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    <item>
      <title>Vom Rätselraten zur Orientierung: Eine Delphi-Studie zu Praktiken der Talentsuche und -förderung in der Para-Leichtathletik</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097774</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097774</guid>
      <author>Carroll, A.</author>
      <author>O`Riordan, A.</author>
      <author>Pumpa, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraleichtathletik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carroll, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O`Riordan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pumpa, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:
To determine best practices in Para athletics talent identification and development through a Delphi survey.

Methods:
A three round Delphi survey was conducted with experts in Para athletics talent identification and development. Round One aimed to elicit insights into the current practices and beliefs in talent identification and development in Para athletics using open ended questions. Round One survey responses were analysed and collated into statements which formulated Round Two, where respondents were asked to rate their level of agreement with these statements. Where consensus was reached (i.e., an agreement level of >75%) no further questions were asked regarding the topic of that statement. Where consensus was not achieved, the statements were revised and carried forward to Round Three. Respondents were required to, again, rate their level of agreement with these statements.

Results:
A total of 23 experts completed three survey rounds (Round One, n = 31; Round Two, n = 24; Round Three n = 23). Thematic analysis of Round One identified themes such as quantitative assessment, coaching approaches, and physical and psychological attributes of athletes. Of 20 statements in Round Two, nine reached consensus. Of 14 statements in Round Three, seven reached consensus.

Conclusion:
Consensus was reached on key talent identification and development strategies including quantitative performance assessments, individualised athlete development plans and high levels of coaching experience and expertise. Together, these approaches contribute to a more structured and evidence-based pathway for athlete progression.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die feine Grenze zwischen spielerischem Training und gezielten Trainingseinheiten in der Talentförderung im Breitensportfußball: Erkenntnisse aus einer einjährigen Längsschnitt-Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097775</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097775</guid>
      <author>Hanstad, D. V.</author>
      <author>Skille, E. Å.</author>
      <author>Johansen, B. T.</author>
      <author>Strittmatter, A.-M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hanstad, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skille, E. Å.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johansen, B. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strittmatter, A.-M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
While former studies into talent development in football have considered elite clubs and retrospective studies, this single-case study provides detailed data on the training activities of a 13-year-old male football player in a grassroots club who later became a professional at the highest level in Norway.

Methods:
An intrinsic longitudinal single-case study design was adopted to develop an in-depth, contextually grounded understanding of the load and forms of physical activity within and beyond organized football as performed and experienced by one specific player over the course of a full year in a grassroots football environment. The empirical material includes daily logging and categorization of all activities in a training dairy, with notes provided by the player - and supplemented with in-depth semi-structured interview with the player.

Results:
The dataset comprises 733 h of activity over one year, the majority of which consisted of organized football-specific activity (team training: 196 h; matches including warm-up: 84; private football academy training: 110). In addition, the player engaged in 157 h of unorganized football (alone: 79; with friends: 78), sport-related school activities (physical education: 59; unorganized football play in the schoolyard: 28), and 99 h of individual non-football-specific training such as strength training, injury-prevention exercise, and recreational activities including cross-country skiing and family leisure.

Discussion:
This case from grassroots football demonstrates substantial variation between deliberate practice and deliberate play. Two categories that are conceptually distinct yet appear equally important in the developmental pathway. At the same time, some training forms represent a blend of play and practice. For instance, unorganized football with friends in this study displays several characteristics typically associated with deliberate practice, whereas team training with a coach also contains elements of play.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsorganisation und neuromuskuläre Koordination als Grundlage für die Offensivleistung im Para-Fechten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097776</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097776</guid>
      <author>Mahdi, N.</author>
      <author>Mahdi, U.</author>
      <author>Sadiq, I. J.</author>
      <author>Qaduri, R.</author>
      <author>Mustafa, N.</author>
      <author>Asi, M.</author>
      <author>Bader, N.</author>
      <author>Ismaeel, S. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Parafechten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mahdi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mahdi, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sadiq, I. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qaduri, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mustafa, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Asi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bader, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ismaeel, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background/objectives:
Para-fencing performance emerges from the interaction of kinematic execution, neuromuscular coordination, and mechanical constraints rather than from execution speed alone. Understanding how these factors combine into distinct performance strategies is essential for individualized assessment and training in adaptive sports. The primary objective of this study was to identify distinct performance strategies in para-fencers by deriving kinematic profiles from inertial measurement unit (IMU) data collected during a standardized offensive task. A secondary objective was to examine whether these strategies could be differentiated based on neuromuscular coordination patterns assessed using surface electromyography (sEMG), along with passive muscle mechanical properties and isometric strength measures.

Methods:
Thirty para-fencers performed repeated offensive actions toward a fixed target under controlled laboratory conditions. Upper-limb kinematics and trunk stability were quantified using IMUs, while sEMG was used to assess muscle activation timing, burst characteristics, and agonist-antagonist co-contraction. Passive muscle mechanical properties were evaluated using myotonometry, and isometric strength was measured with a calibrated force device. IMU-derived kinematic features were standardized and analyzed using cluster analysis to identify distinct performance strategies. Between-cluster comparisons were conducted for performance outcomes, neuromuscular variables, muscle mechanical properties, and strength measures.

Results:
Three distinct performance strategies were identified. One strategy was characterized by high peak angular velocity, increased trunk oscillation, and greater movement variability, reflecting a fast but variable execution pattern. A second strategy demonstrated smoother movement execution, reduced trunk sway, lower co-contraction levels, and superior accuracy, representing a stable-accurate profile. The third strategy exhibited intermediate characteristics, indicating a balance between execution speed and control. Neuromuscular coordination patterns, passive muscle mechanical properties, and isometric strength measures further differentiated the identified strategies.

Conclusions:
Para-fencing performance is organized through distinct movement strategies that reflect differences in kinematic control, neuromuscular coordination, and mechanical constraints rather than speed alone. In the context of this study, movement strategies refer to distinct patterns of movement organization that emerge from the interaction between kinematic execution, neuromuscular coordination, and underlying mechanical properties. These strategies reflect how athletes adapt their motor behavior to task-specific and environmental constraints in order to achieve performance goals. Profiling-based biomechanical approaches provide valuable insight into performance organization and support individualized assessment and training strategies in adaptive sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine explorative Studie zur Bestimmung der maximalen Herzfrequenz bei Ausdauersportlern: Laboruntersuchungen im Vergleich zu Feldmessungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097777</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097777</guid>
      <author>Ausland, Å.</author>
      <author>Kelemen, B.</author>
      <author>Seiler, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauerdisziplinen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Labortest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ausland, Å.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kelemen, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seiler, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Accurate assessment of cardiovascular parameters, including maximal heart rate (HRmax), resting heart rate (RHR), and heart rate reserve (HRR), is important for guiding training prescriptions in endurance athletes. Conventional age-based HRmax prediction formulas, particularly the widely used "220—age" equation, remain common despite substantial individual variation and documented underestimation in trained populations. Self-reported field data—defined as the highest heart rate recorded during maximal training or racing efforts—provide an ecologically valid alternative for examining HRmax in real-world settings.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4,375 endurance athletes across multiple disciplines. Self-reported HRmax, RHR, weekly training load, and training history were collected via standardized web-based surveys administered globally from November 2022 to January 2023. Associations were evaluated using Pearson correlations, and the accuracy of age-based HRmax formulas was assessed via Bland-Altman analyses.

Results:
Age was strongly inversely correlated with HRmax (r = -0.60, p < 0.001) and HRR (r = -0.66, p < 0.001), but only weakly associated with RHR (r = 0.06, p < 0.001). Age-based formulas underestimated self-reported HRmax by 5-6 bpm (mean bias = -5.8 bpm for Fox; -4.8 bpm for Tanaka), with wide limits of agreement (Tanaka: -18.5 to +9.1 bpm; Fox: -20.2 to +8.6 bpm), indicating substantial individual variability. RHR was moderately inversely correlated with weekly training hours (r = -0.23, p < 0.001). No significant sex differences were observed. HRR exhibited high inter-individual variability.

Conclusions:
This exploratory analysis of self-reported field data demonstrates that age-based HRmax formulas show systematic underestimation and wide individual error in endurance athletes. These findings support the use of individualized, context-specific HRmax assessment, while highlighting the limitations of relying solely on age-based predictions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reaktive Agilität - evidenzbasierte Verbesserungsvorschläge</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097778</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097778</guid>
      <author>Vogt, L.</author>
      <author>Laukhardt, F.</author>
      <author>Haser, C.</author>
      <author>Banzer, W.</author>
      <author>Engeroff, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vogt, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laukhardt, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haser, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Banzer, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Engeroff, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
To examine the contributions of lower-limb eccentric strength, reactive strength, and cognitive inhibitory control to reactive agility performance.

Methods:
Forty-five healthy, physically active males (21.3 ± 3.5 years) performed eccentric and isometric strength testing of knee flexors and extensors (Biodex dynamometer), 30 cm drop jumps for reactive strength, and a computerized Stroop task (EncephalApp) for cognitive performance. Reactive agility was assessed via the Random Star Run (RSR) on the SKILLCOURT. Multiple linear regression analyzed associations of strength and cognitive performance outcomes with reactive agility.

Results:
Mean eccentric strength of the knee flexors (EccHam/kg) and extensors were 2.24 ± 0.44 and 4.07 ± 0.79 Nm·kg-1; isometric strength was 1.71 ± 0.285 Nm·kg-1 and 3.79 ± 0.751 Nm·kg-1; RSR duration was 17.03 ± 1.36 s; Stroop Interference Score was 1.01 ± 1.07 s; Drop Jump height averaged 0.328 ± 0.058 m and ground contact time (DJ GCT) was 0.189 ± 0.024 s. Higher EccHam/kg, lower Stroop interference, and shorter DJ GCT predicted faster RSR performance (R2 = .338, p < 0.05). Thirteen participants exceeded the upper tertile on at least two variables (EccHam/kg = 2.5 Nm·kg-1, Stroop = 0.415 s, DJ GCT = 0.174 s) and showed significantly faster RSR times and roughly doubled likelihood of above-average reactive agility performance (RSR = 17 s; RR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.17-3.54).

