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    <item>
      <title>Messung der Teamresilienz: Entwicklung eines Resilienzindexes auf der Grundlage von Stressfaktoren im Profibasketball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097213</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097213</guid>
      <author>Salmerón-Gómez, R.</author>
      <author>Gómez-Haro, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Salmerón-Gómez, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gómez-Haro, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Resilience has emerged as a pivotal construct in understanding performance sustainability under pressure in professional sport. This study introduces and validates the Team Resilience Index, a novel quantitative tool designed to assess the resilient behavior of professional basketball teams across an entire season, based on competition-derived stressors. Using public data from the Spanish ACB League, the Team Resilience Index was constructed by identifying and quantifying seven key stressors from the literature, experienced by each team and analysing performance outcomes relative to those stressors. Two versions of the index were tested and validated using correlations coefficients and multiple linear regressions. The findings demonstrate that Team Resilience Index offers a reliable and interpretable measure of team resilience, correlating strongly with end-of-season performance and influenced by external benchmarks. This research contributes a practical, competition-based methodology to the resilience literature, providing coaches, analysts, and researchers with a robust framework for monitoring team adaptation throughout professional sport seasons.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Monte-Carlo-Simulation der Offensive im Baseball mit nach Geschwindigkeit gestaffeltem Baserunning und Verteilungsvalidierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097214</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097214</guid>
      <author>Tallavarjula, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tallavarjula, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study develops a Monte Carlo simulation framework for estimating baseball offensive production using empirically derived event probabilities from play-by-play data. The model simulates complete innings and games to predict run distributions, player contributions, and lineup efficiencies. The proposed framework incorporates situational baserunning probabilities stratified by sprint speed categories, stolen-base attempts, double-play tendencies, and pitch-level outcomes, providing a comprehensive stochastic representation of offensive events. This approach uniquely integrates sprint-speed-conditioned baserunning transitions and lineup-level Monte Carlo optimization, achieving state-level fidelity not captured in prior Markov or aggregate simulators. Applications to multiple Major League Baseball (MLB) teams demonstrate the model's interpretability and potential for lineup optimization. Validation against multi-season empirical data confirms strong alignment between simulated and observed run distributions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Schwimmleistungen auf der Grundlage von Seriendynamik und Volatilität</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097215</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097215</guid>
      <author>Daayeb, C.</author>
      <author>Amiri, A.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Imbach, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Clusteranalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daayeb, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Amiri, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Imbach, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Historical data is a valuable asset in sports science, offering insights into athlete development and performance trends. This study explores long-term patterns in competitive swimming by analyzing performance variability over the past 20 years. Instead of clustering similar data points, we grouped entire performance trajectories based on their overall shape, regardless of timing or duration. To model variability, we used a Markov Switching Regression (MSR) model to identify transitions between two volatility regimes: stable (low variance) and unstable (high variance). Only swimmers with at least 50 performances were included to ensure reliable estimates. We then applied the KmlShape clustering algorithm, using Fréchet distance, to group swimmers by the similarity of their volatility profiles and performance patterns. Results showed a link between age, volatility, and competitive outcomes. Swimmers who began earlier tended to have lower volatility and lower performance, while those starting later showed higher volatility and better performance, possibly due to more intense adaptation and pressure in competition. These findings highlight how historical data can inform athlete development. Coaches and analysts can use this approach to understand progression, refine training strategies, and manage performance variability. Future research should expand this framework across sports and demographics for broader applicability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen variabler Posen-Eingaben auf die Leistungsfähigkeit neuronaler Netzmodelle bei der Klassifizierung der Aktivitäten von Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097216</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097216</guid>
      <author>Williams, J.</author>
      <author>Poux-Guillaume, T.</author>
      <author>Hosoi, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>neuronale Netze</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Williams, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poux-Guillaume, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hosoi, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, we evaluate the performance of an encoder-decoder transformer and a Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) architecture for basketball action classification using skeletal pose data. We isolate events of dribbling, passing, shooting, and rebounding throughout each basketball game and organize player joint frame windows to represent each activity. Analyzing 82 basketball games and over 400,000 events, we demonstrate that both architectures achieve high classification accuracy even if the number of tracked joints is significantly decreased. Our experiments confirm that reducing the full body skeleton from 16 joints per player to as few as 2 joints (left and right wrists) maintains robust performance while lowering computational costs and data storage requirements - a crucial consideration in high frame-rate basketball scenarios. These findings support a streamlined approach to pose-based action recognition that has the potential to enhance real-time decision making and deployment in sporting environments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Können einfache Modelle den Ausgang von Fußballspielen vorhersagen - und die Quoten übertrumpfen? Erkenntnisse aus der deutschen Bundesliga</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097217</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097217</guid>
      <author>Wilkens, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bundesliga</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regressionsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wilkens, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examines whether a simple model based on expected goals (xG) can generate accurate forecasts and identify profitable signals in football betting markets. The model uses recent xG to estimate win-draw-loss probabilities via a Skellam distribution, with isotonic regression applied for calibration, and evaluates the performance over eleven Bundesliga seasons (2014/15 through 2024/25). While bookmaker odds tend to exhibit superior statistical calibration, the xG-based model captures certain signals not fully reflected in market prices. In simulated betting, the model yields a return on investment of approximately 10% using average market odds, increasing to nearly 15% under the best available prices. Profits stem predominantly from home win bets, while backing away wins is consistently loss-making. The results show some robustness to modelling choices, though profitability varies considerably by season and bet type. The study highlights the potential of simple models as practical tools for identifying predictive value in structured football data.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Doppelte Steals in der Major League Baseball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097218</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097218</guid>
      <author>Ortega, R.</author>
      <author>Levine, R. A.</author>
      <author>Osborne, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>MLB</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ortega, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levine, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborne, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Stealing a base in baseball involves risk but can create scoring opportunities. We evaluate the effectiveness of double steal attempts-in which two runners attempt to steal bases simultaneously-using observational play-by-play data from Major League Baseball spanning 1980 to 2022, plus the 2023 season following significant rule changes. Our outcome is run value, which measures the change in expected runs resulting from a play. To estimate the causal effect of a double steal attempt across different base-runner configurations, we apply propensity score methods adapted from the personalized medicine literature, specifically inverse probability of treatment weighting. We find that double steals with runners on 1st base and 2nd base are associated with increased run value, especially in 2023. In contrast, double steal attempts with runners on 1st base and 3rd base show no consistent benefit. These findings suggest that, although the double steal may be underutilized in Major League Baseball, it may be a valuable strategy when applied in the right context.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nichts als die G League: Schätzung der Umrechnungsfaktoren für die Liga</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097219</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097219</guid>
      <author>Glazer, A. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Liga</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>NBA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Glazer, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In sports, players transitioning between leagues often experience changes in performance statistics due to differences in competition level and player pools. For example, G League players (part of the NBA`s minor league system) may see declines in performance metrics when called up to the NBA. Quantifying league translation factors, i.e., the expected difference in performance between leagues, is crucial for accurately contextualizing player performance and understanding key differences between leagues. We present a new method for constructing league translation factors using a matching method and difference-in-differences (DD) estimator, providing a causal estimate of how a player`s existing statistics might have appeared in a different league. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on league-wide averages or -scores, our method constructs a comparable player pool and accounts for potential aging effects. We apply this approach to construct G League-to-NBA translation factors and compare it to the "same season" method, which examines players competing in both leagues within the same season. Our findings show that most performance statistics decline when players transition from the G League to the NBA. The DD approach produces translation factors that are directionally similar but generally smaller in magnitude than the same season approach, providing a more conservative and stable estimate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehungen von Sandtraining im Vergleich zu anderem Oberflächentraining bei der Verbesserung der Richtungswechsel- und Sprungleistung: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096950</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096950</guid>
      <author>Wang, T.</author>
      <author>Zhai, H.</author>
      <author>Yan, H.</author>
      <author>Zhou, Y.</author>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Wei, H.</author>
      <author>Geng, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weitsprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Boden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhai, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wei, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Geng, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
Change of direction (COD) and jump performance are critical for success in many sports. Sand training, utilizing an unstable surface, is believed to improve these abilities, but its effectiveness compared to hard-surface training remains unclear. This study aims to compare the effects of sand training versus hard-surface training on COD and jump performance.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Data were analyzed using Stata 15 and RevMan. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale.

