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    <item>
      <title>Pflanzenöle in der Sporternährung: eine narrative Literaturübersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096853</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096853</guid>
      <author>Kostrakiewicz-Gieralt, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fettsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Veganer</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vegetarier</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kostrakiewicz-Gieralt, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background/Objectives. Edible oils derived from herbaceous and woody plants are an important nutritional resource, assuring the health and performance of sportspeople. The aim of this study was to review the inventions and experimental articles referring to the application of vegetable oils in food products for sportspeople and published in the period of 2015-2024. Methods. The literature search was conducted across Google Scholar, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases, as well as by using Google Patents and Espacenet Patent search engines. Results. Altogether, 58 patents and 35 original articles were found. In total, the use of 39 plant taxa belonging to 27 botanical families was documented. The majority of disclosures refer to sports nutrition, post-exercise recovery support, and/or sport performance improvement and may be provided in the form of powders, tablets, beverages, and/or capsules. According to the reviewed studies, the consumption of olive, walnut, and perilla oils beneficially affects the morphological, physiological, and biochemical indicators of sportspeople. The substantial intake of olive oil reported by sportspeople from southern Europe is linked to the recommendations of the Mediterranean diet, while lower consumption of other vegetable oils might be connected to focusing on intake of carbohydrates and/or proteins and/or consumption of other fat sources such as seeds or nuts. Conclusions. Considering the great potential of useful plant species, it might be concluded that future investigations should focus on both (i) further investigations of the effects of well-known vegetable oils on the health and performance of sportspeople, and (ii) searching for novel plant oil sources, suitable for the preparation of food products dedicated to amateur and professional sportspeople.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wissenslücken, Schlafstörungen und Energieungleichgewicht bei weiblichen Feldhockeyspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096854</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096854</guid>
      <author>Puchalt-Urbano, X.</author>
      <author>Calderón-García, A.</author>
      <author>Huertas, J. R.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Oliver, A. J.</author>
      <author>López de la Torre, C.</author>
      <author>Aguila-Aguilar, E.</author>
      <author>Lopez Soto, P. J.</author>
      <author>Luque, R. M.</author>
      <author>Mata-Ordóñez, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Low Energy Availability</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Makronährstoff</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Puchalt-Urbano, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calderón-García, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huertas, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Oliver, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López de la Torre, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aguila-Aguilar, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopez Soto, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luque, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mata-Ordóñez, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Field hockey is a high-intensity intermittent sport, where nutrition and sleep play an important role in the performance and health of all players, especially in women, who often exhibit a dietary pattern characterized by low energy and carbohydrate intake, along with poor nighttime habits. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the profile of female field hockey players by analyzing their energy and macronutrient intake, prevalence of LEA risk, use of SS, and sleep characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, and descriptive study was carried out with 75 female players. Validated questionnaires were used to determine general sports nutrition knowledge (NUKYA) and specific knowledge of carbohydrates in sports (CEAC-Q), sleep quality (ASSQ), low energy availability risk (LEAF-Q), and use of sport supplements. In addition, a 7-day dietary record was analyzed. Results: Players showed a high general nutrition knowledge (NUKYA mean: 66.0 ± 8.5 points; 68.0% scored high), but a pronounced deficiency in specific carbohydrate knowledge (CEAC-Q mean: 24.3 ± 14.9 points; 84.0% scored low). Dietary intake analysis revealed significant deficiencies: mean energy intake was 31.9 ± 10.8 kcal/kg/day, resulting in insufficient intake for 78.7% of players. Carbohydrate intake was particularly low (3.6 ± 1.5 g/kg/day), with 86.7% failing to meet recommendations. Furthermore, 33.3% of players were at risk of Low Energy Availability (LEA). LEA risk (LEAF-Q score) was negatively correlated with both protein (r = -0.363; p = 0.001) and carbohydrate intake (r = -0.347; p = 0.003). Regarding sleep, the mean disturbance score (SDS) was 6.5 ± 2.9 (mild disturbance), with 33.3% showing moderate-severe disturbance, and 92.0% sleeping <=8 h. Finally, 78.7% of players used supplements, with usage correlated with CEAC-Q scores (r = 0.233; p = 0.044), and 86.4% were guided by non-professional sources. Conclusions: Female hockey players do not meet dietary recommendations for energy and carbohydrates and exhibit a high prevalence of low energy availability and sleep disturbances, despite having acceptable general sports nutrition knowledge. It is recommended to implement specific educational and nutritional strategies to enhance the knowledge, performance, and health of female hockey players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ernährung jenseits des Spitzensports: eine qualitative Untersuchung der Erfahrungen nach dem Rücktritt</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096855</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096855</guid>
      <author>Whillas, E. K.</author>
      <author>Craddock, J. C.</author>
      <author>Lambert, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereende</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Whillas, E. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Craddock, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lambert, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background/Objectives: Retirement from elite sport often disrupts structured routines and performance-driven nutrition habits, leaving athletes vulnerable to maladaptive eating behaviours and body image concerns. This study aimed to explore the experiences of former elite athletes regarding healthy eating after retirement, focusing on preparedness, barriers, and enablers during the transition to post-sport life. Methods: A qualitative design was employed using semi-structured interviews with former Australian athletes (national, international, or Olympic level) recruited via snowball sampling and professional networks. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using an inductive thematic analysis framework to identify key themes and subthemes. Results: Sixteen elite or highly trained athletes (56% female) were interviewed. Four overarching themes were apparent: (1) navigating life beyond elite sport, (2) detaching from sporting culture and belief systems, (3) reframing food, body, and control, and (4) the journey to healthy behaviours and food freedom. Participants reported identity loss, inadequate transition support, and persistent body image concerns. Over time, many described a gradual shift towards intuitive eating and improved relationships with food and self, though residual "food noise" and restrictive tendencies persisted for some. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for athlete-centred dietetic and psychological interventions across the athletic lifecycle and post-retirement. Culture change within elite sport and the development of tailored, accessible transition resources that include digital and AI-supported tools may facilitate healthier eating behaviours and long-term wellbeing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gelenkkinematik und intersegmentale Koordination beim wellenförmigen Unterwasserschwimmen: Vergleich von Schwimmern unterschiedlicher Leistungsstufen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096856</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096856</guid>
      <author>Yamakawa, K. K.</author>
      <author>Nakazono, Y.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasser</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yamakawa, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between performance in underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) and joint kinematics as well as intersegmental coordination. Thirty-one swimmers performed two 15 m UUS trials with maximum effort, and two-dimensional full-body kinematics were recorded using a camera. Twenty-four participants were categorised into higher- and lower-performance groups based on their UUS performance (n = 9 and n = 15, respectively) according to specific inclusion criteria. Time-series data of swimming velocity and joint and segmental angles were compared using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) for continuous analysis. A kinematic synergy analysis was conducted to extract intersegmental coordination patterns from a single cycle of UUS movement. The SPM analysis revealed that the higher-performance group achieved greater swimming velocity during specific phases of both downward and upward kicks, with a longer period of difference in the upward kick phase. This result highlighted that attaining greater velocity during the upward kick is important for better UUS performance. The higher-performance group also exhibited greater shoulder motion during the downward kick, a larger maximal knee extension angle, and greater trunk movement during the upward kick. Furthermore, the difference in trunk motion was mainly attributed to variations in lower trunk movement. Kinematic synergy analysis indicated that two primary synergies predominantly contributed to UUS movement in both groups; however, coordination patterns involving the arm, lower trunk, and thighs differed between groups. These findings suggest that swimmers with higher UUS performance regulate shoulder and lower trunk movements to maintain an upper body position that minimises water resistance.