Conclusions:
Reactive agility is enhanced by higher eccentric hamstring strength, superior cognitive inhibitory control, and fast stretch-shortening cycle execution. The identified cut-offs may serve as practical benchmarks for training programs targeting eccentric strength, cognitive control, and plyometric efficiency. These findings underscore the combined neuromuscular and cognitive determinants of reactive agility, warranting longitudinal studies to confirm causality.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Manipulation der Spieleranzahl bei Kleinfeldspielen: Auswirkungen auf numerische Über- und Unterlegenheit in Bezug auf physiologische, körperliche, technische und taktische Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097779</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097779</guid>
      <author>Rumpf, M. C.</author>
      <author>Jäger, J.</author>
      <author>Lloyd, R. S.</author>
      <author>Lochmann, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rumpf, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jäger, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lloyd, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lochmann, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Small-sided games (SSG) are widely used in soccer training to replicate the physiological, physical, technical, and tactical demands of competition within representative contexts. Coaches often manipulate task constraints by creating numerical superiority or inferiority, which imposes specific demands and elicits targeted adaptations. This review aimed to synthesize the effects of numerical imbalances on player performance across physiological, physical, technical, and tactical domains. Evidence indicates that playing in numerical superiority consistently reduces physiological intensity (e.g., mean heart rate, time >90% HRmax) and high-intensity physical load (e.g., total distance, sprinting, accelerations), while increasing low-intensity activity such as walking. Oppositely, technical performance improves, with a higher number of passes and overall actions. Tactical behavior also adapts, with teams expanding playing length and width, covering more space near the opposition goal, and increasing attacking opportunities, while exploratory behavior and proximity to their own goal decrease. Conversely, teams in numerical inferiority adopt compensatory strategies, focusing on defensive organization and goal protection, which can reduce physical output and exploratory movement, particularly under high-inferiority conditions. Numerical imbalances in SSG seem to modulate physiological load, physical activity, technical execution, and tactical behavior. These findings provide a framework for optimizing training design and session planning in soccer, enabling coaches to manipulate player numbers to target specific performance outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Kryotherapie-Maßnahmen auf akuten, verzögert auftretenden Muskelkater nach dem Training, die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit und Entzündungsbiomarker: eine systematische Übersicht und Netzwerk-Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097780</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097780</guid>
      <author>Wu, J.</author>
      <author>Wang, A.</author>
      <author>Hu, H.</author>
      <author>Zhang, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entzündung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kryotherapie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Cryotherapy is a widely used physical recovery modality in post-exercise settings; however, systematic evidence identifying the optimal cryotherapy modality based on continuous time-course outcome assessments remains limited.

Methods:
To investigate the comparative effectiveness of different cryotherapy modalities—whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), cold water immersion (CWI), contrast water therapy (CWT), and local cold therapy (LCT)—on delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), countermovement jump, and inflammatory biomarkers (creatine kinase, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein) at multiple post-intervention time points (immediate, 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h), using a systematic review and network meta-analysis approach. A systematic search was conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and EBSCO databases for studies published between January 1, 2010, and November 1, 2025.

Results:
A total of 51 randomized controlled trials comprising 1,243 participants were included. The effects of cryotherapy demonstrated a pronounced time-dependent pattern. Compared with control conditions, no cryotherapy modality significantly reduced DOMS immediately after exercise. CWI significantly attenuated DOMS at 1 h [MD = -1.09, 95% CI (-1.93, -0.24), P < 0.05] and 24 h [MD = -0.89, 95% CI (-1.33, -0.45), P < 0.05], whereas LCT produced the greatest reduction at 48 h [MD = -1.17, 95% CI (-2.19, -0.16), P < 0.05]. Regarding inflammatory biomarkers, WBC resulted in the largest reductions in CK levels at 48 h [MD = -118.24, 95% CI (-173.49, -63.00), P < 0.05] and 72 h [MD = -135.03, 95% CI (-204.40, -65.66), P < 0.05]. CWI was the most effective modality for suppressing IL-6 immediately post-exercise [MD = -0.32, 95% CI (-0.58, -0.06), P < 0.05] and at 24 h [MD = -0.46, 95% CI (-0.92, -0.01), P < 0.05]. In terms of exercise performance, WBC significantly improved countermovement jump performance at 1 h [MD = 9.15, 95% CI (5.12, 13.17), P < 0.05], 24 h [MD = 10.70, 95% CI (1.16, 20.42), P < 0.05], and 48 h [MD = 10.50, 95% CI (3.37, 17.62), P < 0.05], with sustained benefits observed up to 72 h.

Conclusion:
Cryotherapy is an effective strategy for promoting the recovery of physiological indicators following acute exercise, with its efficacy demonstrating pronounced time-dependent characteristics.

