ was investigated after each season, and the effect of continuous intervention was assessed in players who participated in all three seasons (N.=66 and 62 from the intervention and control groups).

RESULTS: The one-season intervention showed no significant differences between the two groups in any season. In contrast, the intervention over three consecutive seasons showed a significantly lower incidence rate of ACL injuries in the intervention group compared to the control group (noncontact injuries: hazard ratio, 0.192 [95% CI, 0.041-0.896]; P=0.036).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the FIFA 11+ is an effective program for ACL injury prevention in collegiate female football players, and the beneficial effect can be expected when the program is implemented for at least three consecutive seasons.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittanalyse der Körperzusammensetzung bei italienischen U17-Handballspielern der männlichen Nationalmannschaft mittels bioelektrischer Impedanzvektoranalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097582</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097582</guid>
      <author>Serafini, S.</author>
      <author>Papale, O.</author>
      <author>di Credico, A.</author>
      <author>Fusco, A.</author>
      <author>Mascherini, G.</author>
      <author>Izzicupo, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Italien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Längsschnittuntersuchung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Serafini, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Papale, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>di Credico, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fusco, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mascherini, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Izzicupo, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Monitoring body composition is crucial for optimizing performance and preventing injuries in young athletes during a competitive season. This study evaluated changes in body composition and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in 15 male U17 Italian national handball players (age: 16.44±0.60 years).

METHODS: Bioelectrical parameters were analyzed across four time points: end of the season (T0), pre-season (T1), season onset (T2), and winter break (T3), using repeated measures mixed models, while Mahalanobis` tests track vector shifts and ellipse distances (D). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.

RESULTS: The vector significantly lengthened from T0 to T1 (D=1.95), then shortened from T1 to T2 (D=1.63) and T2 to T3 (D=0.88). Stature-adjusted resistance significantly decreased at T2 (262.9 O/m±26.1) compared to T1 (275.6 O/m±27.8) and at T3 (249.7 O/m±21.4) compared to T0 (269.7 O/m±27.9), T1, and T2. Stature-adjusted reactance significantly increased at T1 (39.00 O/m±3.7) compared to T0 (35.3 O/m±3.6) then decreased at T2 (36.2 O/m±3.2) and T3 (35.7 O/m±3.4) compared to T1. From T0 to T3, phase angle, total body water, and fat-free mass increased significantly from 7.4°±0.5 to 8.1±0.6°, 59.9±3.6% to 61.1±3.7%, and 82.0±4.5% to 84.0±5.1%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Bioelectrical analysis effectively tracks hydration indices and training adaptations in young athletes, representing a valuable tool for managing performance and recovery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der körperlichen Eigenschaften im Spitzen-Degenfechten: eine Delphi-Studie unter Weltklasse-Trainern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097583</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097583</guid>
      <author>Cree, J. A.</author>
      <author>Newman, H. J.</author>
      <author>Norris, L. A.</author>
      <author>Oates, L. W.</author>
      <author>Turner, A. N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fechten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Degenfechten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cree, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Newman, H. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Norris, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oates, L. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turner, A. N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify and rank the physical attributes deemed most important for elite performance in épée fencing, from the perspective of world-class coaches. While extensive biomechanical and physiological research exists in fencing, limited attention has been paid to the experiential insights of elite coaches.

METHODS: A modified Delphi method was employed to gather expert consensus from 26 international épée coaches with Olympic-level experience. In Round 1, open-ended responses were thematically analyzed to identify key physical attributes, which were consolidated into nine overarching themes. In Round 2, coaches ranked these attributes in order of importance. Stability of rankings was assessed using Kendall`s coefficient of concordance (W).

RESULTS: Twenty-nine distinct physical attributes were identified in Round 1 and grouped into nine themes. In Round 2, agility (mean rank = 2.9) and reaction time (3.3) emerged as consensus-high priorities, while strength (7.6) and power were consensus-low. Power (5.7) and flexibility showed polarized distributions, reflecting entrenched differences in coaching philosophies. Agreement among coaches was acceptable but limited (W = 0.26), indicating stable but divergent viewpoints rather than instability.

