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    <item>
      <title>Wie kann die neuromuskuläre Leistungsfähigkeit bei Fußballspielerinnen beurteilt werden? Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097730</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097730</guid>
      <author>Moreno-Ortega, C.</author>
      <author>González-García, J.</author>
      <author>Romero-Moraleda, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moreno-Ortega, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-García, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romero-Moraleda, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Women's football has experienced exponential growth in popularity, leading to a notable improvement in player performance and an increased interest in optimizing player development. This systematic review aimed to identify the most frequently used tests for evaluating neuromuscular performance in female football players. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of the literature using keywords related to football, neuromuscular training, and measurement methods. The literature search yielded 109 articles (PubMed = 27; WoS = 31; Scopus = 32; SportDiscus = 19). After screening, 19 articles met the inclusion criteria and were thoroughly reviewed. The most commonly assessed variables in neuromuscular testing included jump ability, agility, sprinting, fitness, strength, and balance. The wide variety of tests used for each skill, coupled with a lack of standardized methodologies, hinders the establishment of robust recommendations. Consequently, further research is necessary to evaluate the validity of these tests and to develop an appropriate battery of neuromuscular assessments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pacing-Strategie und Belastungsverteilung als entscheidende Faktoren für den Erfolg bei eintägigen Monument-Radrennen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097731</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097731</guid>
      <author>Sánchez-Jiménez, J. L.</author>
      <author>Javaloyes, A.</author>
      <author>Peña-González, I.</author>
      <author>Moya-Ramón, M.</author>
      <author>Mateo-March, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Jiménez, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Javaloyes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peña-González, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moya-Ramón, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mateo-March, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examines workload distribution and pacing strategies in professional cyclists who finished in the top 5 compared with those ranked 6th-30th in Monument races. Power output data from 30 professional male cyclists and a total of 42 race files were analyzed across Milan-San Remo, the Tour of Flanders, Paris-Roubaix, Liège-Bastogne-Liège, and Il Lombardia (2021-2023), which are the 5 most prestigious 1-day "Monument" races in professional cycling. Top-5 cyclists exhibited a lower-body mass index (p = 0.021) and a higher compound score (p = 0.034) than top 6-30 finishers. A repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant differences in accumulated workload across power zones (p < 0.001), with zone 4 being the only zone where top-5 cyclists significantly outperformed others (p = 0.017; ES = 0.7). In addition, top-5 cyclists expended significantly more energy in zone 4 during the third quarter of the race (p = 0.022), suggesting greater fatigue resistance. A multiple discriminant analysis confirmed zone 4 workload as the primary predictor distinguishing between groups (Lambda = 0.896; p = 0.037), correctly classifying 71.2% of cases. These findings highlight the role of submaximal endurance and physiological durability in Monument race success. Differences in pacing strategies, particularly the ability to sustain higher zone 4 efforts in decisive race phases, may be key to achieving top performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die externen Spielanforderungen professioneller männlicher Basketballspieler in Abhängigkeit von Spielposition und Spielrolle: Eine Multisaison-Analyse in der australischen National Basketball League</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097732</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097732</guid>
      <author>Shirley, S. K.</author>
      <author>Scanlan, A. T.</author>
      <author>Guy, J. H.</author>
      <author>Bartlett, R. J.</author>
      <author>Bowe, S. J.</author>
      <author>Elsworthy, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Anforderungsprofil</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shirley, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scanlan, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guy, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartlett, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bowe, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elsworthy, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This observational study provides a contemporary and novel analysis of the external game demands experienced by professional, male basketball players competing in the Australian National Basketball League (NBL) and compares these demands between playing roles and playing positions. Twenty-two professional, male basketball players (age: 27.0 ± 3.3 years) were monitored over 2 competitive seasons between 2021 and 2023 using microsensor technology (T6; Catapult Sports). Players were categorized according to playing role (starting, bench) and playing position (frontcourt, backcourt). Accumulated (total) and relative (per minute) external game demands were calculated for PlayerLoad in addition to total and high-intensity inertial movement analysis variables during live playing time. External game demands were quantified as estimated marginal means (95% confidence limits) and compared between playing roles and playing positions via linear mixed model and Cohen's d effect size analyses. Significance was set at p <= 0.05. Starting players experienced higher accumulated external game demands than bench players across most variables (p < 0.05, d = 0.30-1.87), whereas relative external game demands were similar between playing roles (p > 0.05, d = 0.01-0.44). Likewise, external game demands were comparable between playing positions across variables (p > 0.05, d = 0.03-1.15). These findings demonstrate that only accumulated external game demands differ between playing roles, whereas homogeneity in external game demands appear to exist between generalized playing positions. These foundation data in the Australian NBL may inform training and recovery protocols among end-users working in this competition to ensure players are optimally prepared for competition according to their specific requirements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mit Kraftmessplatten erhobene Daten des isometrischen Mid-Thigh Pulls bei weiblichen Jugend- und erwachsenen Fußballspielerinnen: Ein Vergleich zwischen Altersgruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097733</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097733</guid>
      <author>Fahey, J. T.</author>
      <author>Comfort, P.</author>
      <author>Ripley, N. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Maximalkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Altersklasse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kraftplattform</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fahey, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Comfort, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ripley, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Expression of maximal and rapid force (i.e., force at 250 ms) is important for sporting success. Despite growing participation rates, injury risk in women soccer remains high. Furthermore, relative strength does not seem to change across age groups with no current data on rapid force production. This study was designed to report net and relative net isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) peak and rapid force for girls youth soccer players. Ninety-four youth soccer players, categorized into Foundation Development Phase (FDP; U11-U12, n = 21, 10.9 ± 0.6 years, 42.8 ± 7.6 kg, 1.49 ± 0.08 m), Youth Development Phase (YDP; U13-U15, n = 35, 13.6 ± 1.0 years, 54.8 ± 7.9 kg, 1.60 ± 0.06 m), and Professional Development Phase (PDP; n = 38, U16-U21, 16.2 ± 1.1 years, 63.4 ± 6.8 kg, 1.67 ± 0.06 m) performed the IMTP. Moderate-to-large differences were observed between FDP vs. YDP and PDP for net peak force, relative net peak force, and relative net force at 250 ms, with no differences between YDP and PDP players, respectively. Small-to-moderate increases in relative net peak force were observed between FDP vs. YDP and PDP. The results of this study highlight that maximal and rapid relative strength plateaus with increasing age. This could be problematic for players aiming to transition to senior and international standards of women's football and warrants further investigation. Practitioners should design strength and conditioning programs to enhance maximal and rapid relative strength to physically prepare youth players for the increased match-demands associated with increasing age and competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Relative Rest Index beeinflusst die Teamleistung und Spielergebnisse im aktuellen NBA-Wettbewerb</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097734</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097734</guid>
      <author>Pinzone, A. G.</author>
      <author>Gant, R. W.</author>
      <author>Magee, M. K.</author>
      <author>Barkley, J. E.</author>
      <author>Jajtner, A. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>NBA</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pinzone, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gant, R. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Magee, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barkley, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jajtner, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This investigation aimed to assess the relationship between relative rest index (RRI) and team performance and game outcomes during the prior 2 seasons of competition in the National Basketball Association (NBA). All regular season games from the 2022-23 and 2023-24 NBA seasons (N = 2,461 games) were analyzed. Relative rest index was noted as the discrepancy in rest between games between competing teams, with teams for each game placed into 1 of 5 RRI categories (<=-2, -2 to -0.5, -0.5 to 0.5, 0.5 to 2, and >=2). Point differential (DIFF), points for (PF), points allowed (PA), and game outcome (W/L) quantified team performance and game outcomes. Multilevel linear (DIFF, PF, PA) and logistic (W/L) mixed effects regression models assessed the influence of RRI on team performance, with further adjustment for competitive season, game location, opponent quality, and season portion. Greater RRI (0.5-2 and >=2) was positively associated with DIFF and W/L relative to the reference RRI category (<=-2), and teams with RRIs of -0.5 to 2 demonstrated significantly decreased PA relative to the reference category. Finally, playing at home also displayed positive associations with all dependent variables, while playing opponents with greater win percentages over the prior 10 games was negatively associated with all outcomes. There was no observed relationship between RRI and PF or interaction between competitive season and RRI. Based on these data, RRI positively influences team performance and game outcomes in terms of DIFF, PA, and W/L in recent NBA competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bestehen des Tests: Eine standardisierte Passübung liefert eine aussagekräftige Beurteilung der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness bei älteren Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097743</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097743</guid>
      <author>Shushan, T.</author>
      <author>Lovell, R.</author>
      <author>McLaren, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Passspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shushan, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lovell, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McLaren, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the concurrent and criterion validity of a football-specific intermittent-variable submaximal fitness test (SMFT) as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Eighteen male senior football players were monitored over a 12-week period using a repeated measures design. Each week, a standardised Y-shape passing drill (practical SMFT) was administered immediately following a 4-min continuous run (criterion SMFT), with exercise heart rate (HRex) measured during both protocols. Laboratory-derived measures of cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed at the start and end of this period. The within-player correlation between HRex from the two SMFTs was large, with a clear improvement in the relationship (U+0394 r ˜0.2) and model fit (U+03C72 = 52.1, p < 0.001; adjusted vs unadjusted model statistics: marginal-R2 = 0.56 vs 0.29, Akaike information criterion = 434.8 vs 477.0, root mean square error = 1.63 vs 2.21%-points of HRmax) after adjusting for passing drill total and high-speed running distances. Adjusted HRex values from the passing drill showed stronger associations (r ˜-0.70 vs -0.35) with maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed. A Y-shape passing drill offers a valid and practical assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness within the SMFT framework. We provide a method to guide practitioners in adjusting HRex for external training load, thereby improving agreement with criterion SMFT running protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Zeitreihenanalyse des Impulses des Systems aus Athlet und Diskus beim Diskuswurf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097744</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097744</guid>
      <author>Kato, T.</author>
      <author>Mizushima, J.</author>
      <author>Maeda, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Diskuswurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Abwurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kato, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mizushima, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maeda, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Release velocity is one of the most critical factors determining the discus throw distance. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of athlete-discus system momentum - the primary source of release velocity - by analysing its time-series data. Twenty-six discus throwers were recorded during official competitions, and the 3D-DLT method was applied to calculate the system`s centre of mass (COM), velocity (vSystem), linear momentum (pSystem), angular momentum (LSystem) and normalised angular momentum (bSystem) around the system`s COM. SPM-1D regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between these momentum-related variables and release velocity. Two main findings emerged from the results: (1) only LSystem around the vertical axis and the resultant LSystem showed significant positive correlations with release velocity and (2) LSystem, bSystem, vSystem and pSystem all exhibited significant positive correlations with the resultant LSystem at the moment of discus release. Although LSystem was correlated with the release velocity, it was revealed that the linear variables affected the resultant LSystem and indirectly affected the gain in release velocity. The study highlighted the importance of linear motion, which had not been previously emphasised in terms of gaining release velocity in discus throw.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität und Reliabilität eines am Arm zu tragenden Armbands zur kontinuierlichen Überwachung der Schweißleitfähigkeit während des Trainings</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097759</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097759</guid>
      <author>Ferrari, A.</author>
      <author>Ratel, S.</author>
      <author>Berthoin, S.</author>
      <author>Garnier, J.-P.</author>
      <author>Baquet, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schweiß</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferrari, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ratel, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berthoin, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garnier, J.-P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baquet, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Sweating is essential for thermoregulation during exercise but causes variable losses of water and sodium chloride (NaCl). Field-based methods to assess these losses are limited by sampling errors and the lack of real-time feedback. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the BeOne armband for continuous measurement of sweat conductivity, used to estimate sweat [NaCl] equivalent in real time.