Systematic Review Registration:
Identifier, 2026 CRD420261300174.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visuelles Verhalten beim Inline-Schnelllauf: Eine Eye-Tracking-Auswertung zur Leistungsanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097695</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097695</guid>
      <author>Magro-Garbajosa, L.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Cano, A.</author>
      <author>Orduna-Hospital, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Inlineskating</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Eyetracking</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Magro-Garbajosa, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Cano, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Orduna-Hospital, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study analyzed oculomotor behavior (fixations and saccades) in 19 competitive inline speed skaters (5 males, 14 females; aged 10-26 years) from the Aragonese Skating Federation (Spain), comparing high-performance (N1) and intermediate (N2) groups. Participants completed optometric assessments and eye-tracking during 200 m time trials on a banked oval track using a Pupil Labs Neon device, with recordings taken before (PRE) and after (POST) intensive training. Results showed visual behavior remained stable overall, but curved segments (C1, C2) required significantly more fixations and saccades than straights. Skaters consistently focused on the inner track line during curves, suggesting an optimized visual strategy. High-performance skaters (N1) demonstrated greater efficiency with fewer fixations and saccades in key segments. After training, N1 skaters showed increased fixations in C1 (p = 0.012) but reduced saccadic velocity (SS: PRE 8.00 deg/s vs. POST 6.82 deg/s; p = 0.030) and length (S1: PRE 3077.41 mm vs. POST 2564.71 mm; p = 0.035) on straights, consistent with fatigue. N1 exhibited different patterns of ocular abilities versus N2 pre- and port-training. Strong binocular coordination was observed (right-left eye correlations = 0.85; p < 0.001). Conclusions indicate that experience enhances visual efficiency, with elite skaters showing more focused gaze patterns. Training-induced fatigue may primarily affect straight segments, reducing saccade speed and length. The finish line served as a consistent visual reference point. These findings highlight the importance of sport-specific visual training and fatigue management in inline speed skating. Future research should address study limitations including small sample size and gender imbalance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Durchblutungsrestriktion bei Kleinfeldspielen fördert physiologische Anpassungen und Leistungssteigerungen bei gut trainierten Basketballspielern: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097698</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097698</guid>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <author>Yin, M.</author>
      <author>Xu, K.</author>
      <author>Deng, S.</author>
      <author>Mckee, J. R.</author>
      <author>Scott, B. R.</author>
      <author>Girard, O.</author>
      <author>Zhang, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>3x3 Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deng, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mckee, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scott, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Girard, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined whether adding blood flow restriction (BFR) to small-sided games (SSG) augments cardiorespiratory/anaerobic adaptations and lower-limb muscular performance in well-trained male collegiate basketball players. Twenty-four atheletes (age: 21.0 ± 1.6 years) were randomized to either an experimental (SSG+BFR; 100-130% of leg systolic pressure) or a control group (SSG; without BFR) and completed eight 3 vs. 3 player-SSG sessions over four weeks (4 sets of 3-4.5-min bouts; 3-min rest intervals). Peak aerobic power, Peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak], Wingate 30-s peak/mean power, lower-limb performance (back-squat 1RM, countermovement-jump [CMJ] height/power, T-test, 30-m sprint, repeated-sprint ability [RSA best/mean and decrement score]) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test group, time, and group × time effects. The SSG+BFR group had greater improvements in Peak aerobic power than SSG (+9.5% vs. +4.5%; p = 0.035). The SSG+BFR group also significantly improved Wingate mean power, countermovement jump height, and repeated sprint ability best time (+4.6%, +6.8%, and -1.1%, respectively), while the SSG group showed no significant changes (p = 0.573). Both groups showed comparable improvements in VO2peak (+6.4% and +4.4% in SSG+BFR and SSG, respectively). Back-squat 1RM increased over time without between-group differences. T-test performance favored SSG+BFR (group effect). These findings demonstrate that adding BFR to four weeks of 3 vs. 3 player-basketball SSG provides additional performance benefits by further enhancing cardiorespiratory and anaerobic outcomes, jump height and repeated sprint ability compared to SSG alone.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale für den Podiumsplatz: Erkenntnisse von Leichtathletik-Experten mit Schwerpunkt auf Schnelligkeit und Kraft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097699</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097699</guid>
      <author>Turner, K. J.</author>
      <author>Elvish, T. M.</author>
      <author>Kremer, P.</author>
      <author>Millett, M. L.</author>
      <author>Trowell, D.</author>
      <author>Bonacci, J.</author>
      <author>Pickering, C.</author>
      <author>Saunders, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hürdenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Turner, K. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elvish, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kremer, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millett, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trowell, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonacci, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pickering, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Success at Benchmark Events (BMEs) is vital for National Sporting Organisations (NSOs), yet identifying track and field athletes with podium potential remains challenging. It is unclear which athlete characteristics are directly associated with success. This study explores the experiences and opinions of experts with first-hand experience working with athletes at the highest levels, aiming to identify key predictors of success in speed/power-based track and field athletes. Twenty-nine experts with experience at an Olympic or World Championship level participated in open-ended, semi-structured interviews. Content analysis with a quantitative focus was used to analyse the transcripts. A total of 81 characteristics (35 biological, 31 psychological and 15 social) were identified across speed/power-based track and field events. Experts worked across various event groups: 14 with short sprints, 10 with long sprints, seven with horizontal jumps and four with vertical jumps. Peak velocity, strength, composure, resilience, routine, and training consistency emerged as common traits essential for BME podium success across all events. Nine experts highlighted the importance of a holistic approach, stating no single characteristic could predict success on its own. These findings emphasise the need for a multifaceted approach to identifying potential for podium success in speed/power-based track and field athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein halbüberwachter Ansatz des maschinellen Lernens zur Definition von Spielpositionen im Fußball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097706</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097706</guid>
      <author>Peters, A.</author>
      <author>Parmar, N.</author>
      <author>Davies, M.</author>
      <author>James, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peters, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parmar, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davies, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A player`s role for a team can be distinct from their playing position. Positions are generally attributed based on where the players line-up relative to their formation, whereas roles can be defined by frequency of their actions. Hence, the method presented in this research, attributed player roles based on event data. Player role feature selection involved a semi-supervised machine learning approach, that extracted feature importance in the form of Shapley values. These values helped define the KPIs for pressing attacking players. By using the proposed role similarity approach, it is possible for recruitment departments to identify players that occupy similar roles as current players. Furthermore, the evolution of player roles across time can be evaluated, which has applications with performance analysts, as they can interrogate the constituent roles of each player and its influence on overall team performance. Hence, the proposed method can help uncover the optimal KPIs for a given set of roles, while having practitioner applications within elite-level performance analysis and recruitment departments. Future methods should combine physical data sources, such as from tracking data, to enable greater specificity in player role classification.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die vielfältigen Auswirkungen psychischer Ermüdung auf die Leistung von Fußballspielerinnen in Kleinspielen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097709</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097709</guid>
      <author>Donnan, K. J.</author>
      <author>Bargh, M. J.</author>
      <author>Swettenham, L.</author>
      <author>Olthof, S.</author>
      <author>Whitehead, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Smartphone</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Donnan, K. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bargh, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Swettenham, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olthof, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Whitehead, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Research shows that mental fatigue (MF) can negatively impact physical performance. However, the effects of MF during football match-play are not well understood, particularly in women, and its impact on psychological factors is less known (e.g., attentional focus). This study explored the physical and psychological effects of MF in women's football during 7 vs. 7 small-sided games (SSGs). 14 Women's National League players (M age = 25.9 ± 5.9 years) participated. A counterbalanced cross-over design was implemented involving a MF (30-min social media use), and a control condition (30-min sitting with teammates with no phone access) prior to 3 × 7-min SSGs, interspersed with 2-min rest. GPS was used to monitor work output. Participants had microphones attached and were asked to `think aloud` (TA) during SSGs; content analysis was used to examine players' attentional focus and communication. MF (visual analogue scale) and fatigue (BRUMS) increased pre-to post-MF (+1.95 ± 1.45, p < .001; +2.57 ± 3.33, p = .038) but in control (p = 1.00), and happiness (BRUMS) was lower in MF vs. control (-1.96 ±0 .68, p = .013). No differences were found between conditions for work output or RPE (ps > 0.05). Total TA was lower (p = .046) and there was less positive performance-related TA (p = .022) in MF (22.53 ± 13.11; 0.15 ± 0.38) vs. control (30.00 ± 17.84; 1.54 ± 2.11). There was more negative non-performance related communication (p = .031), and less joking with teammates (p = .020) with MF (0.85 ± 1.07; 1.69 ± 1.80) vs. control (0.08 ± 0.28; 4.39 ± 3.78). In sum, 30-min social media use was associated with reduced happiness, vigour and heightened perceptions of fatigue, and effected how able participants were to engage in TA, how positive their thoughts were, and how they communicated with teammates. Avoiding phone use prior to training and match-play may be worth considering. Further team-sport research could incorporate TA methods which the present study showed to be feasible, to understand more on players' cognitive processing in match-play.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Objektive Entscheidungen im Rampenlicht: Schiedsrichterkonsistenz und Verhalten auf der größten Bühne des Fußballs</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097681</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097681</guid>
      <author>Butler, D.</author>
      <author>Butler, R.</author>
      <author>Singleton, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfrichter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regelung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>FIFA</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>UEFA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Butler, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Butler, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Singleton, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We study the objectivity of officiating under extreme pressure by analysing additional time played at the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship. Controlling for within-match events, rules should be applied consistently across both halves of a match. However, we argue that second-half time allocations could be increased by greater social pressure, intensity, and stakes, as payoffs become imminent. Our analysis shows that, even after accounting for major stoppages - and despite identical rules - referees add substantially more time in the second half than the first. Moreover, referees allow more stoppage time when the scoreline is close in the second half, but only at the World Cup because tight contests are cut short there in the first halves. These discrepancies raise concerns about the effectiveness of time-wasting strategies in the sport. More broadly, our results contribute to the discussion of decision-making under pressure and implicit biases in high-stakes environments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle des Alters in der Arbeitsproduktivität: Wie das Alter im Profifußball von Bedeutung ist</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097686</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097686</guid>
      <author>Tovar, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höchstleistungsalter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tovar, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study analyzes age-productivity relationships in professional football using two comprehensive datasets. The first examines detailed OPTA performance data from the Spanish LaLiga, the English Premier League, and the Colombian Liga Águila, creating productivity indices using principal component analysis. The second uses complete career histories from transfermarkt.com for players across Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia, applying Fantasy Premier League scoring systems. Both datasets consistently demonstrate an inverted U-shaped age-productivity curve. Peak performance occurs at 27.8 years in the EPL and 30.1-30.5 years in LaLiga and Colombian leagues, according to OPTA data. The transfermarkt analysis confirms this pattern, showing peak performance at 29.9 years across South American leagues. The findings reveal a systematic shift toward older peak performance ages in modern football, attributed to advances in sports science, nutrition, and training methods. These results offer valuable insights for talent management, contract negotiations, and career planning in professional sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gewinnen im eigenen Land? Geschlechterungleichheit, Korruption und der Heimvorteil bei olympischen Erfolgen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097680</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097680</guid>
      <author>Bernini, A.</author>
      <author>Dubreucq-Perus, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Heimvorteil</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Länderanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Geschlechtsunterschiede</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>geschlechtsspezifisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Betrug</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bernini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dubreucq-Perus, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The host country effect — where nations typically perform better when hosting the Olympic Games — is a well-documented phenomenon. However, its magnitude may be shaped by institutional and societal factors. This paper investigates how corruption and gender inequality moderate the host country advantage using a panel dataset covering all Summer and Winter Olympic Games from 2000 to 2022. We analyze their effects on athlete participation, medal counts, and the conversion rate of athletes to medals, with a particular focus on gender disparities. Our findings show that higher levels of corruption and gender inequality are associated to weaker Olympic performance, especially for female athletes and in the Summer Games, as shown by smaller benefits of hosting. These results highlight the critical role of transparent governance and gender equity in maximizing the returns of hosting international sporting events.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lateralität und technisch-taktische Wurfindikatoren im Spitzenwasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097673</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097673</guid>
      <author>Argudo-Iturriaga, F. M.</author>
      <author>Borges, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Argudo-Iturriaga, F. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borges, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to compare the effectiveness of left-handed vs. right-handed players in goal-related actions and positive technical-tactical outcomes during play and evaluate shot efficacy across field positions in elite Water Polo. A total of 5422 shots (2724 male - 2698 female) from the XXXIV Male European Water Polo Championships and XVIII Female European Water Polo Championships were analysed using a nomothetic, multidimensional observational design. Inter-observer reliability (kappa > 0.90) was confirmed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 28.0, employing Mann-Whitney U or chi-square tests to compare categorical outcomes. Results revealed left-handed players demonstrated superior efficacy in zones 1 and 2 (45.5% vs. 22.2% in zone 1; 48.8% vs. 36.3% in zone 2, p < 0.05) and generated more positive actions (23.9% vs. 13.8%). Shots from zones 1 and 2 showed lower efficacy compared to central positions (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that coaches should strategically exploit the positional advantages of left-handed -particularly in lateral attacking zones - by designing offensive structures and training tasks. Moreover, understanding the reduced efficacy of peripheral shooting zones can help refine defensive planning and guide players toward higher-probability shooting positions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines auf einem Schwungrad basierenden Aufwärmtrainings zur Leistungssteigerung nach der Aktivierung im Vergleich zu einem herkömmlichen Aufwärmtraining am Ruderergometer auf die Leistung beim 500-m-Rudern und die neuromuskuläre Leistungsfähigkeit </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097674</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097674</guid>
      <author>Thongchai, P.</author>
      <author>Koedsiri, N.</author>
      <author>Johansen, S.</author>
      <author>Manosukhumnon, S.</author>
      <author>Santalunai, A.</author>
      <author>Zacca, R.</author>
      <author>Van Dung, D.</author>
      <author>Chainok, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thongchai, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koedsiri, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johansen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manosukhumnon, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santalunai, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacca, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Dung, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chainok, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Post-activation performance enhancement using flywheel exercises offers substantial immediate consequences on neuromuscular responses and mechanical adaptations. The study aimed to verify the effect of two different post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocols on 500 m rowing ergometer and neuromuscular performance in collegiate rowers. Sixteenth healthy collegiate male rowers (age: 20.7 ± 2.1 years; weight: 69.9 ± 14.2 kg; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; BMI: 24.4 ± 3.7 kg·m2) participated in this study. Two different PAPE protocols were randomly administered: i) a general warm-up utilizing a rowing machine (control) and ii) a flywheel protocol encompassing 2 sets of 10 repetitions of biceps curl and high-pull at lower inertial loads (0.1176 kg·m2 to 0.1568 kg·m2). No changes were observed between the two warm-up protocols concerning rowing performance and physiological variables throughout the 500 m rowing time trial. The 500 m rowing time in the flywheel warm-up showed a variance of 3.70 % compared to the general warm-up, with no differences observed among the protocols (p = 0.09; 95 % CI = -0.63, 7.04; d = 0.60: medium). The observed mean differences included a peak force of IMTP at 13.2% (p = 0.03; d = -0.81; large) and an average rate of force development of IMTP at -21.6 % (p = 0.04; d = -0.53; moderate) after the 500 m rowing time trial. Nonetheless, no substantial correlations were observed between 500 m rowing time and the neuromuscular performance parameters elicited by either warm-up procedure. This study indicated that both general and flywheel warm-ups are equally effective in enhancing PAPE neuromuscular performance, with the 500 m rowing time showing slightly advantage and lead to an acute positive effect after the flywheel warm-up compared to the general rowing machine warm-up. Coaches and sport scientists may use these findings to inform acute effect consisting of flywheel-based warm-up prior to a sport-specific task of 500 m rowing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Aktivitätseinschränkungen und körperlichen Reaktionen bei internationalen Fußballspielerinnen mit Zerebralparese</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097675</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097675</guid>
      <author>Berasategui, O.</author>
      <author>Castillo, D.</author>
      <author>Reina, R.</author>
      <author>Henríquez, M.</author>
      <author>Iturricastillo, A.</author>
      <author>Ascondo, J.</author>
