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    <item>
      <title>Auf die Erholung ausgerichteter Sauerstoffzusatz steigert die Leistungsfähigkeit und mindert das Ermüdungsgefühl bei anschließendem Schwimmen mit hoher Intensität</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097516</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097516</guid>
      <author>Kidwell, J. A.</author>
      <author>Yamamoto, T.</author>
      <author>Flanagan, A.</author>
      <author>Shatagopam, V.</author>
      <author>Hetherton, K. J.</author>
      <author>Slomba, K.</author>
      <author>Blatney, A.</author>
      <author>Smith, J.</author>
      <author>Neufeld, E. V.</author>
      <author>Dolezal, B. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kidwell, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamamoto, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Flanagan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shatagopam, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hetherton, K. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slomba, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blatney, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neufeld, E. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dolezal, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[High-intensity aquatic sports require athletes to repeatedly produce near-maximal efforts under conditions of constrained ventilation and limited recovery between bouts, placing substantial importance on recovery efficiency. While supplemental oxygen has been proposed as a recovery-targeted strategy to support repeated high-intensity performance, its acute effects in aquatic athletes remain poorly characterized. The purpose of this study was to examine whether brief inhalation of supplemental oxygen during recovery following a maximal swim effort influences subsequent swimming performance and perceived exertion in trained aquatic athletes. Eighteen collegiate-aged male aquatic athletes completed a randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover protocol. Each condition consisted of a maximal 100-yard (91.44 m) swim followed by a standardized recovery period that included a five second inhalation of either 98% supplemental oxygen or ambient air delivered via an identical portable device, prior to a maximal 50-yard (45.72 m) freestyle sprint. Sprint performance was significantly faster following oxygen-assisted recovery compared with placebo, and perceived exertion was significantly reduced at the post-exercise time point, with no differences observed prior to exercise or mid-protocol. These findings suggest that brief, recovery-targeted hyperoxia may enhance repeated high-intensity swimming performance while attenuating post-exercise perceived exertion in trained aquatic athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Menstruationszyklusphase und der Harninkontinenz auf potenzielle Risikofaktoren für eine Kreuzbandverletzung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Hüftkraft und der Körperhaltung bei Spitzensportlerinnen im Mannschaftssport: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097517</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097517</guid>
      <author>Kirschbaum, E. M.</author>
      <author>Windisch, R.</author>
      <author>Heyde, K.</author>
      <author>Hunger, R.</author>
      <author>Legerlotz, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Harninkontinenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kirschbaum, E. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Windisch, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heyde, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hunger, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Legerlotz, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To improve understanding of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, this study investigated the effect of menstrual cycle (MC) phase on ACL injury risk factors in elite female team sport athletes with and without urinary incontinence (UI). Additionally, associations between endogenous sex hormones, MC-related symptoms, and these risk factors were investigated. Ten elite female athletes (24.2 ± 3.6 years, BMI 23.2 ± 1.3 kg/m2, 10.9 ± 1.8 training hours/week) completed three testing sessions across three MC phases, determined using the three-step method. Assessments included static and dynamic postural control and hip strength. Mixed-model ANOVA and canonical correlation analyses evaluated the effects of MC phase, UI, hormones, and performance. A significant interaction between MC phase and UI was observed for single-leg sway area with eyes closed (p = 0.036), and UI was associated with a higher hip adduction:abduction ratio (p = 0.037). No further significant interaction between UI and MC phase was observed. Moreover, hormones explained 16.5% of the variance in risk factors, while subjective symptoms explained 24.5%. Lower progesterone was associated with higher symptoms, lower estradiol and progesterone with reduced strength and poorer postural control, and higher testosterone with greater strength. Although limited by its pilot design, menstrual symptoms, more than MC phases, may influence performance and injury risk, supporting the potential value of systematic symptoms monitoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Laufintensität zwischen den Sprints auf die Leistung bei wiederholten Sprints bei Profifußballern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097518</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097518</guid>
      <author>Bizas, G.</author>
      <author>Smilios, I.</author>
      <author>Thomakos, P.</author>
      <author>Bogdanis, G. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprintwiederholungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>aktive Erholung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bizas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smilios, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thomakos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bogdanis, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effects of two different intensities of running between repeated sprints and compared them with passive recovery. Thirteen professional soccer players performed two sets of six 30 m sprints on three randomly assigned occasions. A 5 min passive rest period separated the two sets, while sprints were interspersed with either passive standing, running at 95% of the first lactate threshold (MOD) and running at maximum aerobic speed (HIGH). Performance decrements were greater in HIGH than MOD at the last sprint in both sets (set 1: 5.8 ± 4.2% vs. 2.6 ± 3.2%, p = 0.07; set 2: 9.1 ± 4.5% vs. 4.0 ± 6.1%, p = 0.016). Acceleration (0-15 m) was more affected than maximal-speed running (15-30 m) (condition × sprint interaction: p < 0.001). Mean and peak heart rate were higher in both running conditions than passive (p < 0.05), with no difference between MOD and HIGH. Blood lactate showed a significant set × condition interaction (p < 0.001), peaking at 13.6 ± 2.7 mmol·L-1 in HIGH, while blood lactate responses to passive and MOD were similar and peaked after the second set of sprints (10.7 ± 2.1 and 11.5 ± 2.8 mmol·L-1, respectively). Between-sprint running intensity markedly influenced fatigue development during repeated-sprint exercise. The HIGH condition elicited greater metabolic strain and performance decrements than MOD or passive conditions. Within the present protocol, passive standing was associated with smaller decrements in repeated-sprint performance despite high heart rate and blood lactate responses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer Natriumbikarbonat-Supplementierung auf die Leistungsfähigkeit und gastrointestinale Symptome während einer hochintensiven Trainingseinheit bei Elite-Rugbyspielern: eine doppelblinde, randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097519</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097519</guid>
      <author>Couce, B.</author>
      <author>Baos, S.</author>
      <author>Moreno-Villanueva, A.</author>
      <author>Recarey-Rodríguez, A. E.</author>
      <author>Mielgo-Ayuso, J.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Ferrán, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verdauung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Natriumbikarbonat</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Couce, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baos, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreno-Villanueva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Recarey-Rodríguez, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mielgo-Ayuso, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Ferrán, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation can enhance performance in short, high-intensity movements. However, its effectiveness in team sports such as rugby remains insufficiently explored. 

Methods: In this double-blind, parallel, controlled trial, 17 male professional rugby players ingested SB (0.3 g/kg) or a placebo 90 min before a high-intensity, rugby-specific training session monitored via GPS. The training session was conducted under real-world conditions to enhance ecological validity. Physical performance (countermovement jump, CMJ), fatigue markers (capillary lactate and ratings of perceived exertion, RPE), and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were assessed pre- and post-exercise. 

Results: No significant pre-post changes were observed in CMJ performance in either group. Lactate concentrations increased from pre- to post-exercise in both groups (both p < 0.001). The SB group showed higher GI symptom severity before, during and after exercise versus placebo, with several symptoms increasing over time solely in the SB group (p < 0.05). RPE increased similarly in both groups (SB: p = 0.012; PLA: p = 0.008). Due to the small sample size, only moderate-to-large within-group effects and very large between-group differences could be detected; therefore, the study was powered to detect moderate-to-large within-group effects but underpowered for detecting between-group differences. 
Conclusions: Acute SB ingestion at 0.3 g/kg did not result in detectable improvements in performance or fatigue markers during rugby-specific high-intensity training and was associated with a greater incidence of GI discomfort; however, the study was underpowered to detect small between-group differences. This study was registered on 23 May 2025 on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07017582).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alter, geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede und das Risiko für REDs bei Ausdauerläufern: ein integriertes Protokoll für eine Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097520</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097520</guid>
      <author>Oreská, L.</author>
      <author>Kundeková, B.</author>
      <author>Varga, L.</author>
      <author>Stebelová, K.</author>
      <author>Okuliarová, M.</author>
      <author>Payer, J.</author>
      <author>Sedliak, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oreská, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kundeková, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Varga, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stebelová, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Okuliarová, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Payer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sedliak, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Endurance performance is influenced by age- and sex-specific physiological determinants, while emerging evidence indicates an increasing prevalence of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) among both young and master endurance runners. Despite its clinical relevance, limited data exist on how long-term endurance training modulates REDs risk, skeletal muscle characteristics, and physiological ageing in comparison with inactive individuals. Methods: This cross-sectional study protocol will examine 112 participants stratified by sex, age (20-35 vs. 65-80 years), and training status (endurance runners vs. inactive controls). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is defined as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include body composition, musculoskeletal function, biochemical and hormonal markers, and REDs-related screening variables. Assessments will comprise cardiorespiratory testing, DXA-based bone and body composition analysis, isometric knee dynamometry, mobility testing, validated REDs screening tools (LEAF-Q, LEAM-Q, and IOC REDs CAT2), seven-day dietary and training monitoring, venous blood sampling, and skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis. Results: This study is designed to generate an integrated overview of physiological, nutritional, metabolic, and muscle-cell characteristics across sex-, age-, and training-specific subgroups. Conclusions: This protocol provides comprehensive insight into how ageing and sex influence endurance physiology and REDs susceptibility and whether long-term endurance training preserves functional capacity across the lifespan. The findings aim to support evidence-based screening, prevention, and targeted interventions for REDs in endurance athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer akuten Koffeinaufnahme auf die maximale aerobe Geschwindigkeit bei Universitätsfußballern, gemessen anhand des 30-15-Intervall-Fitnesstests</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097521</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097521</guid>
      <author>García-Chaves, D. C.</author>
      <author>Fernandez Zapata, J. P.</author>
      <author>Oyaga Álvarez, T.</author>
      <author>Ortiz Escobar, N.</author>
      <author>Villegas Mazo, A.</author>
      <author>Corredor-Serrano, L. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Koffein</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>García-Chaves, D. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez Zapata, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oyaga Álvarez, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ortiz Escobar, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Villegas Mazo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corredor-Serrano, L. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of acute caffeine intake on maximal aerobic speed (MAS) assessed using the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (IFT) in university soccer players. An experimental, randomized, double-blind, crossover design was employed, involving 26 male university team players (n = 26). Each participant completed the test under two conditions: caffeine supplementation (220 mg; 2.85 ± 0.27 mg/kg, range 2.60-3.16 mg/kg) and placebo, separated by a 72 h washout period. The final running speed achieved (VIFT) was used as an estimator of MAS. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, normality testing, and paired Student`s t-test, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The results revealed a significant improvement in VIFT under the caffeine condition (19.94 ± 1.67 km/h) compared with placebo (18.72 ± 1.50 km/h), with a mean difference of 1.22 km/h (6.5%) and a large effect size (dz = 1.24; p < 0.001). It is concluded that acute caffeine intake was associated with a significant improvement in intermittent aerobic performance in university soccer players under the conditions of the present study, suggesting that caffeine may represent a potentially useful strategy in similar applied contexts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Sprinttrainings mit Gewichtsweste auf die Beschleunigung in der Mitte der Beschleunigungsphase und die reaktive Kraft in post-PHV Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097522</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097522</guid>
      <author>Stojanovic, N.</author>
      <author>Majkic, B.</author>
      <author>Vlašic, J.</author>
      <author>Barišic, V.</author>
      <author>Pekas, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reaktivkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gewichtsweste</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stojanovic, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Majkic, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vlašic, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barišic, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pekas, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: This study examined the effects of an individualized weighted vest sprint training program on sprint performance and countermovement jump (CMJ) outcomes in post-peak height velocity (PHV) male youth soccer players while accounting for maturation status. Methods: Fifty players (mean age 17.76 ± 0.95 years) were randomly assigned to a weighted vest sprint group (WVG; n = 25) or a traditional unloaded sprint group (TS; n = 25). Sprint performance (5, 10, 20, and 30 m) and CMJ-derived variables (jump height, peak power output, reactive strength index modified (RSI-modified), and eccentric rate of force development) were assessed before and after an 11-week intervention performed twice weekly, with the WVG completing sprint drills while wearing a weighted vest (~11% body mass). Results: Weighted vest sprint training produced greater improvements in 10 m sprint performance and RSI-modified (d = 1.37 and 1.55, respectively). However, after Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons, the effects were no longer statistically significant and should therefore be interpreted with caution. Maturity offset did not meaningfully moderate training-induced adaptations. Conclusions: These findings suggest that weighted vest sprint training may provide potential benefits for mid-acceleration performance and reactive strength in post-PHV youth soccer players, although the magnitude of these effects remains uncertain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie heiß ist zu heiß für den Menschen? Eine Übersicht über empirische Modelle zu den Wahrnehmungs-, physiologischen und funktionellen Grenzen der menschlichen Hitzetoleranz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097523</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097523</guid>
      <author>Filingeri, D.</author>
      <author>Koch Esteves, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klima</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hitze</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filingeri, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koch Esteves, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[How hot is too hot for people? This is a question that human thermal physiologists are asked often by a variety of knowledge users across the public and private sectors, who have grown aware of the negative impact of global warming on people's health and quality of life. The aim of this paper is to provide a narrative review of models that quantify the limits of human heat tolerance across perceptual, physiological and functional domains. Several models exist that have identified critical environmental limits for heat tolerance across the perceptual, physiological and functional domains. However, no model is currently available that has evaluated all domains of heat tolerance concurrently and in the same participant cohort. Hence, by combining evidence from these models, here we propose a new holistic framework of heat tolerance that can help more comprehensively characterise the full spectrum of possible human responses to heat stress under free-living conditions. This framework highlights that human heat tolerance varies largely across the perceptual, physiological and functional domains, and that it is conceptually organised in line with the human body's ability to regulate body temperature via behavioural and autonomic responses. While our new framework presents limitations in its generalisability beyond healthy young adult cohorts, we hope that it will inspire the design of new holistic research on human heat tolerance in a broader range of participant cohorts, to better inform person-centred heat resilience policies and interventions that protect human health and life quality under a warming climate.