Methods:
Ten armbands were first tested against standard NaCl solutions (5-120 mmol·L-1) to assess the validity of the conductivity measurement. Reliability was then examined in sixteen men who completed two 60-min cycling sessions at 150 W in temperate condition (24 ± 1 °C; 50 ± 10% RH) while wearing armbands on both forearms. Outcomes included sweat onset (defined as the time from exercise onset to first detection of sweat conductivity), sweat [NaCl] equivalent drift, and time-normalized [NaCl] equivalent kinetics.

Results:
Measured values showed minimal bias (0.28 mmol·L-1, 95% LoA: -1.21 to 1.77), very low CVs (0.5-2.6%), and excellent inter-device agreement (ICC = 1.00) for conductivity measurements. During exercise, sweat onset did not differ between arms or sessions, but showed moderate within-session (ICC = 0.72) and low between-session reliability (ICC = 0.29), indicating substantial day-to-day variability of this specific index. Drift indices and time-normalized [NaCl] equivalent kinetics revealed a reproducible temporal profile, characterized by an initial peak, a rapid decline, a gradual increase, and a plateau toward the end of exercise.

Conclusion:
The BeOne armband demonstrated excellent analytical validity for sweat conductivity measurement and reliable within-session characterization of conductivity-derived sweat electrolyte dynamics. Although conductivity-based [NaCl] equivalents do not represent a laboratory gold standard and remain sensitive to matrix effects and non-specific ionic contributions, this approach appears sufficiently robust for applied sport-science contexts requiring continuous monitoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Leistungsfaktoren beim Vertical-Kilometer-Lauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097762</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097762</guid>
      <author>Schorderet, F.</author>
      <author>Mottet, J.</author>
      <author>Raberin, A.</author>
      <author>Bourdillon, N.</author>
      <author>Millet, G. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauerdisziplinen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Cross</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trailrunning</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Berganlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schorderet, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mottet, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raberin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bourdillon, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millet, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction & Purpose: Vertical Kilometer (VK) running is a growing discipline on extreme uphill terrain. On October 10th, 2025, both men`s (Rémi Bonnet, 27 min 21 s) and women`s (Axelle Gachet-Mollaret, 32 min 52 s) world records were broken in Fully, Switzerland—one of the steepest courses worldwide (1.9 km, 1000 m ascent, 52% slope). Although previous research has defined the energetic demands and optimal gradients for maximizing vertical velocity during uphill locomotion, the physiological determinants of elite VK performance and the transferability of laboratory treadmill tests to field performance remain poorly understood. This study examined the relationships between physiological parameters measured during a treadmill test and actual VK race performance in athletes. We hypothesized that VO2max and maximal vertical velocity (vVmax) would strongly predict VK race time.

Methods: Eight athletes (Tier 3-5), (4 males, 4 females) from the Swiss national ski mountaineering team performed treadmill tests at 25% slope, followed by the Fully VK race 10-12 days later. Each athlete completed two 5-min submaximal bouts (4.0 km·h¹ for men; 3.5 km·h¹ for women) to assess VO2 kinetics and vertical running economy, followed by an incremental test to exhaustion (0.3 km·h¹·min¹ increments; with poles). Breath-by-breath gas exchange (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Italy) was analyzed to determine ventilatory thresholds and maximal values. Pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured continuously. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was assessed by the optimized CO-rebreathing method (OpCo, Detalo Instruments, Denmark), and body composition was estimated from six skinfolds to calculate body fat percentage (BF%) and fat-free mass (FFM).

Results: VO2max and VO2max _FFM differed significantly between females and males (60.0 ± 3.1 vs. 73.7 ± 4.9 ml·kg¹·min¹, p < 0.001; and 69.7 ± 4.1 vs. 79.0 ± 5.5 ml·kg¹·min¹, p = 0.003, respectively). vVmax showed the strongest relationship with VK time (Figure 1). VO2max was also highly correlated with performance. Minimal SpO2 at exhaustion (SpO2min) correlated positively with VK time, indicating that greater exercise-induced hypoxemia (EIH) was associated with poorer performance. Moreover, Hbmass was also highly correlated with VK time (r = -0.95, p = 0.011. Surprisingly, BF% did not correlate significantly with VK time (r = 0.67, p = 0.067).

Discussion: As expected, vVmax, VO2max, and Hbmass were the strongest predictors of VK performance. In our study, EIH was associated with decreased performance, likely due to increased quadriceps fatigue, which contributes to earlier exhaustion and reduced endurance capacity (Romer et al., 2006). Normalizing VO2max and Hbmass to FFM did not substantially change their correlation with performance, suggesting that oxygen transport efficiency is a primary determinant independent of body composition.

Conclusion: A treadmill test at 25% slope provides a valid assessment of VK performance determinants. Beyond aerobic power and maximal vertical velocity, EIH appears influential.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der relativen Spielfeldfläche (RPA) auf die körperlichen Anforderungen in den Altersklassen der Spätphase im Elite-Akademiefußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097763</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097763</guid>
      <author>Meulenkamp, V.</author>
      <author>Huijgen, B.</author>
      <author>Kempe, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Meulenkamp, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huijgen, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kempe, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction & Purpose: Small-sided games (SSGs) are widely used in soccer training to recreate the physical, technical and tactical demands of official matches within controlled environments (Morgans et al., 2014). Manipulating pitch size, player numbers, and rules, allows SSGs to develop these demands, especially physical performance (Bujalance-Moreno et al., 2019). The interaction of pitch size and player numbers can be quantified through the relative pitch area (RPA; m2*player-1) (Hill-Haas et al., 2011; Olthof et al., 2019). A larger RPA elicits greater total distance, high-speed running, and sprinting demands (Riboli et al., 2020). However, limited evidence exists on age-related differences in physical demands among late-stage academy players. Therefore, this study investigated age-related differences in physical performance between U18 and U21 elite academy players across SSG formats defined by RPA.

Methods: Thirty-seven male elite academy players (U18: n=17; U21: n=20) from one club performed SSGs over 9 weeks. Formats were classified by RPA as small (>125 m2*player-1), medium (125-225 m2*player-1), and large (>225 m2*player-1). Physical performance was measured via 10 Hz GPS with embedded inertial sensors. Outcome measures (per minute) were total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD; >20 km*h-2), sprinting distance (SD; >25km*h-1), accelerations (>2 m*s-2), and decelerations (>2m*s-2). Two-level mixed-effects models (measurements nested within players) tested effects of age category and SSG format (p<0.05).

Results: Multilevel analysis showed significant effects of both age category and SSG format on all physical variables (p<0.05). U21 players covered greater high-speed running (HSRD: 2.2 m*min-1, p=0.003) and sprinting distances (SD: 1.0 m*min-1, p=0.005) compared to U18 players. Whereas U18 players performed more accelerations (0.44*min-1, p=0.014) and decelerations (0.44*min-1, p=0.017). No significant difference was observed in total distance (TD: p=0.326). Across formats, large-sided games elicited the highest TD (129 m*min-1), HSRD (10.0 m*min-1), and SD (2.3 m*min-1), followed by medium (122, 6,0, and 1.0 m*min-1) and small formats (105, 1.9 and 0.1 m*min-1). In contrast, small-sided games induced the most accelerations (3.6*min-1) and decelerations (3.4*min-1). All pairwise comparisons between formats were significant (p<0.05).

Discussion: The findings highlight age-related disparities in the physical demands of SSGs among late-stage academy players. Older players (U21) covered more distances at higher speeds, reflecting greater physical performance in larger available spaces. In contrast, younger players (U18) executed higher accelerations and decelerations, indicating a more intermittent movement profile. These findings align with previous work showing that older players show a greater physical performance, possibly influenced by differences in biological maturation and tactical behaviour (Buchheit et al., 2010; Radnor et al., 2021; Olthof et al., 2015). Furthermore, the progressive increase in external load across SSG formats confirms that RPA is a key determinant of physical demands, supporting the use of larger RPAs to replicate match demands (Riboli et al., 2022).

Conclusion: This study gives a better understanding of physical performance differences in elite late-stage academy soccer, highlighting the influence of age category and game format. Manipulating RPA provides a practical strategy for coaches to optimise training design and support the physical transition from late-stage academy levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wenn das Glück sich gegen einen wendet: Erkenntnisse über Leistungsreaktionen auf verzerrtes Feedback</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097764</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097764</guid>
      <author>Arrigo, M.</author>
      <author>Gomez-Gonzalez, C.</author>
      <author>Lang, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arrigo, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomez-Gonzalez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lang, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Providing and receiving feedback is a common practice. Yet, feedback has been shown to both enhance and, at times, impair subsequent performance (Kluger & DeNisi, 1996). A commonly overlooked aspect is that performance depends not only on ability but also on uncontrollable factors, commonly referred to as luck. When evaluations fail to disentangle the two, feedback can become over- or under-rewarding. This also affects result interpretation, since individuals typically credit themselves for success but blame bad luck for failure—a phenomenon known as the self-attribution bias (Miller & Ross, 1975). Despite its relevance, empirical evidence on how reactions to luck-distorted feedback affect subsequent performance remains scarce, largely due to difficulties in measuring true performance and noisy feedback in real-incentive settings.

We address this challenge using 8,234 team-match observations from elite European football as a natural laboratory. Football is a low-scoring sport characterized by substantial randomness, meaning that results often fail to reflect actual on-field performance. To separate skill from luck, we use Expected Goals (xG), which estimate the scoring probability of each shot based on detailed characteristics. Because shots occur more frequently than goals, xG provides a less noisy and more accurate proxy for underlying performance (Brechot & Flepp, 2020). We exploit the halftime scoreline as a salient and easily interpretable feedback signal and define the Feedback-Performance Discrepancy (FPD) as the difference between the halftime scoreline and the xG score. After controlling for team ability and contextual factors, FPD captures the exogenous, luck-driven component of feedback. To test behavioral reactions, we estimate OLS regressions with match-clustered standard errors and conduct a rich set of robustness checks, including multiple fixed-effects specifications.

Our findings consistently show that teams benefiting from good luck at halftime perform significantly worse in the second half, while unlucky teams improve. These patterns are evident in second-half xG scores (illustrated in Figure 1), pass accuracy, and long-ball accuracy. We interpret these results as evidence that teams benefiting from good fortune underestimate the role of luck—echoing the self-attribution bias—and consequently perform worse, consistent with previous evidence that overconfidence impairs decision-making. Additional moderation analyses support this interpretation. Conversely, we interpret the improvement of unlucky teams as effort mobilization in response to under-rewarding feedback.

The results have implications beyond sports, suggesting that an effective feedback strategy is to adopt a rigorous and constructively critical approach in intermediate evaluations—avoiding excessive praise and overconfidence—while ensuring that final evaluations fairly reward performance. This combination fosters motivation and preserves fairness in recognition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Herausforderungen bei der Auflösung einer Spitzensportmannschaft - eine Fallstudie eines Schweizer Sportvereins</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097765</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097765</guid>
      <author>Keller-Meier, R.</author>
      <author>Nagel, S.</author>
      <author>Stieger, R.</author>
      <author>Lang, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmanagement</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Recht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesetz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Finanzen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schweiz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keller-Meier, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nagel, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stieger, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lang, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sports clubs with (semi-)professional teams aiming for sporting success often separate their elite section during a professionalisation process (Adam & Hoveman, 2017). This change in organisational structure is made to mitigate the entrepreneurial risk arising from substantial financial commitments. While this may reduce the main club's financial danger, it also presents challenges associated with the separation, which can, in the worst case, lead to the insolvency of the elite team. Such unintended consequences of professionalisation are largely overlooked in research (Ruoranen et al., 2023), which is why the following research questions arise: What are the potential challenges when separating the elite team? What are the possible consequences when the separation model is no longer viable?

The Organisational Life Cycle Approach (Bonn & Pettigrew, 2009) with its stages Start-Up, Growth, Maintenance and Decline is used as a theoretical framework, together with a multi-level processual approach for data collection and analysis according to Lang et al. (2020).