Results:
Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. No publication bias was detected (p > 0.05). Sand training showed greater effectiveness than hard-surface training in the T-test (SMD = -0.80, p = 0.04) and standing long jump (SLJ) (SMD = 0.85, p = 0.004). For the T-test, training programs longer than 6 weeks (SMD = -1.19, p = 0.007), with 3 sessions per week (SMD = -1.15, p = 0.01), and sessions lasting less than 40 min (SMD = -1.10, p = 0.01) yielded better results. For SLJ, programs lasting over 6 weeks (SMD = 1.42, p = 0.05) with more than 3 sessions per week (SMD = 1.04, p = 0.003) were more effective. Trained individuals showed greater improvements in the T-test (SMD = -1.44, p = 0.002), while untrained individuals demonstrated more significant improvements in the SLJ (SMD = 0.68, p = 0.005).

Conclusion:
Sand training enhances COD ability and horizontal jump performance more effectively than training on hard surfaces. No significant differences were found between surfaces for countermovement jump or squat jump. For COD, training programs exceeding 6 weeks, with 3 weekly sessions lasting under 40 min, yielded better outcomes. For horizontal jump performance, training with at least 3 sessions per week for over 6 weeks proved most effective. Trained individuals benefitted more in COD ability, whereas untrained individuals saw greater improvement in horizontal jump performance.

Systematic Review Registration:
Identifier CRD420251160919.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nachweis einer verminderten körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit während Playoff-Spielen: eine 4-Saison-Studie eines Fußballvereins der Liga MX</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096954</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096954</guid>
      <author>Rendeiro-Pinho, G.</author>
      <author>Vasquez-Bonilla, A. A.</author>
      <author>Balsom, P. D.</author>
      <author>Tojo, O.</author>
      <author>Flores Olivares, L. A.</author>
      <author>Ramirez Mendez, P. J.</author>
      <author>Carranza-García, L. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rendeiro-Pinho, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasquez-Bonilla, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Balsom, P. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tojo, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Flores Olivares, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramirez Mendez, P. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carranza-García, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To explore and compare physical performance across different match scheduling types, including noncongested, congested, and playoffs and considering contextual factors such as match outcomes, location, and player position of a Liga MX football club over a 4-season follow-up. 

Method: Thirty-seven players participated. Physical-performance metrics included total and relative distance, maximal velocity, maximal acceleration and deceleration, high-intensity break distance, explosive distance, high-speed running (HSR), number and distance of HSR actions, and number and distance of sprints. Linear mixed-model analysis was applied to compare interactions between variables using fixed factors and random factors. 

Results: Players showed a physical decrement during the playoffs compared with noncongested fixtures in total distance (Delta  = -497 m, P = .007), relative distance (Delta   = 9.10 m/min, P < .001), peak velocity (Delta   = 0.54 km/h, P = .003), high-intensity break distance (Delta   = 14 m, P < .001), explosive distance (Delta   = 58 m, P < .001), HSR distance (Delta   = 43 m, P < .001), number of HSR actions (Delta   = 1.86, P < .001), sprint distance (Delta   = 29 m, P < .001), and number of sprints (Delta  = 1.17, P < .001). Furthermore, physical performance tended to decline during playoff matches that resulted in a loss, and this was more pronounced in winger player positions than in players with other roles such as center backs and forwards (P = .001). 

Conclusion: These findings highlight a physical-performance decrease during the playoffs, which can be a key determinant of match outcomes.

TO OUR READERS: An error appeared in the ahead-of-print version of the following article:

Rendeiro-Pinho G, Vasquez-Bonilla AA, Balsom PD, Tojo O, Flores Olivares LA, Ramirez Mendez PJ, Carranza-García LE. Evidence of decreased physical performance during playoff matches: a 4-season study of a Liga MX football club. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. Published online October 25, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2025-0286

Incorrect affiliations were noted in the author byline for authors Paul D. Balsom, Oscar Tojo, Luis Alberto Flores Olivares, Paul Jacobo Ramirez Mendez, and Luis Enrique Carranza-García. The article was corrected October 30, 2025. The authors apologize for the error.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die funktionale Variabilität zielgerichteter Bewegungen im Fußball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096955</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096955</guid>
      <author>Carrilho, D.</author>
      <author>Albaladejo-García, C.</author>
      <author>Lopes, H.</author>
      <author>Vaz de Carvalho, M.</author>
      <author>Moreno, F. J.</author>
      <author>Araújo, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carrilho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Albaladejo-García, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lopes, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaz de Carvalho, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreno, F. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araújo, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Research highlights that understanding movement functionality in football requires contextualizing physical demands. Ecological dynamics provides a useful framework for this contextualization by examining how players adjust their action capabilities (effectivities) to opportunities for action in the match environment (affordances). 

Purpose: We explored the relationship between movement intensity and variability to capture how movement is regulated by the dynamic interplay between a player`s action capabilities and opportunities for action in the match environment. Each situation imposes distinct demands, and team functionality depends on the players` ability to adapt to the context. 

Methods: Using positional data, we identified players` movements (n = 1021) in attacking and compared how players (n = 28) adjusted their speed and direction to act on distinct match affordances. Through linear regression, we associated transitions between affordances with team attacking functionality. 

Results: An inverse relationship between intensity and variability was found. Comparative analysis showed that supporting affordances were characterized by movements with slightly higher direction variability (U = 106,365.00, P = .008) and attacking affordances by higher mean speed (U = 150,586.00, P < .001). Linear regression showed that match affordance transitions explained 36% of positive variations in total passes, F1,47 = 26.42, P < .001, and 49% in possession length, F1,47 = 44.89, P < .001. 

Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary evidence of nuanced movement regulation, as players engage with different affordances during the match, characterized by small to moderate effect sizes. Moderate associations with team functionality indicators suggest that movement variability may contribute to maintaining coordinated and effective team play.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementierung einer Frühdetektionsstrategie zur Erkennung früher Anzeichen von Leistenproblemen und zur Überwachung der Hüftkraft von Rugby-Union-Spielern über eine Saison hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:44 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096956</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096956</guid>
      <author>O`Connor, C.</author>
      <author>Coyle, E.</author>
      <author>McIntyre, M.</author>
      <author>Delahunt, E.</author>
      <author>Thorborg, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Leiste</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>O`Connor, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coyle, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McIntyre, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delahunt, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thorborg, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The purpose of this research was to implement and evaluate an early groin-problem-detection strategy and to monitor hip-adduction and -abduction strength of rugby union players during a season. 

Methods: This prospective study consisted of 49 male rugby union players competing at senior club level. Maximal isometric hip-adduction and -abduction strength were assessed in the 0° hip-flexion, long-lever testing position weekly for 28 weeks. Alerts for a potential groin problem were recorded weekly and were defined as performance-limiting hip/groin pain, adduction strength decrease >10%, or adduction:abduction strength ratio <0.90. 

Results: Overall, 371 alerts were registered during the study period, by a total of 39 players, with 1 player sustaining a time-loss groin injury. Of those, 337 alerts were strength-related, while 34 alerts were pain-related. Players who triggered a strength-related alert had lower baseline hip-adduction strength (2.03 [0.56] N·m/kg) and significantly lower (P = .049) baseline hip-adduction:abduction strength ratio (0.97 [0.22]) compared with players who did not trigger a strength-related alert (2.30 [0.41] N·m/kg and 1.12 [0.12], respectively). Players who triggered a pain-related alert had significantly lower (P = .049) baseline hip-adduction strength (1.86 [0.58] N·m/kg) and lower hip-adduction:abduction strength ratio (0.99 [0.24]) compared with players who did not trigger a pain-related alert (2.27 [0.48] N·m/kg and 1.08 [0.17], respectively). 

Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that an early detection strategy can identify players developing groin problems and can be implemented throughout a full season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jährliche Trainingsbelastung sowie Veränderungen der Sprung- und Sprintcharakteristika während eines periodisierten Trainingsplans in einer Division-I-Meisterschaftsmannschaft im Männerbasketball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096957</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096957</guid>
      <author>Chiang, C.-Y.</author>
      <author>Chiang, Y.-C.</author>
      <author>Chang, C.-C.</author>
      <author>Morrison, M.</author>
      <author>Weakley, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chiang, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chiang, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chang, C.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morrison, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weakley, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Optimizing performance while managing training load (TL) is a constant goal in high-performance sport. However, there is limited evidence on how year-long TL variations influence jumping and sprinting characteristics in collegiate basketball. This study aimed to analyze changes in TL and physical performance in a Taiwanese collegiate men`s basketball team during a full year-long season. 

Methods: Ten male basketball players who participated in a collegiate basketball training program were assessed using the countermovement jump (CMJ) and 20-m sprint test before the off-season (T1) and after the season (T4). In addition to the pretest and posttest, CMJ was assessed after the preparation phase (T2) and the precompetition phase (T3) to understand training adaptations. Session rating of perceived exertion was collected after each training session to calculate TL. Monthly TL values were then compared with those of the preceding month. CMJ, sprinting, and TL differences between time points were compared. Significance level was set at P < .05. 

Results: CMJ height significantly increased at T2 (P = .04) and was maintained until T4. Twenty-meter sprint time did not significantly differ between T1 and T4. Monthly TL significantly decreased between off-season and preseason, as well as between off-season and precompetition phases (P < .001). 

Conclusions: These findings suggest that the athletes improved CMJ and maintained sprint performance throughout the training plan. Tapering achieved through the manipulation of TL may improve performance outcomes before important competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Haltbarkeit bei Nachwuchsradfahrern nach Belastungen über der kritischen Leistung: Implikationen für die Talentidentifikation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096958</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096958</guid>
      <author>Mateo-March, M.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Jiménez, J. L.</author>
      <author>Peña-González, I.</author>
      <author>Moya-Ramón, M.</author>
      <author>Javaloyes, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mateo-March, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Jiménez, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peña-González, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moya-Ramón, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Javaloyes, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Durability, defined as the ability to sustain performance following efforts above critical power (CP), is a critical determinant of elite cycling performance, yet its role in junior cyclists remains underexplored despite its relevance for talent identification. 

Objective: This study aimed to compare physiological profiles and high-intensity durability between an international-level group (ILG) and a national-level group (NLG) of junior cyclists, establishing normative values for talent detection. 

Methods: Forty-six male junior cyclists (ILG, n = 20; NLG, n = 26) were evaluated over a full season. CP, maximal aerobic power, and power-output decay (percentage of decay) after energy expenditures above CP (25-200 kJ) were measured using field-derived data across 6 durations (5 s to 30 min). Independent t tests and linear mixed models assessed group differences (P < .05). 

Results: ILG demonstrated higher CP (383 vs 341 W, P = .003), maximal aerobic power (ILG 434 [54] W vs NLG 391 [44] W, P = .004), and minutes above CP (137 vs 113 min, P = .022) than NLG. NLG exhibited lower percentage of decay at 1 minute (-4.37%, P = .016), suggesting greater durability in short efforts. However, ILG showed lower percentage of decay at 5 to 30 minutes (eg, 1.7% at 5 min, P = .001), reflecting endurance capacity. Interindividual variability in percentage of decay (36%) underscored diverse fatigue responses among cyclists. 

Conclusion: ILG`s aerobic advantage and durability in prolonged efforts, contrasted with NLG`s resilience in short efforts, highlight durability after work above CP as a talent marker. Normative percentage-of-decay values provide benchmarks for junior talent identification.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>F-v- und P-v-Profile aus Kraftübungen als Prädiktoren der Leistung im Elite-Sprint-Radsport</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096959</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096959</guid>
      <author>Dunst, A. K.</author>
      <author>Ji, S.</author>
      <author>Wahl, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dunst, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ji, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wahl, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Maximal neuromuscular performance is a critical determinant of track sprint-cycling performance. This study investigated the relationships between force-velocity (F-v) and power-velocity (P-v) profiles derived from 5 strength exercises and maximal cycling performance in both seated and standing sprint positions. 

Methods: Twenty-three elite track sprint cyclists (7 female, 16 male; flying 200 m: 9.5-11.5 s) participated in progressive loading tests involving back squat (BS), front squat, power clean (PC), leg press, and deadlift, in addition to maximal seated and standing acceleration sprints on a velodrome. F-v and P-v profiles were established using linear and nonlinear regression models to calculate maximal force (Fmax), maximal power output (Pmax), and maximal movement velocity (vmax) for each task performed. 

Results: Significant positive correlations were observed between Fmax and Pmax across all strength exercises and cycling positions (r = .656-.914, P < .05). Partial correlations highlighted Fmax in the BS, front squat, and deadlift and Pmax in the PC and leg press as primary contributors, corresponding to intersection points of exercise- and cycling-specific F-v profiles. Multiple-regression analysis identified BS Fmax and PC Pmax as the strongest predictors of cycling Fmax and Pmax (R2 = .694-.964, P = .001). Conversely, vmax was not significantly associated with any cycling performance variables. 

Conclusion: Strength exercises that replicate the kinematic patterns and F-v demands of sprint cycling, particularly BS and PC, are strongly associated with cycling-specific F-v and P-v characteristics, emphasizing that such exercises may enhance the transfer of strength gains to on-bike sprint performance. However, intervention studies are required to confirm causality.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Validität von hochintensivem Intervalltraining unter Verwendung der kritischen Leistung im Rudern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096960</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096960</guid>
      <author>Dicks, N. D.</author>
      <author>Phuaklee, P.</author>
      <author>Ketterling, J. J.</author>
      <author>Pettitt, R. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dicks, N. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Phuaklee, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ketterling, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pettitt, R. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of the 3-minute all-out test (3MT) in rowing for determining critical power (CP) and work capacity above CP (W') to prescribe high-intensity interval training. 

Methods: Thirteen physically active adults (7 female) participated. They completed a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and heart rate (HR) and a 3MT to estimate CP and W'. Two high-intensity interval-training sessions were prescribed based on CP and W' values: 4 × 3-minute intervals at 60% W' depletion and 3 × 5-minute intervals at 80% W' depletion. Repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed differences in end-exercise VO2 and HR across intervals. 

Results: Participants` mean age, height, and body mass were 32.5 (7) years, 172.9 (5.5) cm, and 83.0 (19.2) kg. Peak VO2 and HR values from the graded exercise test were 47.9 (12.2) mL·kg-1·min-1 and 181.7 (8.2) beats·min-1. CP and W' values from the 3MT were 166.2 (35.16) W and 16.3 (8.4) kJ. Significant differences between males and females were found in fat-free mass, estimated 1-repetition-maximum leg press, and W'. No significant main effects were observed for end-interval values for VO2 and HR between both intervals, except for HR in the 4 × 3-minute interval. Significant interval effects on completed power were found in both sessions. Significant correlations were observed between estimated 1-repetition-maximum leg press, CP, W', fat-free mass, and graded-exercise-test peak power. 

Conclusions: The 3MT effectively determined CP and W', supporting the utility of the CP model for high-intensity interval training in rowing and highlighting the need for individual training strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Stark variierende Veränderungen der Hämoglobinmasse während aufeinanderfolgender Höhentrainingslager bei Weltklasse-Wasserballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096961</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096961</guid>
      <author>Mujika, I.</author>
      <author>Tian, R.</author>
      <author>Zelenkova, I.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mujika, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tian, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zelenkova, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The effects of repeated "live high-train high" training camps on total hemoglobin mass (tHBmass) in female team-sport athletes have not been investigated. 

Purpose: To assess whether the changes in tHBmass were repeatable in 16 world-class female water polo players during successive live high-train high camps at 2320 m, separated by 24 weeks, in preparation of international championships. 