Highlights

- Higher-performance swimmers showed greater velocity in both kick phases, especially during the upward kick.
- During the late downward kick, high-performance swimmers maintained greater shoulder extension to reduce drag.
- During the upward kick, high-performance swimmers showed larger peak knee extension and greater lower-trunk flexion.
- Higher-performance swimmers were characterised by a coordination of the arms, lower trunk and thighs that reduced resistance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische und neuromuskuläre Unterschiede zwischen Reißen und Umsetzen bei Spitzengewichthebern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096857</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096857</guid>
      <author>Arauz, P. G.</author>
      <author>Garcia, G.</author>
      <author>Llerena, J.</author>
      <author>Kao, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gewichtheben</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reißen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arauz, P. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llerena, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kao, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite fundamental biomechanical differences between the snatch and clean, few studies have systematically compared their mechanical and neuromuscular profiles in elite weightlifters, limiting evidence-based training and coaching strategies. This study examined full-body kinematics, vertical ground reaction forces, surface electromyography (EMG), and barbell kinematics in 10 elite athletes performing lifts at 80 % of their competition maximum. Consistent with our hypothesis, the clean exhibited a force-dominant profile, characterized by higher vertical ground reaction forces across most lift phases (e.g., 904.2 ± 99.72 N vs. 842.81 ± 109.32 N at the end of the first pull, p < 0.001), greater EMG activity in the biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and gluteus during key phases (p < 0.05), and reduced vertical bar displacement (1.08 ± 0.06 m vs. 1.29 ± 0.06 m, p < 0.001), reflecting its emphasis on efficient load transfer and postural control during the catch. In contrast, the snatch demonstrated a velocity- and technique-dominant profile, with higher bar velocities (e.g., 2.06 ± 0.16 m/s vs. 1.58 ± 0.19 m/s at the end of the second pull, p < 0.001), greater hip and knee flexion and abduction, and pronounced external rotation of the hip and shoulder during early and terminal phases of the lift, respectively (p < 0.05). These findings emphasize the snatch`s reliance on rapid bar acceleration, technical precision, and precise intersegmental coordination. The snatch`s longer bar path and wider grip (1 ± 0.05 m vs. 0.58 ± 0.05 m, p < 0.001), further underscore its dependence on mobility, neuromuscular timing, and technical proficiency rather than maximal force output. These lift-specific biomechanical signatures provide a foundation for optimizing strength and power development, refining technical coaching cues, and informing injury-prevention strategies in high-performance weightlifting.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Konsensusdokument der Spanischen Gesellschaft für Ernährung (SEÑ) zu Ernährungsstrategien im Sport</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096865</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096865</guid>
      <author>Mielgo-Ayuso, J.</author>
      <author>Macho-González, A.</author>
      <author>Úbeda, N.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Oliver, A. J.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Ferrán, M.</author>
      <author>Fernández-Lázaro, D.</author>
      <author>Aparicio-Ugarriza, R.</author>
      <author>Roche, E.</author>
      <author>González-Gross, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spanien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Ketogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Fasten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mielgo-Ayuso, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Macho-González, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Úbeda, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Oliver, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Ferrán, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernández-Lázaro, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aparicio-Ugarriza, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roche, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Gross, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Nutrition plays a fundamental role in sports performance by influencing energy availability, recovery, and training adaptation. In recent years, different dietary strategies have gained popularity among athletes, although the evidence supporting their efficacy is inconsistent. Objective: This consensus document, developed under the auspices of the Spanish Society of Nutrition, aims to provide a critical overview of the most relevant nutritional strategies currently used in sports and to offer evidence-based practical recommendations for both professional and recreational athletes, coaches, and health professionals. Methods: A narrative review was conducted following standardized scientific procedures by a multidisciplinary panel of experts. The analyzed strategies included high-carbohydrate, low-carbohydrate, ketogenic, intermittent fasting, plant-based, Paleolithic, and carbohydrate periodization diets. Each strategy was assessed based on its physiological rationale, evidence of performance in endurance, strength/power, sprint, aesthetic, weight category, and team sports, practical applications, and potential risks. Results: The available evidence shows that no single dietary strategy can be universally recommended for all athletes. High carbohydrate availability remains the most consistent approach for sustaining performance in endurance and high-intensity efforts. Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets enhance fat oxidation but often compromise exercise economy at competitive intensity levels. Intermittent fasting may improve body composition and metabolic health; however, it requires careful adaptation. Well-planned plant-based diets can support performance, although attention to certain nutrients (e.g., B12, iron, and omega-3) is essential. Paleolithic diets improve metabolic parameters but show limited direct evidence of athletic performance. Carbohydrate periodization is a promising tool for combining metabolic adaptations with competitive demands. Conclusions: Nutritional strategies should be individualized according to the athlete`s sport, training phase, and personal context. Professional guidance is crucial for minimizing risks and optimizing benefits. Further well-designed, long-term studies on athletes are needed to resolve the current controversies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anämieprofil bei israelischen Spitzensportlern auf olympischem Niveau - ist ein Screening notwendig?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096866</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096866</guid>
      <author>Abulafia, O.</author>
      <author>Eliakim, A.</author>
      <author>Shilat, T.</author>
      <author>Epstein, Y.</author>
      <author>Nemet, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Israel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Anämie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Screening</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hämoglobin</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Erythrozyt</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Eisen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abulafia, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eliakim, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shilat, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Epstein, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nemet, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Screening blood tests are often collected from elite athletes in an effort to optimize performance. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the yield of screening for anemia and anemia-related factors in elite athletes entering the Israeli Olympic team. Methods: We investigated hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count and indices and serum levels of iron, transferrin, ferritin, B12 and folic acid in 407 members of the Israeli Olympic team (179 females, 228 males) upon joining the team. Results: Forty-four (10.8%) athletes had abnormally lower Hb level (8.9% females and 12.3% males). Forty-two athletes (10.3%) had low RBC concentration (9.5% females and 11% males). Twenty-one athletes (5.2%) had low iron levels (7.9% in males and 1.7% in females) and only 14 athletes (7 males) had low ferritin levels (3.4%). Fourteen female athletes (7.8%) had ferritin levels of less than 20 ng/mL, and 43 (24%) had levels of less than 30 ng/mL. There were no cases of both anemia and low ferritin levels together. Twenty-five athletes (6.1%) had low levels of folic acid with higher prevalence (7%) in males. Only five athletes (1.2%) had low levels of vitamin B12, while 29 (7.1%) had levels higher than normal. None of them had abnormal Hb. In a multiple regression analysis, combat sports had significantly lower Hb levels. Conclusions: The yield of anemia screening and especially anemia-related biochemical abnormalities in adult elite athletes may be relatively low. Clearly, anemia should not be missed in the elite athlete, yet, if there are no signs or symptoms, Hb levels are close to normal and dilution is diagnosed, further frequent biochemical evaluation may be unnecessary.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trainerhumorstile und Athletenengagement: Ein relationsbasiertes Mediationsmodell im Kontext von Mannschaftssportarten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096867</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096867</guid>
      <author>Egemen Merdan, H.</author>
      <author>Çaglar, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Sportler-Beziehung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Mannschaftssportart</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Egemen Merdan, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Çaglar, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Humour, often viewed as a light-hearted communicative tool, carries important relational significance in elite sport. Affiliative humour has the potential to build trust and cohesion, whereas aggressive humour may threaten relational safety and undermine athlete engagement. While humour has been widely studied in organizational psychology, its implications in sport coaching remain underexplored. This study examined how athletes` perceptions of coaches` humour styles influence motivational commitment through the mediating mechanisms of relationship quality - closeness, commitment, and complementarity - guided by Humour Styles Theory, the 3+1 Cs Model, and the Sport Commitment Model. Participants were 341 athletes (aged 18-35) from five team sports in Türkiye. Measures assessed perceptions of coaches` affiliative and aggressive humour, coach-athlete relationship quality, and two forms of sport commitment: enthusiastic and constraint commitment. Regression-based mediation analyses tested indirect effects of humour styles on commitment through relational dimensions. Results indicated that affiliative humour was positively associated with enthusiastic commitment, fully mediated by athletes` perceptions of commitment and complementarity, but not by closeness. In contrast, aggressive humour predicted lower levels of enthusiastic commitment, both directly and indirectly through weakened perceptions of commitment and complementarity. Neither humour style showed significant associations with constraint commitment. These findings suggest that affiliative humour strengthens athletes` motivation by reinforcing task-relevant relational dynamics, whereas aggressive humour undermines them. In performance-driven contexts, functional alignment may be more influential than emotional closeness. Coach education programmes should therefore encourage the intentional use of affiliative humour as a relational strategy to sustain athlete engagement and long-term commitment. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zeitabhängige Auswirkungen einer Melatonin-Supplementierung auf die Trainingsleistung und trainingsbedingte Muskelschäden: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096943</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096943</guid>
      <author>Guo, J.</author>
      <author>Zhou, L.</author>
      <author>Gu, J.</author>
      <author>Sun, J.</author>
      <author>Liu, G.</author>
      <author>Wei, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Melatonin</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wei, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Melatonin, an endogenous neurohormone with both chronobiotic and antioxidant properties, has been proposed as a nutritional aid for recovery and performance optimization. However, its timing-dependent effects on athletic performance remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the timing-dependent effects of melatonin supplementation on exercise performance and exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes and physically active individuals.

Methods:
A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library was conducted from inception to September 2025. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English examining melatonin versus placebo effects on athletic performance and muscle damage biomarkers were included.

Results:
In total, 19 RCTs involving 266 participants met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed small effects on explosive power (SMD=0.29, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.53, p=0.02, I2=0%) and moderate effects on endurance performance (SMD=0.58, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.87, p<0.001, I2=46%). Melatonin significantly reduced creatine kinase levels (SMD=0.59, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.89, p<0.0001, I2=0%), with non-significant effects on lactate dehydrogenase (SMD=0.45, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.94, p=0.07, I2=56%). Subgroup analyses revealed timing-dependent effects: evening administration with >6-h exercise intervals produced superior benefits for both endurance performance and explosive power compared to daytime administration or shorter intervals. Higher doses (6-10mg) and athlete populations demonstrated greater improvements, while adolescents (=18years) showed enhanced explosive power responses.

Conclusion:
These findings suggest that melatonin supplementation, particularly when administered in the evening with adequate timing intervals, enhances endurance performance and reduces exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes during intensive training periods.

Systematic review registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251178430, Identifier (CRD420251178430).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse der Evidenz zu den akuten Auswirkungen von Koffein auf sportspezifische Fähigkeiten, körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit und physiologische Funktionen bei Basketballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096944</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096944</guid>
      <author>Zhang, Z.</author>
      <author>Yin, M.</author>
      <author>Qiu, B.</author>
      <author>Meng, F.</author>
      <author>Wu, B.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Cheng, Z.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Lu, Z.</author>
      <author>Sun, Y.</author>
      <author>Lai, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Koffein</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qiu, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meng, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wu, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lai, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Previous original research and meta-analyses have shown that caffeine enhances performance in basketball. However, most studies on caffeine`s effects in basketball have focused on male or mixed-gender samples, and there is currently no meta-analysis specifically on caffeine`s impact on female basketball performance. This study aimed to synthesize current evidence to examine the effects of caffeine supplementation on multidimensional performance outcomes in female basketball players.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted in May 2025 across PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and EBSCO. Randomized crossover trials examining the effects of caffeine intake on performance in female basketball players were included. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the PEDro scale and the RoB 2 tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach.

Results:
Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, demonstrating overall high methodological quality and low risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed that, in female basketball players, caffeine intake may have a moderate effect on power output, whereas it did not produce statistically significant effects on sport-specific skills (shooting accuracy and dribble sprint performance), physical performance (jump height, agility, off-ball sprinting, and anaerobic capacity), or physiological function (perceived fatigue and physiological/biochemical markers) in female basketball players. Caffeine consumption was, however, associated with potential adverse effects, including insomnia, tachycardia, and headache. Although statistical significance was not reached for several outcomes, moderate effect sizes were observed for jump height (p=0.08), off-ball sprint performance (p=0.051), and physiological/biochemical markers (p=0.052), suggesting that caffeine may exert a potential modulatory effect on performance.

Conclusion:
Across the included studies, which examined caffeine doses ranging from 2.1 to 9 mg/kg this review found no statistically significant effects on most performance outcomes in female basketball players, although a significant pooled effect was observed for power output. However, effect sizes varied across performance measures and may be modulated by menstrual cycle-related physiological factors. Given the intermittent demands of basketball and the limited sample sizes of available studies, further research with larger cohorts and more rigorous study designs is warranted.

Systematic review registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, PROSPERO: CRD420251025291.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines sportspezifischen Ernährungsbildungsprogramms auf das Wissen und das Risiko von Essstörungen bei jugendlichen Wettkampfkletterern: eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096945</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096945</guid>
      <author>Quesada, A.</author>
      <author>Pablos, A.</author>
      <author>Drehmer, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kenntnisvermittlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Quesada, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pablos, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Drehmer, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Sport climbing has gained popularity among youth athletes, raising concerns about eating disorders (ED) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Although nutritional education has shown promise in preventing ED risk, its application to young climbers remains understudied. This pilot study evaluates the impact of a tailored nutrition education program, NUTYES ("NUTrición Y EScalada": Nutrition and Climbing), on nutritional knowledge and ED risk in competitive youth climbers, providing effect size estimates to inform future definitive trials.

Methods:
Twenty-three young climbers (categories U-14 and U-16, representing athletes under 14 and under 16years of age, respectively) participated in a prospective, parallel-group pilot study. Participants were allocated to either the intervention group (IG; n=11) or control group (CG; n=12). Anthropometric measurements (ISAK), nutritional knowledge (GeSNK), and ED risk (EAT-26) were assessed before and after an 8-week intervention consisting of seven 2-h educational sessions focused on climbing-specific nutrition needs.

Results:
Post-intervention, the IG demonstrated exceptionally large improvements in sport-specific nutrition knowledge (p=0.013; d=1.37; 95% CI: 0.40-2.33) and total nutrition knowledge (p=0.012; d=1.15; 95% CI: 0.22-2.09), with significant between-group differences in change scores. General nutrition knowledge showed a large effect approaching significance (p=0.073; d=0.89; 95% CI: -0.02-1.80). No significant changes in ED risk were observed (p=0.227), though a moderate effect size was detected (d=0.58; 95% CI: -0.30-1.47) with limited statistical power (44%).