This study is part of an international project on professionalisation processes of sports clubs. A single-case study (Yin, 2018) is applied to facilitate a holistic and long-term analysis of the organisational change process of a Swiss team sport club, which separated its elite team into its own organisation and liquidated it years later. The data collection included three sources: documents, expert interviews with decision-makers and focus groups with club members. The data were analysed using deductive and inductive coding (Miles et al., 2020) and visual mapping strategies (Langley, 1999; Parmentier-Cajaiba & Cajaiba-Santana, 2020).

The following challenges were observed after separating the elite team: On the external level, the development of the sport with a new competitor in the league, as well as the introduction of a new discipline, led to less sporting success and a decline in interest from spectators, the media, and sponsors. The local community`s identification decreased due to the clubs' predominantly foreign players. On the internal level, firstly, a loss of identification between the main club and the elite team caused difficulties in recruiting volunteers for organising the elite team's matches. Secondly, focusing strategically only on short-term success of the elite team led to overspending. Thirdly, although legally separated, the two organisations used the same resources, resulting in unclear decision-making processes. Finally, the increased regulations of the chosen legal form created more bureaucratic work and disadvantages. Regarding the consequences, the elite team organisation was liquidated following insolvency. The main club's new board decided to reintegrate the elite team into the main club and voluntarily relegate to the 2nd league to gain better control. Financially, this involved repaying debts and increasing membership fees. Further, the club shifted its focus to talent development. Following the reintegration, the club`s board successfully established a positive image and fostered greater identification within the club.

In conclusion, sports clubs with ambitions in elite sports that decide to professionalise, for example, by separating their elite section, should be aware of possible challenges and proactively act on transparency, identification and financial reserves.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>"Warum hat niemand diese Person als Talent erkannt?": Weiterentwicklung von Auswahlverfahren durch eine vergleichende Analyse von Sport und Wirtschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097844</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097844</guid>
      <author>Brinkmöller, B.</author>
      <author>Eckardt, V. C.</author>
      <author>Dreiskämper, D.</author>
      <author>Höner, O.</author>
      <author>Strauss, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brinkmöller, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eckardt, V. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dreiskämper, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Höner, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strauss, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Selection represents a central challenge in both sports and business. Despite apparent differences between these domains (e.g., age at selection, number of available positions), fundamental parallels exist: both share the overarching goal of identifying individuals who have to potential to contribute to future organizational success. Despite this common objective, systematic cross-domain exchange remains largely absent. The present study therefore aimed to explore and compare selection processes across both domains from practical and scientific perspectives, identifying similarities, differences, and potential for cross-domain knowledge transfer. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants: coaches for national team squads (n = 4), corporate recruiters (n = 4), sports science researchers (n = 2), and business psychology researchers (n = 2). Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Key differences emerged in requirement analysis implementation, assessment approaches (holistic vs. isolated), systematization and structuring of assessments, and normative orientation of scientific discourse. Commonalities included emphasis on motivation and person-fit considerations, as well as the need for enhanced theory-practice collaboration. Sports practitioners demonstrated reflective awareness of current limitations but lacked systematic observation protocols and clear decision rules. Business selection showed greater procedural standardization, but underutilized work samples despite strong validity evidence. Findings suggest that sports may benefit from systematic requirement analyses, structured observation protocols, and bias-awareness training adapted from the business domain. Conversely, business could learn from sports` extensive use of work samples and developmental assessment perspectives. Cross-domain learning potential exists when respecting fundamental domain-specific differences and adapting principles accordingly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines Prognosemodells zur Überwachung der Regeneration bei Eliteathletinnen und -athleten: eine Längsschnittstudie </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097741</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097741</guid>
      <author>Engler, L.</author>
      <author>Trotter, C.</author>
      <author>Eggenberger, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Engler, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trotter, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eggenberger, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction and purpose: Overtraining syndrome (OTS) might occur in athletes experiencing extreme physical and mental stress over a longer period of time without adequate recovery (Meeusen et al., 2013). A decrease in sports performance and chronic fatigue are the most frequent symptoms (Carrard et al., 2021; Meeusen et al., 2013). Reliable diagnostic and monitoring tools are lacking but are strongly needed due to the high prevalence of OTS of 5 to 64 % (depending on definition and sample) and its potential reducing risk of injury (Meeusen et al., 2013). We aimed to develop novel sex-specific, non-invasive and multiparametric recovery monitoring models.

Methods: Seventy-three youth and young adult elite athletes (51 females, age 19.7 ± 4.0 years) from mainly team and speed/power-oriented sports, e.g., handball and athletics, participated. Weekly measurements were conducted over 16 weeks to assess the athletes` recovery state, resulting in 663 measurement timepoints. Forty parameters - including sleep, training load, occupational load, social load, menstrual cycle, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), core body temperature, grip strength, and single and double leg jump performance - served as predictors of the athletes` subjective rating of recovery and stress (Short Recovery and Stress Scale, SRSS, Kellmann & Kölling, 2020). Lasso, Ridge, and Elastic Net regularized regression was applied for automated parameter selection, training, and cross-validation of the binomial prediction models.

Results: For the female athletes` model AUC = 0.819 was calculated (sensitivity = 79.8%, specificity = 72.9%). Thereby, the parameters social load, single and double leg jump performance, sleep quality, training load, grip strength, and occupational load were ranked within the top ten highest predictive parameters (Figure 1). The male athletes` model demonstrated similar predictive performance with AUC = 0.797 (sensitivity = 74.3%, specificity = 71.4%). Thereby, grip strength, HRV, single leg jump performance, and social load were among the top ten most predictive parameters.

Discussion: A broad and novel combination of non-invasive parameters was analysed to capture a holistic picture of the athletes` recovery and stress state. The resulting sex-specific models showed good predictive performance. The development of sex-specific recovery monitoring prediction models seemed crucial due to the observed differences in parameter importance.

Conclusion: This study provides a deeper understanding of the relevance of specific parameters for recovery and stress monitoring in female and male youth and young adult elite athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Einflusses kohärenten Atmens auf den psychophysiologischen Stress während eines simulierten 3-tägigen 400-Meter-Wettkampfs</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097742</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097742</guid>
      <author>Chiron, F.</author>
      <author>Gulören, B.</author>
      <author>Erblang, M.</author>
      <author>Poirier, C.</author>
      <author>Elbaz, M.</author>
      <author>Servonnet, A.</author>
      <author>Gaudin, M.</author>
      <author>Le Coz, C.</author>
      <author>Lopes, P.</author>
      <author>Chennaoui, M.</author>
      <author>Hanon, C.</author>
      <author>Léger, D.</author>
      <author>Thomas, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kurzstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Psychophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chiron, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gulören, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erblang, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poirier, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elbaz, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Servonnet, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gaudin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Le Coz, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chennaoui, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanon, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Léger, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thomas, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Managing psychophysiological stress is essential for elite athletes, especially during the high-intensity competitive period. Coherent breathing has been proposed as a noninvasive strategy to enhance recovery by modulating autonomic, neuroendocrine, and inflammatory responses. This study investigated the effects of coherent breathing on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation, inflammatory response, and sleep parameters in well-trained athletes undergoing repeated supramaximal efforts. Twenty-two athletes (N = 22) were randomly assigned to a control group (CONT, n = 11) or a coherent breathing group (RELAX, n = 11). Over an 8-day protocol simulating competition, athletes completed 3 400-m races. Heart rate variability, salivary biomarkers (alpha-amylase, cortisol, testosterone IL1-ß), and sleep parameters were assessed throughout this study. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA revealed that the RELAX group showed significantly increased parasympathetic activity (root mean square of successive difference, p < 0.01) and a more stable cortisol response (p < 0.01) compared with the control group. The RELAX group also exhibited lower IL1-ß levels (p < 0.05), longer total sleep duration (p < 0.05), and reduced sleep latency (p < 0.05). No significant differences in athletic performance were observed between groups. Coherent breathing effectively modulates psychophysiological stress by enhancing ANS balance, regulating HPA axis activity, reducing inflammatory responses, and improving sleep quality. This accessible and low-cost intervention may support recovery and resilience in athletes exposed to repeated high-intensity efforts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Beschreibende kraftmessplattengestützte Daten zum Countermovement Jump, zum einbeinigen Countermovement und zum Countermovement Rebound bei Elite-Nachwuchsfußballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097735</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097735</guid>
      <author>Fahey, J. T.</author>
      <author>Comfort, P.</author>
      <author>Ripley, N. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kraftplattform</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Altersklasse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sprunghöhe</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fahey, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Comfort, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ripley, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was designed to compare phase-specific metrics for normative data for countermovement jump (CMJ), single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ), and countermovement rebound jump (CMJ-R) in elite female youth soccer players across different ages. Ninety-four highly trained to elite female soccer players were categorized into 3 distinct phases: Foundation Development Phase (U11-U12, n = 21, 10.9 ± 0.6 years, 42.8 ± 7.6 kg, 148.6 ± 7.6 cm), Youth Development Phase (U13-U15, n = 35, 13.6 ± 1.0 years, 54.8 ± 7.9 kg, 160.6 ± 6.5 cm), and Professional Development Phase (U16-U21, n = 38, 16.2 ± 1.1 years, 63.4 ± 6.8 kg, 167.3 ± 5.8 cm) completed 3 CMJ, SLCMJ, and CMJ-R trials on force plates. A series of 1-way analysis of variance with pairwise comparisons and Hedge's g effect sizes (g) were performed to determine differences between phases. Jump height increased with age across all jumps (g = 0.14-1.34) with older players demonstrating a greater countermovement displacement and time to take-off to achieve higher relative net propulsive impulse. This information offers practitioners valuable insights into how age influences jump performance in female youth soccer players, enabling effective design of strength and conditioning programs to maximize jump performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie konzeptualisieren internationale Sportverbände Nachhaltigkeit?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097736</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097736</guid>
      <author>Brodmann, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Organisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Umwelt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nachhaltigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brodmann, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The presentation proposes to analyse how international sports organisations (ISOs) define the concept of sustainability through discourse analysis of their sustainability policies and strategies. Indeed, sustainability is an inherently political and normative concept that evades attempts to stabilize a single definition (Ramsey, 2015; Ruggerio, 2021). Two main understandings of the concept emerge from the literature: weak or thin sustainability that encompasses notions such as "sustainable development", and strong or thick sustainability that tends to prescribe approaches de-emphasizing economic development such as post growth or degrowth (Ruggerio, 2021; Vos, 2007).

The study of ISOs` sustainability texts will allow us to unpack the underlying assumptions to their use of the concept of sustainability. The methodology used relies on the case study of FIFA and UCI sustainability policies and strategies. I used qualitative coding to categorise the occurrences of definitions of the concept as well as the associated citations of documents and institutions.

Through the case studies, I will show that the main concept used by both federations is that of "sustainable development". Both federations frame sustainability through the lens of "risks and opportunities". This approach tends to relativise the predictable negative impacts by categorizing them as risks, while valorising the development activities associated with the sustainability efforts of ISOs. FIFA relies heavily on international standards and UN documentation to build the legitimacy of its strategies. On the other hand, UCI also cites scientific documentation and resources from the IOC. These differences will allow me to show that their institutional relationships to overarching governing bodies (UN, IOC) are partly shaping their conceptualisation of sustainability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beurteilung der Ernährung und Ermittlung normativer Leistungsreferenzwerte bei hochtrainierten und Elite-Fechtern aus der Schweiz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097737</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097737</guid>
      <author>Thurnherr, L.</author>
      <author>Bayard, A.</author>
      <author>Kubica, C.</author>
      <author>Koehler, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fechten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schweiz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vitamin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fettsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>BIA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thurnherr, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bayard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kubica, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koehler, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Nutrition affects the athlete`s health and performance. Modern sport relies on data-driven analytics that combine nutrition and performance, yet fencing lacks sport-specific reference values, limiting data-driven approaches in fencing.