Highlights

- What is the topic of this review?

- How hot is too hot for people?

- What advances does it highlight?

Using evidence from models that have identified critical environmental limits for heat tolerance across the perceptual, physiological and functional domains, we propose a new holistic framework of heat tolerance that can help more comprehensively characterise the full spectrum of possible human responses to heat stress under free-living conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laufökonomie und Anthropometrie der unteren Extremitäten bei erwachsenen männlichen kenianischen und dänischen Mittel- und Langstreckenläufern sowie bei untrainierten Jugendlichen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097524</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097524</guid>
      <author>Larsen, H. B.</author>
      <author>Boit, M. K.</author>
      <author>Adamsen, M. L.</author>
      <author>Madsen, F.</author>
      <author>Berg, R. M. G.</author>
      <author>Hanel, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Mittelstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laufökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Larsen, H. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boit, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adamsen, M. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madsen, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Berg, R. M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hanel, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Kenyan athletes have dominated competitive middle- and long-distance running for more than half a century, a phenomenon suggested to be attributable, at least in part, to superior running economy. Given that lower-leg anthropometry is an important determinant of running economy, a key contributor to the athletic performance of Kenyan runners is thought to be slender lower legs. Running economy and lower-leg anthropometrics, including relative lower-leg length and mean lower-leg thickness, were measured in adult middle- to long-distance runners, including 12 Kenyan elite and 29 sub-elite runners, and 20 Danish elite and 37 sub-elite runners. Additionally, 46 untrained Kenyan and 30 untrained Danish adolescents were included. Among adult runners, the oxygen cost of running was 33.61 mL kg-0.75 km-1 lower in Kenyans compared with Danes [95% confidence interval (CI): 18.63, 48.59; p < 0.0001] and increased by 2.20 mL kg-0.75 km-1 per centimetre squared increase in lower-leg cross-sectional area (95% CI: 1.03, 3.37; p = 0.0005). In untrained adolescents, the oxygen cost of running was 44.82 mL kg-0.75 km-1 lower (95% CI: 21.99, 67.64; p = 0.0002) and increased by 1.75 mL kg-0.75 km-1 per centimetre squared increase in lower-leg cross-sectional area (95% CI: 0.18, 3.32; p = 0.0294). Slender lower legs are favourably associated with superior running economy and might contribute to the dominance of Kenyan athletes in competitive middle- to long-distance running.

Highlights

- What is the central question of this study?
Is the superior running economy of Kenyans compared with non-Kenyans caused by more slender lower legs?

- What is the main finding and its importance?
Both adult Kenyan elite and sub-elite middle- to long-distance runners and untrained adolescents have superior running economy and slimmer lower legs compared with their Danish counterparts. Across countries and levels, more slender lower legs are closely associated with better running economy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische und leistungsbedingte Unterschiede bei aeroben und hämatologischen Parametern bei Spitzensportlern im Skibergsteigen </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097525</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097525</guid>
      <author>Schorderet, F.</author>
      <author>Krumm, B.</author>
      <author>Moreillon, B.</author>
      <author>Mottet, J.</author>
      <author>Raberin, A.</author>
      <author>Bourdillon, N.</author>
      <author>Faiss, R.</author>
      <author>Millet, G. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hämoglobinmasse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schorderet, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krumm, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreillon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mottet, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raberin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bourdillon, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faiss, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millet, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ski mountaineering (SkiMo) is a new Olympic sport with extreme endurance demands and altitude exposure. Previous studies have focused on traditional cardiorespiratory variables, such as maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max) or ventilatory thresholds, but, to our knowledge, did not report haemoglobin mass (Hbmass). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Hbmass and Vo2max in elite SkiMo athletes and compare physiological differences across performance levels. Twenty-nine Swiss national team SkiMo athletes (10 females and 19 males) were classified into Tier 3-5. Participants performed a treadmill graded exercise test (25% slope) to determine Vo2max and ventilatory thresholds. The Hbmass and blood volumes were assessed using a CO-rebreathing technique. Sex and tier-based comparisons were made, and correlations between haematological parameters and aerobic performance metrics were analysed. The Hbmass normalized to body mass (HbmassBM) was significantly correlated with Vo2max in the pooled group (r = 0.80, P < 0.001), females (r = 0.82, P = 0.007) and males (r = 0.53, P = 0.024). The Hbmass and related haematological parameters were significantly higher in males (P < 0.05). Males in Tier 5 had higher oxygen consumption at the second ventilatory threshold (63.0 ± 4.3 vs. 58.9 ± 2.8 mL min-1 kg-1; P = 0.022) and Vo2max (72.0 ± 4.4 vs. 67.4 ± 3.1 mL min-1 kg-1; P = 0.015) than those in Tier 3-4. The significant correlation between HbmassBM and Vo2max confirms the key role of Hbmass in oxygen transport and aerobic capacity. However, Tier 5 athletes achieved superior aerobic performance without higher HbmassBM, indicating that additional physiological factors underpin elite-level performance.

Highlights

- What is the central question of this study?

What is the relationship between haemoglobin mass and maximal oxygen consumption or performance metrics in male and female elite ski mountaineers? Data were previously lacking on athletes who train and compete at altitude. We questioned whether haemoglobin mass is higher in this population compared with other elite endurance athletes.

- What is the main finding and its importance?

Values of haemoglobin mass in ski mountaineers were consistent with those in other endurance athletes. Significant correlations between relative haemoglobin mass and maximal oxygen consumption were observed. Overall, this study confirms haemoglobin mass as a key determinant of aerobic performance in ski mountaineers, highlighting its relevance in this altitude-based sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende Auswirkungen eines Glukose-Fruktose-Riegels, eines Glukose-Fruktose-Hydrogels und eines Maltodextrin-Gels auf die Kohlenhydratverwertung und die Sprintleistung bei Sportlern der zweiten Leistungsklasse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097526</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097526</guid>
      <author>Dean, E.</author>
      <author>Osborne, A.</author>
      <author>Subar, D.</author>
      <author>Hendrickse, P.</author>
      <author>Gaffney, C. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dean, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Subar, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hendrickse, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gaffney, C. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Carbohydrate supplementation optimises athletic performance, but the metabolic and performance impacts of commercial products/compositions are underexplored. We compared the efficacy of three commercial carbohydrate supplements: a glucose-fructose bar (GF-Bar), a glucose-fructose hydrogel (GF-Gel) and a maltodextrin-based gel (MD-Gel). Antegrade venous blood samples for glucose and insulin were measured alongside substrate utilisation in healthy Tier 2 athletes after ingesting 45 g of carbohydrates from the GF-Bar, GF-Gel and MD-Gel during a modified 1-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Additionally, the effect of supplementation on high-intensity interval exercise was evaluated during repeated maximal sprint performance. During the OGTT, the GF-Bar elicited greater total carbohydrate oxidation than MD-Gel (24.6 ± 7.4 g vs. 17.8 ± 8.6 g, P = 0.038) but not GF-Gel (20.1 ± 6.4 g, P > 0.05). Carbohydrate oxidation per minute varied over time (P < 0.001) and between products (P = 0.043), with GF-Bar (0.27 ± 0.05 g min-1) showing higher oxidation than GF-Gel (0.21 ± 0.05 g min-1) and MD-Gel (0.19 ± 0.06 g min-1). No differences were observed in glucose peak, time to peak glucose or insulin concentration (P > 0.05). Peak power (P = 0.011), mean power (P < 0.001) and total work varied across sprints (P < 0.001) but not between products (P > 0.05). Perceived exertion and gastrointestinal discomfort were similar between products (P > 0.05). Despite differences in carbohydrate oxidation during the OGTT, the GF-Bar, GF-Gel and MD-Gel displayed similar metabolic and sprint performance outcomes, suggesting that, within this study, carbohydrate formulation did not impact short-duration maximal exercise.

Highlights

- What is the central question of this study?

Carbohydrate supplementation optimises athletic performance, but the metabolic and performance impacts of commercial products/compositions are underexplored: what is the efficacy of a glucose-fructose bar, a glucose-fructose hydrogel and a maltodextrin-based gel?

- What is the main finding and its importance?

In Tier 2 athletes, a glucose-fructose bar led to significantly greater total carbohydrate oxidation than a maltodextrin gel during a 1-h OGTT but not compared to a glucose-fructose hydrogel. No significant effects were observed on blood glucose, insulin, sprint performance or gastrointestinal comfort. All supplements produced similar outcomes during repeated high-intensity sprints, suggesting that carbohydrate formulation did not influence short-duration maximal exercise performance in this context.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anhaltende stabile Unterkühlung während eines 10-stündigen Kaltwasser-Marathonschwimmens im offenen Wasser </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097527</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097527</guid>
      <author>Roxburgh, B. H.</author>
      <author>Edgar, D. T.</author>
      <author>Cotter, J. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kälte</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hyperthermie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roxburgh, B. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edgar, D. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cotter, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Marathon open-water swimming presents extreme thermophysiological challenges, particularly in cold environments. This case report describes continuous core temperature data from a solo crossing of New Zealand's Foveaux Strait, an infamously cold (13°C -14°C), turbulent open-water swim. A 52-year-old male swimmer (body mass index, 27.9 kg m-2; body fat, 18%) completed the 37 km swim in 9 h 52 min under standard marathon swimming rules (no wetsuit). Core temperature (measured via an ingestible thermometer pill) decreased rapidly after immersion, falling from 37.9°C to <35.0°C within 50 min. The swimmer reached a nadir of 33.88°C at 2 h 42 min and remained hypothermic for more than half of the swim (total, 369 min). Despite this, he displayed no overt cognitive or motor impairment, completed the swim unaided and did not experience an after-drop post-immersion. This case highlights the remarkable thermoregulatory tolerance of a cold-adapted endurance swimmer.

Highlights

- What is the main observation in this case?
A cold-adapted marathon swimmer tolerated prolonged moderate hypothermia (core temperature <35°C for >6 h; nadir 33.88°C) during an open-water swim in 13-14°C water.

- What insights does it reveal?
This case demonstrates that in a trained and cold-adapted marathon swimmer, prolonged immersion in cold water can be tolerated at core temperatures traditionally classified as clinically hypothermic, without functional compromise or adverse outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Übereinstimmung zwischen Muskel-Sättigungsschwellen und Laktatschwellen: Muskelvergleich und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Weltklasse-Skilangläuifern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097528</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097528</guid>
      <author>Forot, J.</author>
      <author>Schorderet, F.</author>
      <author>Burdet, C.</author>
      <author>Brocherie, F.</author>
      <author>Millet, G. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob-anaerobe Schwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>NIRS</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nahinfrarotspektroskopie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sauerstoffsättigung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Forot, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schorderet, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burdet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brocherie, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millet, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has emerged as a potential alternative method for determination of breakpoints equivalent to lactate thresholds. However, the optimal NIRS location remains unclear, particularly in Nordic skiing, which requires both upper- and lower-limb contributions. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of NIRS-derived breakpoints determination (i.e., BP1 and BP2) compared to first (LT1) and second (LT2) lactate thresholds and to compare different muscle sites in male and female world-class Nordic skiers. Fifty-two world-class Nordic skiers (29 males, 23 females) performed an incremental treadmill test on roller skis. NIRS sensors were located simultaneously on four muscles: vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii (TB). Oxygen saturation (SmO2) was collected and analysed to detect BP1 and BP2 vs. LT1 and LT2. First, BP1 was too often undetectable or inaccurately detected, suggesting an unsuitable practical use. Second, BP2 was detected in VL (88.5%), BF (96.2%) and BB (86.5%) but not in TB (24.1%). Third, there was a very good accuracy (i.e., bias [95% CI] in heart rate between BP2 and LT2 in VL (-0.6 bpm [-8.9, 7.8]), BF (+1.3 bpm [-2.8, 4.2]) and BB (+1.0 bpm [-7.5, 9.5]). Finally, no significant differences were found between male and female athletes. NIRS appears as an effective non-invasive method for detecting breakpoint equivalent to LT2 in both male and female world-class Nordic skiers, especially if positioned on both BB and BF.