CONCLUSIONS: Elite coaches prioritized agility, reactivity, and speed in épée fencing, aligning with performance demands observed in biomechanical studies. However, the undervaluation of foundational qualities such as strength and aerobic fitness highlights a partial disconnect with sport science evidence. These findings underscore the need for enhanced coach education, interdisciplinary collaboration, and a more balanced emphasis on physical preparation that supports both performance and injury prevention. The study also demonstrates the value of Delphi methodology in capturing diverse expert perspectives even when full consensus is not achieved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine qualitative Studie zur Wahrnehmung von Torwarttrainern hinsichtlich der wichtigsten Eigenschaften talentierter Jugendtorhüter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097584</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097584</guid>
      <author>Steenbok, W.</author>
      <author>Kubayi, A.</author>
      <author>Morris-Eyton, H.</author>
      <author>Stone, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Torwart</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Torwarttraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Steenbok, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kubayi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morris-Eyton, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stone, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Despite a substantial body of literature on identifying talent in outfield players, information on goalkeepers (GKs) is scarce due to the specialist demands associated with the position. The purpose of this study was to explore which qualities GK coaches perceive as important for talented youth soccer GKs.

METHODS: This qualitative study used a pragmatic research paradigm. The sample consisted of eight GK coaches (mean age 50.12±9.33 years; mean experience 17.25±9.97 years) who were purposively recruited to participate in the study. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data, and a two-stage thematic analysis was employed to identify themes.

RESULTS: Four themes and 10 sub-themes were constructed: technical (i.e. handling), physical (i.e. upper body strength and height), tactical (defensive organization, build-up play and decision-making) and psychosocial (i.e. bravery, coachability, communication and composure) attributes.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings may provide coaches with valuable information regarding the traits that potentially talented GKs should possess, which could guide training for talent development programs to increase their chances of being chosen for future opportunities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eigenschaften der Patellasehne und neuromuskuläre Leistungsfähigkeit in verschiedenen Kraftsportarten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097585</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097585</guid>
      <author>Dranevicius, G.</author>
      <author>Snieckus, A.</author>
      <author>Satkunskiene, D.</author>
      <author>Mickevicius, M.</author>
      <author>Lukonaitiene, I.</author>
      <author>Rutkauskaite, R.</author>
      <author>Muanjai, P.</author>
      <author>Kamandulis, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraftsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Patellasehne</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dranevicius, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Snieckus, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Satkunskiene, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mickevicius, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lukonaitiene, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rutkauskaite, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muanjai, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kamandulis, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Monitoring tendon morphology and function can improve our understanding of how tendons adapt to chronic training, potentially supporting the maintenance of strength and endurance. Despite that explosive sports share similarities, they also differ in key factors like movement speed and reactivity, loading duration and direction, range of motion, and muscle contraction type. This study aimed to compare the patellar tendon morphology and mechanical characteristics among sprinters, long and high jumpers, gymnasts, and karate athletes.

METHODS: Forty-one elite male athletes with national and international competition experience participated. Patellar tendon properties, knee extensor strength, power, and rate of force development during countermovement jumps were measured during the pre-competition training phase.