Methods: tHBmass was measured by optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing before and after each camp, lasting 16 and 14 days, respectively. In addition, resting heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, body mass, fatigue, and sleep were monitored daily during both camps. 

Results: Changes in tHbmass appeared not to be associated between the 2 camps (Hedges g = -0.81; P = .05; 95% CI, -1.68 to 0.06) nor with prealtitude tHbmass (camp 1: ß = -0.04; P = .89; 95% CI, -0.61 to 0.54; camp 2: ß = -0.42; P = .10; 95% CI, -0.94 to 0.10) or with prealtitude ferritin concentration (camp 1: ß  = -0.4; P = .14; 95% CI, -0.91 to 0.15; camp 2: ß = 0.02; P = .95; 95% CI, -0.61 to 0.65). tHBmass values were correlated between the end of camp 1 and the start of camp 2 (r = .94; P < .001; 95% CI, .82-.98). Improved sleep quality in camp 1 was associated with an increase in tHBmass (ß = 0.51; P = .04; 95% CI, 0.02 to 1.00). 

Conclusion: We observed a highly variable pattern of tHBmass responses in female water polo players undertaking 2 altitude training camps ~5 months apart. Individualized training and management plans are likely required to complement team practices in altitude training camps undertaken by female team-sport athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verfassen hochwertiger Fallstudien in der Sportwissenschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096962</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096962</guid>
      <author>Mujika, I.</author>
      <author>Yamashita, D.</author>
      <author>Strøm Solli, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsdokumentation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wissensmanagement</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Fallstudie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mujika, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashita, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strøm Solli, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Sport-physiology and -performance research often relies on group designs that compare experimental and control groups and/or preintervention and postintervention results. This commentary highlights the key elements of a high-quality case study and provides clear guidelines for readers and authors of the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. We propose 4 essential components. First, case studies should offer relevant and original insights by tackling novel issues and defining a clear purpose. Second, they must employ rigorous methodology, encompassing careful participant selection, comprehensive data collection from diverse sources (eg, interviews, surveys, physiological tests, training diaries, competition data), and deliberate data analysis that explicitly addresses factors influencing performance changes. Third, they should be well structured and engagingly presented to reach both academic and practical audiences. Finally, bridging the science-practice gap is vital, requiring and strengthening collaboration between researchers and practitioners to enable data-driven decision making and spark new hypotheses. 

Conclusions: Although case studies traditionally rank low in the research evidence hierarchy, high-quality examples can significantly bridge the gap between research and practice. By working closely with the sporting community and strategically sharing findings, case studies can enhance evidence-based training strategies and amplify the real-world impact of sport science.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wissen, Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen in Bezug auf Gehirnerschütterungen: Eine Vergleichsstudie zwischen jugendlichen Sportlern und ihren Eltern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096963</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096963</guid>
      <author>Ott, S. D.</author>
      <author>Cheema, S. K.</author>
      <author>Axel, H.</author>
      <author>Aggarwal, S. S.</author>
      <author>Parks, N. R.</author>
      <author>Gattu, N.</author>
      <author>Schatz, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Einstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ott, S. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheema, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Axel, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aggarwal, S. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parks, N. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gattu, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schatz, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
Given the rising participation in high school athletics and the concerning trend of underreporting concussions, this study aims to identify and compare factors influencing sports-related concussion (SRC) awareness and reporting among youth athletes to their parents.`

Methods
Surveys were completed by 239 student-athletes (ages 13-19) and their parents, using a modified Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey-Student Version (RoCKAS-ST) and demographic questionnaires. Statistical analyses, including paired sample t-tests, ANOVAs, and Spearman`s correlations, compared knowledge and attitudes between groups and examined demographic influences.

Results
Parents showed significantly higher concussion knowledge (CKI: t(230) = 5.18, p < .001) and safer attitudes (CAI: t(230) = 10.62, p < .001) than their children. Knowledge scores varied significantly by race and socioeconomic status, with White parents scoring higher than Hispanic and African American parents (F(3,224) = 8.97, p < .001). Child knowledge scores also differed by race (F(4,223) = 3.73, p = .006) and correlated positively with parental education (r = .22, p < .001). Notably, a history of concussion significantly increased child knowledge (t(229) = -2.99, p = .002) but did not affect parental knowledge or attitudes.

Conclusions
The findings highlight a critical gap in concussion knowledge and attitudes between parents and children, indicating the need for targeted educational interventions. While parents are generally more knowledgeable, variations based on race and socioeconomic status suggest disparities in access to concussion education. The study emphasizes the importance of involving both athletes and parents in educational initiatives to foster a comprehensive understanding of SRCs. Recommendations include developing culturally and socioeconomically tailored programs to enhance reporting behaviors and improve concussion management practices among young athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen körperlichen Merkmalen und patellofemoralen Schmerzen bei jungen Turnerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096964</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096964</guid>
      <author>Steinberg, N.</author>
      <author>Elbaz, L.</author>
      <author>Bar-Sela, S.</author>
      <author>Peleg, S.</author>
      <author>Eliakim, A.</author>
      <author>Nemet, D.</author>
      <author>Dar, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Pubertät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Steinberg, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elbaz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bar-Sela, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peleg, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eliakim, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nemet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dar, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is prevalent in high impact athletes.

Objectives
To evaluate the prevalence of PFP and examine relationships between physical attributes and PFP in gymnasts.

Methods
Data collection included the screening of 274 female gymnasts (aged M = 11.8 ± 1.9 years) from three disciplines - rhythmic, acrobatic, and artistic gymnastics. The participants completed Tanner`s pubertal stage questionnaire and reported their date of birth and menarche status. They were then assessed for anthropometric measures, bone density, muscle strength, joint range of motion (ROM), hypermobility, and were physically examined for PFP.

Results
A total of 21.5% of the gymnasts had PFP, with a significantly higher prevalence among artistic gymnasts (33.3%) compared to acrobatic gymnasts (11.7%) (p = .008). No significant differences were seen in the age, menarche status, and pubertal stages of gymnasts with and without PFP (p > .05). H/week of training during the current year differed significantly between gymnasts with and without PFP by discipline (PFP X discipline interaction) (F(2, 267) = 3.647, p = 0.027). Logistic regressions showed that decreased tibial bone density (OR = 0.996), increased en-pointe ROM (OR = 1.061), and reduced muscle-strength (knee extensors [OR = 0.003] and hip abductors [OR = 0.001]) were significantly associated with PFP.

Conclusions
A high prevalence of PFP was seen, especially among artistic gymnasts. Decreased bone density, increased ankle ROM, and decreased knee and hip muscle strength were associated with PFP in young gymnasts. These findings suggest modifying risk factors, such as strength and loads, during the training of young female gymnasts. Moreover, physical features and other factors that may be related to PFP should be screened from a young age. Developing and implementing training programs and injury-prevention exercises is important to decrease loads and strains to the knees, while reducing the chance of knee pain or injuries in young female gymnasts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Problematisches Glücksspiel unter Elite-Eishockeyspielerinnen in Schweden - erhöhte Prävalenz bei männlichen, jedoch nicht bei weiblichen Athletinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096965</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096965</guid>
      <author>Håkansson, A.</author>
      <author>Andersson, M. J.</author>
      <author>Claesdotter-Knutsson, E.</author>
      <author>Kenttä, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>psychische Eigenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sucht</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Håkansson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andersson, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Claesdotter-Knutsson, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kenttä, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
An emerging body of research reveals a heightened risk of gambling problems among elite athletes, particularly among males, but these studies often suffer from small sample sizes and lack diverse representation across sports and groups. This study aimed to investigate gambling problems and their correlates among elite male and female ice hockey players in Sweden`s top leagues.

Methods
During the labor union`s on-site visits to Swedish ice hockey clubs in the top two tiers for males and the top tier for females, a web-based survey was conducted. Players were screened for gambling problems using the Problem Gambling Severity Index, and for depression, anxiety, and hazardous drinking using other standardized instruments. Estimated study participation was 75-80%.