Highlights

- What is the central question of this study?

Can near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) muscle oxygen saturation breakpoints (BP1, BP2) validly replace lactate thresholds (LT1, LT2) in world-class Nordic skiers? Which muscles provide the best signal (vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, biceps brachii, triceps brachii)? Are there are sex-related differences?

- What is the main finding and its importance?

BP1 was unreliable, but BP2 closely matched LT2 when measured on biceps femoris and biceps brachii (small heart rate bias, high agreement), while triceps brachii performed poorly. No meaningful sex differences were found, likely due to low adipose tissue thickness in elite athletes. Practically, NIRS offers a non-invasive field alternative to estimate LT2 in Nordic skiing, with recommended sensor placement on biceps femoris and biceps brachii.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen dem Antioxidationsstatus und der Kraftleistung bei Kampfsportlern: eine Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097529</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097529</guid>
      <author>Huang, J.</author>
      <author>Miao, L.</author>
      <author>Mao, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kampfsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antioxidans</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miao, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mao, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Combat sports involve repeated high-intensity, intermittent actions under direct competition. During competition, athletes must produce high power output repeatedly, with rapid energy-system transitions and substantial oxidative stress responses.

Objective:

This cross-sectional study examined associations between antioxidant-related indicators and special strength performance in combat athletes.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study design was used, recruiting 25 high-level combat athletes in training. We measured one energy-related marker [plasma adenosine triphosphate (ATP)], three antioxidant defense markers [total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPX]], and one oxidative damage marker [malondialdehyde (MDA)] and six special strength indicators [standing long jump, vertical jump, medicine ball throw, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) squat, 30 m sprint] were measured. Gender, height, weight, body fat percentage, and resting heart rate were included as covariates. Shapiro Wilk tests, Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests, Spearman correlations, multiple linear regression, and Bayesian regression were applied.

Results:

Body fat percentage and SOD activity differed across sports (p < 0.05), with higher body fat percentage in taekwondo and higher SOD activity in boxing. In gender comparisons, females had lower T-AOC than males (p = 0.011), with no significant differences for the other indicators. ATP was positively correlated with standing long jump (r = 0.449) and vertical jump (r = 0.502), while body fat percentage showed a negative correlation with vertical jump (r = -0.529, p < 0.05). None of the multiple linear regression models reached statistical significance. Bayesian regression yielded similar patterns, with positive posterior means for ATP in explosive and strength outcomes and negative estimates for MDA in some models.

Conclusion:

Special strength outcomes were associated with markers related to energy availability and oxidative status. ATP and body fat percentage were the variables most consistently associated with explosive performance in this sample: ATP was positively associated with standing long jump and vertical jump, whereas body fat percentage was negatively associated with vertical jump performance. Differences in antioxidant indicators across sports and between sexes suggest that antioxidant status may vary with individual characteristics and sport-specific demands. These findings are hypothesis-generating and may inform future work on training, nutritional strategies, and pre-competition preparation, which should be tested in longitudinal or randomized controlled studies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der defensive Spielstil stand in Zusammenhang mit der Spielleistung und dem Mannschaftserfolg bei der FIFA Frauen-Weltmeisterschaft 2023</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097530</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097530</guid>
      <author>Branquinho, L.</author>
      <author>de França, E.</author>
      <author>Titton, A.</author>
      <author>González-Fernández, F. T.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, J. E.</author>
      <author>Forte, P.</author>
      <author>Lopes Verardi, C. E.</author>
      <author>Hirota, V. B.</author>
      <author>Ferraz, R.</author>
      <author>Teoldo, I.</author>
      <author>Thomatieli-Santos, R. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2023</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Branquinho, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de França, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Titton, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Fernández, F. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forte, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes Verardi, C. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirota, V. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferraz, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teoldo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thomatieli-Santos, R. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Currently, there are no data in the women's soccer literature about playing style without ball possession and its impact on match-running performance or competitive success. The main objective of this study is to verify whether there was a relationship between match-running performance, team success, and playing style without ball possession in the FIFA Women's 2023 World Cup.

Methods:

Twenty-one variables related to tactical and technical behavior without ball possession and match-running performance were collected from 64 matches (from 32 national teams) using a multicamera optical tracking system. A machine-learning approach was used to describe the playing style profile and its relationship with match-running performance. A chi-square test was then used to verify the association between playing style and team success.

Results:

The data indicated that teams that adopted tactical marking behavior with high-press, mid-block, and recovery saw increased match-running demands. On the other hand, technical actions such as direct pressure and tackles saved running demands. The machine-learning analysis identified two playing styles without ball possession: (1) "low- and mid-block and low-press" and (2) "high-block and high- and mid-press" playing style without ball possession. The "high-block and high- and mid-press" playing style entailed high-intensity running and was associated with team success in the 2023 World Cup, while the "low- and mid-block and low-press" playing style was associated with unsuccessful teams.

Discussion and conclusions:

Playing style without ball possession significantly impacted match-running performance and team success in the 2023 World Cup. Specifically, successful teams adopted a "high-block and high- and mid-press" playing style. Such a playing style adopts a high-press, recovery, defensive transition, counter-press, and high-block profile, which demands more running at high intensity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trajektorienfilterung und Sprungmodellierung in einer Ski-Cross-VR-Anwendung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097504</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097504</guid>
      <author>Schwyn, S.</author>
      <author>Délèze, F.</author>
      <author>Guillaume, S.</author>
      <author>Bruhin, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freestyle Skilauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>virtuelle Realität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Trajektorie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schwyn, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Délèze, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guillaume, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bruhin, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In ski cross, jumps represent key phases of the race. Therefore, it is essential that they are realistically depicted when creating a first-person virtual reality (VR) application to replay a race in an immersive way. Currently, when a VR application is based on real trajectories, these are mostly measured using a GNSS receiver in single point positioning (SPP) mode, which provides an accuracy of about 2 to 6 meters for the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. As a result, GNSS SPP altitudes are not usable for such applications. When the athlete is not in flight phase, the digital terrain model can be appropriately used to predict the athlete's altitude. However, when the athlete is jumping, it is necessary to obtain their trajectory in the air through an appropriate ballistic calculation. The objective of this work is therefore to propose a solution to determine the complete trajectory (including during jumps) of an athlete by merging GNSS SPP positions, a digital terrain model, and a ballistic model in order to create a smooth and immersive VR experience in a realistic 3D environment.

METHODS: Two VR applications were developed. The first is a VR application to assist in the efficient determination of fused trajectories, and the second is an immersive first-person VR visualization for the ski cross track. To achieve this, a high-resolution 3D model of the ski cross track and its surroundings was generated using drone-based photogrammetric surveying. Additionally, the athletes' trajectories were measured using GNSS SPP technology. The first VR application allows users to visualize the track and interactively set the jump origins on each obstacle. The fused trajectory is displayed in real-time in an immersive and dynamic manner, and it can be adjusted on the fly if necessary. The trajectory fusion algorithm is based on control theory, combining GNSS horizontal data with ballistic calculations that account for gravity and simple aerodynamic effects.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The initial results of the fusion algorithm are encouraging and have made it possible to determine realistic and usable trajectories for the VR application, benefiting both athletes and coaches. The VR application, which allows the adjustment of the jump-starting position as well as the initial impulse parameters, has proven to be effective and user-friendly. However, it would be feasible to automate some of these adjustments. The automation process and the data fusion for trajectory determination could also be improved by integrating data from accelerometers.

CONCLUSION: The developed tools allow for the easy determination of ski cross athletes' trajectories by merging GNSS SPP data, a digital terrain model, and a simple ballistic model. The methodologies developed can also be applied to other disciplines, such as alpine skiing or ski jumping, where the vertical component of the trajectories measured by GNSS SPP technology is insufficient. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der aeroben Leistungsfähigkeit bei Elite-Skibergsteigern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097477</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097477</guid>
      <author>Schorderet, F.</author>
      <author>Mottet, J.</author>
      <author>Lathion, A.</author>
      <author>Raberin, A.</author>
      <author>Bourdillon, N.</author>
      <author>Millet, G. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schorderet, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mottet, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lathion, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raberin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bourdillon, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millet, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Ski mountaineering (SkiMo) will be an Olympic sport (i.e., sprint and mixed relay events) at the upcoming 2026 Winter Olympic games. Despite its rising prominence, there is surprisingly a lack of research on SkiMo compared to the other winter sports [1]. SkiMo sprint is extremely demanding, uphill exercise time being ~80-93% of total race time in elite athletes [2]. Consequently, both body composition and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) are paramount [3]. Previous studies have reported the physiological characteristics of elite male SkiMo athletes but limited data exist on female athletes [3,4]. To address this gap, the present study aimed to analyze sex differences in physiological parameters of elite SkiMo athletes. The hypothesis was that sex differences in vertical velocity (vV) would exceed the differences in VO2 at submaximal and maximal aerobic intensities.

METHODS: Twenty elite ski mountaineers (6 women, 14 men), member of the Swiss national team, aged 20-32 years, participated in this study. They all had competed at the World Cup level, with many achieving top-3 ranking. Athletes performed a submaximal exercise followed by a graded exercise to exhaustion (treadmill with 25% slope; initial speed = 3.5 km/h for women and 4 km/h for men; increment = 0.3 km/h each 1-min stage; with poles) with breath-by-breath cardiorespiratory measurements continuously collected (Quark CPET, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). The first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2), as well as at maximal intensity (MAX), were determined by visual inspection from three examiners.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Elite female SkiMo athletes had a VO2 value 13.6% lower at MAX (64.0 ± 3.8 vs. 72.8 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min; p = 0.002) and 15.5% lower at VT2 (54.8 ± 2.8 vs. 62.2 ± 5.8 ml/kg/min; p = 0.009) than their male counterparts. Interestingly, the sex-differences in vV at both MAX (1825 ± 113 vs. 2125 ± 156 m/h; p < 0.001; 16.4%). and VT2 (1412 ± 56 vs. 1696 ± 151 m/h; p < 0.001; 20.1%) intensities were consistently larger than the differences in VO2, which supports the main hypothesis. Further investigation on the underlying mechanisms is requested but the following factors may contribute to the larger sex-differences in uphill velocity than in the well-known aerobic power [5]: Firstly, women generally have a higher body fat percentage, a finding corroborated in our study (15.2 ± 1.0% vs. 6.6 ± 0.6%; p = 0.004). Secondly, women have a higher proportion of slow-twitch oxidative fibers and fewer fast-twitch fibers, which may disadvantage them in uphill locomotion due to its reliance on concentric contractions and force production. Additionally, men also generate more power output, likely due to greater upper body muscle mass [6]. Finally, the pulmonary system shows significant sex differences during hypoxia, with women experiencing greater hypoxemia and increased work of breathing compared to men [7].

CONCLUSION: The sex-differences in uphill velocities (16.4-20.1%) were larger than the differences in VO2 (13.6-15.5%) or than the commonly reported 10-12% difference in road runners [8]. Overall, the present findings are in line with the 16-17% difference in performance times reported in three major mountain ultra-marathons [9]. The performance gaps between men and women appear to be larger in uphill sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittanalyse der aeroben Leistungsindikatoren bei Elite-Skilangläufern: Alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Verläufe über die gesamte Karriere hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097484</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097484</guid>
      <author>Bucher, E.</author>
      <author>Wehrlin, J. P.</author>
      <author>Millet, G. P.</author>
      <author>Steiner, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zeitfahren</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bucher, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wehrlin, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millet, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steiner, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Elite cross-country (XC) skiers undergo standardized testing to monitor their performance development and to calibrate training prescriptions. However, the long-term progression of relevant performance indicators, such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), performance at the second lactate threshold (LT2), and time-trial performance over an athlete's career remains unclear, with previous research focusing on the junior to U23 level [1]. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal data from > 15 years of exercise testing with the Swiss XC ski national team to examine the trajectory of key performance indicators across the careers of male and female skiers.