      <author>Yanci, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Parafußball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Berasategui, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castillo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reina, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henríquez, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iturricastillo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ascondo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yanci, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Cerebral palsy (CP) football for female players has a recent development in an international scenario, so this study aimed: (a) to describe performance in activity limitation tests and physical responses in official competition among international-level women`s footballers with CP and according to their sport classes, and (b) to analyze the association between key activity limitation tests used during classification and relevant physical response variables in competition. Thirty-five para-footballers from five national teams that competed in a World competition participated in the study. A cross-sectional and correlational design was used to examine the associations between activity limitation tests and physical responses during competition. Activity limitation was assessed by measuring players' jump capacity, coordination skills, change of direction ability and acceleration capacity. Physical responses were recorded during matches using global positioning system devices. Descriptive data of performance test showed better values in the sport classes with lower impairment. In addition, FT1 players registered the lowest values of physical responses. Significant associations between horizontal jump capacity (Rho = 0.64 to 0.76, p < 0.05), change of direction ability (r/Rho= -0.68 to -0.85, p < 0.05), and acceleration (r = -0.84 to -0.86, p < 0.001) capacity with high-intensity competition variables were found in FT1 players. In addition, a significant association between change of direction ability (Rho = -0.51, p < 0.05) and acceleration capacity (Rho = -0.50, p < 0.05) with the match-specific high-intensity acceleration/deceleration variables was observed in FT2 players. Competition performance in female CP football players that have less activity limitation could be associated with other types of capacities or factors. These results could contribute to optimizing classification protocols and class allocation in female PC football players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschungstrends im Rollstuhlbasketball: Eine bibliometrische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097676</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097676</guid>
      <author>Flórez-Gil, E.</author>
      <author>Blanco-Martinez, N.</author>
      <author>Gonzalez-Devesa, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollstuhlbasketball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Flórez-Gil, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanco-Martinez, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonzalez-Devesa, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Wheelchair basketball is played in more than 80 countries and is considered one of the Paralympic sports with the greatest audience and media impact. This study aimed a detailed analysis of the global scientific production around wheelchair basketball. A total of 314 journal publications between 1973 and 2024 were retrieved from the Scopus database using a specific search strategy. The findings point to a steady increase in the number of publications, particularly between 2020 and 2024, which constitutes more than 40% of the total output. Spain stands out as the country with the highest productivity, both in terms of publications and institutional output, with Turkey, Brazil, Japan and the United States following. In addition, the topics of the different articles with the highest impact focused on physical performance, injury prevention and classification. The scientific mapping showed a thematic progression from general demographic and methodological aspects in previous decades to more specific issues such as adapted sport, performance and disability in recent years. Joint word and keyword studies identified two main thematic clusters: one linked to research design and descriptors pertaining to the general population, and the other focused on concepts particular to sport and linked to disability. This bibliometric review highlights the academic progress of wheelchair basketball research and provides valuable insights to guide future studies, promote wider cooperation and inform evidence-based practices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körperliche und menstruelle Variablen als Prädiktoren für die Leistung und das Wohlbefinden von Rugbyspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097677</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097677</guid>
      <author>Liébana, E.</author>
      <author>Muñoz-Aloy, A.</author>
      <author>Gutiérrez, S.</author>
      <author>García-Guillot, S.</author>
      <author>Sanchís, C.</author>
      <author>Monleón, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liébana, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muñoz-Aloy, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gutiérrez, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Guillot, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanchís, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monleón, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Women`s rugby is characterized by an intermittent activity profile that includes high-intensity actions such as sprinting, tackling, scrummaging, and rucking. Therefore, investing training time in the development of strength, power, and overall well-being may contribute to enhanced performance. This study analyzed the effects of different phases of the menstrual cycle on the performance and perceived well-being of female amateur rugby players. The sample consisted of 16 female players (22.13 ± 4.50 years). The variables analyzed included body composition, stretch-shortening cycle (CMJ, CMJ Abalakov, and CMJ unilateral), isometric strength, and state of well-being. Menstrual cycle phases were monitored using the "My FLO menstrual calendar" application. The results showed no significant differences in the stretch-shortening cycle or isometric strength test results across the menstrual cycle phases (p > .05). However, total body weight had a significant effect on right/left leg strength (p = .020). Regarding perceived well-being, a significant variation was observed during the ovulatory phase (p = .0226), with fat mass identified as an influential factor (p = .172). A difference in CMJ was also observed between the menstrual and ovulatory phases (p = .019). The results suggest that, although strength is not altered by the menstrual cycle, variables such as total body weight and fat mass influence both strength and well-being in female rugby players across the menstrual cycle. These results highlight the importance of individualizing training loads according to body composition profiles and well-being status throughout the menstrual cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hängen die Kraft- und Geschwindigkeitsleistungen beim Landtraining mit den Belastungs- und Geschwindigkeitsprofilen im Wasser beim Sprintschwimmen zusammen?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097679</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097679</guid>
      <author>Raineteau, Y.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bideau, B.</author>
      <author>Bideau, N.</author>
      <author>Nicolas, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Landtraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raineteau, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bideau, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicolas, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming propulsion can be improved using dry-land resistance training. Indeed, previous studies showed that the ability to produce maximal power and maximal force on dry-land is strongly related to sprint swimming performance. However, the relationship between dry-land force-velocity and in-water load-velocity profiles remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate these relationships in sprint swimmers. Ten male and seven female swimmers (mean ± SD, age: 18 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 67.5 ± 6.3 kg; height: 178.7 ± 7.9 cm) completed dry-land force-velocity profiles on three resistance exercises (lat pulldown, bench press, and bench pull). Then, a swimming load-velocity profile was carried out using a semi-tethered protocol. Multiple linear regressions and Spearman correlations were performed to establish relationships between parameters measured in the two conditions (significance level: p < 0.05). The main finding was that dry-land maximal strength was more strongly correlated to in-water parameters compared to dry-land maximal speed. More specifically, strong relationships were found between maximal force measured on the lat pulldown exercise and swimming parameters. Another finding suggests that dry-land maximal force, velocity, and power parameters had a stronger association with maximal swimming velocity than with maximal swimming load. Sex-dependent effect was observed regarding load-velocity parameters and some dry-land parameters such as dry-land maximal power. This study emphasizes the importance of targeted training abilities (such as dry-land maximal force) and exercises (such as the lat pulldown) in improving swimming performance factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beobachtungen von Trainern zu Essstörungssymptomen bei Athleten: Erste Validierung der norwegischen Übersetzung des Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097654</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097654</guid>
      <author>Diaz de Leon, I.</author>
      <author>Sandgren, S. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Norwegen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Essstörung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Diaz de Leon, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandgren, S. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eating disorders (EDs) pose serious health and performance risks and are especially prevalent among athletes. Coaches, who are crucial in supporting athletes` well-being, often lack knowledge and awareness of ED symptoms. We aimed to translate the Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire to Norwegian to explore which symptoms of eating psychopathology coaches in Norway observe among their athletes and how the observation of these symptoms might differ. A forward-backward translation was conducted, and a total of 311 coaches (52% male) were included. Factor Analysis revealed a 16-item, four-factor solution (Negative Affect, Dieting Practices, Fear of Eating, Compulsive Exercise). Participants most frequently reported observing symptoms related to Negative Affect and coaches with more coaching experience were more likely to observe symptoms of eating psychopathology. On average (Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire global score), more coaches reported not observing symptoms (76%) compared with those who were sure they had observed symptoms among their athletes (24%). We encourage future researchers to use and evaluate the Athlete Eating Psychopathology Observation Questionnaire further. It is important for coaching programs and coaches` professional development to prioritize education on EDs and disordered eating. Consequently, coaches may improve their knowledge, awareness, and ability to detect symptoms of EDs in athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Stigmatisierung und Resilienz auf Einstellungen zur Inanspruchnahme von Unterstützung bei psychischer Gesundheit bei Athleten aus dem Vereinigten Königreich</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097655</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097655</guid>
      <author>Bird, M. D.</author>
      <author>Earl, S. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Einstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bird, M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Earl, S. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes have been identified as a group reluctant to seek mental health support and often report stigma and negative attitudes toward help-seeking as barriers. Resilience is seen as a desired psychological characteristic by those involved in sport, shown to guard against stressors, and related to enhanced psychological well-being. Researchers, however, have yet to investigate the relationship between stigma and resilience, and how each may be associated with attitudes toward mental health help-seeking in athletes. A total of 297 athletes from the United Kingdom completed an online survey containing measures of personal stigma, self-stigma, resilience, and positive attitudes toward mental health help-seeking. Correlations showed both stigma types were positively related to one another but had no association with resilience. A multiple linear moderation model further revealed both stigmas were negatively related to positive help-seeking attitudes, whereas resilience had no association. No moderation effects were found between any pair of independent variables.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Positionsspezifische Feldspielaktionen und deren Nutzung im professionellen Männer-T20-Cricket</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097642</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097642</guid>
      <author>Lee, T. A.</author>
      <author>Novak, A. R.</author>
      <author>Pickering Rodriguez, E. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Cricket</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lee, T. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novak, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pickering Rodriguez, E. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This descriptive study quantified the position of the first fielder involved in each delivery (primary fielding instances) in men`s professional Twenty20 (T20) cricket, focusing on data from 1964 individual deliveries during the 2022/23 Australian Big Bash League. Variables considered included game phase, non-fielder events, bowling type, primary fielding instance position and all fielding positions. Primary fielding instances were classified by position, bowling type and game phase. Positional utilisation was also examined, quantifying primary fielding instances relative to how often a fielding position formed part of the fielding setup. In-fielders accounted for 63% of all primary fielding instances, with the wicketkeeper (16.4%, n = 277) and bowler (10.2%, n = 172) most involved. However, outfielders ranked in five of the top ten positions by utilisation. Notably, primary fielding instances to deep-third and fine-leg were more frequent for pace bowlers (n = 63) than spin-in (n = 1) or spin-away (n = 0). For spin bowlers, a higher frequency of fielding instances were observed on the side of the field that aligned with the direction of spin. The insights gained from fielder placement based on competency and specific fielding activities may enhance T20 strategies to reduce opposition runs. Further research could help assess the effectiveness of these fielder placements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Team-Auszeiten in hochklassigen Futsalspielen: Wann sollten sie genommen werden und was ist zu erwarten?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097643</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097643</guid>
      <author>Lovato, V.</author>
      <author>Barreira, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pause</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lovato, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barreira, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study analyse the strategic use of team timeouts (TTOs) in high-performance futsal, identifying when they are requested and their impact on team performance. Data from 244 matches in the 2023 Brazilian Futsal League were examined, with 735 TTOs analysed. Performance variables, including shots, goals scored, and goals conceded, were measured three minutes before and after each TTO request. Findings indicate that TTOs were requested in 75% of available opportunities and were predominantly used in the final 10 minutes of each half. Most timeouts occurred when teams were losing or tied, with a significant performance improvement observed in losing situations. Specifically, teams that called TTOs while trailing experienced an increase in shot attempts, a reduction in goals conceded, and a higher likelihood of scoring. However, TTOs had little impact when teams were winning or tied. Additionally, TTOs were more effective in open play than in set-play situations. These results suggest that coaches should strategically use TTOs to maximise their impact, particularly when trailing and in open-play scenarios. By further understanding how TTOs influence match dynamics, coaches can refine their in-game strategies and maximise their team`s competitive advantage.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorhersage und Analyse der Schießleistung im professionellen Biathlon: ein Bayes`scher Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097644</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097644</guid>
      <author>Leonelli, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsgenauigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leonelli, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Biathlon is a unique winter sport that combines precision rifle marksmanship with the endurance demands of cross-country skiing. We develop a Bayesian hierarchical model to predict and understand shooting performance using data from the 2021/22 Women`s World Cup season. The model captures athlete-specific, position-specific, race-type, and stage-dependent effects, providing a comprehensive view of shooting accuracy variability. By incorporating dynamic components, we reveal how performance evolves over the season, with model validation showing strong predictive ability at both overall and individual levels. Our findings highlight substantial athlete-specific differences and underscore the value of personalised performance analysis for optimising coaching strategies. This work demonstrates the potential of advanced Bayesian modelling in sports analytics, paving the way for future research in biathlon and similar sports requiring the integration of technical and endurance skills.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss eines dichten Spielplans und der Spielbeteiligung auf die externe Belastung von Spitzenfußballspielern während einer Wettkampfsaison</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097645</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097645</guid>
      <author>dos Santos Guimarães, R.</author>
      <author>García-Calvo, T.</author>
      <author>Lobo-Triviño, D.</author>
      <author>Ponce-Bordón, J. C.</author>
      <author>Raya-González, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>dos Santos Guimarães, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Calvo, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lobo-Triviño, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ponce-Bordón, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raya-González, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated differences in external workload between non-congested and congested weeks among professional Brazilian male soccer players, considering their participation in the previous match. Thirty-six players from the same team were divided into four groups based on their playing time: G1 (>80 min in non-congested and >110 min in congested), G2 (45-80 min in non-congested and 50-110 min in congested), G3 (1-45 min in non-congested and 1-50 min in congested), and G4 (0 min in both non-congested and congested). Weekly workload was measured using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, tracking metrics such as total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), sprint distance (SR), number of sprints, acceleration (ACC), and deceleration (DEC) actions. G1 players showed high external workload during congested weeks. G3 and G4 players exhibited lower distances at high intensity and recorded more ACC but fewer DEC actions in both types of weeks. These findings indicate the need of reevaluating compensatory strategies for G3 and G4 players to manage match demands better. Moreover, specific recovery strategies and proper periodisation are crucial during congested weeks to mitigate fatigue and reduce injury risks for G1 players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Unterschiede bei der FIFA Frauen-Weltmeisterschaft 2023 in Abhängigkeit vom Spielergebnis und der Konföderationszugehörigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097646</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097646</guid>
      <author>López-Araya, S.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Ureña, B.</author>
      <author>Gómez-Ruano, M. Á.</author>
      <author>Ibáñez, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2023</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>FIFA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>López-Araya, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Ureña, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gómez-Ruano, M. Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ibáñez, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The first Women`s World Cup was held in China in 1991. Its ninth edition was the first tournament to feature 32 teams. Literature on Women`s Soccer continues to grow, but studies on Performance Analysis and Women`s Soccer are still few. The aim of this study was to analyse the Performance Indicators developed in the most recent 2023 FIFA Women`s World Cup. Specifically, the study sought to characterise the game of participating teams and to identify differences based on match outcomes at the group and play-off stages, and according to the confederations of origin. Three mixed linear models were conducted, controlling for the random factor of the participating teams. Significant differences were found based on the match outcome in both offensive and defensive performance, during both the group stage and the play-off stage. In terms of confederations, differences were primarily found in attacking variables between UEFA and the other confederations. The findings of this study highlight the importance of offensive control and enable the analysis of future opponents. It is recommended to increase scientific evidence on Women`s Soccer to enhance sports specificity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spezifität der Sprintleistung auf curvilinearen Strecken bei jungen Fußballspielerinnen: Vergleich mit dem linearen Sprint und Zusammenhang mit vertikalen Sprüngen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097647</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097647</guid>
      <author>Sašek, M.</author>
      <author>Smajla, D.</author>
      <author>Bratina, K.</author>
      <author>Spudic, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sašek, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smajla, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bratina, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spudic, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Differences between left and right curvilinear (CSL and CSR) and linear sprinting (LS) and their relationship to vertical jump performance in youth female soccer players were investigated. Twenty-four players completed 30 m LS, CSL and CSR together with vertical jumps (single-leg and bilateral countermovement jump, squat jump and drop jump). Sprint times (10, 20, 30 m), peak speed (Speak), peak acceleration (Apeak) and acceleration-speed profiles including maximal theoretical speed (S0), maximal theoretical acceleration (A0) and acceleration speed slope (ASslope) were calculated. The influence of sprint type on the variables was analysed using ANOVA, while the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between jump height and sprint performance. Sprint type had a significant effect on most variables (p <= 0.003, Eta2 >=0.14), except Apeak. LS showed higher Speak, maximal theoretical speed (S0), 20 m and 30 m split times compared to CSL and CSR. Single-leg countermovement jumps correlated strongly with Speak and S0 (r >= 0.46). Furthermore, LS and CS performance variables were trivially to strongly correlated (r = 0.04-0.78). The results highlight the specific demands of CS compared to LS and emphasise the role of unilateral lower-limb power for CS performance in female soccer players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Taktische Leistung eines australischen A-League-Fußballteams: Vergleich spatiotemporaler Daten zwischen verschiedenen Spielphasen in Partien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097648</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097648</guid>