Results
Among male athletes, 12% met the criteria for moderate-risk or problem gambling, while none of the females met this threshold. Approximately 24% of male and 2% of female participants reported any degree of at-risk gambling. In males, gambling problems were strongly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms and with hazardous alcohol consumption.

Conclusion
Gambling problems are 3-4 times more prevalent among elite male ice hockey players compared to young men in the general population. The authors discuss the associated mental health consequences, vulnerability to match-fixing-related fraud, and the need for preventive measures and easy access to treatment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Merkmale potenzieller Situationen mit Kopfverletzungen bei der FIFA Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft Qatar 2022</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097172</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097172</guid>
      <author>Peek, K.</author>
      <author>Aiello, F.</author>
      <author>Avery, L.</author>
      <author>Gardner, T.</author>
      <author>Rutherford, H.</author>
      <author>Massey, A.</author>
      <author>Georgieva, J.</author>
      <author>Andersen, T. E.</author>
      <author>Dahlén, S.</author>
      <author>Serner, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2022</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peek, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aiello, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Avery, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gardner, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rutherford, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Massey, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Georgieva, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andersen, T. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dahlén, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serner, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This exploratory video analysis study aimed to review characteristics of potential head injury situations during a men`s professional international football tournament. For 64 matches of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ FIFA analysts used match footage to record all potential head injury situations. A potential head injury situation was defined as a player staying down for more than 5 s and/or requesting medical attention, and where the body impact location included the player`s head. Characteristics were further recorded for match, player (i.e. player action including aerial duels), medical assessment, and outcome (e.g. substitution). Descriptive statistics are reported as well as Pearson`s Chi-squared test (or Fisher`s exact test) to explore potential head injury situations more likely to result in medical attention. In total, 149 potential head injury situations occurred in 56 matches (mean 2.33/match, range 0-6) involving 117 players. Eight matches resulted in no incidents. Aerial duels were the most frequent match characteristic leading to a potential head injury situation. Injury stoppage with on-pitch medical assessment occurred in 35 of the 149 potential head injury situations (23%), with pitch-side assessment also occurring in 15 situations (10%), resulting in four concussion substitutions. Players were more likely to require medical attention for potential head injuries sustained when the ball was loose (?2 = 6.88; p = 0.038) when the injured player was jumping (FET p = 0.044) and for head-to-head contact (FET p = <0.001). Further exploration of aerial duels during match play which do and do not lead to potential and actual head injuries is recommended.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wahrnehmungen und Erfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Menstruationszyklus bei erwachsenen und jugendlichen Spitzenfußballerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097173</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097173</guid>
      <author>Donnelly, J.</author>
      <author>Valentin, S.</author>
      <author>Easton, C.</author>
      <author>White, A.</author>
      <author>Forrest (Née Whyte), L. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Donnelly, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Valentin, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Easton, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>White, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forrest (Née Whyte), L. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate players` experiences and perceptions of the menstrual cycle (MC) and the perceived impact on performance. Female elite adult (n = 31, age 24.6 ± 5.1 years) and adolescent (n = 65, age 15.0 ± 1.1 years) players completed an online questionnaire consisting of quantitative and qualitative questions. MC symptoms were experienced by 90.1% naturally menstruating participants (86.9% adolescents and 93.6% adults (x2 = 1.53, df = 2, p = 0.47, n = 92)), and 78.3% adolescents perceived their MC impacts performance, compared to 96.4% adults (x2 = 4.54, df = 1, p = 0.033, n = 74). Physical symptoms, psychological symptoms and energy levels were cited as key reasons for the MC negatively impacting performance. Challenges in communicating MC experiences were reported by 44.92% (n = 23) adolescents compared to 20.0% (n = 6) adults (x2 = 7.29, df = 2, p = 0.026, n = 82), with a perceived lack of knowledge, ability to relate and awkwardness cited as key reasons. Football players report wellbeing and performance impacts due to their MC, highlighting the need for individual understanding and support. Furthermore, understanding the experiences of adolescents enables the development of targeted support structures that equip them with tools to manage and communicate about their MC, and hopefully preventing issues as they become senior players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein mechanischer Vergleich der Translationszugkraft von Fußballschuhen für Frauen und Männer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097174</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097174</guid>
      <author>Loud, D.</author>
      <author>Grimshaw, P.</author>
      <author>Kelso, R.</author>
      <author>Robertson, W. S. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schuh</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Loud, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grimshaw, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kelso, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Robertson, W. S. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The studded outsole of a soccer boot provides additional traction to players to minimise the risk of slipping while performing high-speed manoeuvres. As excessive traction can lead to foot fixation and injury risk, there has been significant research surrounding the influence of stud configuration on the level of traction generated. This previous research, however, has predominately focused on the stud patterns, foot morphology and lower limb loading patterns of male players. As the popularity of women`s soccer increases, the aim of this investigation was to examine the differences in translational traction of female-specific soccer boots and male soccer boots currently available. A custom-built apparatus was used to determine the translational traction on both natural and artificial grass for four different movement directions. It was hypothesised that the female-specific boot in each pair would produce lower levels of translational traction as they are designed to be safer for female players who are more at risk of lower limb fixation injuries compared to males. An independent samples T-test showed that while there were some loading conditions where female boots produced lower translational traction compared to male boots, across all loading scenarios there was no significant difference between male and female boots (p = 0.818), thus the null hypothesis was rejected.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bewertung eines torwartspezifischen Tests zur motorischen Koordination im Jugendfußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097175</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097175</guid>
      <author>Bergmann, F.</author>
      <author>Schultz, F.</author>
      <author>Fransen, J.</author>
      <author>Höner, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spezialsportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Torwart</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bergmann, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schultz, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fransen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Höner, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Talent identification and development (TID) in football can be enhanced through objective assessments of talent predictors. Yet, available instruments rarely consider the unique demands of goalkeepers (GKs). During early phases of talent development, considering a GK`s giftedness relating to, for example, different abilities (e.g. motor coordination), can complement views on highly specialized GK-specific attributes (e.g. technical skills). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate a GK-specific motor coordination assessment to support TID in football at early developmental phases. Six tests were designed to assess ball control relevant to GKs. Their content and face validity were confirmed by independent experts (N = 8). The assessment was evaluated with GKs selected for the German Football Association`s TID program (U12-U15; N = 120). This study examined the assessment`s test-retest reliability and agreement, the structural validity, and the concurrent validity. The overall test score demonstrated good test-retest reliability, although some individual tests showed lower coefficients. Additionally, limited agreement between repeated measurements due to considerable measurement error as well as issues with the structural validity of the test battery were identified. Nevertheless, the findings support the assessment`s concurrent validity as higher-rated (i.e. more talented) GKs outperformed lower-rated individuals. Yet, the test battery`s diagnostic accuracy is not high enough to justify individual decisions for talent selection. Overall, these findings support the consideration of motor coordination as a talent predictor in youth GKs and emphasize the assessment`s potential to enhance coaches` evaluations. The identified psychometric weaknesses in some individual tests provide impetus to further optimize the test battery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Verlängerungszeit im Fußball hängt von der Art der Unterbrechung und der Tordifferenz ab</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097176</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097176</guid>
      <author>Li, Y.</author>
      <author>Weber, H.</author>