RESULTS: Results indicated that patellar tendon length, cross-sectional area, stiffness, and Young`s modulus were similar across these athletes (P>0.05), despite differences in body weight, height, body composition, force production, and power output during dynamic movements. However, significant differences in patellar tendon stress were observed, correlating strongly with maximal knee extension peak torque and peak power during the countermovement jump (r>0.646, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that patellar tendon morphology and mechanical properties were largely consistent across different power athletes, but high tendon stress resulting from increased force production highlights the need for a balanced relationship between force development and tendon adaptation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungshäufigkeit im Paraski alpin: Erkenntnisse aus drei Paralympischen Winterspielen (2014-2022)</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097596</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097596</guid>
      <author>Derman, W.</author>
      <author>Runciman, P.</author>
      <author>Boer, P.</author>
      <author>Dahlin, K.</author>
      <author>Johansson, M.</author>
      <author>Lexell, J.</author>
      <author>Fagher, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Paralympics</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraski alpin</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Derman, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Runciman, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boer, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dahlin, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johansson, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lexell, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fagher, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
High injury rates have been reported in Para Alpine skiing at the Winter Paralympic Games, yet sport-specific injury characteristics remain limited. This study aimed to describe the proportion and incidence of injuries among athletes competing in Alpine skiing at the Sochi 2014, PyeongChang 2018, and Beijing 2022 Games, and to examine injuries by sex, age, impairment type, competition period, onset, anatomical area, and estimated time-loss burden.

Method
Prospective injury data were collected by team medical staff via the validated web-based Injury and Illness Surveillance System (WEB-IISS) and Paralympic polyclinics. Injuries were coded and analysed per IOC Para consensus guidelines using descriptive and analytical statistics.

Results
The overall injury incidence was 29.4 (95% CI 24.9-34.6) per 1000 athlete days, with an incidence proportion of 28.4%. Injury rates were significantly higher in the pre-competition period (54.4; 95% CI 42.5-69.7). Acute injuries predominated, affecting 24% of athletes. The most commonly injured regions were the head/face/neck (24%) and knee (20%). Frequent mechanisms included collisions and loss of control. Ten percent of injuries led to >28 days of time loss, with an overall burden of 70.6 days lost per 1000 athlete days. Athletes with limb deficiency had the highest injury rates, followed by those with spinal cord injury.

Conclusion
Nearly one-third of Para Alpine skiers sustained injuries across three Paralympic Games. These findings highlight the need for targeted injury prevention strategies to enhance athlete safety and inform future risk mitigation efforts]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbreitung von Verletzungen bei Spitzenschwimmern: Die Rolle der Disziplin und der Trainingsintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097597</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097597</guid>
      <author>Holst-Christensen, T.</author>
      <author>Nimb, S. K.</author>
      <author>Eggers, A.</author>
      <author>Rosenberg, M.</author>
      <author>Lundström, J.</author>
      <author>Kjær, M.</author>
      <author>Magnusson, S. P.</author>
      <author>Højfeldt, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Disziplin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holst-Christensen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nimb, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eggers, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rosenberg, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lundström, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjær, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Magnusson, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Højfeldt, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction Elite swimming is characterised by high training volumes, which increases the risk of overuse injuries, but detailed information on whether specific swim disciplines or the training intensity matters for the occurrence of injuries is sparse. This study aimed to describe the injury prevalence, incidence and distribution among elite swimmers and to identify potential risk factors.

Materials and Methods In June 2024 a questionnaire was send to elite swimming clubs across Denmark, Norway and Sweden. A total of 220 swimmers completed the questionnaire describing training and injury characteristics in the 2023/2024 season, and injuries across their entire swimming career.

Results During the 2023/2024 season, a total of 73580 athlete exposures (AEs) and 113 injuries were documented, which yielded an injury incidence of 1.54 injuries/1000 AEs. The shoulder was the most prevalent injury site (0.87 injuries/1000 AEs) overall. Butterfly and breaststroke swimmers showed a slightly higher injury incidence than other disciplines (n.s.). Finally, in the freestyle group, sprinters had a higher injury incidence than distance swimmers (p<0.05).