Discussion:
Brief sport-specific nutrition education produced exceptionally large improvements in nutritional knowledge among young climbers, with effect sizes substantially exceeding typical educational interventions in adolescent populations. While eating disorder risk showed no significant changes, the moderate effect observed suggests meaningful impacts may remain undetected due to limited statistical power and low baseline risk. These findings support the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the NUTYES program, providing robust effect size estimates to inform future definitive trials requiring larger sample sizes (50-60 participants per group) to adequately assess eating disorder prevention outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hämatologische Anpassungen an das Höhentraining und die Akklimatisierung an Hitze bei männlichen Elite-Radsportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096946</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096946</guid>
      <author>Cubel, C.</author>
      <author>Klaris, M. B.</author>
      <author>Larsen, J. V.</author>
      <author>Faiss, R.</author>
      <author>Nybo, L.</author>
      <author>Lundby, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akklimatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hitze</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cubel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klaris, M. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsen, J. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faiss, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nybo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lundby, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[High-altitude training is widely adopted by endurance athletes with the aim of increasing total haemoglobin mass (tHbmass) and thereby endurance exercise performance. However, divergent effects on tHbmass and exercise performance have been reported in athletes commencing altitude camps with initial high baseline levels for tHbmass, questioning the efficacy of in-season interventions in elite athletes. Therefore, haematological adaptations and exercise performance were evaluated in 12 elite cyclists completing an in-season `Live High-Train High` (LHTH) altitude camp (21 days at 3000 m) immediately after participating in the national championships. Additionally, for seven participants, we compared haematological and exercise performance effects with an off-season heat acclimation training (HEAT) intervention (six 1-h sessions per week for 5 weeks). The LHTH resulted in a 3.5 ± 2.0% (P < 0.001, n = 12) increase in tHbmass, with decay to Pre levels 10 days after returning to sea-level. For participants followed for 9 months, the tHbmass effect was comparable to that of the off-season HEAT intervention (5.4 ± 3.9% for HEAT, LHTH vs. HEAT: P = 0.801, n = 7) and baseline levels prior to the interventions were almost identical (965 g Pre-HEAT vs. 960 g Pre-LHTH). Exercise performance and maximal oxygen uptake, tested immediately (2-3 days) and 10 days after LHTH, were not improved, and individual changes were not correlated to any of the haematological parameters assessed. In conclusion, the in-season LHTH training camp effectively increased tHbmass in elite cyclists; however, there was a rapid decay in tHbmass upon return to sea-level and no effect on exercise performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training-Fuel Coupling (TFC): Ein molekulares Sporternährungsmodell für Energieverfügbarkeit, Chrono-Ernährung und Leistungsoptimierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096947</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096947</guid>
      <author>Stoian, M.</author>
      <author>Manescu, D. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stoian, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manescu, D. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In sports nutrition, performance adaptation emerges from the coordinated molecular interaction between physical training and nutrient availability. This narrative review with conceptual synthesis advances Training-Fuel Coupling (TFC) as a systems physiology framework that conceptualizes nutrient availability, timing, and recovery feeding as molecular control variables proposed to govern exercise-induced adaptation. Integrating evidence from exercise metabolism and nutritional science, the model conceptualizes how substrate availability may modulate the dynamic crosstalk between AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), shaping metabolic flexibility, anabolic recovery, and long-term performance optimization. Low-energy and low-glycogen contexts preferentially activate AMPK-dependent pathways supporting mitochondrial remodeling and oxidative efficiency, whereas nutrient-replete states facilitate mTOR-mediated protein synthesis and structural restoration. When strategically alternated through chrono-nutrition and nutritional periodization, these energetic states are hypothesized to generate oscillatory signaling patterns that enhance adaptive efficiency while limiting chronic metabolic strain. From a sports nutrition perspective, TFC provides a mechanistic rationale for energy availability management, recovery nutrition, and the prevention of maladaptive states such as Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). By reframing nutrients as regulatory signals rather than passive fuel, this framework integrates molecular nutrition with performance physiology, offering a unifying, systems-level and hypothesis-generating perspective on training-nutrition interactions that delineates testable pathways for future empirical investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bifaktoranalyse der Zielschwierigkeit und des Engagements in der Vorstellungskraft von Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096948</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096948</guid>
      <author>Lee, S.</author>
      <author>Horino, H.</author>
      <author>Uhm, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lee, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horino, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uhm, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the relationships between goal difficulty, goal commitment, and sport imagery ability using a bifactor model for the Japanese cultural concept of ganbaru across different competitive levels. Eight hundred Japanese collegiate athletes competing at local, regional, national, and international levels participated in the study. The results indicated that goal difficulty did not vary across competitive levels, whereas goal commitment and four types of imagery ability (skill, strategy, goal, and mastery imagery) showed significant differences. The bifactor analysis using structural equation modelling revealed different patterns across competitive levels. These findings suggest that while goal difficulty may hinder imagery generation, goal commitment contributes significantly to imagery ability, particularly at the international level. Moreover, ganbaru appears to influence imagery ability at lower and intermediate levels of competition (local, regional and national). Thus, athletes` roles of goal difficulty and commitment influence imagery generation, and cultural background can have a significant impact.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von Selbstkritik und Kritik durch Teamkollegen im Leistungssport auf die psychische Gesundheit von Hochschulsportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096949</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096949</guid>
      <author>Bacon, L.</author>
      <author>Donohue, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Selbstwertgefühl</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bacon, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donohue, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Extant studies have examined the impact of criticism on psychiatric symptomology in athletes. Further, the direct impact of criticism on athletes` mental health has yet to be explored while considering sociocultural factors. The current study sought to examine the influence of self-criticism and teammate-criticism during training and competition on psychiatric symptoms in 131 NCAA athletes. Participants were administered the Sport Interference Checklist (SIC; Donohue et al., 2007) to examine criticism of self and teammates during competition and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1994) to examine severity of psychiatric symptoms. Linear Regression showed increased self-criticism (p <.001) and criticism of teammates (p <.05) predicted increased severity of psychopathology. Moderation analyses examining ethnicity suggested psychiatric symptoms in athletes of the global majority are more negatively impacted by self-criticism than White athletes. Gender and age did not moderate the relationship between criticism and psychiatric symptoms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Training auf Sand auf die Sprintleistung: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096951</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096951</guid>
      <author>Meng, K.</author>
      <author>Chen, Y.</author>
      <author>Xiang, X.</author>
      <author>Jiang, G.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Yi, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Boden</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sand</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Meng, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xiang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yi, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Sand-based training (SBT) is widely hypothesized to enhance sprint performance; however, its overall efficacy remains unclear due to inconsistencies in methodologies and findings across studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the magnitude of SBT`s impact on sprint performance in competitive athletes.

Methods:
Following PRISMA guidelines, five databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus) were systematically searched from inception to May 2025. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining competitive athletes undergoing SBT interventions (=4 weeks) compared to non-sand or no-intervention controls. The primary outcome was linear sprint performance. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 16.0; standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random- or fixed-effects models.

Results:
Nineteen studies (N = 433 athletes) met the inclusion criteria. SBT significantly enhanced sprint performance in within-group (SMD = -0.92 [95% CI: -1.10, -0.74]; p < 0.001) and between-group comparisons (SMD = -0.64 [-0.87, -0.42]; p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses indicated that SBT demonstrated significantly greater improvements compared to alternative training modalities (SMD = -1.13, p = 0.001). In-season training and higher-frequency training (=3 sessions/week) were associated with larger performance gains (SMD = -0.87 and -1.12, respectively).

Conclusion:
Current evidence suggests that SBT is a promising strategy for improving sprint performance, with maximal benefits observed when implementing high-frequency protocols during the competitive season. Future research should prioritize standardized training methodologies, long-term adaptive responses, and applicability across diverse athletic populations.

Systematic Review Registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42025637332, identifier: CRD42025637332.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Spielbelastungsdynamik im Basketball: Einfluss der Spielposition und des Spielverlaufs</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096952</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096952</guid>
      <author>Feu, S.</author>
      <author>García-Ceberino, J. M.</author>
      <author>López-Sierra, P.</author>
      <author>Ibáñez, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>internal load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Feu, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Ceberino, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Sierra, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ibáñez, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:
This study explored the variability of internal and external load in professional basketball as a function of playing position and match quarter.

Methods:
Fourteen ACB League players were monitored across three official games using ultra-wideband tracking and inertial measurement units (113 observations). Linear mixed-effects models assessed the influence of match progression and positional roles on kinematic, neuromuscular, and physiological load variables.

Results:
External load indicators, specifically total distance covered (p < 0.001; np2 = 0.172), neuromuscular load (p < 0.001; np2 = 0.178), and high-intensity actions (p = 0.038; np2 = 0.030), declined progressively from the first to later quarters, confirming that the opening quarter imposes the highest physical demands. Guards performed more high-intensity actions per minute than centers (p = 0.045; np2 = 0.473). High inter-individual variability across several variables further supported the need for individualized monitoring.

Conclusions:
These findings emphasize the importance of considering both match progression and positional roles when designing training programs. Understanding how load fluctuates across quarters could help coaches optimize periodization, adjust substitution strategies, and develop conditioning plans that had better reflect the repeated high-intensity efforts required in professional basketball.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines intermittierenden pneumatischen Kompressionsgeräts auf die Verbesserung der Gewebesauerstoffsättigung und Flüssigkeitsclearance an der Kompressionsstelle</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096966</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096966</guid>
      <author>Aoyagi, M.</author>
      <author>Komatsu, T.</author>
      <author>Togashi, I.</author>
      <author>Iriguchi, K.</author>
      <author>Nagao, M.</author>
      <author>Kubota, A.</author>
      <author>Izawa, H.</author>
      <author>Someya, Y.</author>
      <author>Oshio, K.</author>
      <author>Takazawa, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>MRT</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewebe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kompression</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aoyagi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Komatsu, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Togashi, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iriguchi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nagao, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kubota, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Izawa, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Someya, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oshio, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takazawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPCDs) facilitate post-exercise recovery by increasing tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) and reducing intramuscular interstitial fluid. However, limited evidence exists on time-course changes of these physiological responses during the intervention. This study aimed to examine the effects of IPCD use on rSO2 and fluid content in the lower limbs.

Methods:
We enrolled 59 healthy adults (37 males, 22 females) who underwent a 30-min IPCD intervention on their right leg at a target pressure of 90 mmHg. The rSO2 at the posterior calf was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy at baseline and across four periods (period 1: 0.5-3.5 min; period 2: 10-13 min; period 3: 20-23 min; and period 4: 27-30 min). T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was conducted pre- and post-intervention to assess fluid clearance.

Results:
The rSO2 values increased significantly from baseline (75.7% ± 5.8%) across all time periods (period 1: 79.5% ± 4.7%; period 2: 80.5% ± 4.7%; period 3: 80.8% ± 4.7%; and period 4: 81.2% ± 4.8%; p < 0.001). The values in periods 2, 3, and 4 were significantly higher than those in period 1 (p < 0.001), with no significant differences observed among periods 2, 3, and 4. Moreover, the T2 values significantly decreased post-intervention (Pre: median, 39.3; Post: 37.9; p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
IPCD use improves muscle oxygen saturation and facilitates fluid clearance within 30 min. Although oxygenation effects occur early, a 30-min IPCD session provides both oxygenation and fluid reduction benefits.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Effekt der Potenzierung nach Aktivierung auf die neuromuskuläre Aktivierung der Schlagtechnik während der Erholungsphase nach Meniskusverletzungen bei Elite-Badmintonspielern: Muskel- und Zeit-Frequenz-Kohärenz auf Basis der nicht-negativen Matrixfaktorisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096967</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096967</guid>
      <author>Zhuang, H.</author>
      <author>Hong, S.</author>
      <author>Xia, Y.</author>
      <author>Sheng, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Meniskus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhuang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hong, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xia, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sheng, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:
To investigate the effects of three distinct post-activation potentiation (PAP) interventions—neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), elastic band resistance, and squats—on neuromuscular activation during the smashing technique in high-level badminton athletes recovering from meniscus injuries. Furthermore, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms at the neuromotor control level through analyses of muscle synergy and intermuscular coherence.