      <author>Link, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfrichter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Verlängerung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Tor</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bundesliga</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Link, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study explores whether referees are biased when awarding additional time in Association Football. We collected data on Awarded Additional Time (AAT) granted by the referees and Calculated Additional Time (CAT), representing the interruption time meant to be considered for additional time according to the rulebook. Analysis of Additional Time Error (ATE), given as the difference between CAT and AAT, in the second half of German football Bundesliga season 2022/2023, revealed that referees award less AAT than warranted by interruptions (ATE = 2:10 ± 2:24 min). Multiple Linear Regression between either AAT or ATE and the duration of interruption types suggests that referees do not consider Goal Celebrations (for AAT: ß = 0.09, p = 0.09, for ATE: ß = 0.52, p < 0.01) as important as Substitutions (for AAT: ß = 0.25, p < 0.01, for ATE: ß = 0.03, p = 0.68), Injuries (for AAT: ß = 0.35, p < 0.01, for ATE: ß = 0.28, p < 0.01) and VAR (for AAT: ß = 0.38, p < 0.01, for ATE: ß = 0.10, p = 0.10). Mann-Whitney U-tests indicate a referee`s bias towards allocating insufficient AAT in matches with a goal difference greater than one compared (ATE = 3:16 ± 2:26 min) to the other matches (ATE = 1:18 ± 2:00 min) (p < 0.01, ES = 0.17). The Kruskal-Wallis H tests also show slight home bias from the referees, indicating that ATE is higher when the home team is leading more than one goal (ATE = 3:36 ± 2:36 min) (p < 0.01, ES = 0.15). In conclusion, although German Bundesliga referees adhere to the Laws of the Game, they show inconsistencies in handling different interruption types and matches with decisive outcomes. The findings suggest potential enhancement in referee training and decision-making processes and should be considered when advancing the game.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des Kniebeugewinkels auf die Spitzenkraft und die Muskelaktivierung bei isometrischen Krafttests der Kniebeugemuskulatur unter Verwendung des Nordbord-Geräts bei Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097177</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097177</guid>
      <author>Taylor, J. M.</author>
      <author>Pallotta, H.</author>
      <author>Smith, P.</author>
      <author>Short, W.</author>
      <author>Wright, M. D.</author>
      <author>Chesterton, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taylor, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pallotta, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Short, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wright, M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chesterton, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Isometric knee-flexor testing is commonplace in soccer, yet data to inform choice of knee-flexion angle are limited. This study aimed to compare peak force production and muscle activation between two isometric knee-flexor tests. To compare peak force, 43 male soccer players (age 21.5 ± 5 years; stature 180.3 ± 6.3 cm; body mass 74.6 ± 8.9 kg) completed 3 × 5-second maximal efforts on the Nordbord device (Vald Performance) with a 0- (ISO-Prone) and 30-degree (ISO-30) knee angle, respectively. To compare peak muscle activation, a further 13 trained male participants (25 ± 6 years; 178.2 ± 5.6 cm; 79.6 ± 13.2 kg) completed 3 × 5-second maximal efforts with wireless surface electromyography electrodes placed on the Gluteus Maximus, Adductor Magnus, Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris (long and short heads) and Medial Gastrocnemius. Paired samples t-tests were used to detect differences in force output between tests and Pearson`s correlations to quantify associations. A Yuen`s modified t-test estimated the trimmed mean differences in muscle activation between tests. Higher peak forces were observed in the ISO-30, with mean differences of 56.4N (36.8 to 75.9 [95% CI]) and 52.9N (33.7 to 72.3 [95% CI]) for right (367 vs 314N) and left legs (351 vs 294N), respectively. Moderate correlations were observed in peak force for left (r = 0.55 (0.29 to 0.73 [95%CI])) and right (r = 0.64 (0.42 to 0.79 [95%CI]) legs. No differences in muscle activation were observed. Peak force varies between the ISO-Prone and ISO-30, with moderate associations between tests, indicating that the tests should not be used interchangeably.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Festlegung der Spielintensität in Kleinfeldspielen anhand der subjektiven Belastungswahrnehmung bei jugendlichen Fußballspielern: eine randomisierte Crossover-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097178</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097178</guid>
      <author>Kobi, O., Ben-Ari, A., Dello Iacono, A., Silverman, Y., Obolski, U., &amp; Halperin, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>subjektiv</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kobi, O., Ben-Ari, A., Dello Iacono, A., Silverman, Y., Obolski, U., &amp; Halperin, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In this study, we examined whether the 0-10 rating of perceived effort (RPE) scale can serve as a method for prescribing playing intensity in small-sided games (SSGs). We conducted a randomized crossover trial involving 25 young male football players (age range 16-18 years). Participants completed a familiarization and three experimental sessions where game intensity was regulated using prescribed intensities equal to RPE of 6, 8, or 10. Each session involved six teams of three players playing in three SSGs, with 4 min of rest, in a playing area of 133 square meters per player. Outcomes included total distance, high-speed running distance (HSRD), intense acceleration and deceleration (IAD) counts, and average heart rate (HR). We fitted mixed models and estimated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to analyze the results. The CIs for all locomotive outcomes indicated an increase at RPE-8 and RPE-10 compared to RPE-6. Notably, the effects on HSRD and IAD were substantial, with differences between RPE-10 and 8 to RPE-6 ranging from 28% to 97%. Conversely, differences in the total distance the players covered per game between RPE-10 and 8 to 6 were minor (~5%). We could not identify clear differences between RPE-10 and 8 in the locomotive outcomes (differences range 0%-9.6%, CIs containing zero) nor in HR across all RPE conditions (differences range 1-3.5 bpm, CIs containing zero). We conclude that RPE can serve as a practical tool to prescribe medium or high intensity during SSGs, although its ability to differentiate between higher intensity levels or influence heart rate is limited.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Datenanalyseverfahren und Berichtsstrategien im Senioren-Fußball: Einblicke in die Gesundheit und Leistungsfähigkeit von Sportlern von über 200 Fachleuten weltweit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097179</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097179</guid>
      <author>Dello Iacono, A.</author>
      <author>Datson, N.</author>
      <author>Clubb, J.</author>
      <author>Lacome, M.</author>
      <author>Sullivan, A.</author>
      <author>Shushan, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dello Iacono, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Datson, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clubb, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lacome, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sullivan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shushan, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite the rise of data generation in football, the expertise of data analytics within the sport is relatively underdeveloped. To further understand the landscape, a cross-sectional, observational study design was used to survey practitioners in senior, professional, or semi-professional football. Areas of interest included the personnel involved (the `who`), the data collected (the `what`), and the analytical techniques employed (the `how`). A total of 206 practitioners completed an online survey, with representation from all six FIFA confederations. Of the 206 respondents, 86% were male, 13% female, and 1% preferred not to disclose their gender. Respondents were categorised as working in either the performance (73%), data (18%), or medical (9%) department. Heterogeneity was observed in responses across all departments regarding training load metrics, outcome metrics, methodological attributes, and measurement properties. Evidence sources used prior to implementing a new metric varied between departments, with performance (63%) and medical (67%) staff relying on professional industry and/or community, while data staff (57%) utilised more in-house projects. The analytical approach used most frequently was exploratory data analysis (90%), with modelling, forecasting, and predicting the least frequent (54%). Respondents reported using a mix of solutions for data storage, aggregating and analysing, and reporting and visualising data. Spreadsheets were cited as a popular solution for data wrangling and reporting tasks. The findings provide an overview of current data ecosystems and information systems in modern football organisations. These results can be used to improve data analytics service provision in football by helping identify areas for development and progression.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Strategien zur Talentsuche und -förderung im Frauenfußball der Spitzenklasse: eine europaweite Perspektive</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097180</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097180</guid>
      <author>McEwan, G. P.</author>
      <author>Unnithan, V. B.</author>
      <author>Carter, M.</author>
      <author>Dugdale, J. H.</author>
      <author>Datson, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentscreening</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentförderung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>McEwan, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Unnithan, V. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carter, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dugdale, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Datson, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The question of how best to identify and develop youth soccer players has received considerable attention from the scientific community. Existing literature has, however, largely focused on male players, with comparatively little exploration of the specific approaches employed within women`s soccer. Accordingly, we sought to investigate the key factors deemed important by elite women`s soccer clubs concerning the: 1) identification of potential talent; 2) development of players within the player pathway; and 3) selection of players for the next age group or senior team. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews with 11 key representatives from seven elite women`s soccer clubs. Clubs were purposefully sampled to include the highest performing teams (38 domestic titles and 10 UEFA Women`s Champions League titles) from five European nations (Spain, France, Sweden, Germany, and Italy). Data were analysed using thematic content analysis, resulting in six higher-order themes: 1) prioritising local talent; 2) recruitment from mixed grassroots leagues; 3) creating challenging developmental environments; 4) ensuring player wellbeing; 5) patience in decision-making; and 6) facilitating the youth-to-senior transition through a top-down approach. A total of 17 lower-order themes were subsequently identified. The present study offers novel insights of key strategies deemed important by some of the most successful women`s clubs in top-performing European nations. Future research examining the efficacy of such approaches could help inform the development of evidence-based practices for nurturing the next generation of elite female players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der kurzfristige Zusammenhang zwischen Belastung und akuten psychophysiologischen Reaktionen im Fußball: eine Metaanalyse und methodische Überlegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097181</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097181</guid>