Aim: This study seeks to (i) characterize the nutritional status of highly trained and elite Swiss fencers, and (ii) establish normative references for performance metrics in fencing.

Methods: Sixteen Swiss fencers (mean age: 22.6 ± 4.0 years, female n = 8, highly trained n = 6, elite n = 10) will be assessed in three seasonal waves (fall 2025, spring 2026, summer 2026). Each timepoint involves assessment of body composition (bioelectrical impedance), dietary intake, selective biomarkers, and performance measures. Dietary intake is assessed using a prospective 4-day food log along with a newly developed retrospective digital food frequency questionnaire (G-ADI). Blood and urine biomarkers are collected with a commercial device assessing vitamins, minerals, fatty-acid profiles, and oxidative-stress markers. Performance is assessed by a test battery comprising countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) measured on a force plate as well as a maximal incremental cycling test to determine aerobic endurance. In addition, a fencing-specific change-of-direction and reaction time test is performed, consisting of 12 sprints interspersed with target hits on an electronic fencing target.

Results: Preliminary descriptive statistics show that males weighed 76.2±5.7kg with 14.9±1.4% body fat, while females weighed 59.6±3.4kg with 18.3±3.1% body fat. Arm muscle mass was 7.3 ± 1.8% greater on the dominant side, confirming fencing-related asymmetry. The G-ADI indicated an average intake of 5.6 portions/day of protein-rich foods, exceeding the 4 portions recommended in the Food Pyramid for Swiss Athletes (FPSA). Furthermore, 3.4 portions/day of fruits and vegetables fall short of the recommended 5 daily portions for this food group. Intake of carbohydrate-rich foods averaged 4.4 portions/day. Based on the FPSA, most fencers` intake of carbohydrate-rich foods did not match training requirements. On average, serum 25-OH-D was 65.7±13.4nmol/L, falling below the athlete-specific reference of 95nmol/L in 79% of fencers. Calcium averaged 96.9±3.0mg/L, exceeding the population-based upper limit (PBUL) of 96mg/L in 64% of fencers. The omega-3 index was 3.3±0.9% and below the recommended 4-8% in 85% of fencers. Oxidized LDL-cholesterol measured 55.9±18.1U/L, surpassing the PBUL of 55U/L in 33% of fencers. The 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a biomarker was 97.9±37.0ng/mmol creatinine, exceeding the PBUL of 80ng/mmol creatinine in 60% of fencers. CMJ height averaged 0.402±0.064m (males) and 0.264±0.026m (females). A bilateral deficit of -20.2±11.7% was observed. Maximal oxygen uptake was 45.8±7.0ml·kg-¹·min-¹ (females41.0±5.5; males50.5±4.7). The fencing-specific test produced mean decrement scores of 4.9±1.8% for repeated sprint ability and 23.5±7.3% for reaction time.

Conclusion: This study provides preliminary normative values for body composition, nutritional status, and performance in fencing, offering a baseline for future interventions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verletzungsnarrative im Sport: Eine umfassende Übersichtsarbeit qualitativer Studien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097802</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097802</guid>
      <author>Weerasinghe, K.</author>
      <author>Jayawardena, R.</author>
      <author>Hills, A. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Weerasinghe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jayawardena, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hills, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This review aimed to systematically synthesize qualitative evidence on the perceptions, experiences, and practices of athletes and stakeholders regarding sports injuries, with a primary focus on risk factors, consequences, injury reporting, rehabilitation, and prevention strategies. A systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and prospectively registered in PROSPERO. Six databases were searched from 2000 to July 2025. Eligible studies explored the lived experiences of sports injuries in athletes and stakeholders. Data were extracted, appraised using the CASP checklist, and synthesized thematically. Thirty-five studies were included, spanning a range of sports and competitive levels. Five overarching themes were identified: (i) risk factors including excessive training loads, poor recovery, early specialization, and psychosocial stressors; (ii) consequences of injury such as disrupted performance, long-term disability, financial costs, and significant psychological distress; (iii) rehabilitation highlighting both the challenges of self-management and the importance of interdisciplinary support; (iv) injury reporting and monitoring where normalization of pain, fear of deselection, and cultural pressures inhibited disclosure; and (v) injury prevention and performance sustainability emphasizing load management, evidence-based practices, collaborative monitoring, and contextual barriers such as limited resources and fixture congestion. Athletes and stakeholders perceive sports injuries as complex biopsychosocial phenomena shaped by cultural norms, resource availability, and interpersonal dynamics. Sustainable prevention requires both individualized and systemic approaches, combining tailored training plans, athlete-centered care, and structured surveillance systems. Qualitative insights highlight the necessity of embedding prevention and rehabilitation strategies within the lived realities of athletes, thereby enhancing health protection and long-term performance sustainability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse der Richtlinien der nationalen Sportfachverbände des United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee in Bezug auf Körperdruck, Körperbildprobleme und Essstörungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097803</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097803</guid>
      <author>Sadler, S. M.</author>
      <author>Voelker, D. K.</author>
      <author>Gargiulo, D.</author>
      <author>Gould, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmanagement</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sadler, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Voelker, D. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gargiulo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gould, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes are often exposed to body pressures in sport environments, which can contribute to body image concerns and eating pathology, with lasting consequences for performance and well-being. Although research has highlighted the harmful impacts of these concerns, and has called for a broader investigation into the sources of athletes' experiences of these concerns, little is known about the role of sport organizations in influencing athletes' body pressures, body image concerns, and eating pathology. Using a descriptive qualitative research design within a post-positivist paradigmatic approach, the current study explored the frequency and content of body- and eating-related policies within the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee's (USOPC) 51 national governing bodies, examining differences in policy frequency and content by sport type. National governing body websites were searched for policy documents aligned with Viollet et al.`s (2023) definition of sport policy. Following reflexive content analysis (Nicmanis, 2024) of 156 body- and eating-related policies, five overarching categories were identified: (a) uniform requirements, (b) athlete body image and nutrition-related supports, (c) organizational strategies to prevent body- and eating-related concerns, (d) body- and eating-related maltreatment, and (e) athletes' responsibilities related to nutrition and body weight. Findings highlight the inconsistent and often vague nature of existing national governing body policies, underscoring the need for standardized and comprehensive policies. Practical recommendations include developing both proactive and reactive body- and eating-related policies, providing clear and specific guidance, and critically examining gendered appearance standards communicated through policy to create a more inclusive sport culture that reduces athletes' experiences of body pressures, body image concerns, and eating pathology.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>"Es verändert die Art und Weise, wie ich mich einbringe": Erfahrungen von Ringerinnen mit ihrem Menstruationszyklus</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097804</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097804</guid>
      <author>McPherson, T.</author>
      <author>Adam, M. E. K.</author>
      <author>Davenport, M. H.</author>
      <author>McHugh, T.-L. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McPherson, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adam, M. E. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davenport, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McHugh, T.-L. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Consistent with general trends in research from around the world, Western ideologies and methodological approaches dominate sport research focused on women athletes' experiences with their menstrual cycles. The purpose of this community-based participatory research (CBPR) study was to employ an Etuaptmumk/two-eyed seeing (E/TES) approach to explore women wrestlers' experiences with their menstrual cycles in training and competition. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit seven young women wrestlers between 16 and 20 years old. Centred in Indigenous methodology, data were generated via talking circles facilitated by two Indigenous Elders, along with follow-up one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Consistent with a CBPR approach, data were analyzed using a three-phase process of content analysis that included the preparation, organization, and reporting of data. Findings are represented by five main themes, highlighting how young women wrestlers' complex menstrual cycle experiences are shaped by feelings of inconvenience and fears of unexpectedly bleeding through clothing. Such experiences are compounded by participating in a sport environment that promotes a culture of no excuses and where coaches, particularly men coaches, may lack the necessary knowledge to support athletes' as they navigate their menstrual cycle in sport. Finally, participants highlighted how teammate support from other woman wrestlers, as well as a change in narrative that focuses on the power of women's menstrual cycles, are essential for supporting young women wrestlers navigate menstrual cycle experiences. This study serves as an example of how Indigenous perspectives and methodologies in sport research foster in-depth understandings of athletes' menstrual cycle experiences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effiziente Talentidentifikation im Frauenfußball: Ein rangbasierter Ansatz zur Analyse der Torerzielung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097145</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097145</guid>
      <author>Song, S.</author>
      <author>Kim, H.-S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Torerfolg</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Torschuss</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Scouting</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>FIFA</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Algorithmus</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Song, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kim, H.-S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Individual goal-scoring analysis in women`s football faces severe class imbalance and limited scouting resources, where classification metrics alone do not capture operational efficiency. We analyzed 2,535 non-goalkeeper player-match observations from the 2023 FIFA Women`s World Cup (736 unique players) with 51 performance features, excluding match-outcome variables to emphasize individual actions. Using nested cross-validation, LightGBM captured 79.4% of goal-scoring observations within the top 20% of ranked observations; an out-of-bag (OOB) bootstrap gains analysis yielded 73.9% capture at Top 20% (lift = 3.69x; 95% CI: 63.9%-84.3%). Permutation and SHAP consensus highlighted tactical availability (Total Offers) and combined technical/physical workload indicators (Passes Attempted, Jogging Distance, Top Speed). This proof-of-concept study shows that ranking-based evaluation improves scouting efficiency using basic match statistics, while thresholds and feature weights require validation in other competitive contexts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des "Coach`s Eye" bei der Bewertung und Auswahl von 3×3-Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097491</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097491</guid>
      <author>Cermak, N.</author>
      <author>Koopmann, T.</author>
      <author>Siebert, L.</author>
      <author>Schorer, J.</author>
      <author>Zentgraf, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>3x3 Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Perspektive</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cermak, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koopmann, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siebert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schorer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zentgraf, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although recent studies recommend making multidimensional selection decisions based on subjective and objective data, in practical settings coaches often decide subjectively. When trying to understand coaches' selection decisions, it is important to regard different theories of decision-making when analyzing predictors. Thus, this study examined predictors for selection decisions by comparing approaches of the theory of both unbounded (logistic regression) and bounded rationality (fast-and-frugal tree, FFTree). Accordingly, this study's aim was twofold: (1) investigate talent aspects in 3 × 3 basketball, and (2) compare different statistical approaches to this investigation. Regarding the underlying process of selection decisions, analyses focused on interrater agreement of subjective assessments and the relevance of different talent aspects. A total of 46 3 × 3 basketball players (female n = 23, age range: 15.8-18.6 years) were assessed during the final stage of the German national selection system. Data included motor performance tests, anthropometrics, and coaches' subjective assessments of technical, tactical, and psychological parameters, as well as ratings of the relevance of different talent aspects. Variables were first reduced and then analyzed using logistic regression and FFTree. Interrater reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and graphical analyses examined talent aspects relevance. Both logistic regression (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.70) and FFTree indicated that the subjective assessments component was the most important predictor for selection. The ICC revealed poor to moderate consistency between coaches (female players = 0.38; male players = 0.51). Graphical comparisons and descriptive statistics suggest differences between national and regional coaches in their assessments of the relevance of different talent aspects such as current performance. Although logistic regression and FFTree yielded similar main results, FFTree visualized and identified a prioritization between cues. Therefore, FFTrees are considered as an appropriate method for future studies on selection decisions, as they reflect decision-making under limited information and time pressure present in selection settings. Player selection in 3 × 3 basketball appears highly subjective, as indicated by low interrater reliability between coaches. To enhance quality and transparency, selection decisions should be made by a team of coaches based on clearer, shared criteria and be supported by actuarial approaches such as FFTrees.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Genetische Polymorphismen des ACE2-Gens und nicht-genetische Faktoren standen bei Hochleistungssportlern mit einer Vorgeschichte von Verletzungen des Bewegungsapparats in Zusammenhang</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097722</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097722</guid>
      <author>Lopes, L. R.</author>
      <author>Medeiros, R.</author>
      <author>Dias, F.</author>
      <author>Tavares, V.</author>
      <author>Goes, R. A.</author>
      <author>de Sousa, E. B.</author>
      <author>Machado, D. E.</author>
      <author>Perini, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Genetik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Polymorphismus</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Tendinopathie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, L. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Medeiros, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dias, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tavares, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goes, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Sousa, E. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, D. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perini, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[High-intensity exercise affects angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels and can modulate regeneration of the skeletal muscle; however, genetic polymorphisms can influence ACE2 expression, which could lead to musculoskeletal injury (MSKi). This case-control study aimed to evaluate the influence of ACE2 polymorphisms, and their combination with non-genetic predictors on the history of MSKi in high-performance athletes. Four hundred eighty-eight athletes genotyped for ACE2 SNPs (rs2285666, rs4240157, and rs2074192). Of the 300 MSKi cases, 51% reported only muscle injuries and 13% only tendinopathy; however, 36% had reported both injuries. The ACE2-rs4240157-T and rs2074192-T alleles, the rs2074192-TT genotype, and the CTT haplotype (rs2285666, rs4240157, and rs2074192) were all associated with an increased risk of MSKi (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7; OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.0; OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-2.5; and OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-2.0, respectively). Conversely, the ACE2-rs2285666-TT genotype and the TCC haplotype exhibited a protective effect for this condition (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9 and OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.3-1.0, respectively). The multifactorial score, which included age, sex, BMI, training exposure index, and ACE2 gene SNPs, was significantly higher in MSKi cases compared with controls (p < 0.01). This risk score is important because it has the potential to enhance biostatistical methods of surveillance in athlete health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanische Eigenschaften und Merkmale der Muskelaktivität beim Zangengriff bei unterschiedlichen Griffweiten und Kletterfähigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097723</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097723</guid>
      <author>Huang, Y.</author>
      <author>Li, S.</author>
      <author>Peng, Y.</author>
      <author>Yu, J.</author>
      <author>Chen, R.</author>
      <author>Ding, X.</author>
      <author>Hao, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griff</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Grifftechnik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ding, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hao, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to explore the mechanics and muscular activity characteristics of the pinch grip across varying hold widths and climber skill levels. Upper-ranked (n = 11) and lower-ranked (n = 11) advanced climbers completed maximum gripping biomechanical test of a jug hold and two pinch holds with different widths. The resultant traction force, traction force components, the utilization rates of traction forces, hand normal pressing force and root mean square (RMS) amplitude of upper limb muscles were collected. Compared to the jug, traction force decreased by 6%-19% when using the broad pinch and 31%-46% with the narrow (all P < 0.001). The RMS of the pectoralis major, biceps brachii, and latissimus dorsi also showed the pattern the jug > the broad pinch > the narrow pinch (all P < 0.01). Traction force utilization rates at the broad pinch were 21%-62% higher than at the narrow pinch (all P < 0.001). The upper-ranked group showed significantly greater traction forces and higher hand normal pressing force compared to the lower-ranked (all P < 0.01). Holds` width is a significant factor in the biomechanical characteristics of pinch. Upper-ranked advanced climbers demonstrate higher hand normal pressing forces and traction forces compared to the lower-ranked.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Passen sich die Trainer an die Bedeutung eines Turniers an? Strategische Auswahl der Startaufstellungen in Fußballnationalmannschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097724</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097724</guid>
      <author>Avkhimovich, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nationalmannschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Turnier</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Aufstellung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>FIFA</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>UEFA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Avkhimovich, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The paper examines coaches` strategic choices in selecting starting squads of national football teams for tournaments with different levels of importance. Building on age-related human development, resilience, and team diversity theories, it empirically studies several regression models of coaches` strategic choices regarding the starting squad`s average age and age diversity. Using match-level data from 32 European national football teams and more than 3,000 matches from 2014-2023, the analysis covers different competitions: friendly matches, continental championships (the UEFA EURO), and the FIFA World Cup. The results show that coaches have differentiated strategies for the starting squad`s average age across tournaments with different importance. The average age of the starting squad for the final and qualification stages of the FIFA World Cup and UEFA EURO, the most important tournaments, is up to 0.8 years higher than for a friendly match. The paper also shows that the age diversity of the starting squad varies depending on the tournament the national team participates in, being 4 - 6% higher for the final stages of the FIFA World Cup and UEFA EURO compared with friendly matches. However, none of the age-related parameters lead to a significant improvement in the probability of winning an individual match. Such an effect could be explained by coaches` perceived importance, as well as coaches` anchoring toward more experienced players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine systematische Übersicht und eine dreistufige Metaanalyse zu den Auswirkungen des stroboskopischen Trainings auf die sportspezifische Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097738</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097738</guid>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, Q.</author>
      <author>Bao, H.</author>
      <author>Dong, X.</author>
      <author>Cai, K.</author>
      <author>Chen, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Stroboskop</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bao, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cai, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Against the backdrop of pursuing optimal athletic performance, researchers are exploring safe, side-effect-free interventions. This study systematically evaluated the effects of Stroboscopic Visual Training (SVT) on sport-specific performance and examined potential moderating effects of intervention parameters and individual characteristics. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted and studies screened using PICOS criteria. Thirteen studies were included, yielding 30 effect sizes. A three-level meta-analysis revealed a small-to-moderate positive effect of SVT on sport-specific performance (Hedges` g = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.12-0.58, p < 0.01). Moderator analyses showed that intervention frequency significantly predicted outcomes (p = 0.03), whereas age, training experience, and duration did not. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness of findings. Risk of bias was moderate (ROB 2), and evidence quality was graded "moderate" (GRADE). SVT appears to be a safe, practical training tool that enhances sport-specific performance. However, methodological heterogeneity and limited sample representativeness highlight the need for further high-quality randomized controlled trials to confirm the stability and generalizability of these effects.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bestehen des Tests: Eine standardisierte Passübung liefert eine aussagekräftige Beurteilung der kardiorespiratorischen Fitness bei Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097739</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097739</guid>
      <author>Shushan, T.</author>
      <author>Lovell, R.</author>
      <author>McLaren, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>wettkampfspezifisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Passspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shushan, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lovell, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McLaren, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the concurrent and criterion validity of a football-specific intermittent-variable submaximal fitness test (SMFT) as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Eighteen male senior football players were monitored over a 12-week period using a repeated measures design. Each week, a standardised Y-shape passing drill (practical SMFT) was administered immediately following a 4-min continuous run (criterion SMFT), with exercise heart rate (HRex) measured during both protocols. Laboratory-derived measures of cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed at the start and end of this period. The within-player correlation between HRex from the two SMFTs was large, with a clear improvement in the relationship (delta_r ˜0.2) and model fit (chi_2 = 52.1, p < 0.001; adjusted vs unadjusted model statistics: marginal-R2 = 0.56 vs 0.29, Akaike information criterion = 434.8 vs 477.0, root mean square error = 1.63 vs 2.21%-points of HRmax) after adjusting for passing drill total and high-speed running distances. Adjusted HRex values from the passing drill showed stronger associations (r ˜-0.70 vs -0.35) with maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic speed. A Y-shape passing drill offers a valid and practical assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness within the SMFT framework. We provide a method to guide practitioners in adjusting HRex for external training load, thereby improving agreement with criterion SMFT running protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Title not available</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097740</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097740</guid>
      <author>Tzlil Shushan</author>
      <author>ORCID Icon, Ric Lovell</author>
      <author>ORCID Icon &amp; Shaun J. McLaren</author>
      <author>ORCID Icon</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tzlil Shushan</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>ORCID Icon, Ric Lovell</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>ORCID Icon &amp; Shaun J. McLaren</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>ORCID Icon</dc:creator>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kombinierte Auswirkungen von Durchblutungsrestriktionstraining und Ernährungsintervention auf Muskelanpassungen: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097745</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097745</guid>
      <author>Zhao, B.</author>
      <author>Zhai, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhai, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Blood flow restriction (BFR) training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gains under low-load conditions by restricting blood flow. While BFR reduces mechanical stress on joints, the associated metabolic stress and discomfort may limit training performance. Certain nutritional supplements may enhance BFR training effects, but the existing evidence remains inconclusive.