      <author>Hands, D. E.</author>
      <author>O`Brien-Smith, J.</author>
      <author>Janse de Jonge, X. A. K.</author>
      <author>Livingston, G. C.</author>
      <author>Borges, N. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hands, D. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O`Brien-Smith, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Janse de Jonge, X. A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Livingston, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borges, N. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effect of phases of play during association football matches on spatiotemporal measures of tactical performance, for an Australian A-League team. Phases of play were identified from video recordings of 10 official A-League matches and synchronised to 10 Hz GPS data. The GPS data were used to calculate measures of a team`s average position relative to the playing field (team centroid distance from the goal-line), dispersion (stretch index), playing space (effective area); and a measure of individual player space (spatial exploration index). Three analysis of variance models compared between phases of play for the team measures, and a mixed model compared between phases of play for the individual player measure. Stretch index and effective area were greatest in "build-up play", then "counter-attack", then "counter-defending" (each p < 0.005). There was no significant difference between the "defensive block" and "other" phases; or between any phases of play for team centroid distance from the goal-line. Spatial exploration index was greatest (p < 0.001) in the "other" phase of play and lowest (p < 0.02) in "defensive block". The phases of play framework highlights differences between the types of possession that would otherwise not be shown, providing useful performance context.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen LPS-Daten und beschleunigungsbasierten Messgrößen: Aufhebung der Antennenabhängigkeit für das Monitoring externer Belastung im Frauenhandball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097649</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097649</guid>
      <author>García-Sánchez, C.</author>
      <author>Nieto-Acevedo, R.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Rubio, C.</author>
      <author>Marquina, M.</author>
      <author>Navarro, R. M.</author>
      <author>de la Rubia, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>LPS</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>García-Sánchez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nieto-Acevedo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Rubio, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marquina, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Navarro, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de la Rubia, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Scientific evidence on the relationship between speed-based metrics from local positioning systems (LPS) and accelerometer-based metrics from inertial measurement units (IMUs) in women`s handball is limited. This study aimed to (1) examine associations between LPS and IMU metrics by playing position; (2) determine the predictive capacity of LPS metrics from IMU data; and (3) provide reference values in novel LPS and IMU metrics. Very strong correlations were found between total distance covered (TDC) and PlayerLoad (PL) across all positions (p < 0.001; r = 0.952-0.992), suggesting both can quantify external load volume. High metabolic load distance (HMLD) showed strong associations with accumulated PL above 2 G (+2 G-PL) (r = 0.719-0.955), accumulated PL above 4 G (+4 G-PL) (r = 0.603-0.905), and dynamic stress load (DSL) (r = 0.510-0.832), indicating their relevance as intensity metrics. Linear regression models revealed that TDC can be predicted by PL for all positions (R2 = 0.906-0.984; p < 0.001), while HMLD can be predicted by +2 G-PL for pivots and wings (R2 = 0.761 and 0.913, respectively), and by +4 G-PL and DSL for wings (R2 = 0.819 and 0.693, respectively). These findings support the use of accelerometer-based metrics to monitor both volume and intensity metrics, offering practical alternatives when LPS antennas are unavailable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Bedeutsamkeitserleben, Selbstwertgefühl und Wohlbefinden bei jugendlichen Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097650</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097650</guid>
      <author>Williams, R. E.</author>
      <author>Blanton, J. E.</author>
      <author>Pacewicz, C. E.</author>
      <author>Habeeb, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Selbstwertgefühl</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Williams, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanton, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pacewicz, C. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Habeeb, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Psychological mattering is feeling valued and adding value to a relational context; antimattering is one`s perception of feeling insignificant to others. Despite extensive research in family, school, and community settings, mattering remains unexplored in youth sports, where relationships may influence mental health outcomes. This study (N = 299, Mage = 14.05 ± 1.94 years) examined mattering, self-esteem, and well-being in youth athletes from club sport teams using latent variable path analysis. Multiple direct pathways were significant; mattering, mattering to coaches, and mattering to teammates were positively associated with well-being, while antimattering was negatively associated with self-esteem. Significant indirect associations were observed for antimattering, explaining emotional (ß = -0.25, 95% CI [-0.41, -0.14]), social (ß = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.31, -0.06]), and psychological (ß = -0.27, 95% CI [-0.43, -0.16]) well-being through self-esteem. Findings highlighted mattering and self-esteem as key contributors to youth athletes` well-being. Future research should examine how sport environments shape mattering to better support athletes` mental health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Positive Erfahrungen bei Eliteathleten in Finnland: Zusammenhänge mit grundlegenden psychologischen Bedürfnissen, sportlichen Bedingungen und Hintergrundfaktoren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097651</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097651</guid>
      <author>Kaski, S.</author>
      <author>Kinnunen, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Finnland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kompetenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaski, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kinnunen, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This research aimed to study the prevalence of PERMA experiences (Positive emotions, Engagement, (positive) Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment) among elite athletes in Finland (n = 2,045) and factors that are potentially connected to these experiences. The results indicated that, depending on the PERMA component, 40%-52% of the athletes had positive experiences in sports. A total of 42% of the athletes could be classified as flourishing. Feeling competent in sports was positively related to all PERMA experiences. The safe atmosphere of the team seemed to be of greater importance for PERMA components than coach behavior. Belonging to a minority group was negatively related to all positive experiences except for Engagement. Our results suggest that strengthening of athletes` feeling of competence is essential in promoting positive experiences in sports, which are important for athletes` functioning and success. In addition, sports organizations should pay more attention to how to strengthen equality and equity in sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Perfektionismus, Burnout und depressive Symptome bei jugendlichen Fußballspielern: Moderation durch ein stärkendes und ein schwächendes Klima</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097652</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097652</guid>
      <author>Hill, A. P.</author>
      <author>Smith, E. P.</author>
      <author>Hall, H. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Depression</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Perfektionismus</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Burnout</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Umfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hill, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, E. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hall, H. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Youth soccer players face considerable pressure as they pursue a successful career in the sport. Research shows that some players navigate these pressures better than others, with the immediate coaching environment playing a key role. We examined the relationship between different perfectionism subtypes, and burnout, and depressive symptoms in youth soccer, and whether perceptions of empowering and disempowering climate moderated these relationships. Two-hundred and sixty-six youth male soccer academy players completed measures of perfectionism, burnout, depressive symptoms, and empowering and disempowering climate. Moderated regression analyses typically supported the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model and differentiated between subtypes for burnout and depressive symptoms. A more empowering climate also decreased one aspect of burnout—devaluation—in three of four subtypes. The findings show that some perfectionism subtypes are related to higher burnout and depressive symptoms in youth soccer, and an empowering climate might help reduce burnout for most subtypes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wahrgenommenes teambezogenes motivationales Klima, sportliche Identität und akademische Aktivitäten bei Highschool-Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097653</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097653</guid>
      <author>Chamberlin, J. M.</author>
      <author>Fry, M. D.</author>
      <author>Long, H.</author>
      <author>Iwasaki, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Umfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Identität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Selbstwirksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chamberlin, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fry, M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Long, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iwasaki, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to examine whether athletes` perceptions of a caring (C) and task-involving (TI) sport climate significantly predict their career decision self-efficacy; career exploration and engagement; academic support from coaches and teammates; and athletic and academic identity, after controlling for athletes` demographic information. High school athletes (N = 228; 75 females and 146 males) completed a survey that included the measures of interest. A series of hierarchical regression analyses revealed that students` perceptions of a C/TI climate were positive predictors of their career decision self-efficacy (TI), academic identify (TI), and coach support of their academics (C/TI). The findings of this study build on the work of Poux and Fry published in 2015 with college athletes. When coaches foster a C/TI climate, they may be promoting holistic development of their athletes by encouraging them to invest in their academic program and prepare for future careers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Entwicklung von Spitzenfußballern in Europa. Eine vergleichende Studie zu deutschen und englischen Philosophien der Nachwuchsförderung. Abschlussbericht zum UEFA-Forschungsstipendium </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097768</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097768</guid>
      <author>Müller, J.</author>
      <author>Kübel, T.</author>
      <author>Küchle, A.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>langfristiger Leistungsaufbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Müller, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kübel, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Küchle, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Executive Summary
Germany and England have rich histories of success in football and their respective youth development programs have produced many talented players over the years. However, the philosophies and approaches used by the two countries in their youth development programs have been different. This research identified the overarching objectives of German and English elite youth football academies (RQ1), based on insights provided from 17 senior staff members in German and English Youth Academy`s objectives and definitions of success were largely consistent across country and gender and encompassed a) enabling personal growth; b) attracting, retaining, developing, and transitioning players into professional football; c) winning games and trophies.
A comprehensive exploration of the multi-level factors that impact youth development philosophies across countries (RQ2) revealed that a) the social-cultural context (i.e., "entry age"), b) National Association initiatives (i.e., EPPP and Projekt Zukunft) and c) regulations, significantly impact youth development philosophies on a national, regional, and local level.
Looking more closely at strengths and weaknesses of the German as well as English approach to youth development (RQ3), it became apparent that development of  football across all levels is a strength of the German system, whereas financial strength and centralized control led by the premier league are advantages on the English side. As for weaknesses federalism and slow bureaucracy were considered the biggest weakness within Germany, and over-professionalization at a young age within the English framework.
Moreover, while youth development has been professionalized and rigorously structured on the men`s side of the game for years, it is only recently that the FA as well as the DFB have started to review and establish clearer development pathways on the women`s side. As such, this study explored to which extent development philosophies and national initiatives are comparable across male and female academies (RQ4). Findings suggest, that albeit there are some similarities across male and female academies there are some noteworthy differences. First, availability of resources. Second, lack of standardized development structures. Third, greater variation in selection niveau and athletic foundation.
The following recommendations for other UEFA member federations and clubs are offered (RQ5).
Clubs
• Establishing clear and overarching philosophy from under 9s to first team
• Creating age-appropriate development structures
• A person-centred approach is essential for maximizing potential
NGBs
• Different entities should govern different aspects of youth development
• Contextual audits and certificates ensure minimum standard of provision
• Accelerating innovation cycles and more periodic reflections are required]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Arten der zentripetalen Bodenreaktionskraft bei Kurvensprints auf einer Leichtathletikbahn bei männlichen Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097630</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097630</guid>
      <author>Hirono, Y.</author>
      <author>Fujii, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bodenreaktionskraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Impuls</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hirono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujii, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Curve sprinting requires a centripetal ground reaction force (GRF) impulse, causing biomechanical leg asymmetries. However, the strategies for modulating this impulse, its primary determinants (contact duration versus GRF magnitude), and specific joint kinetic and kinematic contributions remain unclear. This study investigated these impulse determinants and identified lower-limb factors associated with the magnitude of the GRF to elucidate asymmetrical leg modes in curve sprinting. Fifteen experienced male sprinters performed submaximal sprints on a 42-m-radius curve. Three-dimensional kinematic data and GRFs were recorded, joint torques were calculated, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to assess key relationships. The centripetal impulse was strongly correlated with the mean centripetal GRF for both legs but not with the contact duration. Thus, the mean centripetal GRF, rather than the contact duration, was the primary determinant of the centripetal impulse during curve sprinting for both legs, supporting our first hypothesis. The PLSR results revealed functionally distinct asymmetrical modes: the left leg engaged in a complex turning and stability mode, defined by specific hip/ankle torques, and suppressed outward push. Conversely, the right leg relied on a dominant whole-limb inclination of the knee and ankle joint axis, along with a contribution from the ankle plantarflexion torque. These findings highlight distinct asymmetrical mechanisms of GRF application, thereby advancing our understanding of curve-sprinting biomechanics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Dynamik der Knie- und Hüftgelenke unterscheidet sich bei Sprintübungen und Nordic Hamstring Übungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097631</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097631</guid>
      <author>Steudel, K.</author>
      <author>Haralabidis, N.</author>
      <author>Gurchiek, R.</author>
      <author>Hicks, J.</author>
      <author>Delp, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nordic hamstring exercise</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Steudel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haralabidis, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gurchiek, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hicks, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delp, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sprinting and the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) are common training modalities used to reduce hamstring injury risk, but the differences in the biomechanical demands of sprinting and the NHE are unclear. We conducted an exploratory analysis comparing knee and hip joint kinematics and kinetics, and biceps femoris long head (BFLH) muscle-tendon unit length and velocity during the flight phase of sprinting and the NHE. We collected motion capture and force data from fourteen athletic participants (8 males, 6 females) running (4-8 m/s) and performing the NHE. We used this experimental data and musculoskeletal modeling to compute joint kinematics and kinetics and estimate the BFLH muscle-tendon unit length and velocity for all running speeds and the NHE. Sprinting, for all speeds, puts the BFLH at longer lengths (p < 0.001) and higher lengthening velocities (p < 0.001) than the NHE. The NHE requires participants to generate peak knee flexion moments that are smaller than for running at 6 m/s and above (p < 0.001), and peak negative knee flexion powers that are less than 5% of all running speeds (p < 0.001). However, the duration of each NHE repetition is approximately 60 times longer than the BFLH lengthening portion of the flight phase of running, resulting in greater negative knee work for running at 6 m/s and below (p < 0.001) but less at 7.5 m/s and above (p < 0.001). The results of this study provide necessary quantitative information to compare the biomechanical demands of sprinting and the NHE.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die segmentale Dynamik des Unterschenkels beim Seitvolley-Schuss bei männlichen Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097632</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097632</guid>
      <author>Iitake, T.</author>
      <author>Nunome, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Iitake, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nunome, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present study aimed to clarify the differences in interaction torques acting on the kicking limb by expressing them as functions of the relative linear accelerations in a linked lower leg system. Twenty experienced male university-level soccer players (19.5 ± 1.1 years, 1.75 ± 0.06 m, 69.2 ± 5.5 kg) were instructed to perform the side-volley and instep kicks as forcefully as possible. The kicking motions were captured using a 12-camera optoelectronic motion capture system at 500 Hz. To describe the differences in the detailed mechanics of the interaction torques between the two kicks, the acceleration of the lower leg centre of gravity was decomposed into the relative accelerations of adjacent body landmarks from the support leg`s hip joint, which allowed us to calculate the interaction torques due to accelerative actions of these body landmarks. The side-volley kick generated significantly smaller total interaction torque and the interaction torque due to the support leg`s hip in the final phase of kicking than the instep kick. There was a distinctive difference between the two kicks in the practical accelerative actions at the support leg`s hip. In the side-volley kick, while the interaction torque due to the vertical acceleration of the support leg`s hip was negligible during kicking, that due to the horizontal acceleration (towards the left from the back-view of right-footed players) had the most considerable magnitude. The horizontal acceleration is most likely derived from the support leg`s hip adduction joint torque, apparent in the latter part of kicking.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen einer vierwöchigen oralen Tangeretin-Supplementierung auf die Serumspiegel von Testosteron und Cortisol bei Sprintern während der Wintertrainingssaison</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097633</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097633</guid>
      <author>Liu, M.</author>
      <author>Mo, S.</author>
      <author>Duncan, M. J.</author>
      <author>Clark, C. C. T.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Qin, C.</author>
      <author>Lv, B.</author>
      <author>Gao, B.</author>
      <author>Zhou, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Testosteron</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Cortisol</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nahrungsergänzungsmittel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duncan, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clark, C. C. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qin, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lv, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
Tangeretin ingestion has shown broad benefits to humans. However, the potential impact of tangeretin supplementation on athletes remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of oral tangeretin supplementation on serum testosterone and cortisol in sprinters during winter training.