      <author>Brauers, J. J.</author>
      <author>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</author>
      <author>Klooster, D.</author>
      <author>Oosterveld, F. G. J.</author>
      <author>Lemmink, K. A. P. M.</author>
      <author>Brink, M. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Psychophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brauers, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klooster, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oosterveld, F. G. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemmink, K. A. P. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brink, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Relations between load and acute psychophysiological responses have been widely studied in football. However, due to the large heterogeneity in contexts, operationalization, and results, the direction and strength of these relations remain unclear. In this meta-analysis, we examine the relation between load and typical acute (i.e. within one week) responses - wellbeing, recovery, and heart rate measures - in football players from all football codes (soccer, rugby, futsal, American football, and Australian rules football). We consulted PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL up to the 19th of June 2024, and included 62 articles and 1,474 participants in the meta-analysis. Subsequently, we estimated 12 meta-analysis models and applied meta-regression models to explore the influence of several moderators. Significant relations were found between load and overall wellbeing (r = -0.33 [95%CI: -0.48; -0.19]), muscle soreness (r = -0.36 [95%CI: -0.49; -0.24]), fatigue (r = -0.41 [95%CI: -0.56; -0.26]), sleep quality (r = -0.21 [95%CI: -0.31; -0.10]), and stress (r = -0.16 [95%CI: -0.26; -0.06]). Given the high risk of bias, inconsistency (wide prediction intervals), and imprecision, the certainty in these findings based on the GRADE assessment is very low. Additionally, the high risk of bias scores indicates that the overall quality of the included studies is low. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides comprehensive information on the acute responses of the athlete to load, and directions for improvement of the quality of future studies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bestimmung der maximalen Sprintgeschwindigkeit im Fußball - Kriteriumsvalidität häufig verwendeter Messgeräte</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097182</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097182</guid>
      <author>Altmann, S.</author>
      <author>Ruf, L.</author>
      <author>Backfisch, M.</author>
      <author>Thron, M.</author>
      <author>Woll, A.</author>
      <author>Walter, L.</author>
      <author>Kaul, D.</author>
      <author>Bergdolt, L.</author>
      <author>Härtel, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>GNSS</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Altmann, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruf, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Backfisch, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thron, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Woll, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Walter, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaul, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bergdolt, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Härtel, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to investigate the criterion validity of commonly used devices to assess maximal sprinting speed (MSS) in soccer. Thirty elite youth soccer players completed three trials of a 30-m sprint test to assess MSS. All sprints were simultaneously captured via a radar gun (Stalker ATS II), timing gates (Smartspeed Pro, Fusion Sport), a magnetic timing system (Humotion SmarTracks) and a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) (Kinexon Perform GPS Pro). The radar gun and the GNSS recorded sprinting speed continuously, while the fastest 5-m split during the 30-m sprint was used for the timing gates and the magnetic system. The best trial of the radar gun (i.e. criterion measure) and corresponding values of the other devices were analyzed. Equivalence testing was performed to assess the statistical equivalence of MSS between the radar gun and the three other devices against a difference value of ± 0.36 km/h and Bland & Altman`s 95% limits of agreement (LoA) were computed to investigate the agreement between MSS results. Differences between GNSS versus radar gun suggested a lack of systematic bias (-0.01 km/h, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.15 to 0.15 km/h), whereas timing gates-based MSS assessments were prone to larger uncertainty compared to the criterion method (-0.19 km/h, 95% CI: -0.37 to 0.00 km/h) given the pre-defined region of equivalence. The magnetic system (-0.54 km/h; -0.71 to -0.37 km/h) overestimated MSS compared to the radar gun with mean differences being non-equivalent. Based on the practically important difference bounds of ± 0.36 km/h, the width of the 95% LoA was broad enough to suggest a lack of reasonable agreement for MSS assessment regardless of device of interest (GNSS: -0.79 to 0.78 km/h, timing gates: -0.79 to 1.16 km/h, magnetic system: -0.24 to 1.32 km/h). While our results suggested a lack of systematic bias for the investigated GNSS and the timing gates when compared against the radar gun for MSS assessment over 30 m in elite youth soccer players on a team level, the width of the 95% LoAs did not indicate reasonable measurement interchangeability on an individual level. Based on the present results, we do not recommend using the magnetic system for both group and individual analyses in this population.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Identität talentierter Fußballspieler im Zeitalter der Professionalisierung von Akademien und Sportschulprogrammen in Norwegen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097183</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097183</guid>
      <author>Belling, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Norwegen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Akademie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Identität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Belling, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Professionalization of football talent development has had a widespread influence on the lives of Norwegian footballers. The football and educational aspects of their identities converge in their decisions on upper secondary education, where the option of a sports school programme significantly influences how talent development is practised. This article employed an abductive research protocol in a case study, conducting two rounds of interviews with five players and five coaches from an elite football club academy under-17 team. Drawing on Habermas` theory of communicative action, instrumental and communicative rationality are used to analyse and discuss how talented players` identities are influenced and used for clubs practice increasing role in narrowing down the players` options and thus decreasing their scope for communicative rationality. This limits their identity formation, as pursuing an SSP increasingly becomes the only path available to them.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Talentabwanderung oder Talentaustausch? Internationale Rekrutierungsstrategien und Spielermerkmale im italienischen Jugendfußball der Jungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097184</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097184</guid>
      <author>Morganti, G.</author>
      <author>Brustio, P. R.</author>
      <author>Grossi, A.</author>
      <author>Ruscello, B.</author>
      <author>Strassoldo di Villanova, F.</author>
      <author>Vitarelli, M.</author>
      <author>Padua, E.</author>
      <author>Kelly, A. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Italien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentförderung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morganti, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brustio, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grossi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruscello, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strassoldo di Villanova, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vitarelli, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Padua, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kelly, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In football, the increasing professionalization, competition, and internationalization in talent identification call for further studies on player migration. This research collected freely accessible online data to examine the geographical subregion of birth (GSB) of foreign youth players who competed in the U19 national league from 2018-19 to 2021-22 and Italian and foreign youth players` roles during the same seasons. Part 1 recorded 541 (30.02%) foreign youth players and an increasing trend in their recruitment over seasons (?2 = 3.87, p = 0.04). Part 2 indicated Italians were more likely to be recruited as goalkeepers and defenders, while foreigners as forwards (?2 = 31.9, p < 0.001) and revealed an association between foreigners` GSB and their role (?2 = 54.9, p < 0.001). Findings highlighted the complex interplay between geohistorical and cultural factors and current talent identification shaping youth football migration. They also underlined the lack of Italian youth forwards that may derive from the defensive playing style traditionally promoted by Italian football.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Clustering professioneller Straßenradrennen in charakteristische Rennprofile</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096932</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096932</guid>
      <author>Roete, A.</author>
      <author>Elferink-Gemser, M.</author>
      <author>Lamberts, R.</author>
      <author>Kempe, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Straßenradsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Clusteranalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Profiling</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Roete, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elferink-Gemser, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lamberts, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kempe, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