METHODS: The longitudinal development of VO2max, LT2, and 24-minute double poling performance (24-min DP), described in further detail elsewhere [2], was analyzed in 72 male and 49 female current and former Swiss XC-ski national team athletes. The performance trajectories were modeled using mixed-effects approaches, with a linear random intercept for VO2max, a linear random slope for LT2, and a third-degree polynomial for 24-min DP. Fixed effects included age, sex, and their interaction, with random effects at the individual level. The study included 357 observations (n = 27 females, 48 males) for VO2max, 911 (n = 46 females, 65 males) for LT2, and 601 (n = 49 females, 70 males) for 24-min DP.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: VO2max in females showed a non-significant tendency to increase by 0.16 mL/kg/min per year (p=0.085), with no increase in males (0.03 ml/kg/min per year, p=0.627). Although males had a higher baseline VO2max at age 18 (70.8 vs. 58.2 mL/kg/min, 21.6% difference), the rate of change with age was not significantly different between the sexes (p=0.259). LT2 improved significantly with age for both sexes, with females gaining 0.09 test stages per year (p<0.001) and males showing a stronger age effect with 0.12 test stages per year (p<0.001). At age 18, males had a 28.9% higher baseline LT2 (5.95 test stages vs. 4.62 for females). In the 24-min DP test, both males and females showed a significant linear improvement with age during the first years (p<0.001). However, there was a notable decrease in the rate of improvement in males, as indicated by the quadratic age term (p<0.001). On the other hand, females showed a consistent linear performance trajectory throughout their careers, with no significant quadratic age term (p=0.430). Female skiers showed a baseline performance of 3820 m at age 18, while this value was at 4788 m in males, with males outperforming females by 968 m (25.3%).

CONCLUSION: VO2max, LT2, and 24-min DP showed distinct developmental trajectories across age and sex in elite cross-country skiers. While VO2max remained unchanged, LT2 continuously increased throughout their career. On the other hand, 24-min DP followed a non-linear progression only in males, with a slowdown in performance improvement as they transitioned from the U23 to the senior age category. These results highlight the importance of high initial VO2max at the junior level and the greater trainability of LT2 and aerobic time-trial performance with the accumulation of specific training as athletes progress in their careers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine höhere Energieverfügbarkeit könnte die Anpassung der Hämoglobinmasse bei weiblichen Skifahrerinnen während eines 21-tägigen Zeitraums unter normobarer Hypoxie und Normoxie unterstützen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097485</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097485</guid>
      <author>Kettunen, O.</author>
      <author>Kuorelahti, T.</author>
      <author>Linnamo, V.</author>
      <author>Ihalainen, J. K.</author>
      <author>Mikkonen, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Live High - Train Low</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Normoxie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kettunen, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuorelahti, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linnamo, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ihalainen, J. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mikkonen, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Low energy availability (EA) may be detrimental to an athletes` health and performance [1], but the interaction between EA and altitude training adaptations warrants exploration. Therefore, the present study investigated EA during a 21-day period of normobaric "live high, train low" (LHTL) and examined whether athletes with positive hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) responses had different EA compared to the athletes with neutral / negative responses.

METHODS: 10 female skiers completed a 21-day period (~18 h·day-1) of LHTL in normobaric hypoxia of ~2500 m while 11 female skiers formed a control group (CON) that lived and trained in normoxia. Hbmass was assessed using a carbon monoxide rebreathing method and fat-free body mass (FFM) from bioimpedance measurement within 2 days before starting a LHTL/CON period (PRE) and within a week after LHTL/CON period (POST). An athlete was classified as Hbmassresponder if Hbmass increased by >1.7% from PRE to POST based on the typical measurement error reported for the CO rebreathing method [2] and others were classified as Hbmass-non-responders. Energy intake (EI) was assessed using 3-day food logs, which were completed from the 10th to 12th day of the LHTL or CON period. Exercise energy expenditure (EEE) was assessed based on the duration and mean heart rate of the training sessions. Daily EA was calculated as: EA = (EI - EEE) / FFM. Differences between Hbmass-responders and non-responders were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA with group (LHTL, CON) and response (responders, non-responders) as between subject factors.

RESULTS: LHTL increased Hbmass 3.3 ± 2.4% (7 responders, 3 non-responders) and CON 0.9 ± 2.3% (4 responders, 7 non-responders), but the main effect of group was not statistically significant (p = 0.38) showing no differences between the groups. Hbmass-responders had similar EEE (p = 0.72) but higher EI (p = 0.034) and EA (p = 0.008, Figure 1) than Hbmass-non responders in both LHTL and CON. A total of three athletes had an infection during the study (Figure 1). All three had low EA (< 30 kcal·kg FFM-1·d-1).

CONCLUSIONS: Higher EA may support Hbmass adaptations and healthy training days during 21 days of LHTL as well as during 21 days of normal training at sea level. These findings highlight the importance of adequate dietary intake to optimize hematological adaptations to training and hypoxia.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Sichtweisen kolumbianischer Olympiatrainer zur Talentidentifikation und -entwicklung im Sport: eine qualitative Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097487</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097487</guid>
      <author>Sánchez, D.</author>
      <author>Martinho, D. V.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, A.</author>
      <author>Barrera-Díaz, J.</author>
      <author>Sousa, H.</author>
      <author>Ordoñez-Saavedra, N.</author>
      <author>Ramos, S.</author>
      <author>Gouveia, É. R.</author>
      <author>Campos, P.</author>
      <author>Sarmento, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Perspektive</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kolumbien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinho, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barrera-Díaz, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sousa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ordoñez-Saavedra, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gouveia, É. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sarmento, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Studies examining talent identification and development have primarily focused on athletic samples. However, there is limited literature addressing the determinants of talent from coaching perspectives. The aim of this study was to characterize the perspectives of coaches regarding talent identification and development among Colombian elite coaches.

Methods:

The research adopted a qualitative, interpretative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews. The guide was validated through expert review and interviews conducted with 10 coaches who have Olympic experience. Thematic analysis was conducted for data analysis using NVivo software (version 14) and a deductive-inductive content analysis approach based on the ecological dynamics theoretical framework.

Results:

The results were organized into three main categories of constraints: (1) related to the athlete; (2) related to the task; and (3) related to environment. Participants highlighted the importance of physical, technical, tactical, and, above all, psychological skills in talent identification. Coaches also emphasized that talent should not be viewed as static but as a dynamic construct influenced by biological maturation and environmental factors. Deliberate practice and play were considered complementary in sport development, with early diversification of sporting experiences being highly valued by Olympic coaches. Family involvement, institutional support, and socioeconomic stability emerged as critical elements to ensure the continuity and sustainability of the process.

Conclusion:

The geographic and ethnic diversity of Colombia was recognized as a factor that can facilitate talent identification and development although structural challenges such as infrastructure shortages and the lack of coordinated national policies continue to limit the development of elite athletes. The talent development model in Colombia should consider the interrelationships between different constraints to effectively identify and develop athletes for elite-level competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Anforderungen und Leistungsindikatoren im olympischen Skibergsteigen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097453</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097453</guid>
      <author>Fornasiero, A.</author>
      <author>Savoldelli, A.</author>
      <author>Mattivi, M.</author>
      <author>Forrer, T.</author>
      <author>Todesco, B.</author>
      <author>Cuniberti, G.</author>
      <author>Callovini, A.</author>
      <author>Schena, F.</author>
      <author>Holmberg, H.-C.</author>
      <author>Pellegrini, B.</author>
      <author>Bortolan, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Anforderungsprofil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fornasiero, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Savoldelli, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mattivi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forrer, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Todesco, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuniberti, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Callovini, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schena, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmberg, H.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pellegrini, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bortolan, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The 2026 Milano-Cortina Winter Olympics will mark the debut of ski mountaineering, featuring two distinct competition formats: the Sprint and the Mixed-Relay. To date, the physiological demands and the predictors of performance in these ski mountaineering disciplines remain largely unexplored [1,2]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological demand and the predictors of performance in the two Olympic formats.

METHODS: 20 ski-mountaineers (11 F), competing in an ISMF WC event featuring the Sprint and the Mixed-Relay, completed a laboratory-based physiological evaluation, including ski mountaineering-specific maximal and supra-maximal (intensity >VO2max) tests, with a sub-group of 10 (5 F) being monitored (i.e., heart rate, blood lactate and rate of perceived exertion) during the races. Performance data of the participants in the different sections of the races (i.e., uphill skiing, uphill on foot, transitions, and downhill skiing) were retrieved according to a previously adopted approach [2]. Correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the impact of section times on overall race performance, as well as the relationships between physiological variables and performance.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Uphill skiing represented the majority of race time in both formats and accounted for most of the variance in performance (~80-90%), with transition times explaining almost all the remaining variance in performance (~10-15%). Similar and near-to-maximal cardiac (>95% HRmax) and perceptual responses were observed in the two formats, with a significantly higher contribution of lactic anaerobic metabolism in the Sprint than in the Mixed-Relay (p<0.001). A main predictor of performance was found for each race, i.e. the skiing speed at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) in the Mixed-Relay (~84% and ~78% of variance explained in uphill skiing and overall time, respectively) and the maximal sustainable skiing speed over a 2-min effort in the Sprint (~98% and ~95%).

CONCLUSION: To compete in Olympic ski mountaineering disciplines, athletes should improve their ability to replicate high-intensity efforts in the uphill sections of the races and refine their transition skills. Athletes should tailor their training considering the specific physiological demands of each race, emphasizing near-maximal to maximal intensities (from VT2 to VO2max) for the Mixed Relay and supra-maximal intensities (>VO2max) for the Sprint. ]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen des Steroidprofils bei Frauen in Abhängigkeit vom Training und deren Bedeutung für die Dopingkontrolle</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097431</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097431</guid>
      <author>Andersson, A.</author>
      <author>Ekström, L.</author>
      <author>Salamin, O.</author>
      <author>Nicoli, R.</author>
      <author>Hirschberg, A. L.</author>
      <author>Eklund, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Doping</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrolle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steroid</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Andersson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ekström, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salamin, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicoli, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirschberg, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eklund, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

The urinary steroid module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP), monitoring biomarkers over time is limited in female athletes. A serum steroid module has been implemented, including testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and the T/A4 ratio, being more stable regarding hormonal fluctuations in women. Acute training may increase serum T and decrease the urinary excretion of androgens. Moreover, the urinary levels of ABP metabolites have been shown to be lower in female athletes compared to sedentary controls. One hypothesis is elimination of some of the androgens via sweat. Therefore, it is of interest to study the urinary and circulatory steroids in relation to training and sweat production.

Material and methods:

30 healthy female athletes and 26 untrained BMI-matched controls were included. The athlete`s urine and fluid intake was collected over 48 h during a rest- and a training day, and the controls for 24 sedentary hours. Estimated sweat loss was calculated. For the athletes, dried blood spots (DBS) were collected at rest, before and after training and the day after training. Urine was analyzed for the urinary steroid profile by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and DBS for T and A4 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results:

Sweat production was elevated in athletes during the training day versus the rest day, but there were no differences compared to the controls. No significant intra-individual variation (CV %) in urinary steroid profiles was observed; however, controls excreted higher absolute levels of urinary A and 5aAdiol. In DBS, T remained stable whereas a minor increase in A4 was noted in samples taken the day after training. For the T/A4 ratio changes were observed in samples taken after exercise only.

Conclusion:

T and A4 in DBS were not affected by acute training. As DBS sample time differed during the day the minor changes in A4 and the T/A4 ratio may be due to diurnal variation and not training dependent effects. In urine certain urinary steroids were lower in the female athletes compared to controls. These results may be of interest when interpreting results of the ABP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Alleinstehendes plyometrisches Training bei Basketballspielern: Ein metaanalytischer Vergleich der Leistungssteigerungen bei Countermovement, Squat Jump und im Sprint</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097432</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097432</guid>
      <author>Liu, J.</author>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Yu, F.</author>
      <author>Meng, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

While several meta-analyses have quantitatively examined plyometric training effects, many combined it with other modalities (e.g., strength training) or did not focus exclusively on basketball players. This systematic review and meta-analysis therefore aimed to quantitatively evaluate the independent effect of plyometric training on lower-body explosive power and sprint performance specifically in basketball athletes, focusing on countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and 20-meter sprint outcomes.

Methods:

A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and SportDiscus up to 24 September 2025. Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies comparing plyometric training with control conditions in basketball players were included. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled Hedges` g with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I2 statistics and funnel plots with Egger`s test.

Results:

Seventeen studies involving 444 participants were included. The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in countermovement jump (g = 0.77, 95% CI 0.42-1.11) and squat jump (g = 0.86, 95% CI 0.52-1.20) following plyometric training, with minimal heterogeneity for squat jump (I2 = 0.5%) but considerable heterogeneity for countermovement jump (I2 = 67.6%). A small but significant effect was found for 20-meter sprint performance (g = -0.39, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.05), with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis based on training duration showed no significant difference in countermovement jump outcomes.