Objective:
To systematically evaluate the combined effects of BFR training and nutritional interventions on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and muscle hypertrophy in healthy adults.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from January 2015 to December 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials comparing BFR combined with nutritional interventions versus BFR alone (or BFR plus placebo) were included. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model.

Results:
Nine studies involving 181 healthy adults were included. Meta-analysis showed no clear additional effect of nutritional interventions on maximal strength (SMD=-0.09; 95% CI: -0.37, 0.20; p=0.55) or muscle hypertrophy (SMD=0.31; 95% CI: -0.14, 0.77; p=0.18). Nutritional interventions were associated with improvements in muscular endurance (SMD=0.90; 95% CI: 0.55, 1.25; p<0.00001), although the limited number of studies and small sample sizes warrant cautious interpretation. Subgroup analyses indicated no significant influence of supplement type, participant training status, or intervention duration on maximal strength.

Conclusion:
Current evidence suggests that nutritional interventions may support fatigue resistance and enhance muscular endurance under BFR training conditions, but do not provide a clear additional benefit for maximal strength or hypertrophy. These findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the limited number of studies, small sample sizes, and heterogeneity in supplementation protocols. Further high-quality research is needed to explore long-term effects, mechanisms, and population-specific responses, including female and elderly participants.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Pflanzliche Alginat-Polysaccharid-Hydrogele in der Sport- und Trainingsernährung: Auswirkungen auf den Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel, die Magen-Darm-Integrität, die Erholung nach dem Training und die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097746</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097746</guid>
      <author>Li, P.</author>
      <author>Song, Q.</author>
      <author>Xu, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Alginate is a plant-derived polysaccharide used in sport nutrition for its gel-forming properties. Alginate- and pectin-based carbohydrate hydrogels aim to optimize carbohydrate delivery during endurance exercise by modulating gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. However, evidence on their effects on metabolism, gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance, recovery, and performance remains inconsistent.

Objective:
To systematically evaluate the effects of alginate-based carbohydrate hydrogels on metabolic responses, GI tolerance, recovery, and endurance performance in humans.

Methods:
PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials (2000-2025) comparing alginate- or alginate-pectin-based hydrogels with non-hydrogel carbohydrate or placebo during =60-min endurance exercise. Outcomes on metabolism, GI symptoms, recovery, and performance were qualitatively synthesized and visualized via an evidence heatmap.

Results:
Nine trials met inclusion criteria. Hydrogels generally enhanced metabolic indicators such as exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, particularly at high ingestion rates. GI tolerance was similar to traditional solutions, with fewer symptoms reported under high-carbohydrate conditions. Performance effects were inconsistent-minor improvements occurred mainly in running, with limited or null effects in cycling and skiing. Preliminary evidence indicates potential attenuation of muscle damage markers and preserved post-exercise amino acid availability.

Conclusion:
Alginate-based hydrogels appear to modulate carbohydrate metabolism without consistently improving endurance performance. Their efficacy depends on exercise type, carbohydrate dose, and athlete training status. Further well-controlled trials are needed to define their role in supporting performance and recovery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Koffeinkonsums auf die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Basketballspielern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097747</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097747</guid>
      <author>Liu, J.</author>
      <author>Xue, R.</author>
      <author>Zhang, X.</author>
      <author>Huang, J.</author>
      <author>Chen, B.</author>
      <author>Guo, L.</author>
      <author>Cao, Y.</author>
      <author>Girard, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Koffein</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xue, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Girard, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
The ergogenic effects of caffeine in team sports, particularly basketball, have been widely investigated. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of caffeine intake on basketball-specific skills and general physical and game-related performance outcomes.

