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    <item>
      <title>Über das chronologische Alter hinaus: Der Reifeversatz ist positiv mit der Leistung in wurfspezifischen Tests bei jungen Leichtathletik-Wurfathleten assoziiert</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097616</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097616</guid>
      <author>Severin, J.</author>
      <author>Nolte, S.</author>
      <author>Abel, T.</author>
      <author>Schapschröer, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Severin, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nolte, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abel, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schapschröer, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

This study examined the influence of maturity offset, defined as distance from age at peak height velocity, on sport motor test performance in female and male youth track and field throwing athletes aged 13-19 years. The aim was to improve test interpretation and support valid talent identification.

Methods:

A retrospective data analysis was conducted on 468 observations (female: n = 252; male: n = 216) from 379 junior throwing athletes (female: n = 205, age: 15.5 ± 1.2 y; male: n = 174, age: 15.4 ± 1.1 y). Maturity offset was estimated with the widely used non-invasive Mirwald method. Performance was assessed using a standardized test battery including sprints, jumps, power-oriented throwing tests and a 12-minute run. Associations between maturity offset and test performance were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models.

Results:

Higher maturity offset was positively related to performance of throwing-related tests, corresponding to an increase of 12.8% (95% CI: 10.3, 15.3; ß = 0.37) in the backward overhead shot throw and 11.9% (95% CI: 9.7, 14.1; ß = 0.38) in the forward shot throw for athletes who had a maturity offset that was one year higher than their same-aged peers. Effects on other motor tests were small to trivial (-2.9 to 2.3% performance difference; ß = -0.14 to 0.14).

Discussion:

Maturity offset affects physical test outcomes in youth throwers, especially in power-related throwing tasks. These findings highlight the importance of considering maturity offset when interpreting test results to reduce bias in talent identification and better support long-term athlete development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Überwachung jugendlicher Handballspieler während des Spiels: Eine vorläufige Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen externen Belastungsparametern und objektiven sowie subjektiven Ermüdungsindikatoren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097617</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097617</guid>
      <author>Bauer, J.</author>
      <author>Muehlbauer, T.</author>
      <author>Venzke, J.</author>
      <author>Schäfer, R.</author>
      <author>Platen, P.</author>
      <author>Gruber, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bauer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muehlbauer, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Venzke, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schäfer, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platen, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gruber, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Advances in local positioning systems (LPS) have enabled detailed monitoring of external load in handball. However, the relationship between external load and internal fatigue under real match conditions remains insufficiently understood, particularly in adolescent players. This study examined associations between external load parameters and both objective and subjective fatigue markers during an official match and evaluated agreement between players `ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and coaches` ratings of observed exertion (ROE).

Methods:

Highly trained adolescent male handball players (n = 11; 8 complete cases; age: 16.1 ± 0.4 years) were monitored during a Bundesliga-level youth match. External load measures included playing time, total distance covered, accelerations, decelerations, fast running, and metabolic power recorded via the Kinexon LPS. Objective fatigue was assessed using the leg recovery test (LRT), while subjective measures included the Perceived Recovery Status Scale (PRSS), RPE, and ROE. Assessments were conducted pre-game (T0), half-time (T1), and post-game (T2).

Results:

Subjective fatigue measures changed markedly across the match. RPE increased (T0: 8.0 ± 2.45; T1: 14.6 ± 2.20; T2: 16.1 ± 2.85), while PRSS decreased (T0: 8.25 ± 1.91; T1: 6.12 ± 1.89; T2: 4.75 ± 2.43). PRSS and RPE showed moderate-to-strong associations with both volume- and intensity-based external load measures after each half. In contrast, LRT scores remained largely unchanged and showed minimal associations. Agreement between RPE and ROE improved over the match (correlations: T1 = 0.58/0.43; T2 = 0.68/0.60).

Conclusion:

Subjective fatigue measures, particularly RPE, were more sensitive than objective neuromuscular testing for detecting match-related fatigue in adolescent handball players. Coaches` ratings aligned increasingly with players` perceptions, highlighting the practical value of subjective monitoring for in-game load management.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sportartspezifische Anforderungen an die anhaltende Aufmerksamkeit bei Spitzensportlern: ein neuartiger Within-Subjects-Ansatz zur Untersuchung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097618</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097618</guid>
      <author>Blumberg, M. J.</author>
      <author>Esterman, M.</author>
      <author>Johnston, K.</author>
      <author>Wattie, N.</author>
      <author>Brough, J.</author>
      <author>Atkison, R.</author>
      <author>Baker, J.</author>
      <author>Wojtowicz, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportartenvergleich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Aufmerksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blumberg, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esterman, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnston, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wattie, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brough, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atkison, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wojtowicz, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Research has primarily examined between-group differences in athletes` cognition, and particularly sustained attention. More nuanced approaches are needed to better characterize athletes` attentional abilities.

Objective:

To examine associations between sport type and traditional Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) indices, and to apply a novel method to characterize within-person fluctuations in sustained attention performance.

Methods:

Participants were 198 elite athletes from a regional sport training and development organization in Toronto, Canada (Mage = 17.67 years, SD = 4.58; 56.57% female). Linear regressions explored associations between sport type (team, speed-strength, precision-skill) and SART indices (speed, accuracy, variability), controlling for age and sex. The variance time course procedure was then used to examine intraindividual fluctuations in sustained attention and to explore whether different patterns of performance emerge across sport types.

Results:

Using a pre-established sport classification system, team sport athletes were significantly more accurate on the SART than speed-strength (B = -0.81, p = .002) and precision-skill (B = -0.45, p = .016) athletes; however, the groups did not differ in speed or variability. The variance time course procedure showed that athletes fluctuated between `in the zone` and `out of the zone` attentional states, with `out of the zone` performance marked by greater variability and more error-prone responding. We also provide preliminary evidence that patterns of performance variability differ across sport types.

Conclusion:

Different sports may place distinct demands on specific dimensions of attentional performance. Within-person approaches are warranted to advance the field toward more precise assessment of athletes` cognitive functioning.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen von Virtual-Reality- und Dual-Task-Aufwärmübungen auf spielbezogene Geschwindigkeitsparadigmen bei Elite-Eishockeyspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097619</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097619</guid>
      <author>Brinkbäumer, M.</author>
      <author>Ahle, J.</author>
      <author>Reichert, L.</author>
      <author>Fleddermann, M.-T.</author>
      <author>Zentgraf, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>virtuelle Realität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Dual tasking</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brinkbäumer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ahle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reichert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fleddermann, M.-T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zentgraf, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Dual-task (DT) performance is a key component of game speed in ice hockey, where athletes must maintain high skating velocities while processing perceptual and cognitive information. Although DT training (DTT) and virtual reality training (VRT) are increasingly used in high-performance settings, little is known about their acute effects on DT speed performance and individual variability in responsiveness. Therefore, this study examined (1) the acute effects of DTT and VRT warm-up on DT tapping speed with two different cognitive conditions and (2) related performance outcome measurements derived from cognitive testing and on-ice speed diagnostics.

Methods:

Seventy-four elite youth ice hockey players (17.3 ± 1.7 years) from U18 female, U18 male, and U20 male squads completed a simple tapping task (ST) and two DT paradigms - tapping paired with either a speed-reading task (SR) or a Stroop task (STR). Using a randomized crossover pre-post design, all athletes performed both a 20-minute DTT intervention and a 20-minute VRT intervention. Individual responsiveness was determined using the smallest worthwhile change (SWC). Moderating variables included cognitive test scores and on-ice speed performance.

Results:

Both DTT and VRT yielded significant improvements in ST performance (p < .001). DTT produced a significant improvement of DT tapping frequency with SR (p < .001), whereas VRT caused a small decline (i.e., lower frequencies). Neither intervention improved STR, and VRT was associated with more decrements than benefits across DT conditions. SWC analyses revealed notable interindividual variability: most athletes showed no certain change, but a subset demonstrated clear improvements or decrements. Correlation analyses indicated that DTT-induced improvements in STR were moderately associated with several on-ice measures (p = .27-.39, p < .05). No consistently related performance outcome measurements emerged for VRT. VRT did not lead to improved performance in DT paradigms requiring linguistic processing or inhibitory control and even produced motor performance decrements in some athletes.

Discussion:

Our study suggests that DTT appears more effective than VRT in acutely supporting DT speed performance, particularly in SR. The heterogeneity in responsiveness underscores the need for individualized cognitive-motor warm-up strategies and highlights the limitations of group-level outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vom Rugby zum Basketball: Eine vergleichende Analyse zur Umsetzung von gemischten Leistungsgruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097620</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097620</guid>
      <author>Elipe-Lorenzo, P.</author>
      <author>da-Silva, C.</author>
      <author>Diez-Fernández, P.</author>
      <author>Ruibal-Lista, B.</author>
      <author>Saavedra-García, M.</author>
      <author>López-García, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regelung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Inklusion</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elipe-Lorenzo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da-Silva, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diez-Fernández, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruibal-Lista, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saavedra-García, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-García, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

People with disabilities continued to face numerous barriers to participation in mainstream sports clubs. In this regard, the Mixed Ability (MA) model emerged as a response to the limited availability of inclusive opportunities that enabled involvement in these contexts and, consequently, the exercise of individual rights. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the application of the MA model in basketball and to compare it with rugby, a discipline with a more consolidated trajectory in this field. Furthermore, it sought to assess how participation influenced the perception of disability among the different stakeholders involved.

Methods:

A quantitative cross-sectional design with descriptive and relational components was applied. The Q-NeMAR scale was used as the assessment instrument. In total, 123 individuals (59 men and 63 women) from basketball and 114 individuals (74 men and 39 women) from rugby participated.

Results:

The results revealed consistently high ratings across all analysed dimensions. Significant differences were observed between sports in items related to visibility, promotion of specific plans, training, and intra- and interpersonal factors, with a more favourable perception among the rugby group. In addition, most participants reported understanding disability from a social and rights-based perspective.

Discussion:

These findings suggested that participation in MA settings fostered a shift from assistentialist conceptions towards models of active citizenship. Overall, the results reflected a broadly positive perception of the consolidation, promotion, and sustainability of the MA model as a pathway for inclusion and sporting participation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Angriffs- und Torerfolgstrends bei den Top-Teams der EHF-Handball-Europameisterschaft (2016-2024): Implikationen für die Gestaltung des Trainings in Nationalmannschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097621</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097621</guid>
      <author>Roaas, T. V.</author>
      <author>Lorås, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roaas, T. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lorås, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

This study examined longitudinal trends in attacking play and goal-scoring patterns among top-performing men`s and women`s teams in elite international handball.

Methods:

Match performance data were analysed from 666 matches across 10 European Handball Federation EURO Championships (five men`s and five women`s tournaments) conducted between 2016 and 2024.