Conclusion:

Standalone plyometric training is effective for enhancing vertical jump performance in basketball players, particularly squat jump, but has limited transfer to 20-meter sprint performance. Future research should focus on standardized intervention designs and consider moderating factors such as training volume and athlete characteristics.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD420251179252, identifier CRD420251179252.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der akuten Auswirkungen von Krafttraining, plyometrischem Training und komplexem Training auf die postaktivierende Leistungssteigerung bei Spitzenschwimmern: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097433</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097433</guid>
      <author>Ma, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, C.</author>
      <author>Gao, T.</author>
      <author>Zhao, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, X.</author>
      <author>Liao, T.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y. T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liao, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an emerging strategy for optimizing pre-competition warm-up in elite swimming. However, substantial heterogeneity exists across studies due to inconsistent load standardization methodologies.

Objective:

This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the acute effects of three PAPE training modalities, heavy resistance training (HRT), plyometric training (PLY), and complex training (COM), on swim start performance and lower body power in elite swimmers, utilizing session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) for load equalization.

Methods:

Forty-seven first-class swimmers (mean age 21.21 ± 0.69 years; training experience 8.08 ± 0.91 years) were randomly allocated to control (n = 11), heavy resistance training (n = 11), plyometric training (n = 12), or complex training (n = 13) groups. All interventions were standardized to achieve equivalent session rating of perceived exertion-time load (sRPE-TL) of 70-80 arbitrary units. The primary outcome was 15-m swim start time (T15m). Secondary outcomes included force platform variables (peak horizontal force, average propulsive force, propulsive impulse, take-off velocity) and land-based power measures (countermovement jump height and peak power). Performance assessments were conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 min post-intervention across four separate testing sessions. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen`s d for within-group pre-post comparisons.

Results:

Mixed-model ANOVA revealed significant group × time interactions for T15m (F (3,43) = 2.339, P = 0.024, n2p = 0.14), peak horizontal force (F (3,43) = 19.407, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.58), average propulsive force (F (3,43) = 7.005, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.33), propulsive impulse (F (3,43) = 21.777, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.60), take-off velocity (F (3,43) = 23.148, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.62), CMJ height (F (3,43) = 2.884, P = 0.032, n2p = 0.17), and peak power (F (3,43) = 10.188, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.42). COM induced the largest improvements compared to CON, with T15m decresing by 3.00% (ES = 1.79, P < 0.001), peak horizontal force increasing by 5.14% (ES = 4.95, P < 0.001), average propulsive force by 8.48% (ES = 1.71, P < 0.001), propulsive impulse by 8.57% (ES = 3.46, P < 0.001), and take-off velocity by 6.41% (ES = 3.06, P < 0.001). Distinct temporal profiles emerged: PLY peaked at 6 min, HRT sustained effects through 12 min, while COM demonstrated optimal windows at 9-12 min sRPE-TL standardization successfully eliminated between-group load variability (CV < 8%, F (2,33) = 1.23, P = 0.297).

Conclusion:

Under sRPE-TL-standardized conditions, complex training elicited greater PAPE responses, with distinct optimal time windows among modalities (PLY: 6 min; HRT: 12 min; COM: 9-12 min), supporting individualized pre-race warm-up programming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Trainingsformen auf die Explosivkraft der unteren Extremitäten bei jugendlichen Fußballspielern: eine systematische Übersicht und Netzwerk-Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097434</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097434</guid>
      <author>Tan, H.</author>
      <author>Yan, Z.</author>
      <author>Shao, C.</author>
      <author>Lin, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Football demands high lower-limb explosive power for sprinting and jumping. Traditional youth training often emphasizes aerobic endurance and heavy resistance training, which may not optimally develop such power.

Purpose:

To compare the effects of five different training modes, including optimal power load (OPL), resistance training (RT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), jump training (JT) and combined training (CT), on the lower limb explosive strength of 12-19 years old adolescent soccer players.

Methods:

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted, with 29 studies identified from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP. Data were analyzed using Stata 17.0, with effect sizes calculated for 10 m and 30 m sprint times, squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ).

Results:

All five training interventions showed statistically significant improvements lower-limb explosive power compared to control training. Network meta-analysis suggested that CT might be the most effective for improving SJ height (MD = 4.86 [95%CI:2.67 to 7.05], P < 0.01, SUCRA = 82.7) and CMJ height (MD = 3.33 [95%CI:2.15 to 4.52], P < 0.01, SUCRA = 65.7), while the conventional meta-analysis suggested that OPL might be the most effective for reducing 10 m sprint time (MD = -1.47 [95%CI: -2.68 to -0.26] and 30 m sprint time (SMD = -2.06 [95%CI: -3.40 to -0.72]). The effects of other interventions such as RT, HIIT, and JT were also significant, but the effects were relatively small. Subgroup analyses suggest that this effect may be most pronounced in younger athletes, with diminishing returns observed in older adolescents.

Conclusion:

Combining resistance and plyometric training is likely to be a highly effective strategy to optimize limb explosive power development in youth football players within the training parameters examined. The findings suggest that coaches could consider incorporating CT and OPL into their programs to enhance both sprinting and jumping capabilities. Future research may need to explore the long-term impacts and physiological mechanisms underlying these training effects.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251249378, Identifier CRD420251249378.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung leistungsbezogener Schwellenwerte für die Asymmetrie zwischen den Gliedmaßen im Eisschnelllauf: ein CART-Analyseansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097435</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097435</guid>
      <author>Jin, Z.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Yang, C.</author>
      <author>Diao, Y.</author>
      <author>Yan, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drop jump</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Long-term specialized training can lead to increased inter-limb asymmetry in speed skaters. While excessive inter-limb asymmetry may impair athletic performance, its impact on different skating phases and the corresponding thresholds remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between lower limb strength asymmetry and split skating times, and to identify corresponding asymmetry thresholds using a data-driven Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. Thirty-nine adolescent male speed skaters (age: 16.85 ± 0.81 years, height: 177.45 ± 4.26 cm, body mass: 66.03 ± 5.60 kg) underwent inter-limb asymmetry assessments based on single-leg vertical drop jump (SVDJ) and single-leg lateral squat jump (SLSJ) tasks. Skating performance was evaluated via a 500 m time trial, where split times for the start (20 m), straight (100 m), and curve phases (110-200 m), as well as the total time were recorded. Results showed that SVDJ jump height asymmetry explained 19.70% of the variance in 20 m start time (F(1, 37) = 9.07, p = 0.005). Moreover, in conjunction with SLSJ performance asymmetry, it explained 20.95%-24.65% of the variance in 100 m straight time (Best Lambda = 0.04, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.27) and 500 m total time (Best Lambda = 0.12, RMSE = 1.07). The CART analysis identified asymmetry in SVDJ jump height and SLSJ take-off velocity as the optimal variables (defined by the lowest RMSE) for distinguishing skating performance, with thresholds of 12.07% (RMSE = 0.15) and 10.26% (RMSE = 0.49), respectively. Independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences in split skating time between the high- and low-asymmetry groups defined by these thresholds (p < 0.01, Hedges` g = 1.10-1.44). Exceeding asymmetry thresholds for SVDJ jump height and SLSJ take-off velocity may negatively affect start, straight and 500 m total skating times in adolescent male speed skaters. This inter-limb asymmetry threshold classification method may serve as a reference for performance evaluation in other sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Atemmuskeltrainings auf die Schwimmleistung, die Atemmuskelfunktion und die Lungenfunktion von Leistungsschwimmern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097436</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097436</guid>
      <author>Chen, Y.</author>
      <author>Yi, Q.</author>
      <author>Meng, K.</author>
      <author>Tao, K.</author>
      <author>Qin, S.</author>
      <author>Yue, Y.</author>
      <author>Bao, D.</author>
      <author>Jiang, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Atemmuskulatur</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yi, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meng, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tao, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qin, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bao, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Competitive swimming imposes unique physiological demands on the respiratory system. While respiratory muscle training (RMT) is proposed to optimize respiratory function and athletic performance, its efficacy in competitive swimmers remains inconsistent.

Objectives:

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of RMT on respiratory muscle function, pulmonary function, and swimming performance in competitive swimmers.

Methods:

Eight databases were searched from inception to 26 September 2025. Inclusion criteria were: (1) RMT interventions (inspiratory, expiratory, or combined) lasting =4 weeks; (2) participants were elite or high-level competitive swimmers; (3) control groups received sham RMT or standard training; and (4) outcomes included swimming performance, respiratory muscle strength, or pulmonary function. Methodological quality was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2.0 and the GRADE framework.

Results:

A total of 14 studies involving 375 competitive swimmers were included. The meta-analysis indicated that RMT significantly improved maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (SMD = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.29 to 1.01, p = 0.001) and certain dynamic pulmonary function parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1], SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.72, p = 0.001; forced inspiratory volume in the 1st second [FIV1], SMD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.79, p = 0.03), as well as aerobic swimming performance (SMD = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.03 to 2.00, p = 0.04). In contrast, RMT did not significantly improve maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) (SMD = 0.16, 95% CI: -0.14 to 0.46, p = 0.30), other pulmonary function outcomes (forced vital capacity [FVC], maximal voluntary ventilation [MVV]), or sprint and middle-distance swimming performance (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m freestyle times, p > 0.05).

Conclusion:

RMT effectively enhances respiratory muscle strength and dynamic lung function in competitive swimmers across diverse levels, particularly with combined RMT demonstrating superior efficacy over IMT alone. Regarding athletic outcomes, RMT shows limited efficacy in enhancing short-distance swimming performance, while it exerts a significant positive impact on aerobic performance; however, its potential benefits require cautious interpretation due to high inter-study heterogeneity. This study offers updated insights into RMT`s role in aquatic conditioning, emphasizing the need for future load-matched trials to isolate its independent effects.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024503624, identifier CRD42024503624.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen visuellen Fähigkeiten und sportspezifischer Leistung bei Mannschaftssportlern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097437</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097437</guid>
      <author>Yang, M.</author>
      <author>Guo, Y.</author>
      <author>Yang, F.</author>
      <author>Zhao, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sinnesfunktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>visuell</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Visual skills are increasingly recognized as key contributors to performance in team sports, yet the strength and consistency of their associations with sport-specific outcomes remain uncertain. To address this gap, the present review systematically synthesized empirical evidence examining how different domains of visual skill relate to sport-specific performance among team-sport athletes.

Methods:

PubMed, Web of Science™, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases were systematically searched from inception to October 2025 to identify studies relating visual skills to sport-specific performance in team-sport athletes. Risk of bias was conducted using a modified and validated tool for observational and correlational studies, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach.

Results:

Of 4,118 records identified, 22 studies (n = 1,113, male = 954, female = 159) were included, encompassing basketball, soccer, baseball, volleyball, handball, and other team sports. The relationship between multiple object tracking and sport-specific performance was large (r = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30-0.71; p = 0.00), while visual attention (r = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16-0.53; p = 0.00), and visual search (r = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.16-0.48; p = 0.00), demonstrated moderate associations. Simple reaction time (r = -0.31; 95% CI: -0.42 to -0.19; p = 0.00) and choice reaction time (r = -0.37; 95% CI: -0.58 to -0.11; p = 0.01) showed moderate negative correlations with performance, indicating faster reaction speeds were associated with better performance. Visual working memory, eye-hand coordination, and inhibitory control exhibited small effect sizes. In contrast, depth perception, the only visual-perceptual skill analyzed, showed trivial and non-significant associations (r = 0.09; 95% CI: -0.20-0.36; p = 0.56).

Conclusion:

Visual-cognitive skills appear to show stronger links with team-sport performance, whereas basic perceptual skills contribute little. Evidence quality remains limited, and more robust, ecologically valid studies are needed to clarify causality and guide training applications.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251171665, identifier CRD420251171665.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung der Kriterien zur Talentidentifikation im Fußball: eine systematische Übersicht aus globaler Perspektive (1976-2024)</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097488</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097488</guid>
      <author>Gong, Y.</author>
      <author>Jiang, W.</author>
      <author>Li, Y.</author>
      <author>He, J.</author>
      <author>Zhang, W.</author>
      <author>Li, W.</author>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Luo, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

This systematic review synthesizes the evolution of indicators used in global soccer talent identification (TID) between 1976 and 2024, with particular emphasis on how technological innovation, policy frameworks, and cultural contexts have shaped selection systems. In the context of accelerating globalization, TID criteria have progressively shifted from predominantly subjective, experience-based judgments to multidimensional and integrative evaluation models.