Methods:
Eighteen high-level male badminton athletes in the recovery phase of meniscus injuries were recruited. Surface electromyographic signals were recorded during forehand smash execution following respective interventions: squats, elastic band resistance, and NMES. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) analyzed muscle synergies, extracting synergistic module counts, muscle weights, and activation duration parameters. Time-frequency coherence (TFC) was calculated for specific muscle pairs.

Results:
The resistance band group (RBG) exhibited a significantly higher number of synergies (5.0 ± 0.63) compared to the squat group (SG) (3.33 ± 0.52, p = 0.005) and the electrical stimulation group (ESG) (2.33 ± 0.82, p < 0.001). In terms of muscle activation weights, the ESG showed markedly increased contributions from key lower limb muscles across multiple synergy modules. E.g., in SYN4, activation weights for gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and lateralis (GL) in the ESG (GM: 0.25 ± 0.31; GL: 0.28 ± 0.28) were significantly higher than in the SG (GM: 0.08 ± 0.20; GL: 0.06 ± 0.09) (p < 0.05), representing an increase exceeding 200%. Intermuscular coherence analysis revealed that the ESG demonstrated superior coherence across a, ß, and ? bands for several trunk-limb muscle pairs. E.g., within the a band, the biceps BB-LD pair in the ESG was significantly higher than in both the SG (p = 0.002) and the EBG (p = 0.007).

Conclusion:
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation effectively optimizes muscle coordination patterns during smash execution in athletes recovering from meniscal injuries. It enhances activation of key muscle groups and multi-band neural coordination, representing an efficient rehabilitation strategy for neuromuscular control function optimization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung hypoxischer Interventionen auf die Schwimmleistung von Leistungssportlern: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096968</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096968</guid>
      <author>Chen, J.</author>
      <author>Xing, T.</author>
      <author>Gong, J.</author>
      <author>Song, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Intervention</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xing, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gong, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:
To evaluate the effects of hypoxic interventions (HI) on swimming performance and physiological outcomes in competitive swimmers.

Design:
Systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251170303).

Methods:
Seven databases were searched to identify controlled trials comparing hypoxic and normoxic training under identical conditions. Eleven studies (n = 182 swimmers) were included. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed by event distance and simulated altitude.

Results:
HI produced a small but significant improvement in swimming performance (SMD = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.06], p = 0.02) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 30%). No significant changes were observed for VO2max, HRmax, or VEmax (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analyses indicated greater benefits for 100 m and 200 m freestyle and for interventions conducted at simulated altitudes =3500 m.

Conclusion:
Hypoxic interventions yield meaningful yet modest enhancements in competitive swimming performance, likely through non-hematological adaptations such as improved muscle oxygen utilization and fatigue tolerance. Tailoring HI protocols to event-specific demands and sufficient hypoxic stimulus levels may optimize outcomes.

Systematic Review Registration:
Registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD420251170303).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Gewichtswesten im Vergleich zu elastischen Bändern beim plyometrischen Sprungtraining auf die Anpassung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit des Unterkörpers bei Volleyballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096969</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096969</guid>
      <author>Bao, Y.</author>
      <author>Qiao, Y.</author>
      <author>Yang, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gewichtsweste</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qiao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different plyometric jump training (PJT) loading strategies, using either weighted vests (WV) or elastic bands (EB), on the physical and physiological performance of young volleyball players.

Methods:
Thirty-two male volleyball players participated in the study and were randomly assigned to WV-PJT (n = 8), EB-PJT (n = 8), unloaded PJT (UL-PJT, n = 8), and a control group (CG, n = 8). The players in the WV and EB groups performed PJT with resistance equivalent to 10% of body mass, while the UL group engaged in PJT without any additional loads. Moreover, the players in the CG only performed regular volleyball practice. Countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), 10-m sprint, T-test change of direction speed (T-CODS), reactive strength index (RSI), 1 repetition maximum of leg press (1RMLP), and Wingate anaerobic power tests were measured before and after the 8-week training period. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (4 [group] x 2 [time]), followed by Bonferroni post hoc testing, was employed to identify any significant differences in pairwise comparisons.

Results:
All training groups (i.e., WV-PJT, EB-PJT, and UL-PJT) showed significant improvements (p = 0.001) in physical and physiological performance outcomes, with effect sizes ranging from small to large over the training period. Both the WV-PJT and EB-PJT groups exhibited greater adaptive changes (p < 0.05) compared to the UL-PJT group after the intervention. For the 1RMLP, the WV-PJT group demonstrated significantly greater adaptive responses (p = 0.011, standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.51, 95% CI = -0.51-1.48) than the EB-PJT group. Conversely, the EB-PJT group showed greater adaptations in the RSI (p = 0.041, SMD = 0.46, 95% CI = -0.53-1.45), as well as in peak power (p = 0.006, SMD = 0.49, 95% CI = -0.53-1.46) and mean power output (p = 0.017, SMD = 0.33, 95% CI = -0.67-1.30) compared to the WV-PJT group.

Conclusion:
Loaded PJT is an effective method for producing greater adaptations in volleyball players. Specifically, WV-PJT is more beneficial for strength gains, while EB-PJT is superior for improving RSI and anaerobic power output.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit und sportspezifische Fähigkeiten bei Volleyballspielern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096970</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096970</guid>
      <author>Zhao, B.</author>
      <author>Zhai, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhai, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Nutritional supplementation is widely used to support sports performance; however, evidence specific to volleyball players remains fragmented. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of nutritional supplementation on physical performance and sport-specific skills in competitive volleyball players.

Methods:
Following PRISMA guidelines, five electronic databases were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials investigating acute or chronic nutritional supplementation in healthy volleyball players were included. Outcomes included vertical jump performance, muscle strength, agility, and sport-specific technical skills. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool, and random-effects meta-analyses were performed.

Results:
Thirteen randomized controlled trials involving 240 participants were included. Nutritional supplementation was associated with significant improvements in vertical jump performance (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.70), muscle strength (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.17-0.69), agility (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.54-1.24), and sport-specific technical skills (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.31-0.95). Subgroup analyses indicated beneficial effects following both acute and chronic supplementation protocols, with minimal statistical heterogeneity across outcomes.

Conclusion:
Within the available evidence, nutritional supplementation may contribute to improvements in selected physical performance and sport-specific skill outcomes in competitive volleyball players. These findings may inform evidence-based nutritional strategies aimed at supporting sports performance in volleyball, while highlighting the need for larger, ecologically valid trials.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit und taktische Erfahrung: Determinanten für Wettkampfergebnisse bei Amateur- und Elite-Radfahrern - eine deskriptive Studie aus der UCI-Tour durch Litauen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096971</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096971</guid>
      <author>Cesanelli, L.</author>
      <author>Conte, D.</author>
      <author>Ylaite, B.</author>
      <author>Rønnestad, B. R.</author>
      <author>Lagoute, T.</author>
      <author>Venckunas, T.</author>
      <author>Zambolin, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cesanelli, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conte, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ylaite, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rønnestad, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lagoute, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Venckunas, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zambolin, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
The aim of this descriptive study was to compare laboratory and in-competition performance metrics between elite and amateur cyclists competing in the 2024 UCI Tour of Lithuania with respect to physical performance, racing approach, and tactical behavior.

Methods:
Two teams of five elite and five amateur cyclists completed laboratory tests 1 month before the event. Tests assessed peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), gross efficiency, peak power in incremental and sprint protocols, and seasonal power records. During the five-stage race (870.2-km, 4,039-m elevation gain), competition data, including stage and general classification results, power data, heart rate, and gpx tracks, were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and Cohen`s d effect sizes (ES) were used to assess between-group differences.

Results:
Amateurs exhibited lower VO2peak, maximal aerobic and critical power (ES: 1.68-2.37). During competition, amateurs spent more time above critical power (ES: 2.09-3.25) and exhibited a more homogeneous power distribution within their team (ES: 0.49-1.82). In contrast, elite cyclists displayed a polarized effort profile. These differences corresponded to poorer stage and overall classification results for amateurs (ES: 1.39), while elites followed specific competition strategies, contributing to better stage and overall results. Nevertheless, all amateurs successfully completed the five-stage race.

Discussion:
Amateur cyclists demonstrated sufficient physical capacity to complete the Tour of Lithuania despite lower aerobic capacity and limited experience in team tactics. These findings illustrate the rising performance levels in amateur cycling while emphasizing persistent gaps in physical conditioning, race experience and execution, particularly in energy management, pacing strategies, and situational decision-making, factors that remain key competition-specific performance limitations compared to elite cyclists.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Reaktionssignaturen und Prädiktoren für die Kraftreaktionsfähigkeit der oberen und unteren Extremitäten bei maximalem Krafttraining im Vergleich zu plyometrischem Trockentraining bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096972</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096972</guid>
      <author>Yang, L.</author>
      <author>Xu, X.</author>
      <author>Chen, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhou, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Maximalkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Landtraining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:
To quantify upper- and lower-limb power responsiveness to maximal strength (MSTG) versus plyometric training (PTG) versus control (CG), and to identify stable responder signatures from the 2D change vector (deltaUpper, deltaLower).

Methods:
Twenty-seven university swimmers were randomized to MSTG, PTG, or CG (n = 9 each) for 6 weeks with testing at Pre, Mid, and Post. Upper- and lower-limb power constructs were derived via baseline-fitted PCA from bench press power plus medicine-ball throw and from CMJ, SJ, DJ, plus SLJ, respectively; responsiveness was Post-Pre. Group contrasts used permutation tests with Holm adjustment and bootstrap confidence intervals. Responder signatures were identified by Ward clustering with cluster-number selection and bootstrap stability.

Results:
deltaUpper was 0.962 ± 0.129 (MSTG), 0.762 ± 0.218 (PTG), and 0.332 ± 0.058 (CG); MSTG-PTG mean difference was 0.200 (95% CI [0.047, 0.356], p = 0.030, g = 1.065), and both exceeded CG (p < 0.001). deltaLower was 0.822 ± 0.125 (MSTG), 0.758 ± 0.150 (PTG), and 0.388 ± 0.059 (CG); MSTG-PTG was 0.065 (p = 0.331), while both exceeded CG (p < 0.001). Clustering selected k = 2 (silhouette 0.608) with high stability (ARI 0.840 [0.591, 1.000]) and strong group association (x2 = 18.900, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
In this sample, MSTG elicited larger upper-limb responsiveness than PTG, while both approaches improved upper- and lower-limb constructs versus CG, and responder signatures were stable and strongly aligned with training modality. In exploratory models within our sample, short-duration intervention, training allocation (stimulus) dominated modeled responsiveness and baseline sprint performance showed an inverse association with high-responder membership, patterns consistent with short-block trainability/ceiling effects, therefore these predictive findings should be interpreted as context-specific and not generalized beyond similar swimmer levels and intervention doses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Belastbarkeit unter Druck: Eine systematische Überprüfung psychologischer Bewältigungs- und Ausdauermechanismen bei College-Tennisspielern im Hochschulbereich</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096973</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096973</guid>
      <author>Gao, Z.</author>
      <author>Pa, W. A. M. W.</author>
      <author>Nazarudin, M. N. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Coping</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>mentale Ermüdung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pa, W. A. M. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nazarudin, M. N. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
This systematic review aimed to synthesize empirical evidence on psychological resilience as a protective and adaptive mechanism for managing stress, anxiety, and mental fatigue among collegiate tennis athletes.

Methods:
Following PRISMA 2020 and PICOS frameworks, literature was retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ERIC, SPORTDiscus, and CNKI databases. Eligibility criteria included studies published between 2010 and 2025 focusing on college-level tennis players. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD4202554321). Quality assessment was conducted using MMAT (2018).