Results:

The findings revealed a consistent increase in the contribution of positional attacks to goal scoring across both men`s and women`s competitions. This was accompanied by marked increases in 6-m finishes and breakthrough goals. In contrast, fast-break scoring remained stable or showed a slight decline over time, suggesting a growing emphasis on structured offensive play against increasingly organised defensive systems. Spatial analyses indicated a progressive centralisation of scoring activity towards close-range zones, while wing and 9-m shooting exhibited more variable or declining patterns across tournaments. Gender-based comparisons indicated that men produced higher outputs in several structured attack categories, whereas no meaningful gender differences were observed in transitional or numerical imbalance situations.

Discussion:

These findings indicate a systematic shift in the offensive ecology of elite championship handball towards centrally organised, high-probability scoring actions. Implications are discussed through the lens of representative learning design, highlighting how empirically derived match patterns can inform the design of representative practice tasks that preserve key perceptual-temporal constraints of competition. By aligning training environments with stable performance regularities observed at the highest level, coaches can better support functional decision-making and transfer from training to match play within comparable elite contexts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rumpffunktion: Der Schlüssel zur Leistungsfähigkeit im Rollstuhltennis</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097622</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097622</guid>
      <author>van der Slikke, R. M. A.</author>
      <author>Rietveld, T.</author>
      <author>Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L.</author>
      <author>Berger, M. A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollstuhltennis</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van der Slikke, R. M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rietveld, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berger, M. A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Classification in Paralympic sport aims to create a competitive and fair environment by reducing the impact of impairment on the ability to perform sport-specific activities. In wheelchair tennis (WT), current classification criteria largely rely on expert opinion rather than empirical evidence, particularly regarding trunk function. This study investigated the relationship between upper-body strength (arm, trunk) and wheelchair mobility performance in elite WT players to attain evidence-informed classification.

Methods:

Fifty-one WT players (men, women, and quad division) were assessed during standardized field tests and match play. Upper-body strength was measured using isometric arm and trunk-related force tests, while mobility performance was quantified using inertial sensors, capturing speed, acceleration, and rotational metrics. Associations between strength and mobility performance outcomes were assessed using Pearson/Spearman correlations. Differences between classification-based trunk function groups (0, 1, 2) were explored using T-tests and effect sizes.

Results:

Correlations between strength and mobility performance were modest (r = 0.26-0.62). Push and pull forces showed the highest associations with sprint and rotational performance (push up to r = 0.54; pull up to r = 0.62). Comparisons between trunk function groups revealed substantial differences, particularly in acceleration and rotation, with large effect sizes (ES = 1.18-2.43) between athletes with full vs. minimal trunk control.

Discussion:

Trunk function plays a critical role in WT mobility and is underrepresented in the current classification system. Future classification systems should include functional measures that reflect the impact of impairment on sport-specific activities. Particular attention should be given to dynamic trunk movements during acceleration and rotation to ensure a more evidence-based and functionally relevant approach.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ist das dominante Bein bei jungen männlichen Fußballspielern auch das stärkere Bein beim vertikalen und horizontalen Sprung?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097623</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097623</guid>
      <author>Rabal-Pelay, J.</author>
      <author>Albalad-Aiguabella, R.</author>
      <author>Arjol-Serrano, J. L.</author>
      <author>Lozano, D.</author>
      <author>Roso-Moliner, A.</author>
      <author>Mainer-Pardos, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rabal-Pelay, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Albalad-Aiguabella, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arjol-Serrano, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lozano, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roso-Moliner, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mainer-Pardos, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Unilateral actions are important in soccer and may create functional differences between the lower limbs. It is unclear whether the dominant leg, usually defined as the preferred kicking leg, corresponds to the stronger limb in unilateral jump tasks. This study aimed to examine the association between dominant leg preference and the strongest leg, and to compare jump performance between dominant and non-dominant legs across age groups in young male soccer players.

Methods:

One hundred and sixty-one male soccer players (16.13 ± 1.38 years) from the same soccer academy participated in this cross-sectional study. Players were classified into four age groups (U14, U16, U18, and U19). Unilateral performance was assessed using the single-leg countermovement jump (CMJ) and the single-leg horizontal jump (HJ). Leg dominance was identified based on the preferred limb for soccer-specific actions. Associations between dominant and strongest leg were analyzed using chi-square tests, and differences between dominant and non-dominant legs were examined using paired comparisons.

Results:

Significant associations between dominant leg and strongest leg were found only in isolated cases: for HJ performance in the U14 group (p = 0.010) and for CMJ performance in the U18 group (p = 0.008). No significant associations were observed in the U16 or U19 groups. Additionally, no significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant legs in unilateral CMJ or HJ performance across any age group.

Discussion:

Dominant leg preference does not consistently reflect superior unilateral jump performance in youth soccer players. Isolated associations were observed in specific age groups (U14 horizontal jump, U18 vertical jump), but overall performance was similar between dominant and non-dominant legs. These findings emphasize the task-specific and individual nature of unilateral performance and suggest that leg dominance should not be assumed as an indicator of greater physical capacity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchungen zu den Bewertungskriterien beim Snowboard-Big-Air auf der Grundlage von Interviews und einer Bewertungsumfrage</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097624</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097624</guid>
      <author>Tsubaki, Y.</author>
      <author>Ozaki, H.</author>
      <author>Kawano, Y.</author>
      <author>Zippo, K.</author>
      <author>Yokozawa, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfrichter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Element</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsubaki, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozaki, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawano, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zippo, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yokozawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Snowboard Big Air (SBA) is a judged sport evaluated on overall impression based on execution, difficulty, amplitude, variety, and progression. The specific perspectives judges use to evaluate performances and their contribution to scoring outcomes remain unclear. In this study, we investigated perspectives influencing judge evaluations in SBA.

Methods:

This study had a sequential exploratory mixed method design including (1) interview survey, (2) qualitative analysis and evaluation item generation, (3) capturing tricks, (4) evaluation survey, and (5) statistical analysis. Seven female athletes performed backside 900 and free trials, recorded from three video angles. Seven judges scored each trial by over and indicated their reasoning using 25 evaluation items derived from three expert judge interviews plus an "others" category. Spearman's coefficient analysis was conducted between T-scores of the overall scores and each evaluation point. Moreover, stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to identify significant T-score predictors.

Results:

Correlation and regression analyses between scores and evaluation items identified 12 items significantly related to scores (|?| = 0.54-0.93, p < 0.05, R² = 0.63, p < 0.01). Positive items showed stronger correlations than negative items. High jumps, stable posture control, firm grabs, and smooth landings emerged as primary score predictors, whereas unstable or failed landings negatively influenced scores.

Discussion:

SBA scoring is a dual system: although primarily additive based on key performance factors, it also incorporates subjective, experience-driven perspectives that elude predefined metrics. This synthesis of quantifiable performance and qualitative expertise characterizes the judging process as well as underlies the inherent complexity and appeal of competitive snowboarding.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Großfeldspiele bilden die positionsspezifischen Worst-Case-Szenarien aus offiziellen Spielen im Profifußball nicht ab</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097625</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097625</guid>
      <author>Herzig, L.</author>
      <author>Stöckert, J.</author>
      <author>Lochmann, M.</author>
      <author>Rumpf, M. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Herzig, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stöckert, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lochmann, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rumpf, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to determine if positional Worst-Case-Scenarios (WCS) during official games (OG) are replicated in Large-Sided Games (LSG) with a similar Area per Player (ApP) as OG. Twenty-one football players from the second team of a professional German football club were monitored during OG and LSG. WCS of 1 min (WCS1), 3 min (WCS3), and 5 min (WCS5) were calculated for OG and LSG using rolling average methods for Total Distance (TD), Medium-Speed-Running (MSR), High-Speed-Running (HSR), and Sprint Distance (SPD), in addition to low-, medium-, and high-intensity Accelerations (ACC1, ACC2, ACC3) and Decelerations (DEC1, DEC2, DEC3). LSG displayed significantly lower values (p < 0.05) for TD, MSR, HSR, and SPD for all positions compared to OG. ACC1-3, and DEC1-3 were also significantly (p < 0.05) lower in LSG compared to WCS in OG, with exceptions observed for Full Backs (FB) in ACC1 (WCS3), ACC3 (WCS1, WCS3, and WCS5), and DEC1 (WCS3); for Strikers (ST) in ACC1 and DEC1 (WCS3 and WCS5); and for Central Midfielders (CM) in ACC2 (WCS3). These findings suggest that LSG are not suitable for replicating OG' WCS1, WCS3, and WCS5. Coaches should therefore supplement with running-based drills or adjust training games to ensure that WCS demands are met.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Belastungsverletzungen des Schienbeins, Pubertätsstadium, Knocheneigenschaften und Muskelkraft bei jungen Leistungssportlerinnen im Turnen - Zweijährige Nachbeobachtung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097626</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097626</guid>
      <author>Steinberg, N.</author>
      <author>Elbaz, L.</author>
      <author>Eliakim, A.</author>
      <author>Nemet, D.</author>
      <author>Dar, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bodenturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pubertät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Steinberg, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elbaz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eliakim, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nemet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dar, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To examine the prevalence of young gymnasts with tibial bone-stress-injuries (BSIs) and its association with anthropometrics, pubertal-stage, bone properties, and muscle strength during two years.

Study design
Follow-up.

Setting
Gymnasium.

Participants
129 female competitive gymnasts (aged 11.6 ± 1.8yrs).

Main outcome measures
Gymnasts were clinically evaluated at baseline, after one-year (first follow-up) and after two-years (second follow-up) for BSIs, anthropometrics, training-volume, puberty, bone-status, and muscle-strength.

Results
Prevalence of BSIs was significantly higher in pre-pubertal (64.7 %) compared to entering-puberty (30.9 %) and late-pubertal gymnasts (4.4 %) (p = 0.032). Tibial-strength and muscle-strength were significantly higher in gymnasts with no-BSIs compared with those with =2 episodes of BSIs (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Significant interactions (timeXBSIs) were found for bone-status (F(2, 254) = 4.296, p = 0.015), and for plantar-flexors and knee-extensors muscle-strength (p = 0.019 and p = 0.002, respectively). Nominal-regression showed that reduced tibial-strength, reduced plantar-flexors, pre-puberty and entering-puberty differentiated between participants with =2 episodes of BSIs and non-injured (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Pre-pubertal gymnasts had the highest prevalence of clinical-BSIs compared with entering-puberty and late-pubertal gymnasts. Reduced tibial-strength, reduced muscle-strength, and being pre- or entering-puberty were parameters associated with BSIs in two or three of the assessments. Screening gymnasts from young age and implementing injury-prevention programs may reduce bone injuries.