Methods:
Eighteen studies employing a blinded, crossover design were included. Random-effects meta-analyses examined the effects of caffeine intake on isolated skills (e.g., free-throw and three-point shooting accuracy, dribbling speed), general physical performance (e.g., sprint speed, jump height, and agility), and game-related actions during real or simulated matches (e.g., assists, total points scored, and performance index rating).

Results:
Low to moderate doses of caffeine intake improved general physical performance, including linear sprint speed (SMD: -0.27; 95% CI: -0.42- -0.13; p < 0.01), repeated-sprint speed (SMD: -0.45; 95% CI: -0.78 -0.13; p < 0.01), single-jump height (SMD: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.01-0.29; p = 0.04), and agility, reflected by shorter test completion times (SMD: -0.25; 95% CI: -0.51-0.00; p = 0.05). Low caffeine doses (2.3-3 mg/kg) did not significantly improve basketball-specific skills (i.e., shooting accuracy and dribbling speed), but were associated with enhanced overall performance during real or simulated competition (SMD: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.10-0.40; p < 0.01), alongside increased perceived muscle endurance (SMD: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.12-0.95; p = 0.01) and power (SMD: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.63-1.39; p < 0.01).

Conclusion:
In basketball, low-dose caffeine primarily enhances general physical rather than isolated technical skills. These findings highlight the importance of dose selection, suggesting that moderate caffeine dosage (>3 mg/kg) may be required to meaningfully influence performance in match-like basketball settings.

Systematic review registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251060676, Identifier: CRD420251060676.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Akute psychologische Reaktionen auf offizielle Spielergebnisse im männlichen Jugendvolleyball: eine Beobachtungsstudie mit wiederholten Messungen innerhalb einer einzigen Mannschaft auf nationaler Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097748</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097748</guid>
      <author>Do Nascimento, M. H.</author>
      <author>Filho, A. S. S.</author>
      <author>Aprigliano, V.</author>
      <author>Clemente, F. M.</author>
      <author>Vieira, C. A.</author>
      <author>Campos, M. H.</author>
      <author>Rocha, A. C. R.</author>
      <author>Arantes, D. D. L. C.</author>
      <author>Pedrosa, G. F.</author>
      <author>Noll, M.</author>
      <author>Kawczynski, A.</author>
      <author>Laporta, L.</author>
      <author>De Conti Teixeira Costa, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Do Nascimento, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filho, A. S. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aprigliano, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, F. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vieira, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campos, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, A. C. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arantes, D. D. L. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pedrosa, G. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Noll, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawczynski, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laporta, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Conti Teixeira Costa, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Official match outcomes may be associated with acute psychological responses in youth athletes, particularly in team sports characterized by high emotional and interpersonal demands.

Objective:
To examine acute psychological responses in male youth volleyball athletes during official matches in a national-level competition, focusing on associations with match outcome (win vs. loss), playing status (starter vs. substitute), and assessment moment (pre- vs. post-match).

Methods:
Fourteen male athletes (mean age 16.5±0.82years) from a single Brazilian national-level team were followed across 20 official matches (14 wins and 6 losses). Psychological responses were assessed before and/or after matches using validated instruments: State Anxiety (STAI-IDATE), Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), Feeling Scale, Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), and Total Quality Recovery (TQR). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used with an independent working correlation structure and robust (sandwich) standard errors. Fixed effects included match outcome, playing status, assessment moment, and their interactions. Candidate marginal models were compared via Independence Model Criterion under a parsimonious strategy suitable for small samples.

Results:
Losses were associated with increased post-match state anxiety, tension, depression, anger, and confusion, whereas wins were generally associated with stability or more favorable responses in these dimensions. Affective valence also showed an outcome×moment interaction, declining after losses but remaining relatively stable after wins. Vigor demonstrated a three-way interaction between playing status, outcome, and moment, with substitutes showing a more pronounced decline after losses. Fatigue showed main effects of playing status, match outcome, and moment. Enjoyment was higher in wins than losses and higher in starters than substitutes. Perceived recovery showed a playing status×outcome interaction, with starters reporting higher pre-match recovery before matches that resulted in wins.

Conclusion:
In this single-team observational sample, acute psychological responses appeared to vary according to match outcome, playing status, and assessment moment. These findings should be interpreted as exploratory associations and may support the practical value of psychological monitoring in youth competitive volleyball.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Durch körperliche Betätigung ausgelöste oxidative und hämatologische Reaktionen bei jugendlichen Schwimmerinnen während der Lutealphase</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097749</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097749</guid>
      <author>Cichon-Wozniak, J.</author>
      <author>Dziewiecka, H.</author>
      <author>Ostapiuk-Karolczuk, J.</author>
      <author>Mydlowska, M.</author>
      <author>Szymanczuk, M.</author>
      <author>Skarpanska-Stejnborn, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hämatologie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cichon-Wozniak, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dziewiecka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ostapiuk-Karolczuk, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mydlowska, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Szymanczuk, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skarpanska-Stejnborn, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Physiological response to exercise in young female athletes is understudied, especially regarding how the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle influences performance in demanding sports such as swimming. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the post-exercise cortisol response, oxidative stress markers, and hematological parameters following a moderate-intensity exercise test in trained adolescent female swimmers.

Materials and methods:
Eighteen swimmers (aged 12-16 years) performed a swimming test (800m + 200m + 50m) during their rigorously verified luteal phase. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 3 hours of recovery. It was registered retrospectively on clinicaltrials.gov under NCT06903195 (March 17, 2025).

Results:
Moderate-intensity exercise significantly increased 8-isoprostane levels (100.70 (40.50-131.00) vs 145.10 (99.16-190.40), p<0.05), while cortisol and 4-hydroxynonenal levels decreased after 3 hours. Microscopic blood smear analysis showed erythrocyte anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, toxic granulation in granulocytes, and activated lymphocytes.

Conclusion:
The evaluation of young female swimmers during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle revealed stable and subsequently decreasing cortisol levels, indicating that the exercise did not elicit a significant endocrine stress response. In contrast, the same protocol resulted in elevated levels of 8-isoprostanes. This latter finding demonstrates that the moderate-intensity exercise was sufficient to induce exercise-induced oxidative stress in this specific group of athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von wiederholtem Sprinttraining auf dem Spielfeld auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Fußballspielern: eine systematische Übersicht und eine Mehrebenen-Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097750</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097750</guid>
      <author>Chen, A.</author>
      <author>Zhuang, M.</author>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Zhao, L.</author>
      <author>Wang, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederholungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhuang, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Repeated sprint training (RST) on the field has been employed as a time-efficient training strategy to enhance key physical performance in soccer players, such as short-sprint ability and repeated sprint ability (RSA). However, existing evidence regarding the effects of RST on comprehensive physical performance remains inconsistent, with previous reviews limited by methodological heterogeneity and insufficient statistical power. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review and quantify the effects of field-based RST on multiple physical performance indicators in soccer players through a multilevel meta-analysis.

Methods:
This study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. A systematic search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO from inception until August 2025. Randomized controlled trials comparing field-based RST with control training were included. Using the metafor package in R (version 4.2.1), a multilevel random-effects model was constructed to synthesize non-independent effect sizes and accurately estimate within-group correlations. Effect sizes were expressed as Hedges` g with 95% confidence intervals. Parameters were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood, and the orchard package was employed for moderator analysis and result visualization. Heterogeneity was assessed via multilevel I2 statistics.

Results:
A total of 17 RCTs (386 participants) were included. The analysis revealed that RST significantly improved short-sprint ability (g = -0.26, 95% CI [-0.50, -0.03], p = 0.03), RSA (g = -0.37, 95% CI [-0.67, -0.08], p = 0.02), change of direction (CoD) ability (g = -0.70, 95% CI [-1.14, -0.25], p < 0.01) and high-intensity running (HIR) performance (g = 0.97, 95% CI [0.50, 1.43], p < 0.01). In contrast, RST did not yield significant overall effects on vertical jump (VJ) performance (g = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.40, 0.25], p = 0.64) or aerobic capacity (g = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.45, 0.50], p = 0.87). Most outcomes exhibited low heterogeneity (I2 = 25.7%), with only RSA and VJ performance showing low-to-moderate heterogeneity.

Conclusion:
Field-based RST effectively enhances short-sprint ability, RSA, CoD ability and HIR performance in soccer players. However, its limited effects on VJ performance, and aerobic capacity. Future research should focus on clarifying dose-response relationships and integrating sport-specific movements and individual characteristics to optimize training prescriptions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine explorative Studie zur reaktiven Beweglichkeit und Sprintleistung bei männlichen jugendlichen Handballspielern eines tunesischen Vereins während des intermittierenden Fastens im Ramadan</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097751</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097751</guid>
      <author>Bedoui, M. R.</author>
      <author>Ltifi, M. A.</author>
      <author>Bourezgui, A.</author>
      <author>Sufaru, C.</author>
      <author>Pavel, S. I.</author>
      <author>Sandovici, A.</author>
      <author>Alexe, D. I.</author>
      <author>Aouadi, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>intermittierend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tunesien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Fasten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Ramadan</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bedoui, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ltifi, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bourezgui, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sufaru, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pavel, S. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandovici, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alexe, D. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aouadi, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
This exploratory study investigated performance changes across the Ramadan period in adolescent U18 male handball players, focusing on reactive agility, linear sprint performance, and pre-planned change-of-direction (Modified Agility Test: MAT) in U18 male handball players. Given the observational design, findings should be interpreted cautiously.

Methods:
Thirty adolescent players (mean age 17.5 ± 0.09 years) from a competitive Tunisian club were assessed at five time points: before Ramadan, during weeks 1, 2, and 4, and two weeks post-Ramadan. Tests included 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m sprints, the Modified Agility T-test (MAT), and a Y-shaped reactive agility test (RAT). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results:
RAT performance progressively deteriorated across Ramadan and remained impaired two weeks post- Ramadan (p < 0.001). Sprint performance showed transient improvements early in Ramadan, followed by declines, particularly over 20-30 m. MAT performance remained relatively stable across all time points. Body mass and body mass index decreased significantly during Ramadan (p < 0.001) and returned close to baseline post-Ramadan.

Conclusion:
This exploratory study observed selective performance changes across the Ramadan period, with RAT declining most consistently, sprint performance showing transient changes, and MAT remaining relatively stable despite statistically significant differences. These findings may reflect the combined influence of physiological and contextual factors. However, due to the observational design and absence of a control group, causality cannot be established and results should be interpreted cautiously.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein theoretisches Vorhersagemodell zur Simulation der Auswirkungen von akutem Ausdauertraining auf die Kraftentwicklungsrate bei Gewichthebern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097752</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097752</guid>
      <author>Pistilli, E. E.</author>
      <author>Mizener, A. D.</author>
      <author>Clayton, S. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gewichtheben</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pistilli, E. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mizener, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clayton, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Compelling data supports the concept that concurrent strength and aerobic training can interfere with adaptations to strength training related to speed, power, and rate of force development (RFD). Studies on this topic have primarily utilized non-athlete participants, with data subsequently extrapolated to athlete populations. Since there may be hesitancy to have athletes involved in research on the interference effects of aerobic exercise on strength specific adaptations, we built a model to simulate these effects and developed an equation to predict interference. The hypothesis tested in this project was that aerobic exercise is the main driver of interference on weightlifting-associated RFD, and that this interference can be modeled to generate an equation to predict changes to RFD.

Methods:
Python software was used to generate the model, perform the simulation, and optimize variables that contribute to the interference effect. A theoretical nonlinear exponential interference model was created that simulates the changes in RFD from a force-time curve in response to acute aerobic exercise lasting from 2-minutes to 60-minutes in duration.

Results:
RFD sensitivity to aerobic exercise was modeled such that maximal RFD values were predicted to be reduced by approximately 70% after aerobic exercise less than 10 minutes, with further predicted reductions of 80% with durations greater than 10-minutes.