Results:
Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. Resilience significantly moderated the relationship between stress and fatigue, mediated anxiety through coping strategies, and predicted higher performance consistency.

Conclusion:
Resilience training and coping-skill interventions are essential for collegiate athletes` psychological well-being and performance stability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistung der exekutiven Funktionen bei chinesischen Jugend-Eishockeyspielern: ein Vergleich zwischen Experten und Anfängern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096975</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096975</guid>
      <author>Wang, J.</author>
      <author>Yang, X.</author>
      <author>Shi, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>exekutive Funktion</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shi, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective: This study aims to explore the executive function advantages of Chinese youth ice hockey players and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and training of ice hockey players.
Methods: A total of 132 youth ice hockey players were recruited and divided into an expert group (65 players, mean age 15.8 years, mean training duration 6.7 years) and a novice group (67 players, mean age 16.2 years, mean training duration 3.2 years). The Flanker task, 2-back task, and More-odd shifting task were used to measure inhibition, updating, and shifting functions, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, independent-samples t-test and Pearson correlation analysis.
Results: Athletes exhibit a speed-accuracy trade-off. The expert group showed significantly shorter response times than the novice group in the congruent condition (Z = -2.681, p = 0.007) and incongruent condition (Z = -1.998, p = 0.046) of the Flanker task, the 2-back task (Z = -2.378, p = 0.017), and the size-parity shifting condition of the More-odd shifting task (Z = -2.548, p = 0.011). However, there were no significant differences in accuracy between the two groups across all tasks. In addition, training duration was significantly negatively correlated with response times in executive function tasks (inhibition congruent condition: r = -0.450; inhibition incongruent condition: r = -0.267; updating task: r = -0.257; shifting task: r = -0.185; all p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Youth ice hockey players in the expert group demonstrate more superior executive functions, and there is a significant negative correlation between training duration and response time in executive function tasks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Fixierung des Experten: Kognitive Effizienz und Aufmerksamkeitsselektivität bei Rollstuhlcurling-Athleten über das gesamte Leistungsspektrum hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096977</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096977</guid>
      <author>Li, W.</author>
      <author>Zhang, X.</author>
      <author>Zhao, C.</author>
      <author>Li, J.</author>
      <author>Li, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Curling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Aufmerksamkeitsfokus</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Rollstuhlcurling</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
In precision Paralympic sports like wheelchair curling, visual attention is a paramount cognitive determinant of performance. While expertise-dependent differences in gaze behavior are documented in various sports, the specific cognitive mechanisms—particularly attentional selectivity and efficiency—underpinning elite performance in wheelchair curling remain unexplored. This study investigated the visual attention patterns of disabled curling athletes across skill levels to uncover the cognitive strategies associated with expertise.

Methods:
Forty-eight disabled curling athletes were stratified into elite (Paralympic/World Champions, n=16), general (National Champions, n=16), and novice (Provincial Champions, n=16) groups. Using Tobii Pro Glasses 3, eye movements were recorded during stone deliveries. Metrics included the number of fixations, fixation duration, and their distribution across predefined Areas of Interest (AOIs: Release Zone, Stone Path, Target/House, Other Areas). Performance was quantitatively assessed by international-level judges based on stone placement accuracy.

Results:
A significant Group × AOI interaction was found for both number of fixations (p<0.001,) and fixation duration (p<0.001). Elite athletes allocated a significantly higher proportion of their fixations (54.3%) and viewing time (59.8%) to the Target, while minimizing attention to Other Areas (14.7% of fixations, 6.3% of duration). Novices displayed a dispersed attentional pattern, with more fixations on non-essential areas. Elites also demonstrated greater cognitive economy, evidenced by a lower total number of fixations and shorter total fixation duration than novices. Critically, fixation measures on the Target were positively correlated with performance scores (strongest in elites: r=0.53, p<0.01), whereas attention to Other Areas and the Stone Path was negatively correlated.

Conclusion:
Elite performance in wheelchair curling is characterized by highly selective and efficient visual attention. Experts excel not only in focusing on task-critical information but also in actively suppressing distractions, a hallmark of automated cognitive processing. These findings extend the "Quiet Eye" and cognitive efficiency theories to wheelchair curling, highlighting the critical role of perceptual-cognitive skills. They provide a robust empirical basis for developing targeted attention training protocols to accelerate expertise development in precision sports for athletes with disabilities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung zum Einfluss der psychischen Ermüdung von Shorttrack-Eisschnellläufern auf die sportliche Motivation</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096978</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096978</guid>
      <author>Zhang, G.</author>
      <author>Tai, F.</author>
      <author>Wang, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Shorttrack</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>mentale Ermüdung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tai, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
To clarify the mediating effects of perceived social support and sense of career calling on the relationship between psychological fatigue and sports motivation in short track speed skaters.

Methods:
Using a variety of research methods such as questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics, 817 short track speed skaters were selected as the research objects. The "Psychological Fatigue Scale," "Sports Motivation Scale," "Perceived Social Support Scale," and "Sense of Career Calling Scale" were used for psychological measurement. SPSS 27.0 and PROCESS 4.2 macro program were used to test the mediating effect, chain mediating effect and Bootstrap analysis.

Results:
In the correlation analysis, psychological fatigue was significantly negatively correlated with perceived social support (r = -0.363, p < 0.01), sense of career calling (r = -0.387, p < 0.01), and sports motivation (r = -0.375, p < 0.01). Perceived social support was significantly positively correlated with sense of career calling (r = 0.494, p < 0.01) and sports motivation (r =0.505, p < 0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between sense of career calling and sports motivation (r = 0.520, p < 0.01).

Conclusion:
(1) Perceived social support and sense of career calling play a separate mediating role between psychological fatigue and sports motivation of short track speed skaters. (2) Perceived social support and sense of career calling play a chain mediating role between psychological fatigue and sports motivation of short track speed skaters. (3) Coaches should use strategies to improve perceived social support and sense of career calling of short track speed skaters, so as to improve the sports motivation of short track speed skaters and reduce their psychological fatigue.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss von Trainingsbelastung auf das psychische Wohlbefinden bei Hochschulsportlerinnen: Kettenmediation durch allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeit und psychische Resilienz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096979</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096979</guid>
      <author>Wang, Z.</author>
      <author>Song, P.</author>
      <author>Ren, J.</author>
      <author>Zhang, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Selbstwirksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ren, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
This study examined female college athletes to explore the association between training stress and psychological well-being. It further investigated whether general self-efficacy and psychological resilience mediate this association.

Methods:
A questionnaire survey was administered to 604 female college athletes. The instruments included the Training Distress Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Psychological Resilience Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. PROCESS Model 6 with 5,000 bootstrap resamples was used to test the serial mediation effects.

Results:
Training stress was significantly negatively correlated with psychological well-being (r = -0.356, p < 0.001, N = 604). The serial mediation regression analysis showed that training stress significantly and negatively predicted psychological well-being (ß=-0.174, p< 0.001, 95% CI [-0.244, -0.104]). Bootstrap analyses (5,000 resamples) indicated a significant total indirect effect (indirect effect = -0.182, BootSE = 0.025, 95% BootCI [-0.232, -0.133]), accounting for 51.1% of the total effect. Within the total indirect effect, the specific indirect effect via general self-efficacy was -0.084 (46.2% of the total indirect effect, 95% BootCI [-0.125, -0.048]), the specific indirect effect via psychological resilience was -0.065 (35.7, 95% BootCI [-0.101, -0.035]), and the serial indirect effect via general self-efficacy and psychological resilience was -0.033 (18.1, 95% BootCI [-0.049, -0.020]).

Conclusion:
Training stress significantly undermines psychological well-being in female college athletes. This influence manifests not only as a direct effect but also indirectly through general self-efficacy, psychological resilience, and their chain mediation. Therefore, enhancing general self-efficacy and psychological resilience may be an effective approach to reduce the negative impact of training stress and to promote psychological well-being in female college athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtstests im Frauensport: historische Schäden, aktuelle Risiken und die Richtungsänderung der World Athletics für 2025</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096984</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096984</guid>
      <author>Camporesi, S.</author>
      <author>Mazzucco, M.</author>
      <author>Patiño, M. J. M.</author>
      <author>Ospina-Betancurt, J.</author>
      <author>Teetzel, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgeschichte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Camporesi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mazzucco, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patiño, M. J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ospina-Betancurt, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teetzel, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The history of systemic, mandatory sex testing of all women athletes in sport is now well documented, with hundreds of articles, entire books, and doctoral dissertations analyzing the scientific, legal, and ethical aspects of sports governing bodies' determination to verify that competitors in the women's event were women and that men did not sneak into women's sports. A 30 July 2025 press release from World Athletics (WA), announcing changes to its eligibility rules for competing in female events is momentous for three reasons. First, in referring to women's events specifically and exclusively as female events it signals that the organization prioritizes biological sex, not gender, in its eligibility considerations. Second, it merges regulations for women with variations of sex characteristics 1 and transgender women into one set of regulations, ignoring the differences between these two groups of women athletes. Finally, it marks the return of systemic sex testing for all elite women athletes competing in track and field, a practice that ended in the 1990s for good reasons, given the substantial legal, ethical, and cultural objections voiced by a myriad of medical and scientific bodies, as well as by athletes who bravely shared their experiences. In critically examining WA's press release outlining its decision to reinstate systemic sex testing through mandatory screening of the Sex-determining Region Y (SRY) gene for all high-performance women track and field competitors, we demonstrate how these regulations reproduce patterns of harm condemned by experts in the fields of medicine, ethics, and human rights. We conclude that WA's July 2025 decision fails to address the cogent arguments that led to the cessation of systemic sex testing in 1999, contravenes human rights laws, and anachronistically reintroduces harmful practices that were abandoned for good reasons.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Klassifizierung von Feldspielern im japanischen Profibaseball unter Verwendung eines Gaußschen Mischverteilungs-Clustering-Modells</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096985</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096985</guid>
      <author>Oda, T.</author>
      <author>Hirotsu, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Clusteranalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirotsu, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary: This study proposes a novel analytical framework for categorizing Japanese professional baseball players based on comprehensive hitting performance data. Our primary goal is to identify player groupings that may inform decision-making related to substitution and trade strategies within teams. The dataset used in this analysis was provided by DELTA Corporation, a Japanese firm specializing in advanced baseball analytics. It includes 115 distinct hitting-related performance indices for 327 fielders who participated in official Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) games during the 2020 season. To make the analysis more structured, we first organized these 115 indices into eight meaningful categories, following the classification methodology defined by DELTA. These categories represent various aspects of hitting performance, such as plate discipline, power, contact ability, and situational hitting, among others. To focus on players with a significant level of contribution, we filtered the original sample and selected 72 players who recorded a "Wins Above Replacement" (WAR) value of 1.0 or higher during the season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Relativer Energiemangel im Sport: Eine Querschnittsstudie zu Ernährungs-, biochemischen und hormonellen Profilen bei tschechischen Ausdauersportlerinnen mit Risiko für eine geringe Energieverfügbarkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096987</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096987</guid>
      <author>Woronyczová, J.</author>
      <author>Nováková, M.</author>
      <author>Gerych, D.</author>
      <author>Jurková, K.</author>
      <author>Oberman, C.</author>
      <author>Bolek, E.</author>
      <author>Pilný, J.</author>
      <author>Vítek, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauerdisziplinen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Woronyczová, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nováková, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gerych, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jurková, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oberman, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolek, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pilný, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vítek, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Regular physical activity is associated with substantial health benefits, provided the body has sufficient energy sources. However, a long-term low-calorie intake can cause the syndrome of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) with a significant health threat to athletes. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate markers of RED-S in a cohort of female athletes.