Highlights

    • BSIs is highly prevalent among pre-pubertal female gymnasts.
    • Lower tibial bone status, reduced muscle strength and being pre- or entering-puberty were associated with two or more episodes of BSIs during a two-year follow-up period.
    • The high incidence of BSIs among pre-pubertal gymnasts highlights the need for implementation of prevention strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rückkehr zum Sport nach einer seitlichen Verstauchung des Sprunggelenks: Verknüpfung wissenschaftlicher Konzepte mit praktischen Protokollen von Spitzensportteams</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097627</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097627</guid>
      <author>Wagemans, J.</author>
      <author>Dingenen, B.</author>
      <author>Tassignon, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wagemans, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dingenen, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tassignon, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are the most common lower-limb sports injuries and demonstrate high recurrence rates. Although several return-to-sport (RTS) frameworks exist, empirical, sport-specific criteria remain limited. Clinicians rely on heterogeneous or incomplete assessment strategies. This paper aims to answer how current RTS guidelines for LAS compare to RTS protocols in elite sports teams; and how RTS decision-making after LAS can be optimised by connecting conceptual frameworks and real-life protocols. Elite teams` protocols (n = 6) demonstrated large variability in RTS-phases, progression, and assessment strategies. Only one StARRT domain (specific tests) was universally assessed. All teams evaluated ankle range of motion, muscle function, jumping/hopping, and agility (PAASS framework). Psychological readiness, proprioception, contextual modifiers and ability to complete a full training were deficient in the protocols. Most protocols approached RTS with phases. Both literature and practice relied heavily on isolated tests, with minimal integration of sport-specific, continuous RTS assessments. Optimising RTS after LAS requires shifting from reductionist, single-time-point testing toward a complex-systems approach embedded across the RTS continuum. Clinicians should integrate progressive on-field rehabilitation, continuous monitoring across a broader range of factors influencing risk and readiness. Aligning frameworks with practical, phase-based protocols may enhance decision-making, reduce recurrence risk and facilitate return to performance.

Highlights

    • RTS test batteries should address the full spectrum of sensorimotor functions encompassing a complex-systems approach.
    • RTS decision-making should reflect the continuum by continuous checkpoint assessments.
    • On-field rehabilitation plays a pivotal role that ought to be imbedded in RTS protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Training der Einatmungsmuskulatur bei Rollstuhlathleten: Auswirkungen auf die Atemfunktion und die Leistung im Para-Fechten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097628</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097628</guid>
      <author>Fischer, G.</author>
      <author>Kons, R. L.</author>
      <author>da Silva, K. C.</author>
      <author>Pavani, R. M.</author>
      <author>Berton, D. C.</author>
      <author>Detanico, D.</author>
      <author>Peyrè-Tartaruga, L. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Parafechten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kons, R. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da Silva, K. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pavani, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berton, D. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Detanico, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peyrè-Tartaruga, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
This study aimed to examine the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory function and Para Fencing (PF) performance, and to investigate the relationship between a PF-specific wheelchair protocol and arm-crank ergometer performance.

Design
A pre-post intervention case series.

Setting
Laboratory-based assessments.

Participants
Five Para Fencing athletes with spinal cord injury (T1-L1), classified as classes A and B.

Main outcome measures
Pulmonary function, maximal inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory pressures (PEmax), cardiopulmonary exercise testing using an arm-crank ergometer, blood lactate peak, and performance in a PF-specific wheelchair protocol.

Results
Following six weeks of IMT, PImax and PEmax increased by 10.9% and 15.5%, respectively, indicating improved respiratory muscle strength. Blood lactate peak showed a large effect size (0.87) after training. A strong correlation was observed between the duration of the PF-specific protocol and peak oxygen uptake obtained from the arm-crank ergometer test (r = 0.90; p = 0.037).

Conclusions
Aerobic capacity appears to be strongly associated with PF performance. Although IMT significantly improved respiratory muscle function, its direct impact on sport-specific performance remains inconclusive in this sample.

Highlights

    • Inspiratory muscle training improves respiratory muscle strength in para fencing athletes.
    • Aerobic capacity is strongly correlated with wheelchair fencing performance.
    • Inspiratory muscle training shows limited direct effects on sport-specific performance.
    • A specific wheelchair fencing protocol demonstrated ecological validity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine hohe Trainingsbelastung in der Vorwoche verstärkt den Rückgang der Adduktionskraft in der Hüfte bei männlichen Nachwuchsfußballern mit leistungsbeeinträchtigenden Schmerzen in der Leistengegend</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097629</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097629</guid>
      <author>DeLang, M. D.</author>
      <author>Ishøi, L.</author>
      <author>Thornton, K.</author>
      <author>Thorborg, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>DeLang, M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ishøi, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thornton, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thorborg, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
To examine whether preceding seven-day football training load and previous seven-day groin pain influence hip adduction squeeze strength in academy football players.

Design
Longitudinal observational study with twice weekly repeated measures over seven weeks.

Setting
West African academy football club.

Participants
Nineteen male academy football players (age 16.5 ± 0.9 [15-18] years).

Main outcome measures
Hip adduction squeeze strength, performance-limiting groin pain, and football training load were captured. Observations with and without groin pain were stratified into two groups, and two linear-mixed effects models examined hip adduction squeeze strength based on preceding-week football training load.

Results
Hip adduction squeeze strength was significantly influenced by football training load when associated with groin pain (estimate -0.13, 95% CI [-0.20, -0.07], p < 0.001). In observations without groin pain, football training load did not influence hip adduction squeeze strength (estimate -0.01, 95% CI [-0.06, 0.03], p = 0.634.

Conclusions
When groin pain is present, hip adduction squeeze strength is adversely influenced by higher football training loads. Players without groin pain do not experience hip adduction squeeze strength reductions from high football training load. Monitoring training load should be a consideration for practitioners working with football players that are experiencing groin pain.