Conclusion This study found an injury incidence in elite-swimmers similar to that reported in other epidemiological studies of swimming. It also showed that butterfly and breaststroke swimmers were at a higher risk of becoming injured compared to other disciplines, and further that sprinters had a higher risk for injury compared to distance swimmers despite lower total training volume. This indicates that both swim discipline and intensity of training play important roles in the risk for injury in elite swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von hydrolysiertem Kollagen in Kombination mit Krafttraining auf die Behandlung von Tendinopathien der Achillessehne, der Patellasehne und der Plantarfaszie bei Spitzensportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097598</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097598</guid>
      <author>Thomsen, L. L.</author>
      <author>Olesen, A. E.</author>
      <author>Schjerling, P.</author>
      <author>Svensson, R.</author>
      <author>Bisgaard, M. S.</author>
      <author>Dideriksen, K.</author>
      <author>Bach, J.</author>
      <author>Hansen, E.</author>
      <author>Trammell, S. A.</author>
      <author>Vestergaard, M.</author>
      <author>Karlsson, M.</author>
      <author>Brushoj, Hølm, L.</author>
      <author>Hansen, M.</author>
      <author>Magnusson, S. P.</author>
      <author>Kjær, M.</author>
      <author>Couppé, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Achillessehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Patellasehne</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Tendinopathie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thomsen, L. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olesen, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schjerling, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Svensson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bisgaard, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dideriksen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bach, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hansen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trammell, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vestergaard, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karlsson, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brushoj, Hølm, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hansen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Magnusson, S. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kjær, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Couppé, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
Tendinopathy is a significant problem in elite athletes. Collagen supplementation has been shown to increase collagen synthesis, but it remains unknown whether collagen supplementation could serve as an effective add-on treatment to heavy slow resistance (HSR) training in the treatment of tendinopathy. This study investigated whether daily hydrolyzed collagen ingestion enhances HSR training outcomes compared with placebo in male elite athletes with chronic patellar, Achilles, or plantar fascia tendinopathy.

Materials and Methods
Thirty-six elite athletes with chronic tendinopathy were randomized to receive 10 grams of hydrolyzed collagen or placebo (maltodextrin) daily alongside a 12-week HSR program (three weekly sessions). The primary outcome was pain during sport (Numerical Rating Scale, NRS). Secondary outcomes included NRS scores (post-activity, morning, weekly maximum, provocation), function and symptoms (Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment questionnaires [VISA]), and ultrasound morphology (thickness, echogenicity, power Doppler area [PDA]). Assessments were conducted at baseline, 12 weeks, and 38 weeks.

Results
Both groups demonstrated clinically relevant improvements in NRS during sport after 12 weeks, with sustained effects at 38 weeks (Collagen: baseline 3.90±0.59; 12 weeks 2.20±0.45; 38 weeks 1.50±0.34; Placebo: baseline 5.00±0.45; 12 weeks 2.20±0.28; 38 weeks 2.30±0.57). Secondary outcomes, including other NRS scores and VISA-Patella, improved similarly in both groups. Ultrasound PDA improved after 12 weeks. No significant differences were observed between the collagen and placebo groups for primary or secondary outcomes.

Conclusion
This study found no superior clinical effect of collagen supplementation as an add-on to HSR training in elite athletes with tendinopathy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Golfschwungleistung nach einem 16-wöchigen Krafttrainingsprogramm bei Spitzengolfern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097599</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097599</guid>
      <author>Johansen, M.</author>
      <author>Aagaard, P.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Kvorning, T.</author>
      <author>Gejl, K. D.</author>
      <author>Bojsen-Møller, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Johansen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aagaard, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kvorning, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gejl, K. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bojsen-Møller, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
Clubhead speed (CHS) and driving distance are key determinants of elite golf performance, yet evidence from elite cohorts remains limited. This study examined whether a 16-week progressive heavy-resistance training program could improve golf swing performance in elite golfers.

Methods
Forty elite golfers affiliated with the Danish National Team were allocated to intervention (INT; 14 men, 15 women) or control (CON; 6 men, 5 women). INT completed four resistance-training sessions per week (progressing from ~12RM to 5RM) for 16 weeks, while CON maintained habitual training. Golf-specific performance was assessed pre- and post-intervention indoors using TrackMan radar. Physical performance was evaluated via isometric mid-thigh pull, isometric bench press, countermovement jump, and trunk rotational power.