Methods:
The study was carried out in a cohort of female endurance athletes (n = 23) and healthy female control subjects (n = 21) recruited from a total of 42 athletes and 45 controls who underwent the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) survey. Anthropometric, nutritional, and laboratory analyses were performed on study subjects.

Results:
A higher LEAF-Q score signifying low energy availability (LEA) was observed in athletes compared to controls (8 vs. 5, p < 0.005). Menstrual problems were significantly more common in athletes, with 33.3% of athletes having amenorrhea (p < 0.001). Compared to control women with LEAF-Q < 8, energy expenditure was higher (p < 0.001) in athletes with LEAF-Q = 8, and athletes had a negative energy balance (90%) with a very low value of energy availability (24.3 kcal/kg FFM/day). Athletes with a LEAF-Q score =8 had lower serum concentrations of estradiol (p < 0.001), progesterone (p < 0.001), leptin (p < 0.001), white blood cells (p < 0.005) and phosphorus (p < 0.005). Furthermore, they had significantly higher concentrations of hepcidin (p < 0.05) and free T3 (p < 0.05).

Discussion:
LEA is prevalent in female endurance athletes, and its diagnosis deserves a multifactorial approach with anthropometric and nutritional analyses, and the use of a wider range of laboratory markers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenreaktionskraft und Kreuzbeinbeschleunigung bei 180°-Richtungswechselmanövern bei Elite-Basketballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096990</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096990</guid>
      <author>Ogata, H.</author>
      <author>Yamashita, D.</author>
      <author>Nishikawa, N.</author>
      <author>Yokozawa, T.</author>
      <author>Hoshikawa, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bodenreaktionskraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ogata, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashita, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nishikawa, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yokozawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoshikawa, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
This study investigated the relationship between sacrum acceleration (ACCIMU) measured using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and ground reaction force (GRF) measured using force plates during 180° change of direction (COD) maneuvers in elite female basketball players.

Methods:
Fourteen Japanese national female basketball players performed two types of 180° COD tasks (lateral shuffle and 180° turn maneuvers) on force plates while wearing a sacrum-mounted IMU, completing two trials in each direction (left and right). The peak horizontal GRF during plant foot contact was normalized to body weight (GRFrel), whereas peak horizontal and resultant ACCIMU were expressed relative to gravitational acceleration, allowing direct comparison between dimensionless quantities.

Results:
Reliability across the two trials was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,2) and coefficients of variation (CV), and was acceptable for most variables (ICC2,2 = 0.67-0.95; CV% = 3.85-12.74%). Paired t-tests revealed that peak horizontal ACCIMU was significantly greater than peak horizontal GRFrel across all conditions (p < 0.001, d = 0.56-1.06). Pearson correlation and ordinary least products regression analyses demonstrated a significant association between peak horizontal ACCIMU and peak horizontal GRFrel during the lateral shuffle (r = 0.55-0.69, p < 0.05), with the ACCIMU increasing proportionally to the GRFrel (slope = 4.55-5.23), but not during the 180° turn (r = 0.33-0.49, p > 0.05). Peak resultant ACCIMU was significantly correlated with peak horizontal GRFrel (r = 0.64-0.72, p < 0.05) and exhibited proportional bias (slope = 2.61-4.70).

Conclusion:
These results indicate that, despite potential software-related errors and estimation uncertainties, ACCIMU monitoring represents a promising method for estimating peak horizontal GRFrel demands during task-specific 180° COD maneuvers in real-world settings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Anzuggröße auf die Leistung beim Skispringen. Teil II: Feldmessungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096992</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096992</guid>
      <author>Elfmark, O.</author>
      <author>Müller, S.</author>
      <author>Kürschner, M.</author>
      <author>Bessone, V.</author>
      <author>Krezalek, V.</author>
      <author>Virmavirta, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skispringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bekleidung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elfmark, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Müller, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kürschner, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bessone, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krezalek, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Virmavirta, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the second part of this study (Part II), the purpose was to investigate the influence of suit size on ski jump performance during field experiments. Eight elite ski jumpers from three different nations participated by jumping in training sessions. Three different suits were made for each athlete: Suit 1 was a reference suit with current regulations, i.e., +4 cm larger than the circumference of the body, and the two other suits were respectively 2 cm larger and 2 cm smaller with respect to Suit 1. A total of 133 ski jumps were collected, with the main analysis consisting of 109 jumps as wind measurements were missing for 24 jumps. Suit size had a large influence on performance, with +11.5 pt per suit size (p<0.001), or 3.2 m per cm increase in the circumference of the suit. Wind conditions did not influence the outcome and the results were in line with Part I. It was indicated that the higher level athlete could benefit more from a larger suit after analyzing video of one of the ski jumpers. Inertial measurement unit measurements showed how similar length and even longer jumps could be achieved with lower speeds during the glide by utilizing a larger suit. This indicates that a larger suit could increase safety in ski jumping. However, this needs to be considered in the light of fairness, as a larger suit is more difficult to control, thus a compromise has to be made.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einblicke in die Persönlichkeit von 193 deutschen Elite-Jugendfußballern und mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung der motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit und das Verletzungsrisiko</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096993</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096993</guid>
      <author>Schulz, S. V. W.</author>
      <author>Holzapfel, J.</author>
      <author>Matits, L.</author>
      <author>Schwarz, E.</author>
      <author>Bizjak, D. A.</author>
      <author>Jerg, A.</author>
      <author>Kiefer, M.</author>
      <author>Kirsten, J.</author>
      <author>Henze, A.-S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schulz, S. V. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holzapfel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matits, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schwarz, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bizjak, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jerg, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kiefer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kirsten, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henze, A.-S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Sport-specific performance in football is influenced not only by physical, technical, and tactical factors but also by psychological characteristics such as personality. Previous research suggests traits like extraversion and conscientiousness are positively associated with athletic outcomes. A deeper understanding of personality may allow for more individualized training and support, potentially enhancing both short-term performance and long-term development. The present study aimed firstly to describe the prevalence and distribution of personality dimensions according to Cloninger's biopsychosocial model, assessed with the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI), in German elite youth football players, and secondly to explore potential associations of these dimensions with motor performance and injury risk.

Methods:
A total of 193 players (aged 11-18 years, mean 14.6 ± 1.9) from two elite academies were assessed during the 2023/2024 pre-season. In addition to the JTCI, body composition, 30 m sprint, heading jump, and injury history were collected. Analyses included Spearman correlations, multiple linear regression and moderation analyses (with HC3 robust standard errors), as well as logistic regression for injury occurrence.

Results:
The personality dimensions of Persistence (mode: 95%-100%) and Self-Directedness (mode: 85%-90%) tended to be distributed toward high percentile ranks, while Novelty Seeking (mode: 20%-25%) and Harm Avoidance (mode: 10%-15%) tended toward low ranks. Age consistently predicted sprint performance and injury frequency, while no personality dimension showed significant associations with sprinting, jumping, or injury outcomes.

Discussion:
To our knowledge, this is the first study applying Cloninger's model in German elite youth football. These findings provide rare descriptive insights into adolescent athletes' personality profiles and suggest that personality may play a greater role in long-term development, resilience, and talent progression than in immediate physical performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen psychosozialen Dimensionen der Persönlichkeit und der Wahrnehmung von Angstzuständen bei Spitzensportlern mit Verletzungsgeschichte</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096997</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096997</guid>
      <author>Peñaranda-Moraga, M.</author>
      <author>García-De Frutos, J. M.</author>
      <author>Nadal-Nicolás, Y.</author>
      <author>Cuestas-Calero, B. J.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Rodríguez, A.</author>
      <author>Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R.</author>
      <author>Cortés-Roco, G.</author>
      <author>López-Gil, J. F.</author>
      <author>Muñoz-Villena, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peñaranda-Moraga, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-De Frutos, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nadal-Nicolás, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuestas-Calero, B. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Rodríguez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cortés-Roco, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Gil, J. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muñoz-Villena, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
High-performance sports practice involves both physical challenges and psychosocial factors that influence the performance and well-being of athletes. In this context, both genetic and cultural/social dimensions of personality and the perception of anxiety play a fundamental role in the sporting experience, especially when related to the history of sports injuries.

Methods:
Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the dimensions of personality and anxiety in a sample of team athletes, as well as to examine the relationships between these psychosocial variables and their predictive capacity in relation to the severity of sports injuries. A battery of questionnaires was administered to a sample of 63 elite athletes (55.6% men, 44.4% women), aged between 18 and 36 years (M = 22.62; SD = 4.26) and belonging to different team sports.

Results:
The results indicated that there are significant differences in the psychological dimensions according to the history of injuries. Somatic and cognitive anxiety were significantly associated with the presence and severity of injuries. In addition, temperamental and character dimensions were identified as predictors of injuries.

Discussion:
These findings suggest that psychosocial variables play a key role in the occurrence and severity of injuries, which may be fundamental for both future research and for professionals applied to high-performance sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der neuromuskulären Leistungsfähigkeit der unteren Extremitäten von der Vorsaison bis zum Ende der frühen Wettkampfsaison bei männlichen Profifußballern der Spitzenklasse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096999</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096999</guid>
      <author>Ferrari, R.</author>
      <author>da Silva, W. B.</author>
      <author>de Oliveira Carpes, L.</author>
      <author>Lazzari, C.</author>
      <author>Silveira, A. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ferrari, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da Silva, W. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Oliveira Carpes, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lazzari, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silveira, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
The increasing compression of the pre-season period due to congested calendars may induce significant neuromuscular fatigue, potentially compromising player readiness for competition.

Objectives:
This study aimed to investigate the variation in neuromuscular performance in elite professional Brazilian male soccer players throughout the pre-season and at the end of the first competition of the year.

Methods:
Thirteen outfield soccer players (3 defenders, 5 midfielders and 5 forwards) from a single Brazilian first-division team were included in the study. Neuromuscular performance was evaluated using a comprehensive set of countermovement jump (CMJ) variables and isometric hip adduction/abduction strength at three time points: the start of the pre-season (T1), the end of the pre-season (T2), and following the end of first competition of the season (T3).

Results:
In T2, CMJ values significantly decreased compared to T1 for jump height, RSI modified, take-off peak force, peak power, and concentric peak velocity (p < 0.05). In T3, peak power and concentric peak velocity remained reduced, while eccentric duration increased compared to T1 (p < 0.05). Regarding hip strength, no significant changes were observed for adduction or abduction peak forces across the assessed time points (p > 0.05), indicating a maintenance of isometric strength levels.

Conclusion:
The findings indicate that an intensive and short pre-season induced a state of neuromuscular fatigue in elite soccer players, and the subsequent competitive period resulted in an incomplete recovery for most of the CMJ neuromuscular variables.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Kaltwasserbädern an verschiedenen Körperregionen auf die Erholung von Muskelschäden nach dem Training: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097002</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097002</guid>
      <author>Zhu, Y.</author>
      <author>Yang, L.</author>
      <author>Liu, T.</author>
      <author>Yao, F.</author>
      <author>Wang, Q.</author>
      <author>Yi, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kaltwasseranwendung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kryotherapie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yao, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yi, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the differences in efficacy of Cold-Water Immersion (CWI) applied to different body regions for post-exercise muscle damage recovery.