Highlights

    • Previous studies show groin pain and recent football exposure influence hip adduction squeeze strength.
    • In the presence of groin pain, high football training loads adversely affect hip adduction squeeze strength.
    • Football load modifications should be considered when academy players have groin pain and strength deficits.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modell der Kraftberechnung schneller und langsamer motorischer Einheiten der Kniestrecker bei isometrischer Kontraktion</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097594</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097594</guid>
      <author>Voronov, A.</author>
      <author>Shpakov, A.</author>
      <author>Tomilovskaya, E.</author>
      <author>Voronova, A.</author>
      <author>Sokolov, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Voronov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shpakov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomilovskaya, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Voronova, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sokolov, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Knee extensors are mixed muscles containing both fast (FMU) and slow motor units (SMU). It has been hypothesized that, at high angular velocities (150-360 deg/s), FMU contributes primarily to knee joint moment development, while at low angular velocities (30-120 deg/s), both FMU and SMU contribute to force generation. It was hypothesized that the maximum isometric moment in m. quadriceps, registered on the isokinetic dynamometer "BIODEX System 4Pro"at speeds of 30-150 deg/s, represents the sum of the moments from SMU and FMU, while in the range of 150-360 deg/s, it is primarily generated by FMU. The maximum isometric moment created by the FMU was calculated using a linear equation, as the force-velocity relationship becomes linear at high velocities. During knee extension at a constant angular velocity, the maximum number of RMUs, according to the model, is activated up to an angular velocity of 240 deg/s: (knee amplitude motion 90 deg) / (time developing maximum force 0.37s) = 240 deg/s. The maximum number of MMUs is recruited 1.09 s after the onset of knee extension, which corresponds to an angular velocity of 90 deg/based on the results of isokinetic dynamometry and a mathematical model, FMU and SMU forces were calculated for highly skilled athletes of different sports. For athletes of various specializations, the SMU force does not exceed 24 N/kg, while the FMU force ranges from 52-83 N/kg. The main result of this study demonstrates an acceptable level of agreement between the model and experimental calculations of the SMU and FMU contributions to knee extension force. Based on the obtained model characteristics, individual "boundaries" of SMU and FMU involvement can be determined.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ausprägung der Schnellkraft infolge einer Verbesserung des Energiestoffwechsels bei der Muskelkontraktion</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097595</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097595</guid>
      <author>Gennady, G.</author>
      <author>Aleksey, I.</author>
      <author>Tatiana, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freier Ringkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontraktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gennady, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aleksey, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tatiana, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the study is to: improve the speed-strength qualities of freestyle wrestlers and judokas; develop their endurance in anaerobic exercises; and increase lactate utilization during speed-strength exercises and during the recovery period during the improvement stage of athletic skill. Methods and organization of the study. Analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literary sources. Pedagogical observations, an experimental study, and physiological and biochemical (lactic acid (lactate) concentration levels in capillary blood) methods were used. A comparison of the effectiveness of speed-strength exercises, including wrestling techniques, and blood lactate levels during the recovery period. Freestyle wrestlers and judokas in the experimental group performed aerobic exercises during the recovery process with movement coordination similar to the exercise being trained. Wrestlers in the control group used passive rest to recover from anaerobic exercise. Study results and conclusions. As a result of performing control anaerobic exercises at the end of the experimental training session, subjects who used active rest for recovery demonstrated a significant positive improvement in their results. Moreover, blood lactate levels remained virtually unchanged during the first minutes, but starting from the third minute, lactate utilization significantly (p<0.05) improved compared to baseline. At the end of the experiment, wrestlers who used passive rest demonstrated significantly (p<0.05) lower performance in control exercises than wrestlers who used active rest, while their blood lactate levels increased significantly (p<0.05) compared to baseline.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Kopfstöße bei Spielen der Rugby-Union-Elite-Herrenmannschaften im 15er- und 7er-Rugby</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097604</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097604</guid>
      <author>Paiement, B.</author>
      <author>Karton, C.</author>
      <author>Gilchrist, M. D.</author>
      <author>Hoshizaki, T. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rugby Sevens</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Paiement, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karton, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gilchrist, M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoshizaki, T. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Different forms of rugby may pose distinct risks to head injury. Video of rugby match footage was analyzed using head impact magnitude, frequency, and time interval for 15s and 7s athletes. Impacts were reconstructed in laboratory, and finite element modeling was used to estimate maximum principal strain. No difference was found in impact frequency or time interval between the two forms. Significantly more head impacts of higher severity levels were documented during 7s. These findings provide objective comparisons between 7s and 15s which may guide risk mitigation strategies in managing brain trauma for specific forms of rugby.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Untersuchung von Kopf- und Nackenverletzungen bei Stürzen mit dem Kopf voran beim Skifahren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097605</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097605</guid>
      <author>Zhang, K.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hals</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Skiing accidents may lead to severe head and neck injuries. This study uses the THUMS model to evaluate the initial conditions and related injury mechanisms of head impacts with the snow surface during skiing falls. Initial speed was found to be the main factor affecting head injury criterion (HIC). Impact position is the key factor affecting cervical curvature. Rear impacts cause excessive cervical spine extension, while frontal impacts cause excessive cervical spine flexion. Rear impacts are more likely to cause neck injuries. As the angle and speed increase, the degree of cervical spine injury also increases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Feldspielergebnissen, Bowling-Leistungen und Feldpositionen im internationalen sowie Franchise-T20- und 50-Over-Cricket</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097606</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097606</guid>
      <author>Jamil, M.</author>
      <author>Manthorpe, S.</author>
      <author>MacDonald, D.</author>
      <author>Ez-Zizi, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Cricket</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jamil, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manthorpe, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>MacDonald, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ez-Zizi, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, 4,660 fielding outcomes from international 50-over and T20 cricket as well as multiple international franchise T20 leagues between 2016 and 2020 were examined. A generalised linear model was applied and the results revealed that infielders are less likely to drop catches than outfielders. Furthermore, outfielders in front of square are most likely to drop catches. In addition, drop catches are more likely to occur from spin bowling rather than fast bowling and interestingly, the odds of dropping a catch are lower when bowling a leg-side line. With regards to mis-fields, infielders are revealed to be less likely to mis-field than outfielders. Furthermore, mis-fields are more likely to occur from spin bowling rather than fast bowling. Run-outs were discovered to be more likely to occur in deep fielding positions on the leg-side, less likely to occur during powerplay overs and more likely to occur when bowlers bowl leg-side lines. Stumpings were revealed in this study to be significantly less likely when bowling a leg-side line. From a practical perspective, these findings can offer some assistance to team captains when positioning fielders as well as guide coaching practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichbarkeit des Polar Team Pro Systems zur Bestimmung der Spielbelastung und Intensitäten bei semiprofessionellen Rugby-Union-Spielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097607</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097607</guid>
      <author>Oosthuizen, J. J.</author>
      <author>Sparks, M.</author>
      <author>Bisschoff, C. A.</author>
      <author>Cockeran, M.</author>
      <author>Rampinini, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Polar Team Pro</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oosthuizen, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sparks, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bisschoff, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cockeran, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rampinini, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study assessed the interchangeability of the 10-Hz Polar and Catapult GPS during competitive matches. The agreement between data from both GPS units worn simultaneously and processed with the manufacturer`s individual GPS-filtered software was also assessed. Thirty players competing in the Currie Cup first division competition were monitored using two different tracking systems across six matches. To determine the interchangeability between systems, player movement variables including total distance (TD), low-speed running (LSR, 0.0-14.4 km/h), high-speed running (HSR, 14.4-18.9 km/h), very high-speed running (VHSR, >18.9 km/h), acceleration efforts > 2.5 m/s2 (ACC), deceleration efforts <-2.5 m/s2 (DEC) and maximum velocity reached during each half were compared. The two systems showed good to excellent agreement (CCC = 0.83-0.98) during all selected variables. During the entire match, Polar had, on average, higher values than Catapult, except for LSR and HSR. The percentage differences between systems were 3.6% TD, 1.9% maximum velocity, -4.7% LSR, -4.6% HSR, 16.5% VHSR, 13.7% ACC and 11.9% DEC. In addition, Bland-Altman plots showed a low average difference for TD (129.1; 90.1 m), maximum velocity (0.5; 0.5 km/h), LSR (138.2; 80.9 m), HSR (21.3; 5.4 m), VHSR (35.7; 22.3 m), ACC (1.6; 1.8 efforts) and DEC (2.0; 1.2 efforts).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein regelbasierter Ansatz zur Klassifizierung des Gegenpressings - Analyse der Risiken und der Beziehung zur Restverteidigung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097608</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097608</guid>
      <author>Peters, A.</author>
      <author>Parmar, N.</author>
      <author>Davies, M.</author>
      <author>James, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verteidigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pressing</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Umschaltspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Premiere League</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peters, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parmar, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davies, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Defensive Transition moment in football was analysed using data from all 380 matches in the 2020/21 English Premier League Season, which encompassed 12,460 possession sequences in the final dataset. Defensive Transition can be assessed by measuring counterpressure success against instances of shot and territory (counter-attack) concession. Following practitioner consultation, a Rest Defence variable was defined using a rules-based approach and its relationship with counter-attack vulnerability and counterpressing were examined. The number of players occupying the Rest Defence zone was found to have a significant relationship with shot concession (p < 0.05) and territory concession (p < 0.001) following possession loss in the opposition`s final third. However, contrasting prior practitioner belief, there was no significant relationship between Rest Defence organisation and counterpress initiation (p = 0.11). When teams adopt a counterpressing strategy, there was not a significant concession of shots (X2 = 2.74; p = 0.1) but there was significant territory conceded (X2 = 6.93; p < 0.01) compared with when counterpressing wasn`t applied. Overall, teams had greater counterpressing success against the weaker and medium ranked teams rather than higher ranked teams (p < 0.01). Future research may build machine learning models to a) classify possessions with successful counterpressing and b) attribute value to successful counterpressing performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spielanforderungen an Offizielle und Schiedsrichter in verschiedenen Varianten des Lacrosse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097609</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097609</guid>
      <author>Ripley, N. J.</author>
      <author>Fahey, J. T.</author>
      <author>Quinn, M. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfrichter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Lacrosse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Anforderungsprofil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ripley, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fahey, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quinn, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The physical demands on lacrosse officials throughout different variants of the game remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify the match demands of officials in field lacrosse (FL), box lacrosse (BL) and sixes lacrosse (SL). Thirty officials (10 Females and 20 Males; 34.3 ± 8.2 years, 168.4 ± 13.2 cm, 73.4 ± 6.8 kg) were monitored during 96 competitive matches (33 FL matches, 39 SL matches and 24 BL matches) using 10 hz GPS microtechnology. Significant differences (p < 0.001, Eta2>0.11) in physical demands were observed, with trivial to very large differences (d = 0.19-6.99) identified between different lacrosse variants. There was a moderate difference (p = 0.01, Eta2 = 0.05) between quarters and variations. FL officials covered the greatest low intensity distances (<=5.5 m/s), while SL officials exhibited greater high-speed running (>5.5 m/s). BL and SL, both smaller variants, resulted in more frequent accelerations and decelerations in comparison to FL. These findings highlight that officials experience unique physical challenges depending on the variant, emphasising the need for tailored physical preparation strategies for each format, particularly for those aiming to officiate at the highest levels of competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schließe die Lücke: Kontextuelle Einflüsse auf die defensive Raumverteilung im Rugby League</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097610</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097610</guid>
      <author>Collins, N.</author>
      <author>Sawczuk, T.</author>
      <author>Whitehead, S.</author>
      <author>Jones, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verteidigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Collins, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sawczuk, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Whitehead, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[On-field spacing has been linked to successful performance in a number of sportsto date, there is limited research investigating this within rugby league. This study aims to (a) quantify the defensive dispersal during rugby league match-play and (b) identify if contextual factors are associated with the dispersal. Global Positioning System data were analysed from 47 European Super League matches (1598 player files). Defensive dispersal was calculated for 1959 defensive sets of rugby league. Linear mixed models were used to analyse the effects of contextual factors on the average defensive dispersal per set when accounting for team and fixture. On-field position and match half were found to significantly affect defensive dispersal. However, set length, play-the-ball length, and final score difference were found to have minimal impact on defensive dispersal. This study demonstrates that defensive dispersal in rugby league can be measured using GPS data and may be strongly influenced by on-field positioning. As such, it quantifies an important element of tactical preparation for rugby league teams.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Karriereverläufe in Talententwicklungssystemen im Männer- und Frauenfußball: Der typische Weg an die Spitze ist untypisch</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097611</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097611</guid>
      <author>Verbeek, J.</author>
      <author>Niessen, A. S. M.</author>
      <author>Van der Steen, S.</author>
      <author>Van Yperen, N. W.</author>
      <author>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Niederlande</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Verbeek, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Niessen, A. S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van der Steen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Yperen, N. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Talent systems in soccer aim to identify and recruit the most promising players, ideally during early childhood. Compared to non-recruited players, recruited players are typically provided with higher-quality coaching and training facilities, which are assumed to accelerate their skill development. As a result, future elite players are expected to emerge from this group of early recruits in a singular, uninterrupted progression. While recent research increasingly challenges this assumption, how youth players develop within soccer talent systems remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether early recruitment correlates with senior performance levels and, as a next step, to quantitatively explore the shape of nearly 3,000 Dutch male and female youth soccer players` career patterns. Results showed that roughly 8% and 10% of all recruited players attained senior elite soccer. In addition, we found a weak relationship between academy recruitment age and the attainment of elite soccer status. More importantly, using Guttman errors to quantify the typicality of career patterns, we discovered that career interruptions were positively related to attaining senior elite soccer status. Specifically, senior international players exhibited diverse and interrupted career patterns. We therefore conclude that the typical pathway to future soccer success can be characterised as atypical.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss variierender Spielfeldgrößen in Small-Sided Games auf die Replikation der physischen Wettkampfanforderungen während der effektiven Spielzeit bei männlichen Profifußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097612</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097612</guid>
      <author>Toivonen, R.-M.</author>
      <author>Rantalainen, T.</author>
      <author>Walker, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Anforderungsprofil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Toivonen, R.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rantalainen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Walker, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Small-sided games (SSGs) are commonly used to replicate or overload official match (OM) demands in soccer, yet they often fail to replicate OM locomotor loads (distance at various speeds). This study examined whether increasing SSGs pitch size can mirror OM physical demands, when adjusted for effective playing time. GPS data were collected from 26 professional players (4v4+GKs) across four pitch sizes (80, 120, 160, and 200 m2 ·player-1) and six OMs (320 m2 ·player-1). Physical metrics included total distance (TD), high-intensity running (HIR, >19.8 km·h-1), high accelerations (Acc, >3 m·s-2), and high decelerations per minute (Dec, < -3 m·s-2), plus max acceleration (Max Acc, m·s-2), max deceleration (Max Dec, m·s-2), and max velocity (Max Vel, km·h-1). Results showed significantly lower TD, Max Acc, Max Dec, and Max Vel (p < 0.001) across all SSGs, with moderate to very large effect sizes. HIR was replicated using the two largest pitch sizes (160 and 200 m2 ·player-1). Acc was significantly higher in all SSGs, while the two largest pitch sizes overloaded Dec demands. These findings indicate that larger SSGs pitches (>=160 m2 ·player-1) can replicate HIR and overload Acc and Dec demands compared to OMs, suggesting fewer additional training methods may be required.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Gemeinsame Vorteile von Rugby-Union- und Rugby-Sevens-Spielern: eine vergleichende Analyse von Leistungsindikatoren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097613</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097613</guid>
      <author>Moolman, B.</author>
      <author>Broodryk, R.</author>
      <author>Van den Berg, P. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rugby Sevens</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moolman, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Broodryk, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van den Berg, P. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Firstly, this study aimed to identify which performance indicators (PIs) discriminate between winning and losing university-level Rugby Union (RU) teams and, secondly, to compare the significant PIs in both RU and Rugby Sevens (RS) at university level. Understanding the importance of PIs and their effect on match outcomes could assist the coaching staff to prioritise specific game aspects during training, leading to improved performance. Twenty randomly selected round-robin matches of the 2018 Varsity Cup (n = 20), and Varsity Sports sevens (n = 20) tournaments were analysed. A linear mixed model was used to determine statistically significant differences set at p <= 0.05, while effect size was reported according to Cohen`s d value. Results revealed that various PIs discriminated between winning and losing RU teams and that specific PIs could be observed as significant in RU and RS. Therefore, specific identified tactical aspects of RU and RS should be prioritised during training to optimise performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklungen bei den Leistungsindikatoren der Teams der englischen Premiership Rugby</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097586</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097586</guid>
      <author>Kvasnytsya, O.</author>
      <author>Tyshchenko, V.</author>
      <author>Latyshev, M.</author>
      <author>Kvasnytsia, I.</author>
      <author>Timasheva, O.</author>
      <author>Rybak, L.</author>
      <author>Flerchuk, V.</author>
      <author>Omelchuk, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kvasnytsya, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tyshchenko, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Latyshev, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kvasnytsia, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Timasheva, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rybak, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Flerchuk, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Omelchuk, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Sport continuously evolves in response to modern challenges, with data analysis playing a pivotal role in understanding trends and predicting future developments. In team sports, including rugby, performance indicators are critical for optimizing training processes and enhancing competitive effectiveness.