Results
Following the intervention, INT men improved driver CHS and total driving distance by ˜4%, while INT women increased CHS by ˜4% and total driving distance by ˜6%. Similar relative gains were observed for 6-iron CHS and distance. Maximal strength and power also improved in INT, with increases in lower- and upper-body maximal force, countermovement jump variables, and rotational peak power across sexes. No changes were observed in CON.

Conclusion
A 16-week progressive heavy-resistance program enhanced driver and 6-iron CHS and total distance and improved maximal strength and power in elite male and female golfers compared with controls. These findings support including targeted strength training to improve golf swing performance in elite golfers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Warnzeichen für Verletzungen: Veränderungen bei Schmerzen, Trainingsbelastung und Wohlbefinden bei jugendlichen Spitzensportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097600</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097600</guid>
      <author>Lindman, I.</author>
      <author>Abrahamson, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lindman, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abrahamson, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Injuries among youth athletes competing at an elite level are common. However, few studies have examined how training load, pain, and well-being develop in the weeks leading up to an injury. Understanding these factors may help in early identification and prevention of injuries.

Methods
In a prospective cohort study, 171 elite youth athletes were followed weekly and completed digital questionnaires reporting training load (session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE)), pain (Numeric Rating Scale, (NRS)), well-being and injuries. Athletes who sustained an injury were compared to injury-free athletes by analyzing the four weeks preceding injury (weeks -1, -2, -3, and -4) against corresponding four-week intervals from injury-free individuals. The sRPE was analyzed using independent t-tests, while NRS and wellness were compared using Mann-Whitney U-tests.

Results
Athletes who sustained an injury reported significantly higher pain levels (NRS) in all four weeks prior to injury (p < 0.001). They also showed significantly lower training load (sRPE) one and two weeks before injury (p < 0.05), and significantly lower wellness scores during the three weeks prior to injury (p < 0.05). These patterns were not observed in the non-injured group.

Conclusion
The findings support the theory that injuries develop progressively, with increasing pain and declining well-being appearing before the injury occurs. The observed reduction in perceived training load may reflect a compensatory response to pain. Regular monitoring of pain, training load, and wellness could be valuable in identifying athletes at risk and enabling early intervention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unangemessener Einsatz von Schmerzmitteln bei jugendlichen Spitzensportlern: Prävalenz und Erfahrungen in der ESSENTIAL-Kohorte - eine prospektive Studie mit gemischten Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:37:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097601</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097601</guid>
      <author>Van Zaane, J., Thorlund, J. B.</author>
      <author>Storm, L. K.</author>
      <author>Pedersen, J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pharmaka</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Van Zaane, J., Thorlund, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Storm, L. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pedersen, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
Although previous research suggests that the overall prevalence of analgesic use is similar between youth elite athletes and age-matched student controls, a greater proportion of use among athletes is directly related to sports participation. Such use may reflect inappropriate and potentially harmful usage patterns. This study aimed to quantify the extent of inappropriate sport-related analgesic use and explore athletes` experiences with such use.

Materials and Methods
690 youth elite athletes (15-20 years) reported the number of days and reasons for analgesic use weekly over 28 weeks. Inappropriate analgesic use was defined as: 1) treating pain/injury before sport participation for =7 weeks, 2) analgesics for pain prevention =1 week, 3) opioid use =3 weeks, and 4) being classified as either frequent or persistent users via group-based trajectory modeling. A mixed-effects logistic regression model, expressing odds ratio (OR), was used to assess gender differences in prevalence of inappropriate analgesic use. To explore athletes` experiences with inappropriate use, 9 focus group interviews with 32 athletes were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results
Totally, 328 events of inappropriate analgesic use were reported by 229 athletes (33%) during the observation period. Girls/women had significantly higher odds of inappropriate use than boys/men (OR 2.98, 95% CI: 2.27-3.90). The thematic analysis suggested limited knowledge and neglect of risks, and that inappropriate use was influenced by external pressures, and reinforced by a culture emphasizing short-term performance.

Conclusion
Inappropriate analgesic use is common among youth elite athletes and appears to be influenced by gender and sociocultural factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