Methods
In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled, paired group trial, twenty-four sprinters were randomly assigned to an oral supplement with tangeretin (200 mg/d) (experimental group [EXP], n = 12) or a placebo (control group [CTROL], n = 12) for four weeks during a winter training season. Levels of serum testosterone, cortisol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were measured at the first day of each week and the day after the 4-week intervention. Body composition was measured before and after the intervention.

Results
For EXP, the levels of serum cortisol (P = 0.019) and ACTH (P = 0.001) significantly decreased, serum testosterone concentration remained unchanged, and SOD activity slightly increased after the 4-week intervention; for CTROL, the level of serum cortisol increased, and serum testosterone concentration (P = 0.02) and SOD activity (P = 0.014) decreased significantly. Sprinters in both EXP and CTROL increased muscle mass, but the increment in EXP was greater.

Conclusion
Four-week oral tangeretin supplementation reduced the oxidative stress response induced by high-intensity exercise training, maintained the serum testosterone concentration, reduced serum cortisol concentration, and promoted muscle protein synthesis in sprinters during a winter training season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Verbreitung psychischen Wohlbefindens und dessen Zusammenhang mit psychischen Erkrankungen bei Spitzensportlern: Eine Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097634</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097634</guid>
      <author>Wang, W.</author>
      <author>Schweickle, M. J.</author>
      <author>Hägglund, K.</author>
      <author>Vella, S. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Depression</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Länderanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schweickle, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hägglund, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vella, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to examine the prevalence of mental well-being and its relationships with depression and anxiety among international elite athletes. The sample consisted of 244 international elite athletes (Mage = 21.41 years, 52.0% men). The prevalence of flourishing, moderate well-being, and languishing across nine countries was 44.7%, 54.1%, and 1.2%, respectively. Elite athletes residing in Sweden were 2.81 times more likely to be flourishing compared with those residing in Australia (adjusted odds ratio = 2.81, 95% CI [1.51, 5.24], p = .001). Nonflourishing athletes were 5.94 times more likely to screen positive for depression (adjusted odds ratio = 5.94, 95% CI [2.66, 13.27]; p < .001) and were 4.72 times more likely to screen positive for anxiety (adjusted odds ratio = 4.72, 95% CI [2.12, 10.53]; p < .001). The results indicate that flourishing promotion in nonclinical elite athlete populations may help reduce the risk of future mental illness.