Aim of the study:
This study aims to identify key trends in the performance indicators of English Premiership Rugby teams from 2014 to 2024.

Material and methods:
The dataset included 1,261 matches, covering 96.9% of all games during this period. A total of 25 performance indicators were analyzed.

Results:
The results revealed a gradual increase in points per match from 24.0 to 25.9 (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.05), driven by a rise in tries from 2.5 to 3.5 (R2 = 0.90, p < 0.05) and successful conversions from 1.9 to 2.4 (R2 = 0.85, p < 0.05). The number of mauls increased from 3.3 to 5.7 (R2 = 0.81, p < 0.05), accompanied by an improvement in maul success rate from 85% to 91%. In contrast, penalty goals declined from 2.3 to 1.1 (R2 = 0.96, p < 0.05), while offloads decreased from 9.2 to 7.0 (R2 = 0.74, p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The findings indicate a gradual and consistent increase in match scoring and a growing importance of specific technical actions. These trends contribute to understanding the ongoing evolution of rugby and its performance dynamics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Körperzusammensetzung und anaerobe Leistungsfähigkeit bei jugendlichen Spitzenathleten der Leichtathletik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097587</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097587</guid>
      <author>Kim, S.-H.</author>
      <author>Park, K.-J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammensetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>geschlechtsspezifisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kim, S.-H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Park, K.-J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Relative age significantly impacts adolescent track athletics. Therefore, identifying and developing adolescent athletes to compete effectively in track events is essential.

Aim of the study:
This study aimed to compare the body composition and anaerobic capacity of adolescent track athletes, specifically sprinters and long-distance athletes, by sex, and to identify factors influencing these variables.

Material and methods:
The study involved 96 athletes undergoing intensive training in preparation for various high-level competitions in 2024. The athletes measured several aspects of body composition, including leg length, body fat percentage (BFP), lean body mass (LBM), and body mass index (BMI). Anaerobic capacity was assessed using the Wingate test, conducted on a cycle ergometer. A t-test was performed to compare body composition and anaerobic capacity of the two groups. Additionally, simple linear regression analysis was utilized to identify factors affecting the measured variables.

Results:
The leg lengths of sprinters and long-distance athletes were similar for both male and female athletes. However, significant differences were observed in BFP, LBM, and BMI between sprinters and long-distance athletes, across both sexes. Male and female sprinters showed an increase in BMI and anaerobic peak power with a rise in LBM. Additionally, as BMI increased, anaerobic peak power also tended to rise. In contrast, for long-distance athletes, anaerobic mean power decreased as both LBM and BMI increased. Interestingly, as BFP increased, there was a corresponding increase in anaerobic mean power.

Conclusions:
These findings should be integrated into training programs to enhance track athletes` performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der letzte Spieler im Fußball: Sind Spielvorbereitung und Kompensation ein Problem für Torhüter?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097588</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097588</guid>
      <author>Rocha, J.</author>
      <author>Vieira, R.</author>
      <author>Fino, M.</author>
      <author>Menezes, P.</author>
      <author>Otte, F.</author>
      <author>Silva, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kompensationstraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Torwart</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Anforderungsprofil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rocha, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vieira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fino, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Menezes, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Otte, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
During matches and training sessions, football players are exposed to different demands, which are commonly monitored to ensure that the players are prepared to cope with competition and to avoid excessive fatigue. Unfortunately, goalkeepers are often excluded from these analyses.

Aim of the study:
This study analyzed goalkeepers` demands during the days near match day (MD), including the day before (MD-1), the day after (MD+1) and a compensatory session during MD (MDC).

Material and methods:
Three elite goalkeepers were monitored with global navigation satellite systems across a full season, leading to 291 observations. Independent mean differences compared the days for total distance, high-speed running (HSR) distance, sprint distance, maximal speeds, number of accelerations and decelerations, and player load.

Results:
During MD, players covered longer distances (total: p < 0.001; HSR: p < 0.001), reached higher maximal speeds (p < 0.001) and presented higher player load (p < 0.05) but not for total distance (higher in MD+1; p = 0.001), maximal speed (p = 0.004), and sprint distance (nonexistent in MDC). MD-1 presented similar demands (p > 0.05) with MD+1, except for player load (higher in MD-1; p = 0.019), and with MDC, except for total distance (higher in MD-1; p < 0.001), maximal speed (higher in MD-1; p = 0.001), player load (higher in MD-1; p = 0.018), and sprint distance (nonexistent in MDC).

Conclusions:
Our findings show that goalkeepers need a different approach regarding load distribution across the week. However, a special attention is needed regarding MDC, as this session can diminish the overall load of sprint distances covered and maximal speeds reached.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Heimvorteil im Fußball: Unbesiegbarkeit bei Heimspielen könnte der Grund sein</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097589</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097589</guid>
      <author>Silva, H.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, A.</author>
      <author>Marcelino, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spanien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Italien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Heimspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Auswärtsspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Heimvorteil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Silva, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marcelino, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Previous research has primarily focused on the concept of home advantage, examining the points or wins obtained during home matches.

Aim of the study:
The aim of this study was to analyze the various match outcomes (win, draw, loss) based on the match location (home vs away).

Material and methods:
The data were collected from 10,785 matches that spanned six seasons of the top five European leagues (the first divisions of England, Spain, Italy, Germany, and France). The data were converted into percentages of wins, draws, and losses according to match location. Independent mean differences, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were used to analyze the differences across all competitions and within each individual league.

Results:
The results revealed that teams won 38.17% of home matches, drew 25.67%, and lost 36.16% of home matches. Conversely, they won 26.64% of away matches, drew 25.36%, and lost 48.00% of away matches. No differences were found regarding draws between home and away matches. Nevertheless, there were differences in wins (11.53 [7.94, 15.12]) and losses (-11.84 [-15.22, -8.45]) with moderate effect sizes. The Italian and Spanish first divisions presented the smallest and largest differences, respectively, between home and away match outcomes.