Discussion:
The prediction equation includes variables that can be adjusted by coaches, such as the rate of decay and the RFD scaling factor, to predict the interference of acute aerobic exercise on RFD in strength athletes. This would theoretically allow the coach to make informed decisions on training program design if there is a need to include aerobic exercise in a strength and/or power-based periodized plan. The simulation model described herein is theoretical and has not yet been empirically validated.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines einseitigen im Vergleich zu einem beidseitigen komplexen Trainings mit Schwungrad auf die Richtungswechsel- und Sprintleistung bei männlichen Elite-Volleyballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097753</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097753</guid>
      <author>Wang, J.</author>
      <author>Lan, J.</author>
      <author>Qin, Z.</author>
      <author>Liang, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwungelement</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lan, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qin, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liang, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Flywheel training has been shown to enhance lower-limb power; however, evidence comparing unilateral and bilateral complex training, especially among elite volleyball players, remains limited.

Methods:
Twenty-four male college volleyball players were randomly divided into three groups: unilateral flywheel complex training (UFT, n=8), bilateral flywheel complex training (BFT, n=8), or a control group (CON, n=8) that continued their regular technical training only. The intervention lasted 8 weeks, with 2 sessions each week. Performance measures included linear sprint times (5 m, 10 m, 30 m), change-of-direction skills (T-test, 5-0-5, volleyball-specific agility), and movement endurance (seven T-tests and repeated 30 m runs). A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to identify differences between groups and across time points (pre-test vs. post-test).

Results:
Significant group × time interactions were observed across sprint, COD, and repeated-movement tests (p < 0.05). UFT demonstrated greater improvements than both BFT and CON in short-distance sprint (5-10 m), COD performance, and repeated-movement measures. BFT also improved performance relative to CON in selected outcomes, particularly the 30 m sprint and repeated tests, although improvements were generally smaller than those observed in UFT.

Conclusion:
Eight weeks of unilateral flywheel-based complex training resulted in the greatest improvements in short sprints, COD, and movement endurance compared to bilateral training and the control group. Although bilateral training also enhanced performance, the gains were comparatively smaller. These findings support the effectiveness of UFT as a strategy for improving short-distance acceleration and multidirectional movement performance relevant to volleyball match play.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines langfristigen Funktionstrainings in Kombination mit Durchblutungsrestriktionstraining auf die sportliche Leistung und die Körperzusammensetzung bei Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097754</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097754</guid>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Lyu, M.</author>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Li, M.</author>
      <author>Tao, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhu, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>funktionelles Training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lyu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
This study examined the effects of a 24-week functional training (FT) and blood flow restriction combined with FT (BFR-FT) on athletic performance and body composition in athletes.

Methods:
Twenty-six male basketball players were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG). The CG performed FT, while the EG performed BFR-FT, both for 24 weeks. Assessments were conducted at seven time points, every 4 weeks, measuring 1RM half-squat, 1RM squat, vertical jump, 30m sprint, agility, 17-return shuttle run, body weight, and limb circumference and skinfold thickness.

Results:
(1) Significant time × group interactions were observed for 1RM half-squat and speed (P < 0.01). The EG showed superior speed (weeks 12, 20, P < 0.01) and 1RM half-squat (week 8, P = 0.02; weeks 12-24, P < 0.01). For 1RM squat and endurance, both interaction and time effects were significant (P < 0.05). For explosive power and agility, only time effects were significant (P < 0.01). (2) Significant interactions were found for body weight (P = 0.04), thigh circumference (P < 0.01), and calf skinfold thickness (P = 0.02), and the main effects of time were also significant (P < 0.01). For calf circumference and thigh skinfold thickness, only time effects were significant (P < 0.01).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Anatomische räumlich-zeitliche Verteilung und multivariates Risiko akuter Verletzungen im Spitzenrugby: eine auf prospektiver Beobachtung basierende Kohorte</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097755</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097755</guid>
      <author>Chen, Z.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <author>Mei, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anatomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mei, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Acute injuries are common in rugby and threaten both player health and career longevity. Previous studies often focused on isolated risk factors, while limited research has comprehensively examined the interplay of physiological, environmental, and situational variables.

Methods:
Study conducted A cohort study of 40 elite male players from the Tianjin Rugby Team was conducted, monitoring 575 match exposures across 2.5 consecutive seasons (2022-2025). Acute injuries were defined according to international consensus criteria and verified by medical staff. Spatiotemporal distributions (seasonal variation, match stage, playing position, and body site) were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression. Multivariate models were applied to identify independent risk factors, including demographic, training, and environmental variables.

Results:
A total of 143 acute injury events were recorded, with bone and joint injuries most prevalent (48.2%), and the majority classified as moderate-to-severe (78.3%). Injury incidence rate rose significantly across seasons (127.9 per 1,000 player-hours in 2024/25 vs. 43.3 in 2022/23, representing a 1.83-fold increase), and advanced competition stages showed higher risks (OR for finals = 7.06 vs. group stage, p<0.001). GEE analysis demonstrated that the 2023/24 season, semi-finals and finals, forward position, no previous injury history, and higher training load were associated with elevated acute injury risk among rugby players (all P<0.05), while higher temperature served as a protective factor (P<0.001); age, BMI, exercise level, fatigue, and training years showed no significant effects.

Conclusions:
Acute injury risk in rugby demonstrates clear spatiotemporal patterns and is strongly influenced by both individual and environmental factors. The model developed provides a practical basis for targeted prevention strategies, including load management, environmental adaptation, and individualized recovery protocols. These findings can serve as a reference for coaches and medical teams at elite Chinese rugby clubs—particularly those adopting training-competition models—to optimize training and competition management.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein multimodales, auf Deep Learning basierendes Modell zur Erkennung von Haltungsasymmetrien und zur Vorhersage des Risikos von Sportverletzungen bei jugendlichen Tischtennisspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097756</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097756</guid>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Guo, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tischtennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>deep learning</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Adolescent table tennis athletes face significant sports injury risks due to repetitive unilateral force generation patterns during the critical skeletal maturation period, yet traditional posture assessment methods lack quantitative precision and real-time monitoring capability.

Methods:
This study develops a multimodal deep learning framework integrating video RGB sequences, skeletal keypoint trajectories, and kinematic parameters through cross-modal attention mechanisms, weighted graph convolutional networks, and temporal convolutional networks to automatically recognize posture asymmetry patterns and assess biomechanical injury risk levels based on expert-evaluated postural deviation criteria, representing prospective biomechanical risk stratification for screening purposes rather than longitudinally validated injury occurrence prediction.

Results:
Comprehensive evaluation on the TTStroke-21 dataset demonstrates superior performance in both four-class posture asymmetry recognition and three-level injury risk prediction compared to baseline methods, validating the effectiveness of sport-specific architectural adaptations and multimodal data fusion strategies. The biomechanical analysis reveals quantitative relationships between technical movement patterns and asymmetry manifestations across different stroke types and age groups, confirming the critical intervention window during the 12-14-year developmental period.

Conclusion:
The proposed intelligent assessment system provides substantial practical value for training monitoring and injury prevention in youth sports, enabling coaches and sports medicine practitioners to implement data-driven personalized intervention strategies including contralateral limb strengthening programs and targeted corrective exercises before structural imbalances progress to clinical injury outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des einseitigen Trainings auf die schnelle Kraftentwicklung bei Sportlern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097757</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097757</guid>
      <author>Zhuang, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Ma, L.</author>
      <author>Han, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>unilateral</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Unilateral training has been increasingly applied in athletic conditioning; however, its effects on rate of force development (RFD) remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of unilateral training on RFD in athletes.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted across major electronic databases to identify studies examining the effects of unilateral training on RFD. Eligible studies were included based on predefined criteria, and a meta-analysis was performed to quantify the overall effects.

Results:
The findings indicated that unilateral training produced significant improvements in RFD among athletes, although the magnitude of effects varied depending on training protocols and participant characteristics

Discussion:
Unilateral training appears to be an effective strategy for enhancing RFD in athletes. These findings provide practical implications for strength and conditioning programs, while highlighting the need for further research to clarify optimal training parameters.

Systematic Review Registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD420251030088.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich zwischen Blutflussrestriktion bei geringer Belastung und Krafttraining mit hoher Belastung der Fingerbeuger bei fortgeschrittenen Kletterern: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097758</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097758</guid>
      <author>Andersen, V.</author>
      <author>Hermans, E.</author>
      <author>Hansen, K. G.</author>
      <author>Solstad, T. E. J.</author>
      <author>Saeterbakken, A. H.</author>
      <author>Balas, J.</author>
      <author>Paulsen, G.</author>
      <author>Stien, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Finger</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Andersen, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermans, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hansen, K. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Solstad, T. E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saeterbakken, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Balas, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paulsen, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stien, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
The aim of the present pilot study was to compare the effects of low load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) with high load resistance training (HL) in advanced level climbers.

Methods:
Twenty-two climbers were randomly allocated to LL-BFR or HL performing training twice per week for five weeks. Before and after the intervention the participants were tested in isometric pull-up (peak- and average force), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in a finger flexor exercise, finger endurance, forearm circumference, and climbing performance.

Results:
There were no group differences in any of the tests (p=0.346-0.891), however, both groups increased their average force in the pull-up (LL-BFR; 52 N, p=0.012, HL; 56 N, p=0.024), MVC (LL-BFR; 15 kg, p=0.008, HL; 17 kg, p=0.002), forearm circumference (LL-BFR; 0.8 cm, p=0.012, HL; 0.6, p=0.038) and climbing performance (LL-BFR; 13.5 moves, p=0.012, HL; 10 moves, p=0.003). No pre-post differences were observed for the peak force in the pull-up (p=0.132-0.376) or the endurance test (p=0.752-1.000).

Discussion:
In conclusion, resistance training of the finger flexors with HL or LL-BFR resulted in no between-group differences, with both interventions improving maximal strength, hypertrophy, and climbing performance, but not endurance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ermüdungsprotokolle und sportliche Leistung: eine systematische Übersicht mit Schwerpunkt auf ökologischer Relevanz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097760</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097760</guid>
      <author>Yu, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhang, X.</author>
      <author>Zhang, N.</author>
      <author>Qu, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <author>He, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Fatigue is a major factor influencing athletic performance, yet findings across studies remain inconsistent. This inconsistency is likely related to substantial heterogeneity in fatigue-induction protocols, fatigue verification methods, and performance outcomes. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the effects of sports fatigue on athletic performance and to discuss the ecological relevance of existing experimental fatigue models.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus up to November 2025. Randomized controlled trials with crossover or parallel-group designs investigating athletic performance under fatigue in trained athletes were eligible for inclusion.

Results:
A total of 56 experimental studies were included. Physical fatigue generally impaired physical performance, whereas its effects on perceptual-cognitive performance were heterogeneous across protocols, tasks, and outcome measures. Mental fatigue generally impaired endurance, motor skill, and perceptual-cognitive performance, with less consistent evidence for strength- and power-related outcomes. Evidence on dual fatigue was limited but suggested negative effects on endurance and perceptual-cognitive performance.

Conclusion:
Current evidence is characterized by considerable heterogeneity in fatigue-induction protocols, fatigue verification methods, and performance outcomes. Single-fatigue paradigms remain valuable for mechanistic isolation, whereas dual-fatigue paradigms may offer complementary ecological relevance by approximating the concurrent physical and cognitive demands of sport. Future research should develop more standardized and ecologically valid fatigue models and further examine potential countermeasures, including neuroenhancement tools and targeted training strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende Auswirkungen von einseitigem und beidseitigem plyometrischem Training auf die körperliche Fitness bei jugendlichen Mannschaftssportlern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097761</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097761</guid>
      <author>Zhang, F.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Shi, S.</author>
      <author>Wang, H.</author>
      <author>Liu, J.</author>
      <author>Yeremenko, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>unilateral</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>bilateral</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yeremenko, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
This study aimed to compare the relative effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on jump, sprint, and change-of-direction performance in adolescent team-sport athletes.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases. Effect sizes were calculated from pre- and post-training changes and pooled using a random-effects model, expressed as SMD (Hedges` g) and its 95% CI.