Key Points
• The absence of mental illness does not imply the presence of flourishing. Nonclinical elite athlete populations need to
receive greater attention to wellbeing promotion.
• More than half of elite athletes were not flourishing in this study, which indicated that evidence-based interventions could
be widely distributed to promote wellbeing among elite athletes.
• Elite athletes were more likely to screen positive for depression and anxiety if they were not flourishing. Flourishing
promotion may help prevent future risk of mental illness.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Einflusses von funktionellem Imaginationstraining und innerer visueller Vorstellungskraft auf die Leistung beim Tennisaufschlag </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097635</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097635</guid>
      <author>Rhodes, J.</author>
      <author>Leach, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Psychoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ideomotorisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Imagery</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Präzision</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Aufschlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rhodes, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leach, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Imagery is widely used in sport, but its effectiveness depends on how it is structured and the range of senses engaged. This study compared Functional Imagery Training—a multisensory, motivational intervention—with single-sense internal visual imagery and a control condition without imagery training. Thirty-eight competitive tennis players completed imagery ability and preference assessments before engaging in a 6-week intervention. Serve accuracy was measured pre- and postintervention using a target-based scoring task. Both imagery conditions led to performance improvements, with Functional Imagery Training producing significantly greater gains. The control group showed no significant change. Imagery ability and preferred use did not predict outcomes, and participants whose training matched their reported preference did not perform better than those mismatched. These findings support the use of multisensory and motivationally grounded approaches such as Functional Imagery Training, suggesting that the structure and emotional relevance of imagery may be more critical for performance than preference or ability.

Key Points
• Functional Imagery Training (FIT) produced significantly greater improvements in tennis serve accuracy than internal
visual imagery or motivational interviewing alone.
• Embedding imagery within a structured cue-based routine helped translate mental rehearsal into consistent, repeatable on-
court behavior.
• Performance gains were not explained by imagery ability or modality preference, highlighting the importance of structured,
motivationally integrated imagery over simple preference matching.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ernährungshinweise für Sportler mit Diabetes: Optimierung der Leistungsfähigkeit und der Blutzuckerkontrolle</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097636</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097636</guid>
      <author>Xu, L.</author>
      <author>Zhang, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Diabetes</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xu, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletes with diabetes encounter the intricate physiological challenge of harmonizing optimal physical performance with meticulous glycemic control. Although nutritional management is crucial for success, generic guidelines often do not provide the required differentiation for various diabetes causes and contemporary insulin delivery methods. This narrative review aims to consolidate the latest research on optimizing macronutrient intake, hydration, and micronutrient support specifically for athletes with Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 (T2D) diabetes. A structured search of the literature was conducted on Google Scholar (2015-2025) to identify relevant peer-reviewed clinical trials, meta-analyses, and expert consensus statements. The identified nutritional strategies were then analyzed and classified based on an evidence-grading framework: Level A (Strong evidence/Meta-analyses), Level B (Moderate evidence/Single RCTs), and Level C (Expert consensus). Carbohydrate timing and dosing are crucial factors in maintaining normal blood sugar levels during exercise, and they need to be adjusted based on the intensity and duration of the activity, as well as the type of insulin therapy being used (e.g., multiple daily injections vs. automated insulin delivery systems). This review presents structured guidelines for managing carbohydrate intake before, during, and after exercise, highlighting the importance of protein for muscle recovery and the influence of micronutrients like magnesium and vitamin D on metabolic function. Additionally, the use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) data is discussed as a valuable tool for reducing fluctuations in blood sugar levels and preventing exercise-induced hypoglycemia. Optimizing athletic performance in individuals with diabetes necessitates a comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategy. By coordinating dietary choices with appropriate treatment modalities and utilizing evidence-based assessments, healthcare providers can offer more secure and efficient recommendations for both competitive and recreational athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das ergogene Potenzial von Bernsteinsäure auf die Trainingsleistung und die Erholung nach dem Training: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097637</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097637</guid>
      <author>Jedrejko, K.</author>
      <author>Catlin, O.</author>
      <author>Jedrejko, M.</author>
      <author>Muszynska, B.</author>
      <author>Bat, I.</author>
      <author>Kleiner, S. M.</author>
      <author>Granda, D.</author>
      <author>Pokrywka, A.</author>
      <author>Jäger, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jedrejko, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Catlin, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jedrejko, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muszynska, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bat, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kleiner, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Granda, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pokrywka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jäger, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Succinic acid plays a central role in human energy metabolism as a key intermediate of the Krebs cycle that releases energy accumulated as guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Through its conversion via succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), succinate directly links the Krebs cycle to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), contributing to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Exercise induces pronounced changes in succinate concentrations in skeletal muscle, blood, and saliva, with responses influenced by training status, exercise modality, and intensity. Objective: This systematic review evaluated the effects of succinate-containing supplements or sole-ingredient succinic acid supplementation on exercise performance and post-exercise recovery in healthy trained individuals. 

Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched without date restrictions. Interventional studies assessing succinate-containing supplementation with outcomes related to exercise performance or recovery were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. This study was registered in advance with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD420251237042). 

Results: Six studies involving 153 participants (mean age: 23 years) met the inclusion criteria. Five of the six included studies were rated as having a high risk of bias, while the only study judged to be at low risk of bias reported no beneficial effects on exercise performance outcomes. Supplementation protocols included daily doses of 300-2040 mg for up to 21 days and a single acute dose of 30 mg/kg, with most interventions administering succinate as part of multi-ingredient formulations rather than as an isolated compound. Three studies reported ergogenic effects in direct performance metrics, including improvements in maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen consumption, anaerobic threshold power, and total work performed. Two additional studies demonstrated favorable physiological adaptations indirectly relevant to exercise performance, including improved acid-base regulation, hematological markers related to oxygen transport, and antioxidant status, although validated performance outcomes were not assessed. Substantial heterogeneity and overall methodological limitations precluded meta-analysis. 

Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that succinate-containing supplements or sole-ingredient succinic acid supplementation may enhance direct performance outcomes such as aerobic performance, total workload, and indirect physiological markers, e.g., acid-base balance, hematological indicators and antioxidant capacity in healthy trained individuals. However, given that the majority of included studies were at high risk of bias and the only low-risk study reported no ergogenic effects, current evidence does not provide reliable support for performance-enhancing benefits of succinate supplementation. Interpretation is further limited by the predominant use of multi-ingredient formulations, making it difficult to isolate the effects of succinic acid. While biologically plausible mechanisms exist, well-controlled trials using isolated succinic acid are required before conclusions regarding efficacy can be drawn.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körperzusammensetzung und Nahrungsaufnahme bei Kampfsportlern: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097638</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097638</guid>
      <author>Herrero Barceló, J. F.</author>
      <author>Martínez Sanz, J. M.</author>
      <author>Castillo Martínez, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kampfsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammensetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Diät</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Herrero Barceló, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez Sanz, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castillo Martínez, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background/Objectives: Combat sports are characterised by successive high-intensity and short-duration episodes (rounds) interspersed with short rest periods (intermittent nature). Athletes` body composition and dietary intake are closely related to physiological demands, and they are determining factors in athletic performance. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the body composition, dietary intake, and food habits of male and female combat sports athletes, and to verify whether they met nutritional recommendations. 