Conclusions:
This study indicates that home advantage in the top five European leagues is primarily due to the reduction of defeats during home matches. Furthermore, an analysis of all three match outcomes (win, draw, loss) provides a more comprehensive understanding of the home advantage phenomenon.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Leistung im englischen Frauen-Domestic Twenty20 Cricket</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097590</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097590</guid>
      <author>Haworth, G.</author>
      <author>Mills, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Cricket</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>geschlechtsspezifisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Geschlechtsunterschiede</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haworth, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mills, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Cricket has progressed over the years to adapt to crowd demands to increase levels of excitement, hence the introduction of Twenty20 (T20) cricket. The purpose of this paper was to identify the key variables that impact winning and to investigate if there are differences between men`s and women`s cricket. Primary research collected match data from scorecards of all 26 games of an English women`s T20 regional competition. Independent t-tests and Cohen`s d-test of effect size (ES) indicated significant differences between the winning and losing teams. Innings run rate (ES 1.12), total number of boundaries (ES 0.90), total wickets taken (ES 0.88), fours scored (ES 0.85), run rate in powerplay and percentage of runs from boundaries (both ES 0.67) revealed to be most significant for success in the competition. Secondary analysis explored the effect of bowling line and length. Bowling short lengths resulted in more than expected wickets in powerplay overs, and 66% of fours were scored off full pitched deliveries. Although many of the key variables that contribute to success within women`s cricket were similar to men`s cricket, differences were evident. Further research on women`s cricket is therefore required to confirm whether these differences between genders persist across multiple studies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss situativer Einschränkungen auf Strafstöße während des Spiels im Fußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097591</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097591</guid>
      <author>van Hemert, R.</author>
      <author>van der Kamp, J.</author>
      <author>Hartman, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Elfmeter</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Hemert, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van der Kamp, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hartman, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the influence of situational constraints on professional soccer players` in-match penalty kick performance. Both pre-game and in-game situational constraints were considered. To this end, data on 7,199 penalty kicks from 5 European national leagues between 2008-2009 and 2021-2022 were collected. Hierarchal binary logistic regression analyses were conducted with nine situational factors to predict the kick outcome while controlling for three individual factors. The results revealed that penalty kicks were scored more often in the less prestigious league (Eredivisie). Furthermore, teams who were leading in the second half and players who observed a successful penalty kick from the opponent`s team scored their penalty kicks more often. Finally, players who scored a field goal earlier in the game scored less often. However, the explained variance of logistic regression models was small. The fact that players are hardly affected by situational constraints seems to indicate that there is a successful selection of who is going to take the penalty kick. The conclusion was supported by the supplemental finding that players who took more penalty kicks outperformed the other players. More research into the interplay of situational, individual, and task constraints is needed to predict the outcome of in-game penalty kicks better.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der psychologische (Miss-)Gebrauch von Timeouts im professionellen Tennis</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097592</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097592</guid>
      <author>Blything, L. P.</author>
      <author>Blything, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pause</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blything, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blything, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The (ab)use of timeouts as a tool for swinging momentum is a long-standing psychological question in tennis. We provided the first real-world quantitative investigation of this, through an archival analysis of bathroom timeouts taken between sets in professional tennis matches [timeout N = 366 following stringent data preprocessing of confounds]. Our study revealed three key findings. First, the majority of bathroom timeouts were taken by players who lost the prior-set, suggesting that the decision to take a timeout is triggered by negative momentum. Second, the likelihood of recovering from a lost set to win the next set was greater after a bathroom timeout, relative to stringently controlled baseline data where no timeouts were taken. Third, follow-up analyses on the extent to which unforced-errors contributed to the forms of points won and lost, indicated that the timeout advantage is a combination of both the strategist benefitting from the opportunity to personally reset, and a disruption of the rhythm of the opponent, rather than being disproportionally driven by one player. Together, these pioneering findings uniquely inform players and tennis governing bodies about the influence of timeouts and, more broadly, elucidate the role that stoppages can play in sport for altering momentum.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wahrnehmungen und Präferenzen von Elite-Profifußballspielern bezüglich der Durchführung von Mannschaftsbesprechungen vor dem Spiel</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097593</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097593</guid>
      <author>Travis, P.</author>
      <author>Butterworth, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Timing</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kommunikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Travis, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Butterworth, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To date, little consideration has been given to the impact on elite athletes of the time at which pre-match meetings are conducted in relation to kick-off. The use of an online survey and follow-up semi-structured interviews explored the perceptions of elite professional football players towards the timing of such meetings. A total of 40 elite professional football players from nine English Football League (EFL) clubs in England completed a semi-structured survey. Additionally, six players completed a semi-structured interview. Three key themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (1) player routines, (2) matchday focus and (3) time to process delivered information. The main finding of the study concludes that players prefer receiving information the day before kick-off. Furthermore, the results highlighted contextual factors previously not discussed in the PA literature such as players` pre-match routines linked to pre-performance anxiety, matchday focus, and the time between pre-match meeting delivery and kick-off, in order to facilitate discussions with coaches on key messages and enable time to process. The findings from the study help strengthen the knowledge coaches, analysts and researchers have on the implications of pre-match delivery to support successful outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kinesiologisches Taping und Muskelaktivierung der unteren Extremitäten: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse bei Sportlern und gesunden Erwachsenen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097548</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097548</guid>
      <author>Raza, A.</author>
      <author>Zaki, S.</author>
      <author>Zafar, T.</author>
      <author>Alam, M. F.</author>
      <author>Sharma, S.</author>
      <author>Aysha, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Physiotherapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinesiotape</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raza, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zaki, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zafar, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alam, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sharma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aysha, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Kinesiology taping (KT) is frequently applied in sports and rehabilitation settings to influence muscle activation and enhance performance. However, its effectiveness remains inconclusive, especially among healthy individuals and athletes. Aim of Study: This systematic review and metaanalysis aimed to synthesize current evidence on the effects of KT - including both facilitatory and inhibitory techniques - on lower limb muscle activation. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across six electronic databases (Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE, PubMed, and PEDro) from inception to December 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of KT on surface electromyographic (sEMG) outcomes - including muscle activation amplitude (e.g., root mean square, percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction) and activation duration (onset/offset timing) - in lower limb muscles (e.g., gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius) were included. Risk of bias was assessed, and the GRADE approach was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results: Ten RCTs comprising 356 participants (162 athletes, 194 healthy adults) met the inclusion criteria. These included two-arm, three-arm, and crossover designs, reflecting diverse experimental methodologies; three trials were eligible for meta-analysis. The studies employed two-arm, three-arm, and crossover designs, with KT durations ranging from immediate application to 72 hours. Six studies reported increased muscle activation following KT, including unexpected enhancements from inhibitory KT (IKT). Meta-analysis of three RCTs showed a small, statistically nonsignificant effect of IKT on lower limb muscle activation compared to control (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.20; 95% CI: -0.20 to 0.59; I2 = 0%, p = 0.33). Limitations: Heterogeneity in taping protocols, participant populations, and limited blinding mayaffect the generalizability and certainty of the findings. Conclusion: While individual studies suggest that KT may enhance muscle activation - particularly when applied in a facilitatory manner over extended durations - the overall evidence remains inconsistent. Meta-analysis revealed a small, statistically nonsignificant effect of IKT, indicating that its clinical efficacy in improving muscle activation, as measured by surface electromyography, remains uncertain and contextdependent. Further high-quality, standardized research is warranted.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines 10-wöchigen funktionellen Krafttrainings und eines herkömmlichen Krafttrainings auf Kraft und Schnellkraft bei College-Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097549</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097549</guid>
      <author>Xiong, H.</author>
      <author>Thadanatthaphak, Y.</author>
      <author>Arsapakdee, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>funktionelles Training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xiong, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thadanatthaphak, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arsapakdee, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Functional strength training (FST) and traditional strength training (TST) are methods commonly used to improve athletic performance. However, their comparative effects on the strength and power of college basketball players remain underexplored.

Aim of the study:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects on strength and power in college basketball players participating in a 10-week FST vs. TST, both before and after the intervention.

Material and methods:
The study involved 24 college basketball players (age ranged between 18 to 25 years) from two universities, divided into an experimental group (FST) and a comparison group (TST) with 12 participants in each. Both groups trained for 10 weeks, three times a week, for 90 minutes per session. Strength and power were assessed pre- and post-training using measures such as bench press 1RM, deep squat 1RM, 1-minute sit-up, two-handed chest pass with gravity ball, standing long jump, and vertical jump height. SPSS 27.0 software was used for paired and independent t-tests.

Results:
Both FST and TST significantly improved strength and power across all performance metrics (p < 0.05). Comparing the two groups, FST demonstrated significant advantages in deep squat 1RM, 1-minute sit-up, two-handed chest pass with gravity ball, and standing long jump (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Both FST and TST effectively enhance the strength and power of college basketball players. However, FST shows superior benefits in performance measures directly applicable to basketball-specific activities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Zeit, die es bei jugendlichen Spitzen-Feldhockeyspielern dauert, bis sie nach einer Verletzung wieder in ihren Sport zurückkehren können?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097550</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097550</guid>
      <author>Lee, J.-Y.</author>
      <author>Park, K.-J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lee, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Park, K.-J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Sports injuries can significantly impact a player`s performance, which can, in turn, hinder the overall success of the team during the season. Therefore, it is essential to effectively identify and manage players` injuries

Aim of the study:
This study focused on assessing the pain levels and return-to-sport periods related to prevalent injuries sustained by elite adolescent field hockey players during their training sessions. Additionally, it aimed to explore the relationship between pain levels and the time taken to return to sport.

Material and methods:
The study included 62 elite adolescent field hockey players who trained intensively for competitions throughout 2024. We conducted a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate pain levels and the duration of time required for players to return to sport, depending on the type of injury sustained. Additionally, a linear regression analysis was carried out to explore the relationship between pain levels and the time taken for players to return to their sport after an injury.

Results:
Muscle injuries had the highest incidence, followed by ligament, tendon, bone, and cartilage injuries. There were statistically significant differences in pain levels related to the type of injury (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the time it took for athletes to return to their sport varied significantly depending on the injury type (p < 0.001). For field hockey players, each 1-point increase in pain led to an average delay of 1.72 additional days before they could return to play (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
In elite adolescent field hockey players, muscle and ligament injuries are associated with significant pain. However, ligament injuries typically require a longer time for athletes to return to sport, while muscle injuries generally allow for a quicker recovery.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der Leistung im Fußball-Vorbereitungstraining: eine Kombination aus extrem intensivem Dauertraining und auf Dribbling basierendem Wiederholungssprinttraining</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097551</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097551</guid>
      <author>Kusuma, I. D. M. A. W.</author>
      <author>Kusnanik, N. W.</author>
      <author>Prianto, D. A.</author>
      <author>Bawono, M. N.</author>
      <author>Pramono, B. A.</author>
      <author>Fajar, M. K.</author>
      <author>Pranoto, A.</author>
      <author>Susanto, I. H.</author>
      <author>Phanpheng, Y. Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederholungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Dribbling</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kusuma, I. D. M. A. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kusnanik, N. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prianto, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bawono, M. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pramono, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fajar, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pranoto, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Susanto, I. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Phanpheng, Y. Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
The preseason phase is crucial for restoring fitness and preparing players for competitive demands. This study is the first to integrate super high-intensity continuous training (SHCT) with dribbling-based repeated sprint training (RST) as a sport-specific, high-intensity training method.

Aim of the study:
This study analyzes the effects of combining SHCT and dribblingbased RST during preseason on male soccer players` aerobic and anaerobic performance in the Indonesian Third Soccer League.

Material and methods:
The study uses an experimental method with a randomized parallel matched-group design. The researchers assigned 42 participants into the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG), 21 participants each. Participants` average age was 20.19 ± 0.86 years, with 6.21 ± 0.87 years of soccer experience. The average height was 170.57 ± 4.76 cm, weight 61.71 ± 6.15 kg, and body mass index 21.21 ± 2.01 kg/m². The EG followed a combined SHCT and dribblingbased RST program, while the CG performed regular club training (technique, tactics, and small-sided games) without additional physical training. The assessors were blinded to group allocation (single-blind) to prevent bias. The study employed the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene`s tests as prerequisites, independent sample tests, and the Mann-Whitney U tests, with a significance level of <0.05. The researchers also used percentages and effect sizes to measure differences. The test instruments included the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test and running-based anaerobic sprint test.

Results:
The EG showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in all variables, while the CG had minimal, non-significant changes. Between-group comparisons confirmed that EG achieved significantly greater performance improvements than CG in all measured variables: final speed (p < 0.0001), total distance (p < 0.0001), VO2max (p < 0.0001), peak power (p < 0.0001), average power (p < 0.0001), and fatigue index (p = 0.0086).

Conclusions:
This study concludes that the combined super high-intensity continuous training and dribbling-based repeated-sprint training program effectively enhanced soccer players` aerobic and anaerobic capacities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Koffein auf die Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Ermüdungsindizes während der Erholungsphase nach Ausdauertraining: eine Crossover- und Doppelblindstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097552</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097552</guid>
      <author>Rahimi, Z.</author>
      <author>Mehrabani, J.</author>
      <author>Abdollahpour, S.</author>
      <author>Nobari, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blutdruck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Koffein</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rahimi, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mehrabani, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abdollahpour, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nobari, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Caffeine increases heart rate by increasing sympathetic activity and it may also delay post-exercise cardiac recovery.