Methods:
The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched from inception to October 20, 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing single acute CWI with seated passive rest were included. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the PEDro scale and RoB 2 tool, respectively. Data analysis was performed using Stata-MP 18.0 software.

Results:
Thirty RCTs were included, and the overall quality was high. The meta-analysis showed that CWI significantly reduced post-exercise CK levels (g = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.10, P < 0.01) and alleviated DOMS (g = -0.40; 95% CI: -0.64 to -0.16, P < 0.01) compared to the control group. However, no statistically significant benefits were observed for the recovery of CMJ (g = -0.02; 95% CI: -0.17 to 0.13, P > 0.05) or MVIC (g = 0.08; 95% CI: -0.08 to 0.23, P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated no significant difference between whole-body and partial immersion at any follow-up time point (0-72 h) (between-group P > 0.05). Notably, a significant inhibitory effect on immediate (0 h) explosive power (CMJ) was shown by partial CWI (g = -0.94, P < 0.01). The primary biochemical and subjective benefits were concentrated at 24 h. Robustness of the main results was confirmed by sensitivity analysis, though potential publication bias was detected for CK.

Conclusion:
Biochemical (CK) and subjective (DOMS) recovery were effectively improved by CWI. However, muscle strength (MVIC) was not synchronously enhanced, and explosive power (CMJ) was immediately inhibited. The equivalence of therapeutic efficacy between whole-body and partial immersion was confirmed as a core finding. Consequently, partial immersion is considered the optimal strategy combining efficacy and safety. It is suitable for accelerating next-day recovery. However, it should be used with caution during intervals involving continuous explosive power output.

Systematic Review Registration:
PROSPERO CRD420251171826.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung von aerobem Training mit Blutflussrestriktion auf die Substratverwertung und den Energieverbrauch</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097005</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097005</guid>
      <author>Lauver, J. D.</author>
      <author>Andrews, N.</author>
      <author>Harris, C.</author>
      <author>Zanchi, N. E.</author>
      <author>Johnson, K. E.</author>
      <author>Rotarius, T. R.</author>
      <author>Guilkey, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Oxidation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lauver, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrews, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harris, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zanchi, N. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, K. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rotarius, T. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guilkey, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
This study examined the effects of intermittent blood flow restriction (LI-BFR) compared to low- (LI) and high-intensity interval exercise (HI) on substrate utilization and energy expenditure (EE).

Methods:
Exercise protocols consisted of 2-minute work intervals interspersed with 1-minute recovery intervals (20W), HI consisted of 5 intervals performed at a workload corresponding to 140% of ventilatory threshold intensity and LI and LI-BFR consisted of 10 intervals performed at 70% of ventilatory threshold. BFR cuffs were inflated to 80% of limb occlusion pressure during each work interval and deflated during each recovery. Following each exercise protocol subjects rested for three hours, during which excess EE and substrate utilization were measured. For all comparisons, statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.

Results:
Fat oxidation rate was significantly greater in LI-BFR (0.11 ± 0.03 g min-1) compared to HI (0.09 ± 0.03 g min-1) at 120 MIN (d = 1.13). Fat oxidation in LI-BFR (60 MIN = 0.14 ± 0.01 g·min-1, 120 MIN = 0.11 ± 0.01 g min-1) was greater than LI (60 MIN = 0.08 ± 0.02 g min-1, 120 MIN = 0.9 ± 0.02 g min-1). Total excess EE was greater in LI-BFR (184.0 ± 37.6 kcals) compared to HI (127.0 ± 12.0 kcals; d = 3.23) and LI (144.83 ± 35.5 kcals; d = 2.21).

Conclusion:
This study suggests that the addition of BFR to low-intensity results in increased fat oxidation following exercise as well as increased EE. The observed increased fat oxidation and EE could potentially have significant long-term effects on weight management.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlaf gut, spiel gut: Praktische Einblicke in den Schlaf von Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097006</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097006</guid>
      <author>Giannaki, C. D.</author>
      <author>Vlahoyiannis, A.</author>
      <author>Mortatti, A. L.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, F. Y.</author>
      <author>Bogdanis, G. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Giannaki, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vlahoyiannis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mortatti, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, F. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bogdanis, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Over recent decades, interest in the relationship between sleep and athletic performance has grown substantially. Sleep is particularly crucial in soccer, where it significantly impacts recovery and performance, warranting careful consideration. Soccer players face several sport-specific challenges to optimal sleep, including frequent travel, competitive pressures, high training demands, late-night matches, exposure to artificial bright light, and early-morning training sessions. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the literature on sleep`s influence on recovery, performance, health, and physical condition in soccer players, aiming to translate these findings into actionable, real-world strategies. Adequate sleep is a fundamental component of athletic performance and recovery. To address common sleep challenges in soccer, such as irregular competition schedules and frequent travel, it is essential to implement (i) systematic sleep monitoring and (ii) evidence-based interventions. Monitoring sleep presents challenges because it requires balancing practical feasibility with the level of detail needed to obtain meaningful insights into athletes` sleep pattern. Effective intervention strategies include maintaining a consistent bedtime, strategically incorporating short naps, minimizing electronic device use before sleep, and adopting nutrition approaches that support recovery. By integrating these practices, coaches, players, and scientific staff can optimize both physical and mental readiness, ultimately enhancing performance and overall well-being.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen von Krafttrainingsmaßnahmen auf subjektive, neuromuskuläre und biochemische Ermüdungsparameter bei jugendlichen Spitzenfußballern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097009</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097009</guid>
      <author>Kadlubowski, B.</author>
      <author>Keiner, M.</author>
      <author>Wirth, K.</author>
      <author>Csapo, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kreatinkinase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kadlubowski, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keiner, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wirth, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Csapo, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined acute neuromuscular, biochemical, and subjective fatigue responses to two strength training protocols—back squats with calf raises vs. back squats with plyometric exercises—in elite youth soccer players. The aim was to track the progression and resolution of fatigue over a 72 h recovery period and evaluate the practical feasibility of both protocols within high-performance training schedules. Thirty-two male athletes from a national youth elite training center participated in a crossover-controlled study. Each player completed both interventions, separated by an 8-day washout period. A comprehensive test battery assessed neuromuscular performance via the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump, isometric mid-thigh pull, adductor squeeze, and sit-and-reach test; biochemical markers via creatine kinase (CK); and subjective markers using the Hooper Index, visual analog scale (VAS), and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Measurements were taken at baseline and 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. No significant interaction effects (training modality × time) were found (p > 0.05), indicating comparable fatigue and recovery trajectories for both protocols, whereas significant main effects of time were observed across all parameters, including CMJ [F(3,26) = 29.373, p < 0.001, n2 = 0.772] and CK [F(3,26) = 51.504, p < 0.001, n2 = 0.856]. Fatigue peaked between 24 and 48 h post-exercise and returned to baseline by 72 h. Subjective fatigue (Hooper, VAS) mirrored objective markers. Both traditional and reactive strength training induced short-term fatigue that resolved within 72 h, supporting their safe implementation in elite youth training programs, provided adequate recovery is allowed between sessions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von einseitigem Single-Mode-Balance-Training im Vergleich zu kombiniertem Balance- und Plyometrie-Training auf die Asymmetrie zwischen den Gliedmaßen von Fußballspielern hinsichtlich Gleichgewicht und neuromuskulärer Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097010</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097010</guid>
      <author>Muehlbauer, T.</author>
      <author>Borgmann, K.</author>
      <author>Limpach, S.</author>
      <author>Krombholz, D.</author>
      <author>Panzer, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>unilateral</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Muehlbauer, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borgmann, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Limpach, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krombholz, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Panzer, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
It has been shown that unilateral balance training (BT) enhances balance and neuromuscular performance in the trained and untrained leg and thus has the potential to reduce side-to-side differences. However, it is unresolved how effective unilateral single-mode BT compared to unilateral combined balance and plyometric training (BT + PT) is in reducing interlimb asymmetry. Thus, we examined the impact of both training modalities on soccer players` interlimb asymmetry in balance and neuromuscular performance.

Methods:
Sixty male elite youth soccer players were randomly assigned to a unilateral single-mode BT group (n = 20), a unilateral combined BT + PT group (n = 22) or an active control group (n = 22). All groups trained for nine weeks (2 sessions/week) with their non-dominant leg. The interventions included balance exercises for the single-mode BT group, balance and plyometric exercises for the combined BT + PT group and stretching exercises for the active control group. Training progression was achieved by manipulating sensory input (balance exercises), the number of floor contacts (plyometric exercises), or the duration of the stretching exercises. Before and after the intervention period, performance in the Y Balance Test - Lower Quarter (YBT-LQ) and the single leg drop landing (SLDL) test as well as leg muscle activity were assessed. The magnitude of interlimb differences was quantified by calculating the limb symmetry index (LSI) and compared using repeated measures analysis of variance (significance level: p < .05).

Results:
The analysis revealed significant main effects of test (pre vs. post) for the LSI values of the YBT-LQ (anterior reach: np2 = .07; posterolateral reach: np2 = .11) and activity of the gastrocnemius muscle (np2 = .33) but not for the SLDL test. Further, a significant test×group interaction was detected for the LSI value of the anterior reach (np2 = .10) and post-hoc analyses yielded a significant LSI reduction for the unilateral single-mode BT group (d = .79) only.

Conclusion:
Nine weeks of unilateral single-mode BT and combined BT + PT proved to be effective and feasible (attendance rates of ˜ 99%-100%). In particular, unilateral single-mode BT appears to be suitable for reducing the LSI value of the YBT-LQ anterior reach, which is a predictor for time loss non-contact lower limb injuries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fallbericht: Auswirkungen von Jetlag und Reisemüdigkeit auf die Leistung eines Weltklasse-Paralympics-Kugelstoßers nach einer Langstreckenreise nach Osten über mehrere Zeitzonen hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097011</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097011</guid>
      <author>Garcia-Carrillo, E.</author>
      <author>Thapa, R. K.</author>
      <author>Hermosilla-Palma, F.</author>
      <author>Alarcón-Rivera, M.</author>
      <author>Farías-Valenzuela, C.</author>
      <author>Azócar-Gallardo, J.</author>
      <author>Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R.</author>
      <author>Olivares-Arancibia, J.</author>
      <author>Castillo-Paredes, A.</author>
      <author>Calleja-González, J.</author>
      <author>Judge, L. W.</author>
      <author>Fuentes-Barría, H.</author>
      <author>Mello, J. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kugelstoß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jetlag</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reise</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Garcia-Carrillo, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thapa, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hermosilla-Palma, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alarcón-Rivera, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farías-Valenzuela, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azócar-Gallardo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olivares-Arancibia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castillo-Paredes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calleja-González, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Judge, L. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fuentes-Barría, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mello, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
This case report aimed to examine the effects of long-haul eastward transmeridian travel on neuromuscular performance, subjective well-being, and internal training load in a World-class female Paralympic shot-putter preparing for the Paris 2024 Paralympic Games.

Methods:
An F54-class athlete was monitored for 21 days surrounding a flight from Chile to France (eastward, six time zones). Daily assessments included handgrip strength (HGS), shot-put throwing distance, subjective well-being, and session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE). Descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation were used to explore relationships between performance and physiological/subjective variables.