Results:
A total of 11 studies involving 388 participants were included. Between-group comparisons showed no significant differences for countermovement jump (CMJ) (SMD = -0.06, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.20, I² = 0%, p = 0.649), standing long jump (SLJ) (SMD = -0.20, 95% CI -0.55 to 0.15, I² = 0%, p = 0.268), =10 m sprint (SMD = -0.22, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.09, I² = 0%, p = 0.164), =20 m sprint (SMD = -0.06, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.20, I² = 0%, p = 0.669), or change-of-direction (COD) (SMD = -0.01, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.31, I² = 27.9%, p = 0.946). Unilateral plyometric training showed greater improvements in single-leg tasks, including single-leg CMJ (SMD = 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.61, I² = 0%, p = 0.013) and single-leg COD (SMD = -0.61, 95% CI -1.01 to -0.21, I² = 0%, p = 0.003).

Conclusion:
This study found no clear between-group advantage between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training for bilateral jump performance (CMJ and SLJ), sprint performance (=10 m and =20 m), or COD. However, unilateral plyometric training appeared to provide greater benefits in single-leg tasks, particularly single-leg CMJ and single-leg COD, suggesting a possible task-specific advantage.

Systematic review registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier PROSPERO CRD420261324213.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mentales Training, das von einer Siegermentalität geprägt ist, in der chinesischen Eishockey-Nationalmannschaft: Implikationen medaillengekrönter Trainingsmethoden für das Eishockey-Nachwuchstrainingssystem</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097769</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097769</guid>
      <author>Sun, Z.</author>
      <author>Song, Z.</author>
      <author>Hu, Y.</author>
      <author>Gao, R.</author>
      <author>Guo, Y.</author>
      <author>Sun, X.</author>
      <author>Wang, L.</author>
      <author>Hu, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhang, M.</author>
      <author>Zhang, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Einstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sun, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Based on Miller's psychological model of ice hockey success, this study aims to develop a specialized and systematic mental training program for Chinese female 3v3 ice hockey athletes, providing empirical evidence for improving the competitive performance of China's ice hockey teams and the psychological development of reserve talents.

Methods:
Twenty-two athletes from the Chinese National Women's 3v3 Ice Hockey Team were recruited as participants. According to the six core dimensions of the psychological model of ice hockey success, a systematic mental intervention program was constructed, including goal orientation, emotional regulation, positive self-talk, teamwork, and other modules.The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and competitive performance indicators were used to assess outcomes before and after the intervention. Paired-sample t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA were applied to examine differences across measurement points.

Results:
After the intervention, athletes` occupational burnout decreased significantly.Scores for emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced professional efficacy dropped from 4.23 ± 1.25, 3.87 ± 1.12, 4.01 ± 1.18 to 3.12 ± 1.08, 2.95 ± 0.98, 3.05 ± 1.02, respectively.Paired-sample t-tests revealed highly significant differences for all subscales (t = 5.31-5.81, all p < 0.001). Highly significant improvements were also observed in perceived stress, decision-making accuracy under high pressure, tactical execution efficiency, and other core competitive indicators.Group×time interaction effects for perceived stress and decision-making accuracy were both highly significant (all p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The systematic mental training system based on Miller's psychological model of ice hockey success can significantly improve the mental health and performance-related psychological capacities of female 3v3 ice hockey athletes.Verified in the preparation practice of the national team, this program provides a replicable framework for mental training in youth ice hockey athletes, with core techniques including goal decomposition, mindful breathing, and positive self-talk.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesundheit bei den Paralympics: neue Trends und Innovationen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097770</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097770</guid>
      <author>Winckler, C.</author>
      <author>Neto, F. R.</author>
      <author>Gomes Costa, R. R.</author>
      <author>Loturco, I.</author>
      <author>Trigo, E. L.</author>
      <author>Miranda, A. J.</author>
      <author>Santos, L. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Paralympics</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Winckler, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neto, F. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes Costa, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loturco, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trigo, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miranda, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, L. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article synthesizes recent developments in Paralympic Health, covering not only the conceptual evolution that supports athletes with disabilities in Paralympic sports but also the impact of scientific advances on health care and on the classification system, training, and competition. The Paralympic Games are not only a competitive event but also a driving force behind the development of assistive technology and the generation of knowledge about physical exercise for individuals with disabilities. Sports classification, based on increasing scientific evidence, is being consolidated by applying the impairment concept to three major groups: physical, vision, and intellectual. The most significant development in recent editions of the Games is epidemiological monitoring, which has made it possible to reduce the incidence of health problems. The interdisciplinary development of health based on science is fundamental in guaranteeing opportunity and equity for people with disabilities in Paralympic sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spitzenbelastungen am Spieltag und Erholung nach dem Spiel: Unterschiedliche wöchentliche Belastungsprofile von Stammspielerinnen und Nicht-Stammspielerinnen im professionellen Frauenfußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097771</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097771</guid>
      <author>Schons, P.</author>
      <author>Preissler, A. A. B.</author>
      <author>dos Santos Ramos, S.</author>
      <author>Kawczynski, A.</author>
      <author>Kisilewicz, A.</author>
      <author>Trybulski, R.</author>
      <author>Clemente, F. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schons, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Preissler, A. A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>dos Santos Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawczynski, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kisilewicz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trybulski, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, F. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Recent evidence indicates differences in training and match loads between starters and non-starters in women's soccer, but little is known about players in Brazil's elite leagues. This study aimed to compare the external and internal loads of professional women's soccer players classified as starters and non-starters during training sessions and matches.

Methods:
Twenty-nine players from a professional team competing in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A1 (64.1 ± 6.8 kg; 167.3 ± 6.1 cm) were monitored. Internal load was assessed using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), while external load variables included total distance, distance in different speed zones, high-speed running distance, number of sprints, maximum speed, accelerations and decelerations, recorded via Global Positioning System devices. Independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests compared groups.

Results:
Starters accumulated higher match-day (MD) loads, with greater total distance (9999.0 ± 1205.7 vs. 5141.1 ± 1290.5 m; p<0.01) and RPE (8.0 [7.0 - 9.5] vs. 4.5 [4.0 - 5.5] A.U.; p<0.01). Conversely, non-starters presented higher values after matches, covering more distance on MD+1 (4655.1 ± 996.1 vs. 2390.4 ± 814.4 m; p<0.01) and MD+2 (4210.0 ± 992.0 vs. 2979.4 ± 526.7 m; p<0.01), along with higher RPE (7.0 [7.0-7.4] vs. 3.5 [2.5-5.0] A.U.; p<0.01, and 6.5 [6.0-7.0] vs. 4.0 [3.5-5.0] A.U.; p<0.01).

Discussion:
As conclusion, starters concentrated peak loads on MD, whereas non-starters accumulated higher loads on MD+1/MD+2. These findings support individualized post-match compensation for non-starters and recovery-focused management for starters.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Anwendung von Bewegungsabläufen, die auf den Prinzipien der motorischen Entwicklungsstufen basieren, bei Spitzensportlern: konzeptionelle Grundlagen und überprüfbare Hypothesen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097772</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097772</guid>
      <author>Msaidie, H.</author>
      <author>Gomez-Merino, D.</author>
      <author>Chennaoui, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Motorik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Msaidie, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomez-Merino, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chennaoui, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:
This article proposes a specific program of sequences of combinations of movements (SCM) based on motor development stages (MDS) to optimize the sports performance of elite professional athletes (EPAs).

Design:
Narrative literature review.

Method:
Information on MDS, including biomechanical, physiological, psychological skills, prevention, recovery, and training programs of EPAs, was extracted from 57 conceptually relevant references. Databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched using terms such as motor development, neuroplasticity, sensorimotor coordination, and sports performance.

Background:
The literature shows consistent evidence supporting the relevance of motor development stage-derived movement patterns for athletic performance. MDS are described as sequential postural and movement patterns emerging during early neuromotor maturation. They are widely applied in neurological rehabilitation, where studies report improvements in motor control and coordination, although transfer to elite athletes remains untested. Performance-related dimensions (posture, balance, mobility, coordination) are linked to central nervous system organization and neuroplasticity. Structured developmental movement sequences may enhance sensorimotor integration and motor refinement. Biomechanical and neurocognitive evidence suggests that SCM based on MDS could improve movement quality, neuromuscular efficiency, and adaptability. Some studies also associate motor learning with psychological factors such as attention and resilience, though evidence remains indirect. Overall, SCM appears as a promising multidimensional training approach, but lacks direct experimental validation in elite sport.

Conclusions:
With SCM, coaches, trainers, and scientists could design training and competition programs tailored to athletes` individual needs, including warm-up routines, injury prevention, recovery, and adaptation to intense training and competitive situations. However, studies examining the acute and chronic effects of SCM on the biomechanical, physiological, and psychological responses of EPAs, including neuroplasticity, are needed to confirm this hypothesis and clarify its potential benefits across athletic domains.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Veränderungen der Immunsystemfunktion bei Marathonläufern nach hochintensivem Training mittels eines agentenbasierten Modells</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097773</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097773</guid>
      <author>Tian, H.</author>
      <author>Zuo, R.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Qian, G.</author>
      <author>Ye, Q.</author>
      <author>Kawczynski, A.</author>
      <author>Trybulski, R.</author>
      <author>Clemente, F. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Marathonlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Immunsystem</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tian, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zuo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qian, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ye, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawczynski, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trybulski, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, F. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Marathon running imposes substantial metabolic demand. While the acute effects of exercise are well-documented, the chronic immunometabolic alterations associated with intensified training blocks in elite populations remain characterized by complex, non-linear dynamics. Contemporary debates persist regarding whether post-exercise lymphopenia represents immunosuppression (the "open window") or a functional redistribution of immune effectors. This study explored the chronic effects of a four-week high-intensity training (HIT) block on immune markers in professional marathon athletes and evaluated the utility of an Agent-Based Model (ABM) for visualizing these system behaviors.

Methods:
Twenty-two professional marathon athletes (14 male, 8 female) underwent a four-week intensified training protocol characterized by sustained time in the severe-intensity domain (blood lactate > 7.0 mmol/L). Peripheral blood samples were analyzed pre- and post-training for leukocytes, immunoglobulins (Ig), cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a), and lymphocyte subsets. Concurrently, a NetLogo-based ABM was developed to simulate theoretical immune system dynamics under metabolic constraints.

Results:
The training period coincided with significant shifts in circulating immune markers. Total leukocyte counts and serum IgG levels were significantly lower post-training (P < 0.01). A marked inversion in T-cell homeostasis was observed, with the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreasing to 0.98 (P < 0.01), driven by a reduction in CD4+ cells and maintenance of CD8+ populations. Cytokine analysis revealed a "resolution failure" profile: while pro-inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a increased (P < 0.01), the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly reduced (P < 0.001). The ABM simulation qualitatively reproduced these emergent patterns, visualizing the non-linear contraction of T-cell populations consistent with the empirical data.

Conclusions:
A four-week block of high-intensity marathon training is associated with a state of immunometabolic perturbation characterized by reduced circulating leukocytes, CD4+/CD8+ imbalance, and an uncoupled inflammatory-resolution cytokine response. While plasma volume expansion may contribute to the observed lower cell concentrations, the specific suppression of IL-10 and CD4+ cells suggests a maladaptive response to chronic load. The agent-based model serves as an exploratory tool for visualizing potential immunological tipping points during intensified training, bridging the gap between reductionist data and complex system dynamics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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