Aim of the study:
The present study investigates the effect of different caffeine doses on autonomic control and fatigue indexes after high-intensity endurance exercise.

Material and methods:
Twelve trained males (20.7 ± 1.9 years; 72.4 ± 4.8 kg; height 1.7 ± 0.0 m; body fat 14.6 ± 2.2%; VO2max 50.9 ± 3.3 ml/ kg/min) were assigned to three trials of 6 or 9 mg/kg caffeine dose or placebo. The protocol included running on a treadmill for 12 minutes at 75% VO2max, followed by 60 minutes of recovery. Heart rate variability (HRV) indexes such as root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF were recorded initially, 30 minutes after supplementation, and 0-5, 15-20, 35-40, and 55-60 minutes post-exercise. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and rate pressure product (RPP), rating of perceived exertion, and perceived pain index were measured during recovery.

Results:
RMSSD was significantly lower during the 0-5 minutes of recovery interval in the placebo condition compared to the 6 mg/kg caffeine dose (P = 0.017). LF, HF, and LF/HF showed no significant changes compared to the placebo trial. A significant decrease in SBP was observed up to 20 minutes of the recovery period in placebo compared to two caffeine doses (P < 0.003). RPP was significantly lower up to 20 minutes of recovery in placebo compared to the 9 mg/kg caffeine dose (P < 0.002).

Conclusions:
It is shown that the acute effect of caffeine can delay blood pressure recovery after endurance activity but does not affect the HRV frequency domain, fatigue, and RPP indexes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine erste Untersuchung der Talentförderung im Jugend-Rugby in Irland aus der Perspektive der sozialen Identität</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097553</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097553</guid>
      <author>Burrows, E.</author>
      <author>Lyons, D.</author>
      <author>Young, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeitsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Burrows, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lyons, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Young, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study uses a social identity perspective to explore the possible relationships between athletic identity, social identities in sport, and players` life satisfaction and confidence in managing their social groups. We report cross-sectional data from 27 of the 64 early-career academy-contracted rugby players in Ireland in 2025. Exploratory analyses indicate that players endorsed stronger identification with their sport and their club than with a singular athletic identity. Importantly, life satisfaction was positively associated with their confidence in managing multiple social groups but not the strength of their athletic identity. This is consistent with the social identity model of identity change (SIMIC), which posits that belonging to multiple social groups and managing these identities effectively supports well-being during transitions, such as progressing into professional sport. This perspective suggests that fostering early-career athletes` confidence to balance and maintain diverse social identities including family, education, and friendships, may support their well-being.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von mechanischer Leistung, Energiekosten und Leistung bei zwei Weltrekorden im Ultracycling: eine Fallstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097554</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097554</guid>
      <author>Forte, P.</author>
      <author>Thuany, M.</author>
      <author>Weiss, K.</author>
      <author>Nikolaidis, P. T.</author>
      <author>Cuk, I.</author>
      <author>Sousa, C. V.</author>
      <author>Andrade, M. S.</author>
      <author>Knechtle, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Straßenradsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ultraausdauersport</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Weltrekord</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Fallstudie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Forte, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thuany, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weiss, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nikolaidis, P. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuk, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, C. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrade, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Knechtle, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Ultra-cycling is a complex sport and a variation of individual characteristics.

Aim of the study:
This study aimed to analyze the mechanical power, energy cost, and performance (estimated time of arrival - ETA) between the old (OWR) and new (NWR) 24-hour road cycling world record.

Material and methods:
An experienced ultra-cyclist broke the world record (WR) for the second time in 24-hour road cycling. Split times (intervals of 6 h) were used to evaluate the racing performance (0-6 h; >6-12 h; >12-18 h; >18-24 h), to compare the performance between OWR and NWR regarding power to overcome the drag (Pd), power for rolling resistance (PRR), total mechanical power (PTOT), energy cost (Ec) and ETA. One-way ANOVA was used to compare OWR and NWR. Effect size was presented using Cohen`s d.

Results:
The 6-hour split times allowed to compare the WRs and statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) were found for all the assessed variables [Pd (W), PRR (W), PTOT (W), Ec (J/m), Ec (J/Lap), Ec (Kcal/Lap), and ETA (s)]. The comparisons for the variations intra-WR showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for all variables between split times. For the OWR, no statistically significant differences were noted between 6-12 h and 12-18 h for PRR, Ec (J/Lap and Kcal/Lap) and ETA. For the NWR, no statistically significant differences were found for the split time between 6-12 h and 12-18 h for Pd, PRR, PTOT, Ec and ETA.

Conclusions:
The cyclist`s ability to deliver more mechanical power and energy cost in setting the NWR allowed him to break the 1000 km in 24 h record and establish an NWR. The variable with higher effect was Pd in both WRs and the lower effect was observed in Ec for the OWR and PRR for the NWR.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>"Wir sind gezwungen, resilient zu sein": Eine Untersuchung zu potenziellen Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren für Resilienz bei Sportlerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097555</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097555</guid>
      <author>Matheson, E. L.</author>
      <author>Varzeas, K. A.</author>
      <author>Wesley, N. Y.</author>
      <author>Rowan, M.</author>
      <author>Becker, C. B.</author>
      <author>Ackerman, K. E.</author>
      <author>Stewart, T. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Coping</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matheson, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Varzeas, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wesley, N. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rowan, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Becker, C. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ackerman, K. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stewart, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

This qualitative study aims to elucidate findings from a larger research portfolio exploring the prospective risk and protective factors associated with resilience among women athletes.

Methods:

Adopting a constructivist approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 women aged 19-46 years (M = 24 years; SD = 7.64), who represented seven sports and played for an average of 12 years (SD = 5.34). Reflective Thematic Analysis was used to analyze and identify patterns within the data that addressed women's perceptions and experiences of resilience in sport settings, potential barriers and facilitators of resilience, and programmatic preferences for new and/or revised resilience-based trainings.

Results:

Three overarching themes and seven subthemes were identified: (1) The system breeds adversity and resilience (sports patriarchy and gender inequality; representation and role models; interpersonal dynamics and environments; resilience has ripple effects); (2) misconceptions and stereotypes of resilience; (3) resilience is a dynamic spectrum of interconnected skills (disconnection to attunement with self and others; avoidance to acceptance of adversity; maladaptive to adaptive coping during adversity).

Discussion:

Findings suggest that traditional resilience models do not account for gendered stressors, structural inequalities, and resilience misconceptions embedded within sports cultures. Results support the need for socio-ecologically informed, gender-responsive approaches to research, clinical practice, and athlete support. Future work should integrate quantitative and qualitative methods into a revised resilience theoretical framework, refine resilience measurement, and prioritize adaptive coping strategies within multi-level frameworks to promote sustainable mental health, well-being, and long-term participation in sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Gleichgewicht und Lauftests bei jugendlichen Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097556</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097556</guid>
      <author>Sikora, D.</author>
      <author>Ploszczyca, K.</author>
      <author>Sójka, A.</author>
      <author>Linek, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sikora, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ploszczyca, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sójka, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linek, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Football is a sport that requires a variety of motor skills during both high- and low-intensity efforts. Motor abilities such as speed, endurance and balance are crucial in adolescent football players; it is likely that performance on individual tests assessing each motor ability should show some relationships.

Aim of the study:
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between balance and running tests in adolescent football players.

Material and methods:
Fifty adolescent male football players (mean age: 16.6 ± 0.5 years) who had been training football were included in the study. The study was conducted over the period of three consecutive training days. All athletes underwent measurements on the stabilometric platform, Y-Balance Test (Y-BT), speed test, and endurance (beep) test.

Results:
There were significant correlations between the speed test (measured on 5 m, 10 m, 30 m) and the anterior direction reach distance for right limb (R = -0.45, p < 0.001; R = -0.59, p < 0.001; R = -0.44, p = 0.001), left limb (R = -0.43, p = 0.001; R = -0.57, p < 0.001; R = -0.45, p = 0.001) and anterior direction mean score (R = -0.44, p = 0.001, R = -0.57, p < 0.001, R = -0.45, p = 0.001). The following stabilometric measurement track length (eyes open 30 s) was correlated with speed measured at 5 m (R = 0.78, p < 0.001), at 10 m (R = 0.68, p < 0.001) and at 30 m (R = 0.67, p < 0.001). There was also a negative correlation between the total number of completed 20 m repetitions in endurance test and the posteromedial direction in the Y-BT on the left (R = -0.33, p = 0.02).

Conclusions:
Adolescent football players show moderate to very strong correlations between balance parameters (static and dynamic) and linear speed. The results of the present study point to the need for further research into the role of balance training in the development of some motor skills like endurance or speed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Hauptkomponentenanalyse und Zusammenhang zwischen Körperzusammensetzung und Muskelkraftvariablen bei Taekwondo-Spitzensportlern: Eine explorative Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097558</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097558</guid>
      <author>Cardozo, L. A.</author>
      <author>Salcedo-Goméz, G. A.</author>
      <author>Suárez, M. A.</author>
      <author>Reina-Monroy, J.</author>
      <author>Barón, Á. C.</author>
      <author>Castillo-Daza, C. A.</author>
      <author>Sáez de Villarreal Sáez, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taekwondo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammensetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cardozo, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salcedo-Goméz, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suárez, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reina-Monroy, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barón, Á. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castillo-Daza, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sáez de Villarreal Sáez, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Combat sports, especially taekwondo, require multi-component preparation programs; however, some are more determinant than others for sports performance.

Aim of the study:
This study aimed to explore the dimensionality of body composition and muscle strength variables in elite taekwondo athletes and to evaluate the associations between these variables.

Material and methods:
Fifteen elite athletes, five male and ten female (21.5 ± 3.9 years) taekwondo practitioners were evaluated. During the investigation, body composition, punching power, explosive strength, and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the half squat were measured.

Results:
Significant differences between men and women were observed in most of the variables analyzed (p < 0.05). Moderate and high correlations were found between muscle strength variables (explosive strength, 1RM) and muscle mass, and negative correlations with fat mass. Kicking power was correlated only with height and body mass. Principal component analysis reduced the data to four principal components that together accounted for 86.54% of the total variance. The variables with the highest contributions to the first component (PC1) were related to body size (height), muscle mass, and strength performance (1RM, countermovement jump, Abalakov). The analysis revealed a clear separation in the component scores between male and female athletes

Conclusions:
It is recommended that proper body composition and a specialized training program can maximize athletic performance in taekwondo.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Nachhaltigkeit der psychischen Gesundheit von Spitzensportlern und Angebote zur Unterstützung beim Karriereausstieg: Die Perspektive großer europäischer Sportverbände</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097559</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097559</guid>
      <author>Guidotti, F.</author>
      <author>Di Rocco, F.</author>
      <author>Romagnoli, C.</author>
      <author>Ciaccioni, S.</author>
      <author>Demarie, S.</author>
      <author>Capranica, L.</author>
      <author>Padua, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Karriereende</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Psychosoziale Faktoren</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guidotti, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Rocco, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romagnoli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ciaccioni, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Demarie, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Capranica, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Padua, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

The transition out of elite sports presents a complex array of psychological, financial, career, and social challenges requiring tailored and sustainable support services for elite athletes. Thus, this study explored policies, programs, and practices surrounding elite athletes' mental health, career transitions, and retirement support services.