Results:
Transient reductions in HGS occurred for 3-4 days post-travel, followed by daily fluctuations. Jet lag and fatigue scores were elevated during the first post-travel days but showed progressive improvement, returning to near-baseline levels by approximately two weeks before competition. Throwing performance showed a moderate positive correlation with left-hand HGS (phi = 0.52, p = 0.032) and a negative correlation with s-RPE (phi = -0.56, p = 0.018). Gastrointestinal disruptions, particularly in stool frequency and consistency, persisted longer than other subjective variables.

Conclusion:
Long-haul transmeridian travel was associated with transient neuromuscular and perceptual disturbances in a world-class Paralympic athlete. HGS and s-RPE emerged as practical and responsive markers of travel-induced fatigue and performance readiness during the 21-day period surrounding international travel. These findings highlight the need for individualized monitoring strategies during the travel adaptation period in elite Paralympic sport contexts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strukturelle und entwicklungsbezogene Merkmale japanischer Spitzensportler: eine Längsschnittstudie zu einem Programm zur Talentsuche und -förderung in der Präfektur Fukuoka</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097012</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097012</guid>
      <author>Hagiwara, M.</author>
      <author>Kinugasa, T.</author>
      <author>Haramura, M.</author>
      <author>Nakao, T.</author>
      <author>Teshima, K.</author>
      <author>Yamashita, S.</author>
      <author>Shirai, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Japan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relativer Alterseffekt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hagiwara, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kinugasa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haramura, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakao, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teshima, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashita, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shirai, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
This study longitudinally examined the influence of sporting history, the relative age effect (RAE), and physical development on the elite progression of Japanese athletes from a local talent identification and development (L-TID) programme to senior elite status.

Methods:
Data were collected from 383 L-TID graduates (31 senior elite athletes and 352 talented athletes). The cohort demonstrated significantly superior physical fitness and consistent physical advantages. Logistic regression analysis was conducted across 5 academic years (from 5th grade in elementary school to 9th grade in junior high school) to identify consistent predictors of elite status.

Results:
Senior elite athletes were highly concentrated in a limited number of late-specialisation sports, with 90% having experienced a sports transition. Sex (female) and sports transitioning emerged as the most consistent predictors of elite attainment across all grades. While talented athletes initially demonstrated significant RAE and superior physical fitness upon entry, these advantages diminished by the senior elite level. General anthropometric and fitness measures (except body mass in grades 8-9) were not reliable predictors of long-term elite progression.

Conclusion:
Elite attainment within the L-TID programme, targeting a cohort with superior athletic ability, is predominantly influenced by structural and developmental factors (female participation and late specialisation) rather than by initial RAE or physical attributes. These findings support talent development strategies that foster diverse sporting experiences and deliberate talent transfer, highlighting a shift away from early RAE and physical-based selection towards more holistic and adaptive developmental approaches reflecting the Japanese sporting and social context.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme durch einen motorisch-kognitiven Reaktionsagilitätstest bei Mannschaftssportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097013</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097013</guid>
      <author>Hülsdünker, T.</author>
      <author>Bahdur, K.</author>
      <author>Flammang, L.</author>
      <author>Naclerio, F.</author>
      <author>Sondermann, Y.</author>
      <author>Mierau, A.</author>
      <author>Karsten, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hülsdünker, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bahdur, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Flammang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Naclerio, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sondermann, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mierau, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karsten, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Conventional laboratory and field tests often underestimate VO2max and fail to reflect the reactive agility, multidirectional demands of team ball sports. This study examined whether a motor-cognitive Reactive Agility (RA) Test can elicit a true VO2max response and serve as a sport-specific alternative for assessing VO2max in team sport athletes.

Method:
Fifty-three team ball sports athletes performed an exhaustive incremental treadmill test and a motor-cognitive RA Test. The RA Test was performed on the SKILLCOURT and contained four all-out reactive agility runs of 150 m with an intermittent break of 30 s. VO2max was determined in both tests using a portable gas analyzer. Dependent t-tests, Blant-Altman analysis, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and correlation analyses were performed.

Results:
The mean difference in VO2max between the tests was 0.25 mL × kg-1 × min-1 (0.5%, p = 0.55) with upper and lower 95% limits of agreement at 6.02 (11%) and -5.53 (10%) mL × kg-1 × min-1, respectively. CCC (pc = 0.94), ICC (0.943) and correlation analysis (r = 0.94) revealed a strong agreement and relation between VO2max in the treadmill and RA Test.

Conclusion:
The RA Test reliably elicits a true VO2max response and offers a valid and more sport-specific option when compared to laboratory treadmill assessment for measuring VO2max in team ball sport athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aufdeckung von Anomalien in der Geschwindigkeitskurve im Mannschaftssport: Ein praktischer Leitfaden für die Datenverarbeitung und -interpretation</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097014</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097014</guid>
      <author>Marcelino, R.</author>
      <author>Silva, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EDV</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marcelino, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Monitoring high-speed displacements in team sports commonly relies on maximal values, often referred to as Peak Match Speed (PMS). These values are widely used to guide training prescription, injury-prevention strategies, and performance profiling. However, PMS metrics may be distorted by anomalous events, such as tackles or collisions, which generate implausible speed-time patterns and compromise the accuracy of player monitoring. The purpose of this commentary is to present a practical strategy to identify and resolve such abnormalities, thereby increasing the reliability of athlete-monitoring processes. Systematically plotting acceleration-time and speed-time curves together, with the acceleration axis aligned to PMS, allows practitioners to rapidly detect unrealistic patterns, such as extreme accelerations or decelerations near maximal speeds, that deviate from physiological expectations. By identifying and excluding these artefacts, practitioners ensure that derived metrics more accurately reflect players' true physical capacities. This proposed strategy is adaptable to a wide range of team sports and can also enhance the interpretation of submaximal sprint efforts. Importantly, this low-cost and widely applicable approach strengthens the reliability of athlete-tracking outputs, safeguarding both performance analysis and training decision-making.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ischämische Präkonditionierung verbessert die Energieversorgung während des Frequency Speed Kick Tests bei Taekwondo-Athleten: Eine randomisierte Crossover-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097072</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097072</guid>
      <author>Ou, Z.</author>
      <author>Yang, L.</author>
      <author>Xie, D.</author>
      <author>Zhu, H.</author>
      <author>Weng, X.</author>
      <author>Xu, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taekwondo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>ischämische Präkonditionierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kick</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ou, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xie, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
This study aimed to examine the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on energy supply during sport-specific tests in male taekwondo athletes. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of IPC`s efficacy in enhancing energy supply in a taekwondo context, underscoring its potential to optimize performance in combat sports.

Methods
Sixteen male taekwondo athletes completed a randomized crossover trial comparing an IPC condition (220 mmHg) with a sham condition (20 mmHg). Performance was evaluated via the frequency speed kick test (FSKT), and energy system contributions were quantified via the PCr-La-O2 method. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and a generalized linear mixed model were used to analyze the data.

Results
IPC significantly increased the total number of kicks in each FSKT group (98.4 ± 6.6 vs. 94.0 ± 5.5, p = 0.049, d = 0.72; 94.4 ± 7.7 vs. 89.3 ± 5.5, p = 0.036, d = 0.77; 93.1 ± 7.5 vs. 86.8 ± 6.3, p = 0.015, d = 0.90) and the aerobic energy supply (294.09 ± 50.35 vs. 270.44 ± 49.30, P = 0.031, d = 0.47). The postexercise blood lactate clearance rate was greater in the IPC trial (14.07 ± 4.94 vs. 9.14 ± 6.84, p = 0.02, d = 0.81), despite no differences in glycolytic or phosphagen contributions (49.32 ± 13.11 vs. 43.00 ± 12.25, p = 0.055).

Conclusion
IPC appears to enhance taekwondo performance by improving aerobic metabolism and accelerating lactate clearance, thereby promoting synergistic interactions between anaerobic and aerobic energy systems and improving energy supply. Notably, the performance benefits of IPC became more pronounced as exercise duration increased, suggesting a cumulative ergogenic effect during prolonged high-intensity activity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Bedeutung und Priorität von männlichen und weiblichen Spielern im Mixed-Doppel im Tischtennis</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097073</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097073</guid>
      <author>Yang, Q.</author>
      <author>Li, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tischtennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Doppel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To examine the relative importance and tactical priorities of male and female players in mixed doubles table tennis, this study analysed 35 matches involving world top-50 ranked players. A novel Five-Phase and Four-Mode Model was eveloped and applied. Performance was then evaluated using multiple regression and total decision coefficient method. The results indicate that: (1) Compared to conventional methods, the proposed model demonstrates superior alignment with mixed doubles characteristics in three key dimensions: phase segmentation, assessment indicators, and data acquisition protocols. This methodological advancement significantly enhances the characterization of doubles-specific technical and tactical patterns. (2) Male players demonstrated a higher performance impact (1.3 times that of female players), which is consistent with empirically observed "male-dominant, female-supportive" dynamic in mixed doubles. (3) The "lady-first" strategy is confirmed as an effective match arrangement principle: during service round, the female player should serve first; in receiving scenarios, regardless of the server`s identity, the female player should be the primary receiver.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zur Verteilung der Anzahl der Spielzüge pro Ballbesitz bei der Six Nations-Rugby-Meisterschaft der Männer 2025</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097210</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097210</guid>
      <author>Burdick, B. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Spielsituation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Ballbesitz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Burdick, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Data from the Men's 2025 Six Nations are analyzed to determine the number of possessions in a match and the distribution of the number phases per possession in international rugby. Each team can expect an average of 50 possessions in a match. The distribution is approximately geometric with the expected probability of possession being lost in any given phase of 0.365. Systematic deviations from the geometric distribution, however, showed phases in which the observed number of possession endings exceeded the expected counts. The discrete Weibull distribution reduced the number of deviations in which the observed number of counts exceeded the expected number. We conclude that the discrete Weibull distribution is more congruent with the distribution of the number of phases per possession. Under the discrete Weibull distribution, the value of expected probability can change (in this case, to decrease) methodically as the phases increase. This effect on the phases per possession is, we believe, a novel observation not previously described in the rugby literature. It is likely that the overall distribution results from the constraints imposed by of the Laws of the Game, Referee's interpretations, and, importantly, common overall coaching approaches to playing the game.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der Markov-basierten Tennisvorhersage: Ensemble- und punktspezifische Methoden für Spielausgang und Spieldauer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097211</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097211</guid>
      <author>Wang, C.</author>
      <author>Drekic, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Drekic, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Point-based hierarchical Markov models for tennis provide transparency and flexibility in predicting the outcome and duration of matches, but have been shown to fall behind in predictive power compared to other methods such as regression. In this paper, a preliminary study is first conducted which highlights the point-based model`s preference for data quantity over quality with respect to time horizons and surface-filtering. Fixing these factors, the main study then ensembles point-based methods in the literature along with two novel methods, (i) using exclusively head-to-head (H2H) data and (ii) point-specific modifications, to significantly boost match outcome prediction accuracy. Consensus model ensembles, in particular, boost average prediction accuracies to around 70%, on par with machine learning models. Progress is also made in duration prediction with point-based models. Point-specific modifications and rudimentary mean duration ensembles show promise in lowering root mean squared error (RMSE), with the latter`s performance strongly correlated with outcome prediction strength for corresponding outcome prediction ensembles. Overall, the positive results speak to the continued relevance of more traditional probabilistic prediction methods and adds to the literature on the considerable potential in ensembling. Studies are conducted with data from professional men`s and women`s matches played during 2011-2022, with the years 2014, 2018, and 2022 set aside for testing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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