Methods:

A systematic review of empirical research published from 1976 to 2024 was conducted. Thirty-eight empirical studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria were synthesized to map historical shifts in TID indicators and to develop an evolutionary framework describing changes in identification practices over time.

Results:

The reviewed evidence supports a three-stage progression in soccer TID indicator development. The early stage (1976-1999) was dominated by anthropometric measures and basic physical fitness assessments. The developmental stage (2000-2015) featured the integration of technical performance metrics with physiological testing, reflecting expanding methodological capacity and sport-science uptake. The active stage (2016-2024) was characterized by multidimensional integration, with increased incorporation of psychological attributes and social adaptability alongside physical, technical, and physiological domains. Across stages, technological advancement and intensifying global competition emerged as major drivers of indicator expansion and methodological refinement. Tools such as wearable sensor systems, GPS tracking, and multidimensional assessment frameworks broadened the scope of quantifiable indicators and promoted more standardized evaluation workflows. Europe has been particularly influential in advancing standardization and disseminating related practices internationally. However, the review also demonstrates persistent regional differentiation: European systems generally emphasize data-driven precision and procedural standardization, whereas South American and African contexts more often prioritize the detection of latent potential and context-dependent performance under game-like conditions.

Discussion:

Global soccer TID indicators have evolved toward increasingly comprehensive, technology-enabled assessment systems, yet the trajectory of development remains shaped by regional philosophies of talent and contextual constraints. The findings underscore that effective TID systems should balance standardization with contextual sensitivity, integrating robust measurement with an appreciation of culturally embedded selection logics and ecologically valid performance demands.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Perzeptuell-kognitive Fähigkeiten in der Talentförderung: Eine Umfrage unter Akademie- Fußballtrainern im Vereinigten Königreich</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097489</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097489</guid>
      <author>Triggs, A. O.</author>
      <author>Causer, J.</author>
      <author>McRobert, A. P.</author>
      <author>Reeves, M. J.</author>
      <author>Andrew, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Perspektive</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Triggs, A. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Causer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McRobert, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reeves, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrew, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Perceptual-cognitive skills (PCS) are a strong predictor of future expert performance in football. Theoretical and practical knowledge of PCS are important to inform (de)selection and development decisions. Despite their relevance to player development, limited research has explored how coaches working in talent development environments conceptualise and assess PCS in practice. This study aimed to critically examine perceptions of and engagement with PCS identification and assessment among UK academy coaches.

Methods:

An online survey collected data from 63 academy coaches regarding their understanding and identification of PCS within the age groups they coach.

Results:

Data indicated agreement between coaches PCS definitions and their importance in player development. However, variations in coaches` familiarity, confidence, and frequency of PCS identification, alongside differing views on the importance of specific PCS point to potential knowledge and practice gaps.

Discussion:

Further research is needed to understand and develop interventions that support coaches in enhancing PCS identification and assessment within this overlooked area of player development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Bewunderung bei der Vorbeugung von Burnout bei Sportlern: eine emotionale Perspektive</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097490</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097490</guid>
      <author>Xu, W.</author>
      <author>Tian, S.</author>
      <author>Song, T.</author>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Pan, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adoleszenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Athlete burnout presents a significant challenge for adolescent athletes, with profound implications for their mental health and career progression. This study employs an emotional perspective to examine the relationships between admiration, positive affect, negative affect, and athlete burnout, aiming to identify effective strategies for mitigating burnout among this population.

Methods:

The study utilized the "Admiration Scale", the "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule" and the "Athlete Burnout Questionnaire" to collect data. A total of 1,544 adolescent athletes participated in the study. The collected data were analyzed using three parallel mediation models within the Process macro of SPSS software to elucidate the relationship between admiration and each dimension of athlete burnout, as well as to examine the mediating roles of positive affect and negative affect in this relationship.

Results:

Admiration had a significant negative relationship with athlete burnout. There were significant differences in the reduced sense of achievement and devaluation of sports practice among the adolescent athletes who took different objects as models of admiration. Positive affect and negative affect indirectly associate the relationship between admiration and athlete burnout (physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of achievement, devaluation of sports practice). Furthermore, the mediating effect of positive affect was stronger than that of negative affect in all three models.

Conclusions:

Admiration may serve a role in managing symptoms of burnout in the adolescent athlete, and that this effect occurs through the effect on positive affect and negative affect.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weltweite Untersuchung zur psychischen Gesundheit von Sportlern: Interkulturelle Validität des Fragebogens zur psychischen Belastung von Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097492</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097492</guid>
      <author>Dragoiu, T.-S.</author>
      <author>Furtunescu, F. L.</author>
      <author>Caramoci, A.</author>
      <author>Stancu-Smaranda, A. M.</author>
      <author>Runswick, O. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Screening</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dragoiu, T.-S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Furtunescu, F. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caramoci, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stancu-Smaranda, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Runswick, O. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Mental health screening is important across sports cultures, yet recommended tools primarily exist in English. Several translations of the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool-1 have been published and supported by validation studies; however, it is the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) score that determines whether athletes should continue with the screening process.

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate the validity of the Romanian APSQ within a representative population and examined the associations between the APSQ score and a range of well-being measures.

Methods:

206 Romanian-speaking elite athletes from Romania`s national and Olympic teams completed an online questionnaire that included demographic and relevant questions, followed by the APSQ-Ro, the second step of SMHAT-1, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index.

Results:

The APSQ-Ro demonstrated good internal consistency, suitable parameters for factorial analysis, a one-factor model with acceptable fit indices, and significant divergent validity with the WHO-5. The APSQ cut-off demonstrated a good sensitivity for depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, though with low specificity for all mental health problems assessed during SMHAT`s second step. When analysing the range of APSQ values, good diagnostic ability (as measured by the area under the curve values) was detected for anxiety and depression. In contrast, poor overall AUC values and AUC at threshold were both identified for drug use and disordered eating.

Conclusion:

The limited diagnostic capacity for certain problems and the non-significant correlation between the explored variables may be attributed to several factors, including cultural influences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich zwischen den geplanten und den tatsächlichen äußeren Belastungen während des Trainings in einer professionellen Herren-Basketballmannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097493</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097493</guid>
      <author>Scanlan, A. T.</author>
      <author>Smith, C.</author>
      <author>Shirley, S.</author>
      <author>Bartlett, R.</author>
      <author>Elsworthy, N.</author>
      <author>Zhang, S.</author>
      <author>Ferioli, D.</author>
      <author>Ibáñez, S. J.</author>
      <author>Guy, J. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scanlan, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shirley, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartlett, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elsworthy, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferioli, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ibáñez, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guy, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Comparisons between the training loads encountered by players to those planned by coaches using external load metrics are largely absent in the team sport literature. Consequently, this exploratory, observational study compared the planned and actual external loads during training sessions in a professional, male basketball team, overall and separately according to key factors.

Methods:

The planned load was determined by an experienced head coach, while the actual load was measured in 23 players during 138 training sessions across two seasons using microsensor technology. Planned and actual load data were determined using key variables including accumulated PlayerLoadTM (PL) in arbitrary units (AU), relative PL (AU·min-1), and duration (min). Sessions were categorized according to key factors including season (2022-2023 and 2023-2024), intended difficulty (low: PL = < 375 AU; medium: PL = 375-475 AU; and high: PL = >475 AU), number of days before a game that training was conducted (1 day before games, 2 days before games, and three or more days before games), season phase (pre-season and in-season), and venue of the upcoming game (home and away). Paired t-tests, Cohen's dz effect sizes, and Bland-Altman analyses were used to compare planned and actual external loads overall across all sessions combined and for each category within each factor.

Results:

A lower accumulated PL was encountered in sessions compared to that planned (401 ± 81 AU vs. 422 ± 72 AU, p < 0.001, small effect). This effect was predominantly attributed to a reduced session intensity being encountered compared to that planned (5.97 ± 0.91 AU·min-1 vs. 6.13 ± 0.84 AU·min-1, p = 0.02, small effect) given session duration was relatively consistent (67.7 ± 11.4 min vs. 69.2 ± 9.5 min, p > 0.05, trivial effect). Considering key factors, a reduced accumulated PL encountered in training compared to that planned was most strongly apparent in the second season monitored, in sessions planned to elicit high loads, and in sessions conducted on the day before games (p < 0.001, moderate effects).

Discussion:

Our findings highlight the extent of misalignment between planned and actual external training loads within different contexts for a specific approach adopted in the monitored team. Accordingly, end-users can interpret this level of agreement in line with their own standards, and utilize the recommendations we provide to strengthen this agreement further.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung einer Intervention zur Schaffung eines motivierenden Mikroklimas durch den Trainer im Schwimmsport: eine Evaluation unter Verwendung gemischter Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097494</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097494</guid>
      <author>Moulds, K.</author>
      <author>Abbott, S.</author>
      <author>Cobley, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weiterbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Sportler-Beziehung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moulds, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abbott, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cobley, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Theoretically informed by bio-ecological theory, research on coach-created motivational climates, and concerns regarding youth sport dropout in swimming, this study aimed to (1) develop and implement a motivational climate coach intervention for swimming coach development; and (2) evaluate intervention effects via swimmer and coach mixed-methods assessment. A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures, mixed-methods intervention was implemented over a 12-week period. Accredited Australian swimming coaches (N=19) from 19 clubs participated, with coaches alternately allocated into intervention or control groups. To determine pre-post intervention effects, affiliated swimmers (n=112 intervention; n=97 control)—not informed of coach grouping—completed the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) at two timepoints (pre- and post-intervention follow-up). Meanwhile, coaches self-evaluated their coaching behaviours using the EDMCQ at similar time points. Findings indicated that, relative to controls, swimmers connected with intervention coaches reported higher empowering and lower disempowering coaching behaviours post-intervention, after adjusting for baseline ratings, with medium effect sizes. A greater empowerment gain was apparent among swimmers who rated their coach lower at baseline. Contrastingly, no pre-post changes were apparent in coach self-ratings. Qualitative interviews with intervention coaches identified perceived intervention benefits (e.g., communication styles) and impact on coaching behaviours. Findings suggested that coach motivational climate training could benefit knowledge and behavioural strategies for improving the youth sport experience and identified future research recommendations. Whether improved coaching climates can translate into broader impact on youth sport outcomes remains uncertain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Blended Learning auf die körperliche Fitness und die Basketballfähigkeiten männlicher Hochschulstudenten: eine cluster-randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097495</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097495</guid>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Liu, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blended learning</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

University represents a critical period for the cultivation of health behaviors, self-efficacy, and psychosocial development. It affects how well students do in their studies, their day-to-day life, and where they're headed in the future. However, in recent years, the physical fitness levels of Chinese university students have declined. This study investigated, through a 12-week intervention, whether a blended learning method could improve the physical fitness and basketball skills of male university students in China.

Methods:

A total of 69 male first-year students from Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (mean age = 18.6 ± 0.7 years; range = 18-20 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (blended learning) or a control group (traditional learning) using a cluster randomized controlled trial design. The experimental group engaged in a blended learning approach, which integrated several key components. The approach included pre-class MOOC-based instructional videos, in-class differentiated skill training, and post-class online quizzes with reflective tasks. Meanwhile, the control group followed a traditional teacher-centered model. Fitness measures included body mass index (BMI), vital capacity, pull-ups, standing long jump, 50-meter sprint, and 1,000-meter run, while basketball skills were evaluated through set shot and half-court dribbling-and-shooting test. All data were analyzed with SPSS 27.0, with the significance level set at p < 0.05.

Results:

Following the 12-week intervention, both learning approaches significantly enhanced overall physical fitness. Significant differences between groups favoring the experimental group were observed in pull-ups (p < 0.001, d = 2.03) and standing long jump (p < 0.001, d = 1.04). In contrast, no significant difference was found for the 1,000-meter run (p = 0.597). Notably, the experimental group showed a greater reduction in BMI (d = -0.54) and greater improvement in 50-meter sprint times (d = -0.30) compared to the control group. In basketball skills, the experimental group surpassed the control group with large effect sizes for both the set shot (d = 1.63) and half-court dribbling and shooting (d = 1.55).

Conclusion:

The 12-week blended learning approach enhanced the overall physical fitness of university students. Furthermore, this approach was highly effective in promoting the development of basketball skills. However, the approach showed limited effects on BMI and sprint outcomes, suggesting that blended learning may require enhanced explosive training components to address these fitness dimensions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mentale Bildvorstellung und Leistung bei Sportlern in den Disziplinen Aerobic, Kunstturnen, Akrobatik, Trampolinturnen und Tumbling sowie rhythmische Sportgymnastik: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097496</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097496</guid>
      <author>Yang, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akrobatik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trampolinturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmische Sportgymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vorstellung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Imagery</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:

To identify and synthesize evidence on mental imagery (and imagery-based methods) in competitive gymnasts, evaluate effects on performance and relevant psychological/psychophysiological correlates, and appraise methodological quality and important intervention features.