Methods: A search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases following the PRISMA statement. The timeframe for the search included studies from the year 2000 until 2 February 2026. Risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE and the Newcastle-Ottawa checklists. Initially, 328 documents were identified. The research focused on amateur, semi-professional, or professional athletes in boxing, karate, kickboxing, jiu-jitsu, taekwondo, judo, muay thai, and mixed martial arts (MMA). 

Results: After screening, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Most of the athletes, both men and women, had normal body mass indices (BMIs), with low or normal fat percentages and adequate muscle mass during both reference and pre-competitive periods. Regarding dietary intake, most of the athletes, male and female, had energy and carbohydrate intakes below official recommendations. Energy and nutrient intake decreased during pre-competition periods as a strategy for achieving pre-competitive rapid weight loss, which mainly occurred at the expense of lean mass. 

Conclusions: Despite maintaining adequate body composition, combat sports athletes reported an inadequate dietary pattern, especially during pre-competitive periods, which may negatively affect athletic performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Profil der Darmmikrobiota und die Auswirkungen einer Probiotika-Supplementierung bei Leistungsradfahrern: eine Übersichtsarbeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097639</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097639</guid>
      <author>Belmonte, G.</author>
      <author>Gervasi, M.</author>
      <author>Agostini, D.</author>
      <author>Donati Zeppa, S.</author>
      <author>Formiglio, E.</author>
      <author>Di Mitri, I. R.</author>
      <author>Fernández-Peña, E.</author>
      <author>Bartolacci, A.</author>
      <author>Stocchi, V.</author>
      <author>Paoli, A.</author>
      <author>Bianco, A.</author>
      <author>Patti, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Darm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Probiotika</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Belmonte, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gervasi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Agostini, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donati Zeppa, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Formiglio, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Mitri, I. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernández-Peña, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartolacci, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stocchi, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paoli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bianco, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patti, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background/Objectives: The recent discovery of the importance of gut microbiota has enhanced our understanding of several issues related to energy metabolism, immune systems, and post-exercise recovery, which could have an impact on sports performance. Probiotics are used as sports supplements and have recently been proposed to be effective in reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections during training and competition. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the gut microbiota composition of competitive cyclists and investigate the effect of probiotic administration in this sports population. 

Methods: A literature review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus, and all studies until 1 November 2025 were considered. After dual-reviewer screening, data were charted to identify the composition of gut microbiota and the effects of probiotics on these types of athletes. 

Results: After all the study identification phases, eleven studies were selected. Seven studies evaluated the composition of the gut microbiota, while four randomized controlled trials evaluated probiotic intake. The results indicate an abundance of Prevotella distinct for this type of athlete, which could facilitate the metabolism of glucose and short-chain fatty acids. Among the four main areas of improvement identified in relation to probiotics, a 16-week multi-strain supplementation protocol showed improved aerobic performance and exertion rate in amateur cyclists. 

Conclusions: Despite the limited number of studies, certain microbiota traits could be identified in competitive cyclists, which may correspond to their high metabolic rate. Although further strain standardized studies are needed on professional cyclists, the data could indicate that certain probiotic supplementation may be an effective addition for competitive cyclists.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Als destruktiv empfundene Verhaltensweisen von Trainern im Spitzensport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097640</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097640</guid>
      <author>Sigvartsen, K.</author>
      <author>Sæther, S. A.</author>
      <author>Haugen, T.</author>
      <author>Erikstad, M.</author>
      <author>Peters, D. M.</author>
      <author>Høigaard, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sigvartsen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sæther, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haugen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erikstad, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peters, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Høigaard, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[There is agreement among athletes, coaches, and sport researchers that leadership is one of the most significant factors when performing and operating in elite sport. There is, however, a lack of understanding of how the behaviors of coaches as leaders could be considered as destructive. The aim of this study was to explore elite sport athletes` perceptions and experiences of destructive coach leadership behavior. Informants in this study were a convenience sample of eight (four female and four males) current or former World Class/international elite athletes in handball and soccer, with an average of 12 years of experience at elite level. Using semi-structured interviews and conducting a reflective thematic analysis we identified three main categories of perceived destructive leadership behavior from the coaches described as: Active Destructive Behaviors; Passive Destructive Behaviors, and Incompetent Coach Behaviors. Recognizing these behaviors is the first step in attempting to eradicate them. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen verschiedener Aufwärmübungen auf die Wurfgeschwindigkeit bei Handballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097641</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097641</guid>
      <author>Zecchin, A.</author>
      <author>Soto-García, D.</author>
      <author>Fernandez-Fernandez, J.</author>
      <author>Santos, L.</author>
      <author>Foster, C.</author>
      <author>Boullosa, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zecchin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soto-García, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez-Fernandez, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Foster, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boullosa, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We investigated the effects of plyometric and isometric warm-up exercises on handball throwing velocity and verified the relationships between strength measures and throwing velocity. Sixteen U-22 elite male handball players (age: 19.8±0.9 y and handball training experience: 10.5±1.0 y) of the Spanish University Championship-winning team participated in this study. Players were assessed for maximum isometric shoulder internal rotation strength (kg), and the loads (kg) associated with 1 m/s in half squat and bench press exercises. Subsequently, they performed a standardized warm-up plus isometric vs. plyometric vs. control exercises in a randomized order followed by the evaluation of ball throwing velocity. There were no significant differences in throwing velocity following any condition. Moderate significant correlations were observed between throwing velocity and the load associated with 1 m/s in the half squat under all conditions (r=0.56-0.61 and p<0.05) and in the bench press after plyometric (r=0.50 and p=0.047). The control condition which included submaximal running resulted in similar throwing velocity to the experimental conditions including strength exercises. The identified associations between the loads associated with 1 m/s in the half squat and bench press exercises highlighted the important role of muscle power in handball players` throwing ability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effizienz von Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerken bei Elite-Biathleten und Langläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097614</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097614</guid>
      <author>Polikanova, I. S.</author>
      <author>Smirnov, K. S.</author>
      <author>Sysoeva, O. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Aufmerksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Polikanova, I. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smirnov, K. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sysoeva, O. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study provides the first investigation of attentional network efficiency in elite winter endurance athletes, comparing biathletes and cross-country skiers. Utilizing the Attention Network Test (ANT), we assessed the orienting, alerting, and executive networks in 44 elite athletes (15 biathletes, 29 skiers) and 20 sedentary controls. The key findings reveal that the winter elite athletes together demonstrated a significantly lower alerting score compared to controls [13.1 ± 2.9 vs. 25.9 ± 5.2, Welsh's t(63) = 2.134, p = 0.041, Cohen d = 0.592], interpreted as a neural signature of sustained readiness, where the nervous system is perpetually primed, diminishing the benefit of external warning cues. This capacity was manifested even more in biathletes than cross-country skiers and was also extended to spatiotemporal cues [combined score of alerting and orienting: 61.3 ± 9.4 vs. 90.2 ± 4.7, Welsh's t(43) = 2.740, p = 0.012, Cohen d = 0.918]. This attenuated response to both temporal and spatial cues is posited as a trained "cognitive shield," enabling biathletes to suppress automatic shifts of attention to spatial cues in parallel with sustained alerting state—a critical adaptation for maintaining precise marksmanship amidst the physiological noise and environmental distractions of shooting under high cardiovascular load. No group differences were found in executive attention networks and overall reaction time, underscoring the relevance of specific components of attention to these sports. The results demonstrate that the attentional architecture of elite athletes is not broadly enhanced but is precisely calibrated by their sport's unique demands, highlighting a remarkable degree of task-specific performance optimization under pressure.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen personalisierter Zeit-Zielsetzungen auf die Schwimmleistung und psychologische Profile bei Wettkampfschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:23:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097615</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097615</guid>
      <author>Ferchichi, N.</author>
      <author>Amara, S.</author>
      <author>Aouani, H.</author>
      <author>Bouassida, A.</author>
      <author>van den Tillaar, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zielsetzung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferchichi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Amara, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aouani, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bouassida, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van den Tillaar, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming performance results from a complex interaction between physiological and psychological factors. The use of specific goal-setting has emerged as a promising psychological strategy; however, its influence on emotional states and time-based performance in real competitive conditions remains insufficiently documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of setting a specific time-based performance goal on 100-m freestyle performance and psychological states in competitive swimmers. Twenty-four male swimmers (15.2 ± 0.8 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 12). The experimental group received an individualized performance goal based on the goal-range setting model, whereas the control group was instructed to "perform at their best." All swimmers completed an 8-week standardized training program. Performance in the 100-m freestyle and psychological states (POMS) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The mixed ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time on performance (p < 0.001) and a significant Time × Group interaction (p = 0.004). Both groups improved following the intervention; however, the improvement was greater in the experimental group (4.3% vs. 2.5%). Regarding psychological variables, a significant main effect of time was found for total mood disturbance (p < 0.001), along with a significant Time × Group interaction (p < 0.001). Total mood disturbance increased in both groups, but to a greater extent in the experimental group (47.1% vs. 19.1%). All POMS subscales demonstrated significant effects of time and interaction, except for fatigue (p = 0.143). Post hoc analyses showed significantly greater increases in all affective states in the experimental group, while fatigue did not differ significantly between groups (13.7% vs. 9.3%). Implementing an individualized time-based performance goal was associated with improved swimming performance; however, it was also accompanied by a substantial emotional cost, reflecting an imbalance between performance demands and available psychological resources. The use of individualized goals should be coupled with structured psychological monitoring, including regular mood profiling, emotional regulation strategies, and progressive co-construction of the performance target. A gradual implementation approach appears necessary to optimize performance gains while preserving athlete well-being.]]></content:encoded>
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