Methods:

A tailored semi-structured survey was administered to major sports organizations to assess typology, modality, funding, and perceived challenges of services delivery to elite athletes.

Results:

Respondent organizations (n = 17, mostly National Olympic Committees) highlighted issues in ensuring athletes adequate support and a fragmented approach in services implementation and delivery. Services are offered mainly to medalists in international competitions. Access to external professionals (34%), awareness training (20%), and in-house psychologists (17%) resulted the most cited mental health support services. However, the sustainability and quality of services are affected by a lack of funding (41%) and different assessment methods. For career transitions and additional services, educational workshops (29%), career counselling (19%), nutrition (21%), financial (19%), social (19%), and travel/logistics (19%) support resulted the most cited, meeting athletes' practical needs related to performance and well-being through internal organizational support networks (40%) and coach/staff referrals (33%).

Discussions:

Results highlighted the absence of regulatory frameworks for career assistance and temporary initiatives/activities or informal support as the common practice. Multi-faceted programs and comprehensive, athlete-centered systems are needed to foster a sustainable and effective support for elite athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Inter- und Intra-Rater-Reliabilität der Videoanalyse im Ski- und Snowboardcross</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097561</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097561</guid>
      <author>Bruhin, B.</author>
      <author>Gander, M.</author>
      <author>Gilgien, M.</author>
      <author>Romann, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bruhin, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gander, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gilgien, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romann, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Systematic video analysis of events is a widely applied method for examining the mechanisms and underlying causes of sports injuries. Yet, the use of multiple raters poses a considerable challenge, as achieving high inter-rater reliability in video-based assessments is inherently difficult. This study evaluated the inter- and intra-rater reliability of video analysis for identifying events leading to potential injuries in winter sports, focusing on snowboard cross (SBX) and ski cross (SX).

Method:

A team of four (4) raters reviewed the video footage. 644 situations were reviewed, categorized by parameters such as crash type, course trajectory, and competitor behaviour. A standardized process was established for training the raters to classify defined situations as Crash (CR), Time of no return (TNR), Rank Shift (RS), Out of balance (OOB), Contact (CT), Avoided Contact (ACT). Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Fleiss` Kappa and Cronbach`s Alpha, while Cohen`s Kappa was used to evaluate intra-rater reliability.

Results:

Categories with distinct, easily identifiable outcomes, such as time of no return and crash, exhibited high inter-rater reliability. Only minor differences exist in the literal interpretation of the values for inter-rater reliability between Cronbach's Alpha and Fleiss` Kappa. Categories with more nuanced interpretation, such as out-of-balance situations and athlete contact, showed moderate reliability. In contrast, categories like avoided contact showed lower reliability values Intra-rater reliability ranges from fair to moderate across all raters. Clearly identifiable events such as CR and TNR were recognized perfectly, while the other categories show a more ambiguous pattern.

Conclusion:

This study advances the field of sports analysis by proposing a standardized methodology for video analysis in sports with high injury incidence, specifically SBX and SX. Categories with very clear definitions of situations were identified with high inter-rater reliability (CR TNR). Others were classified with moderate accuracy across raters (RS, OOB, CT), whereas some categories could not be reliably distinguished (ACT), even following structured training. The same pattern could also be observed in the intra-rater reliability. This method allows for a higher volume of cases to be reliably analysed, which could inform more robust injury prevention strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Indikatoranalyse der Fußarbeit bei den weltbesten Badmintonspielern auf der Grundlage einer markerfreien Bewegungserfassung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097562</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097562</guid>
      <author>Shishido, H.</author>
      <author>Nishijima, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shishido, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishijima, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

This study aimed to quantitatively compare the footwork characteristics of world-class badminton players and high school athletes using a markerless motion measurement technique, and to clarify the effects of rally length on movement speed and speed variability.

Methods:

Positional data of players were automatically extracted from match footage, and multiple performance indicators, including movement speed, the coefficient of variation (CV) of speed, and the frequency of acceleration and deceleration - were calculated. Additionally, rallies were categorized into segments, and changes in footwork characteristics across these segments were analyzed.

Results:

The results revealed high speed variability accompanied by rapid acceleration and deceleration in the early stages of rallies, particularly pronounced in top-level players who exhibited large speed fluctuations over short periods. As rallies progressed, both average speed and speed variability gradually decreased, suggesting that players may efficiently regulate their pace to maintain performance. In high school athletes, maintaining speed variability during later rally stages was more challenging, likely reflecting limitations in physical capacity and technical skills.

Discussion:

These findings highlight not only the quantitative assessment of footwork but also the importance of qualitative aspects such as pace-control ability. The results provide valuable insights for designing training programs aimed at improving competitive performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale der Essgewohnheiten und des Essverhaltens bei kenianischen Spitzenläuferinnen und -läufern im Langstreckenlauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097563</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097563</guid>
      <author>Õnnik, L.</author>
      <author>Mooses, M.</author>
      <author>Suvi, S.</author>
      <author>Haile, D. W.</author>
      <author>Ojiambo, R.</author>
      <author>Lane, A. R.</author>
      <author>Hackney, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstrecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kenia</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Õnnik, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mooses, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suvi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haile, D. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ojiambo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lane, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hackney, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

East African middle- and long-distance runners have dominated international running events for decades. This success is likely derived from the combination of genetics, training, environment, lifestyle, and social factors. Physiological capacity and training regimes-histories have been reported extensively, however, research addressing lifestyle factors is relatively scant. Examination of eating behaviors and attitudes is based upon small sample sizes, and nutritional behaviors are compared and framed relative to European or Western country cohorts.

Methods:

Therefore, we chose to conduct surveys of select aspects of eating attitudes and behaviors with a focus on DE/ED (disordered eating/eating disorder) risks in a group of high-level Kenyan female and male distance runners (Athletes; n = 50) in comparison to healthy, but Sedentary (n = 58), Kenyan females/males. Participants visited our laboratory areas (Eldoret or Nairobi) and were provided with an eating attitudes and behaviors questionnaire (EAT-26) to complete.

Results:

Within the three EAT-26 sub-scores, only the Dieting and Oral Control components displayed significant differences. Specifically, the female Sedentary group had higher scores (p < 0.01) than the female Athletes for Dieting; while the male Athlete group had higher scores for Oral Control (p < 0.05) than the male Sedentary group and also there was a trend in male Athletes group to have a higher proportion of individuals with =20 points on the EAT-26 (i.e., diagnostic cut-point for increased risk of DE/ED.

Conclusions:

A greater Oral Control component sub-score is associated with "self-control of eating and the perceived pressure from others to gain weight." The very slightly elevated sub-score observed in this score and the trend of a greater 20-point proportion do suggest, to a small degree, that our male Athletes might be at an increased risk of DE/ED behaviors. However, female Athletes displayed lower risk than their respective Sedentary counterparts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wechselwirkung zwischen Zielentfernung und Bewegungsart auf die Kinematik der unteren Extremitäten beim Fechten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097564</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097564</guid>
      <author>Chida, K.</author>
      <author>Inami, T.</author>
      <author>Yamaguchi, S.</author>
      <author>Yoshida, Y.</author>
      <author>Kohtake, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fechten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chida, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inami, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamaguchi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshida, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kohtake, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Since the distance between opponents constantly changes during fencing bouts, clarifying the relationship between movement type and target distance is important for understanding tactical movement selection.

Methods:

Twelve skilled male foil fencers performed lunges under six conditions combining three target distances (Short, Normal, Long) and two movement types (lunge without advance: LWOA; lunge with advance: LWA). Three-dimensional motion capture (500 Hz) was used to measure hip, knee, and ankle joint angles of the front and rear legs and center of mass (CoM) velocity. For each condition, the trial with the maximum horizontal peak CoM velocity was selected for analysis using a two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results:

Peak CoM velocity increased linearly with target distance and was consistently higher in LWA than in LWOA. The velocity difference between movement types was greatest at the Short distance and decreased at the Long distance. Correspondingly, rear-leg joint kinematics increased with target distance and were consistently larger in LWA than in LWOA, with significant interaction effects.

Discussion:

These findings suggest that the effectiveness of attack movements in fencing depends on the interaction between target distance and movement type. Fencers should select LWOA or LWA according to tactical distance while emphasizing rear-leg flexion and extension movements during training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wahrnehmungen zur Entwicklung mentaler Fähigkeiten bei jugendlichen Wintersportlern: Eine qualitative Interviewstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:19:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097534</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097534</guid>
      <author>Müller, P. O.</author>
      <author>Schwarzer, U.</author>
      <author>Collins, D.</author>
      <author>Frey, R.</author>
      <author>Spörri, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wintersport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>mentale Stärke</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>mentale Gesundheit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Müller, P. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schwarzer, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Collins, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Frey, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spörri, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: To achieve sporting excellence, mental skills play a crucial role; not only in optimising performance but also in developing an athlete's personality and mental health. However, there is disagreement about the definition and implementation of long-term development strategies regarding mental skills.1 The aim of this study was to explore current practices, barriers and opportunities related to mental skill development in youth snow sports athletes.

METHODS: In a qualitative study, 8 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with international experts involved in mental skills development programmes, including coaches and sport psychologists. Inductive data analysis followed the principles of grounded theory.2 The transcripts were analysed using the constant comparative method. Codes were organised into core categories, and the main theories emerged.

RESULTS: According to the interviewees, the organisational structure, interactions and processes play important roles in the implementation of mental skills development programmes. Clearly defined roles and responsibilities are considered crucial to the systematic mental development of athletes. Financial and human resources were mentioned as the most frequent barriers. In addition, the implementation process is often hindered by a lack of knowledge among decision makers about the benefits of mental skills development. When better interdisciplinary cooperation (e.g. teachers, coaches, parents, sports psychologists) is organised, better resources can be bundled, and mental health programmes can be put into practice.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: To reflect the long-term nature of a healthy career, mental skills programmes should be embedded in an organisation's policies. This will also clarify responsibilities, and (ideally top-down) actions can be derived. A central aspect of this is the systematic training of coaches to provide knowledge about healthy and successful mental development and the use of mental interventions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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