Methods:

PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched. Eligible studies included competitive gymnasts from any FIG discipline examining imagery as an intervention/exposure or as an imagery construct associated with performance-relevant outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for randomized studies and ROBINS-I for non-randomized/observational. Results were synthesized narratively by study design, imagery approach, and outcome domain.

Results:

Searches yielded 393 records; 258 unique records were screened; 46 full texts were assessed; and 16 studies were included. Interventions varied (script-based imagery, PETTLEP-informed imagery, video observation plus imagery, and multi-component psychological skills training). Several controlled/quasi-controlled studies reported improved gymnastics-related performance outcomes (judged skill execution or sport-specific performance indices) with imagery-based approaches, whereas others found no performance benefit despite improvements in psychological variables (e.g., self-confidence). Effects appeared moderated by expertise level, sequencing/dose, and outcome choice. Across RoB 2 studies, 0/8 (0%) were overall low risk, 4/8 (50%) had some concerns, and 4/8 (50%) were high risk, with the most frequent domain drivers being randomization process, outcome measurement, and selective reporting. Across ROBINS-I studies, 2/8 (25%) were moderate, 5/8 (62.5%) serious, and 1/8 (12.5%) critical, driven mainly by confounding, then outcome measurement and selective reporting.

Conclusion:

Imagery is a potentially useful adjunct to gymnastics training, but effects are inconsistent and implementation- and athlete-dependent. Higher-quality, transparently reported trials using standardized, competition-relevant outcomes are needed.

Systematic review registration:

Open Science Framework (osf/io/a9tj6; Date: 25/01/2026).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Computertechnologie bei der Bewegungserfassung von Basketballwürfen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097497</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097497</guid>
      <author>Cheng, W.</author>
      <author>Yu, Z.</author>
      <author>Cheng, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bildanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Algorithmus</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[With the rapid development of modern science and technology, with the gradual maturity of computer-aided training system, it has also been applied in sports training, and has achieved good results. The application of new technology can not only clearly see the mastery of sports technical skills and the training level of athletes, but also provide a more systematic basis for the next training plan of trainer system, and provide a set of scientific and reliable guidance for the development of athletes ` sports potential. However, in complex scenes, there are some problems, such as occlusion object interference, which affect the tracking accuracy of target action. To address this problem, a basketball shooting action tracking method for complex scenes is proposed. The method first integrates the imaging system into a trackable invariant feature-fusion framework, allowing motion information in complex environments to be extracted more reliably. Through the visual measurement system, the motion of the target in the scene is detected, and the spatial node corresponding to the detected action is treated as the initial tracking point. An ant colony algorithm is then employed to construct an ant-colony tracking model, enabling robust tracking of the basketball shot-release motion under complex scene conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves strong tracking performance, with high accuracy, reduced tracking deviation, and improved preservation of motion details.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlafmangel und dessen Zusammenhang mit der Schleimhautimmunität und Symptomen der oberen Atemwege bei Spitzenschwimmern: Eine Längsschnittstudie im Vorfeld der Commonwealth Games</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097498</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097498</guid>
      <author>Baker, L. H.</author>
      <author>Desai, T.</author>
      <author>Sinclair, J.</author>
      <author>Wells, A. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Commonwealth-Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Baker, L. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Desai, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sinclair, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wells, A. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives

To monitor sleep patterns of elite swimmers and explore sleep as a potential risk factor for upper respiratory symptoms (URS) alongside salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in elite swimmers, over an 8-month competitive season.

Design

Secondary analysis of an 8-month longitudinal study in elite international swimmers leading into either the Commonwealth Games 2018 or Swim Cup Eindhoven.

Methods

Fourteen elite swimmers (age ± SD = 19.9 ± 0.8 years, height = 178.9 ± 6.3 cm, and mass = 75.0 ± 7.7 kg) were recruited. Self-reported sleep quality, URS data and salivary IgA was obtained weekly on a standardised day. Quantitative sleep parameters were measured using wrist-worn actigraphy four times for two-week bouts; during low, moderate, high training loads and once leading into competition.

Results

Swimmers waking fatigued was positively associated with frequency (p < 0.001) and severity (p < 0.001) of URS, plus negatively associated with salivary IgA (p = 0.035). Perception of meeting 7-9 hour national sleep recommendations was positively associated with URS frequency (p < 0.001) and severity (p = 0.001). Average sleep duration was 06:30 hrs: mins and reduced significantly during high training loads (p = 0.001) and early morning training (5:00 hrs: mins, p = 0.001). Average sleep efficiency was 81% over the 8-month period.

Conclusions

Perceived fatigue on waking was significantly associated with both frequency and severity of URS, and inversely associated with mucosal immunity (salivary IgA), providing novel insight into the relationship between sleep, fatigue and illness in this cohort. Although causality cannot be established, the high prevalence of inadequate sleep shown in elite swimmers highlights the importance of individual sleep monitoring to support recovery and inform strategies aimed at illness prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vertikalsprung und isometrische Kraft bei professionellen Basketballspielerinnen: Vergleich zwischen Stammspielerinnen und Nicht-Stammspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097499</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097499</guid>
      <author>Nieto-Acevedo, R.</author>
      <author>García-Sánchez, C.</author>
      <author>Cañadas-Garcia, E.</author>
      <author>Romero-Moraleda, B.</author>
      <author>Marquina Nieto, M.</author>
      <author>Cabarkapa, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nieto-Acevedo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Sánchez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cañadas-Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romero-Moraleda, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marquina Nieto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabarkapa, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined whether differences in countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) force-time metrics exist between starters and non-starters in professional female basketball players. Twenty-two athletes (7 starters, 15 non-starters) competing in the first Spanish basketball league completed CMJ and IMTP testing using dual force plate system. CMJ variables included jump height, peak and mean braking and propulsive force, time-to-takeoff, and net impulse. IMTP variables included peak force and rate of force development (RFD) at 0-100 and 0-250 ms. Independent t-tests and Hedges` g effect sizes were used to assess between-group differences. No statistically significant differences were observed between starters and non-starters for any CMJ or IMTP force-time metrics of interest (p > 0.05). Both groups displayed similar values in jump height, force production, and RFD, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate (g = 0.04-0.49). However, starters were significantly older than non-starters (p = 0.018), while no differences were found in body mass and height (p > 0.05). Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that, at the professional level of play, CMJ and IMTP performance characteristics are not capable of distinguishing starters from non-starters in women`s basketball. Starting status may be shaped more by competitive experience, technical proficiency, and tactical awareness. Although monitoring neuromuscular performance remains valuable, player selection and role differentiation appear to depend more on skill execution and contextual game demands than on strength characteristics alone.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mittelstreckenläufer auf nationalem Niveau halten ihre Laufleistung im 1500-Meter-Zeitlauf an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen aufrecht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097416</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097416</guid>
      <author>Birdsey, L. P.</author>
      <author>Brown, S.</author>
      <author>Dos`Santos, T.</author>
      <author>Evans, D.</author>
      <author>Runacres, A.</author>
      <author>Weston, M.</author>
      <author>Field, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laufband</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Birdsey, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dos`Santos, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Evans, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Runacres, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weston, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Field, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To examine how middle-distance athletes maintain self-paced time trial performance on successive days, 12 national-standard middle-distance specialists performed two self-paced 1500 m time trials on successive days. Following baseline assessment and familiarisation trials, participants (10 male, 2 female, mean age ± SD: 27 ± 7 years, mass: 66 ± 8 kg, height: 1.80 ± 0.08 m, season best 1500 m time: 243.9 ± 18.4 s) performed two 1500 m time trials separated by 24 h on an instrumented treadmill. Internal (respiratory exchange ratio; RER, oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, session and differential ratings of perceived exertion) and external (speed and time) measures quantified exercise intensity. Step length and frequency were collected from integrated force transducers (1000 Hz). All variables were log transformed before analysis with mixed linear models. The uncertainty (90% confidence interval) of our between-trial differences (trial 2 vs. trial 1) for all measures other than peak and mean RER were equivalent to previously reported measurement errors. Additionally, athletes were ~2.5 times more likely to perceive greater exertion for time trial two, but with considerable uncertainty around the estimates. National-standard middle-distance specialists maintain 1500 m time trial running performance on successive days without the use of any structured recovery interventions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stimmt die Absicht mit dem Ergebnis überein: Abstimmung der Entwicklungsziele auf die Trainingsbelastung im Jugendbasketball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097417</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097417</guid>
      <author>Lever, J. R.</author>
      <author>Duffield, R.</author>
      <author>Murray, A.</author>
      <author>Bill, H. A.</author>
      <author>Bartlett, J. D.</author>
      <author>Fullagar, H. H. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lever, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duffield, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bill, H. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartlett, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fullagar, H. H. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the alignment between external training load metrics and coach-prescribed development goals in an elite youth basketball setting. External training load data from training drills were collected over two years from 25 elite male youth basketball players in a full-time residential academy. At the start of each term, coaches developed and assigned individual developmental goals (IDGs) for each player. Using inductive thematic analysis, these IDGs were retrospectively grouped into four overarching development goal categories (defensive, offensive, skill, and physical) and 16 specific goal types (e.g., cutting, shooting, and load tolerance). Separately, external load metrics were recorded during all on-court training sessions using Catapult Vector S7 devices. To align IDGs with external load metrics, two multinomial logistic regression models were developed to classify (1) development goal category and (2) specific goal type (SGT) using per-minute external load metrics. Both models achieved 66% classification accuracy (Kappa = 0.60). Key predictors, such as high-intensity deceleration counts, vertical PlayerLoad, and high-speed running distances, were retained in both models following stepwise selection. Model performance was strong, with large reductions in AIC (Delta AIC = 1224.1 and 2540.7, respectively), demonstrating that coach-assigned IDGs were associated with distinct external load profiles. Additionally, accumulated training time differed significantly across specific goal types, reflecting systematic variation in emphasis across the season. These findings demonstrate that external training load metrics reflect the structure of coach-assigned development goals, offering a data-driven framework to evaluate alignment between training design and physical demands in youth basketball.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss von chronologischem Alter, anthropometrischen Merkmalen und biologischer Reife auf die exzentrische Kniegelenksbeugekraft bei der Nordic-Hamstring-Übung bei internationalen Nachwuchsfußballerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097418</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097418</guid>
      <author>Hickey, J. T.</author>
      <author>Lundberg, T. R.</author>
      <author>Sweeney, C.</author>
      <author>MacNamara, Á.</author>
      <author>Sweeney, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nordic hamstring exercise</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>U15</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>U16</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hickey, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lundberg, T. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sweeney, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>MacNamara, Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sweeney, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to investigate the influence of chronological age, anthropometric characteristics and biological maturity on eccentric knee flexion strength during the Nordic hamstring exercise in female international youth soccer players. We included 50 under-15-year-old (chronological age = 14.1 ± 0.4 years) and 31 under-16-year-old (chronological age = 15.0 ± 0.5 years) female international youth soccer players as participants in this study. We measured each participant's body mass, height and biological maturity expressed as the percentage of predicted adult height (PAH%). Each participant performed three maximal effort repetitions of the Nordic hamstring exercise on a field-based testing device (NordBord, VALD Performance, Brisbane, Australia) to measure their eccentric knee flexion strength. We used linear regression to investigate individual associations between eccentric knee flexion strength and each predictor variable (body mass, height, chronological age and PAH%). In addition, a partial least squares (PLS) regression model was developed to predict the average eccentric knee flexion strength. Eccentric knee flexion strength had statistically significant associations with body mass (p < 0.01 and R2 = 0.34), PAH% (p < 0.01 and R2 = 0.18) and chronological age (p = 0.03 and R2 = 0.06) but not with height (p = 0.11 and R2 = 0.03). The 2-component PLS model explained 36% of variance in eccentric knee flexion strength, with body mass and PAH% the most influential predictors. Body mass and biological maturation status should be considered when interpreting eccentric knee flexion strength testing results during the Nordic hamstring exercise in female youth soccer players as these factors appear more influential than chronological age or height in determining test performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittuntersuchung zur körperlichen Fitness bei jungen Fußballspielern: eine bayesianische Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097419</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097419</guid>
      <author>Berger, A. G.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, H. M.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, M. F. S.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, J.</author>
      <author>Delavald, V. A.</author>
      <author>Pinto, R. S.</author>
      <author>Leonardi, T. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklungsstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Berger, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, M. F. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delavald, V. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinto, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leonardi, T. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated developmental changes in body size and physical fitness parameters in 76 young football players (12.22 ± 1.20 years; CI: 10.59-15.04 years) from a Brazilian club across 20 months. Players performed jumping, agility, intermittent endurance, and sprint tests. A Bayesian multilevel regression modeling approach was used to analyze performance relative to both chronological age (CA) and age at peak height velocity (PHV). The results indicate that stature and body mass increased non-linearly, while skinfold measurements remained stable across the period investigated. Physical fitness performance aligned more consistently with age at PHV than CA, and Bayesian models accounting for age at PHV exhibit greater homogeneity. These findings emphasize the importance of considering biological maturation when interpreting body size and performance changes in young football players. Considering both CA and age at PHV helps select more suitable training strategies throughout the long-term development process and enhances fairness while reducing the risk of overlooking potential talents in the athlete selection process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein auf maschinellem Lernen basierendes Modell zur umfassenden Bewertung und Einstufung von Skilangläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097420</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097420</guid>
      <author>Chen, Q.</author>
      <author>Liu, Z.</author>
      <author>He, D.</author>
      <author>Tang, Y.</author>
      <author>Gao, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Aufmerksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper presents a novel machine learning-based model for evaluating and categorizing cross-country skiers into five distinct levels. The model integrates Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP), Attention mechanisms, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to comprehensively assess athletes based on three key categories of evaluation metrics: physical condition, psychological status, and professional skills assessment indicators. Each category of metrics is processed by separate MLP models to extract high-level feature representations. The extracted features from the MLP models are dynamically weighted and fused using an Attention mechanism, creating a comprehensive feature vector that reflects the overall potential of the athlete. This feature vector is then used as input to an SVM model for final categorization into one of the five skill levels. We employ a dataset of 1,000 athletes from professional training centers across Europe, North America, and East Asia. These athletes, balanced by gender(50% male, 50% female), age(18-35 years), and experience(1-15 years), 19 provide a diverse basis for model evaluation. Experimental results show that our model achieves an F1 score of 0.9306, representing an absolute improvement of over 0.10 compared to the best baseline method. The dynamic feature weighting and fusion capabilities of the Attention mechanism enable a more nuanced and precise aggregation of information from diverse metric categories, leading to more accurate and reliable athlete classification. Meanwhile, we have also proven through experiments that our model is superior to manual grading and more scientific.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vorhersage der subjektiven Ermüdung bei Profifußballern: Ein datengestützter Ansatz zur Optimierung der Trainingsvorbereitung auf das Spiel</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097421</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097421</guid>
      <author>Simonelli, C.</author>
      <author>Trecroci, A.</author>
      <author>Formenti, D.</author>
      <author>Rossi, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Simonelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trecroci, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Formenti, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In soccer, predicting players` fatigue experienced immediately before a training session or match can help design training programs and optimize performance. This study aimed to identify the most important predictors of daily and match-day fatigue in six Italian professional soccer teams during a competitive season using a framework of big data analytics. Every morning, the players rated fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress, and mood. After each training session or match, the session Rating of Perceived Exertion was obtained and multiplied by duration to calculate the training load (TL). A framework of four machine learning models (Decision Tree classifier, XGBoost classifier, Random Forest Classifier, and Logistic regression) was trained and tested on 30.211 examples (one full season of six teams) to assess their ability to predict the players` match-day fatigue. The machine learning models accurately predicted the players` subjective fatigue (models` range accuracy 70-82%). Specifically, in the prediction of match-day fatigue, stress, and mood of the previous day were the most influential factors. Mediation analysis unveils the relationship between TL of the day before the match and the perception of match-day fatigue, also mediated by mood and muscle soreness. Sport scientists and coaches can apply this framework to simulate the effects of different training programs, thus maximizing players` readiness and mitigating potential drops in performance associated with match-day fatigue in a real-world scenario.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verletzungs- und Gesundheitsregister im deutschen Profifußball - Grundlage für Zusammenarbeit und Verbesserungen im medizinischen Mannschaftsservice</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097557</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097557</guid>
      <author>Szymski, D.</author>
      <author>Huber, L.</author>
      <author>Weber, J.</author>
      <author>Brunner, M.</author>
      <author>Memmel, C.</author>
      <author>Alt, V.</author>
      <author>Krutsch, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Szymski, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunner, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Memmel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alt, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krutsch, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Injury and health registries have become essential tools in all disciplines of sports medicine, particularly in professional football, where player health, availability, and performance are closely linked. These registries serve as a foundation for understanding injury patterns, identifying risk factors, and guiding evidence-based prevention strategies. Drawing from established models such as the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) Injury Surveillance Program, OSTRC (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center) Health Monitoring programme in Norway and the UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) Injury Study, registries allow for large-scale epidemiological analysis and foster collaboration among medical professionals.

In Germany, various registry initiatives have emerged in recent years, including media-based surveillance systems, sport-specific injury databases, and a dedicated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) registry. These have yielded valuable insights into injury burden, return-to-play timelines, and long-term career impacts, especially in high-risk populations such as amateur athletes.

The newly introduced `Bundesliga Registry` in Germany`s top professional leagues represents a significant step forward, offering real-time, physician-led data collection and fostering interdisciplinary discussion on injury management. Beyond data analysis, these registries serve as a platform for shared learning and the development of medical guidelines tailored to football-specific challenges. By directly involving team doctors and physiotherapists in the review processes, registry systems help ensure that medical strategies remain both practical and collaborative.

As the landscape of football medicine continues to evolve, injury and health registries will play an increasingly central role in optimizing player care, enhancing prevention, and ultimately supporting the long-term sustainability of the sport. Purpose of this narrative review is therefore to summarize advantages of registers in sports but also to discuss its limitations. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Sportmotorische Leistungstests und ihr prognostischer Wert im Jugendalter - ein Studienprotokoll</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097560</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097560</guid>
      <author>Welsch, G.</author>
      <author>Keller, M.</author>
      <author>Kurz, E.</author>
      <author>Belau, H. M.</author>
      <author>Iken, P.</author>
      <author>Lahmann-Lammert, L.</author>
      <author>Schultz, L.</author>
      <author>Lewandowsky, G. C.</author>
      <author>Glismann, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Welsch, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurz, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Belau, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iken, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lahmann-Lammert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schultz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lewandowsky, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Glismann, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Objectives: The study aims to identify modifiable risk factors for injuries and overuse complaints in youth athletes by applying a structured physical performance test battery. The goal is to support the development of sport-specific prevention strategies.

Methods: This is a prospective, multi-cohort study involving youth athletes aged 11-17 years across four sports: soccer, field hockey, tennis, and golf. The test battery evaluates, mobility, balance, motor control, core stability, jump performance, strength and endurance. Injuries are recorded quarterly over two years using standardized questionnaires, with additional functional and subjective scales assessed at baseline and during follow-up. Test selection was based on clinical relevance, feasibility, and minimal equipment requirements. A standardized examiner training and SOP ensured reproducibility.

Key Results: As of July 2025, 644 athletes have completed baseline testing, including 285 soccer players, 263 hockey players, 58 tennis players, and 38 golfers. Retesting has been conducted on 177 participants. Data analysis will investigate correlations between test results, injury occurrence, and individual parameters such as peak height velocity, activity level, and limb dominance.

Conclusion: The study addresses a research gap in injury prevention for youth athletes. The simple, time-efficient, and widely applicable test battery may enable early identification of injury risks and support the development of long-term, evidence-based prevention strategies in youth sports. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kernspinresonanz-Therapie als Bestandteil einer Kombinationstherapie im Profifußball - Einjahresergebnisse, eine Fallserie</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005732.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097565</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097565</guid>
      <author>Schreiner, A. J.</author>
      <author>Mulholland, K.</author>
      <author>Evans, R.</author>
      <author>Welsch, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schreiner, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mulholland, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Welsch, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Objectives: To assess the feasibility, safety, and preliminary subjective and clinical benefit of integrating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Therapy (NMRT; MBST®) into a multimodal treatment and rehabilitation protocol in musculoskeletal injuries in elite-level football players.
Methods: A retrospective extended case series was conducted at Hamburger Sport-Verein (HSV) during the 2024-25 season. Thirteen male first-team footballers (aged19-29) sustaining various acute/chronic muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injuries were treated in addition to standard-of-care rehabilitation (combination therapy) with daily 60-minute NMRT sessions (7-10 x). Subjective and overall clinical results, re-injury occurrence, safety profile and adverse events were collected over 12months. Injury prevalence and incidence in elite European football were contextualized using established data sources.
Key Results: In the HSV case series, all 13 players achieved timely and sustained return to full training and matches, with zero re-injuries and no reported side effects. NMRT was well tolerated and easily integrated into existing physiotherapy and recovery routines.
Conclusions: Combination therapy is the cornerstone of treating elite athletes, who require a multifaceted approach to treatment that addresses their unique needs and ensures they receive the best possible care. Combining NMRT with standard multimodal therapy appears to be a safe, well-accepted, and potentially effective adjunct in sustainable rehabilitation of typical elite football injuries. While promising in this single-club case reports, controlled trials are essential to quantify NMRT`s additive benefit and establish standardized treatment protocols in sports medicine. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Effekte von Ganzkörper-Elektromostimulation auf die Entwicklung von Schnellkraft und Ausdauergrößen bei Sportlern und Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097566</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097566</guid>
      <author>Püschel, M.</author>
      <author>Kohl, M.</author>
      <author>von Stengel, S.</author>
      <author>Shojaa, M.</author>
      <author>Filipovic, A.</author>
      <author>Kemmler, W,</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>EMS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Püschel, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kohl, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>von Stengel, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shojaa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filipovic, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kemmler, W,</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Due to its time-efficient and joint-friendly character, whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) attracts sportspeople and athletes of different disciplines. Nevertheless, whilst some trials reported positive effects of WB-EMS on performance parameters, the study situation is very inconsistent. 

Thus, the present meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effect of WB-EMS on maximum muscle power and endurance performance in sportspeople. Five electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, SportDiscus) were searched until 03/06/2025 according to the PRISMA scheme. Applying a random-effect model that includes the inverse heterogeneity model, effects sizes (SMD) and 95%-confidence intervals (95%-CI) were calculated. Subgroup-analyses focused on different modes of WB-EMS. The search identified 13 eligible trials with 14 WB-EMS and 13 control groups. 

In summary, we observed positive effects of WB-EMS on maximum hip/lower extremity power (13 studies, SMD: 0.48, 95%-CI: 0.04 to 0.91). Subgroup analyses revealed positive effects of superimposed WB-EMS versus underlying voluntary exercise (10 studies, SMD: 0.46, 95%-CI: 0.03 to 0.89). Heterogeneity between the trial results was moderate to substantial in both cases (I2=58% and I2=62%). The few WB-EMS trials (n=3) that addressed endurance performance (i.e. V?O2peak) reported inconclusive and, on average, non-significant results (SMD: 0.32, 95%-CI: -0.19 to 0.84). 

The present study
provided considerable evidence for a favorable effect of superimposed WB-EMS on maximum power in already well-trained sportspeople and athletes. By contrast, positive evidence for the effects of WB-EMS on endurance performance is lacking, particularly due to the varying research issues of the studies and diverging exercise protocols. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wahrgenommene Auswirkungen menstruationszyklusbedingter Symptome auf die fußballspezifische Leistungsfähigkeit von Elite-Sportlerinnen: Eine Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 05:18:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097568</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097568</guid>
      <author>Jugenheimer, A.</author>
      <author>Lohse, K.</author>
      <author>Müller, H.</author>
      <author>Winnisch, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jugenheimer, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lohse, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Müller, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Winnisch, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Objective: This study examined how professional and academy-level female soccer players perceive the impact of menstrual symptoms on their athletic performance and assessed the relationship between symptom severity and perceived performance impairment.

Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, 106 players in Austria completed an online questionnaire evaluating the severity of physical and mental menstrual symptoms and their perceived impact on performance. Paired-sample t-tests were used to compare symptom severity with perceived performance impairment.

Results: Players reported that physical symptoms impaired performance significantly more than their reported severity, whereas mental symptom severity and perceived impact were nearly identical. Strong positive correlations were observed between symptom severity and perceived performance impairment for both physical and mental symptoms, indicating that athletes with more intense symptoms consistently reported greater performance limitations.

Implications: These findings highlight the relevance of menstrual symptom burden in elite women`s soccer and emphasize the need for cycle-aware training environments. Increased awareness and individualized symptom-management strategies may help optimize performance, support athlete well-being, and facilitate more informed coaching practices. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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