Professional road cycling races vary in format and terrain, resulting in diverse physiological demands on riders. These variations are largely attributable to the race profiles. A better understanding of race demands resulting from different race profiles can optimize cyclists` performance by tailoring training to race types. Additionally, it can support the decision making around a riders` race program, training periodization, and can enhance team composition and scouting by matching riders` strength and weaknesses to specific race profiles. Race organizers or researchers often apply their own criteria to categorize races into distinctive types. There is currently no standardized categorization for professional men`s road cycling. This study aims to develop a categorization model for professional road cycling races using clustering analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Modellierung vs. Messung: Wie genau ist der berechnete maximale Laktat-Steady-State?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096933</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096933</guid>
      <author>Sablain, M.</author>
      <author>Vermeire, K.</author>
      <author>Boone, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sablain, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vermeire, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boone, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction
The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) represents the highest sustainable workload without net lactate accumulation. In 1986, Mader & Heck proposed a model estimating MLSS by determining the steady state oxygen consumption at the crossing point (VO2ss) between the rate of lactate formation and elimination. The sole input variables in this model are the VO2max and the maximal rate of blood lactate (BLa-) accumulation (VLamax) which is believed to represent the maximal glycolytic flux (Mader, 1994; Mader & Heck, 1986). Subsequently, an equation is often used to  transform VO2ss into a power output using the resting oxygen consumption (VO2rest) and cycling efficiency (Kef). Previous research found no significant difference between the calculated power at MLSS (cPMLSS) and experimentally measured power at MLSS (mPMLSS) (Hauser et al., 2014). However, the Bland-Altman plots showed quite broad limits of agreements (LoA). It remains unclear if these broad LoA are caused by an error in the determination of VO2ss or the conversion into a power output as no prior studies have directly compared the measured (mVO2ss) and calculated VO2ss (cVO2ss). Therefore, this study wanted to compare mVO2ss and mPMLSS with cVO2ss and cPMLSS. Furthermore, we examined whether individualizing specific model constants (VO2rest and Kef) improved the LoA, potentially enhancing the model`s applicability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung der Kohlenhydrataufnahme auf das Verhältnis von Kraft und Ausdauer nach längerem Ausdauertraining im Bereich mittlerer Trainingsintensität</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096934</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096934</guid>
      <author>Norte, B.</author>
      <author>Slinn, M. M.</author>
      <author>Johnson, K. O.</author>
      <author>Mahon, E.</author>
      <author>Shepherd, S. O.</author>
      <author>Strauss, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Norte, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slinn, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, K. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mahon, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shepherd, S. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strauss, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Physiological assessments of endurance athletes have typically occurred in a well-rested state, which albeit important do not account for the magnitude of deterioration in physiological profiling variables (e.g., lactate threshold, VO2max, critical power, functional threshold power) over time during prolonged endurance exercise (also known as `durability`). We tested the hypotheses that the parameters of the power-duration relationship, estimated as the end-test power (EP) and work done above EP (WEP) during the 3-min all-out critical power test (3MT), would be reduced following prolonged exercise in the moderate exercise intensity domain and that carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion would (at least) attenuate the reduction in power output at the heavy-to-severe intensity transition in direct proportion to the rate of CHO supplementation during exercise. In a repeated measure, randomised study design, eight endurance-trained cyclists and triathletes (one female) performed two characterisation trials to establish baseline physiological parameters (VO2max: 55.41 ± 7.21 mL·kg-1·min-1; gas exchange threshold, GET: 164 ± 29 W), including a 3MT performed in a well-rested state to determine EP (`Fresh`-EP) and WEP (`Fresh`-WEP). Subsequently, on three separate occasions, participants completed a fatigued-3MT (Fatigued-EP and Fatigued-WEP) immediately following 180-min of moderate intensity exercise at 95% of GET while consuming a CHO supplement containing either 0 g·h-1, 60 g·h-1 or 120 g·h-1 of CHO at a glucose-to-fructose ratio of 1:0.8. Each trial was commenced following the provision of a standardised high CHO diet in the 24 h prior to each lab visit (8 g·kg-1 CHO) and 2 h after a high CHO breakfast (2 g·kg-1) on the morning of the trial. Venous blood, gas exchange, whole-body CHO and lipid oxidation, exercise energy expenditure, subjective gastrointestinal symptoms, capillary blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion were measured throughout exercise. Power output at the heavy-to-severe transition was significantly lower in Fatigued-EPWater (251 ± 30 W, P = 0.016) and Fatigued-EPCHO60 (269 ± 27 W, P = 0.022) than `Fresh`-EP (285 ± 31 W. There were no differences between `Fresh`-EP and Fatigued-EPCHO120 (276 ± 33 W, P = 0.220), nor between Fatigued-EPCHO60 and Fatigued-EPCHO120 (P = 0.587). There was no difference between `Fresh`-WEP (14.67 ± 4.02 kJ) and Fatigued-WEP for all three conditions. Mean whole-body CHO utilisation rates were significantly higher in CHO120 (2.12 ± 0.21 g·min-1, P = 0.010) compared to Water only trial (1.49 ± 0.49 g·min-1), with no differences between CHO120 and CHO60 trials (1.86 ± 0.37 g·min-1, P = 0.119). Total exercise energy expenditure did not differ between conditions (P = 0.731). In conclusion, these data suggest that CHO ingestion during prolonged exercise in the moderate exercise intensity domain at a rate of 120 g·h-1, but not 60 g·h-1, negates the reduction in power output at the heavy-to-severe boundary measured in a well-rested versus semi-fatigued state.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Steigungen auf die Muskelaktivierung der unteren Extremitäten beim Radfahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096935</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096935</guid>
      <author>Tseng, Y.-H.</author>
      <author>Yen, W.-L.</author>
      <author>Chen, K.-I.</author>
      <author>Wang, H.-H.</author>
      <author>Lin, Z.-J.</author>
      <author>Lu, C.-Y.</author>
      <author>Tasi, W.-C.</author>
      <author>Chen, C.-H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steigung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tseng, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yen, W.-L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, K.-I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.-H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, Z.-J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tasi, W.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, C.-H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to examine the effects of different inclines on lower limb muscle activation during cycling. Twelve university students (mean height: 170.6 ± 3.5 cm, mean weight: 67.8 ± 7.1 kg, mean age: 20.5 ± 0.4 years) participated in the study. Muscle activation of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius were measured using a DELSYS electromyography (EMG) system. A smart bicycle posture adjustment system was utilized to modify seat tube angles and handlebar positions. Participants completed cycling trials at three incline conditions—flat (0°), uphill (+5°), and downhill (-5°)—while maintaining a workload of 100 W and a cadence of 90 rpm. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to analyze differences in muscle activation across inclines. The results indicated that rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius activation was significantly higher during uphill cycling compared to flat and downhill conditions. Additionally, activation of these muscles was greater on flat terrain than during downhill cycling, whereas tibialis anterior activation did not differ significantly across inclines. These findings suggest that even a 5° change in incline alters lower limb muscle activation patterns, providing valuable insights for cycling training and biomechanics research. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Energiebilanzierung für die Bewertung des Rollwiderstands beim Radfahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096936</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096936</guid>
      <author>Sellier, M.</author>
      <author>Bellenoue, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sellier, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bellenoue, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We present a novel approach for on-field rolling resistance testing, achieving repeatability below 2% using only 100-meter test sections. This method has been successfully applied to evaluate the influence of tire pressure, compare different tire versions within the same manufacturer, assess rolling resistance variations between manufacturers, and analyze the effect of tire temperature. Significant differences were observed, including a 26% increase in rolling resistance between 6 and 3 bar tire pressures, a 33% difference between Time-Trial and non-Time-Trial tire versions, a 9% average variation across three manufacturers, and a 26% increase between warm (18°C) and cold (14°C) tires.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der W'-Auslastung und akuter Ermüdung auf die W'-Rekonstitution</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096937</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096937</guid>
      <author>Welburn, A. J.</author>
      <author>Bailey, S. J.</author>
      <author>Ferguson, R. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Welburn, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bailey, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferguson, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The critical power (CP) and W' concept has become more integrated within applied cycling performance science. Both parameters can be assessed in the laboratory and field and have become a useful tool for coaches and athletes (Leo et al. 2022; Moritani et al. 1981; Poole et al. 1988; Spragg, Leo, and Swart 2022). It is possible to mathematically model the depletion and recovery of W' during intermittent exercise (Skiba et al., 2012, Skiba and Clarke, 2021). Exercising at a work rate higher than CP causes a reduction in W' whereas when exercising at a work rate below CP there is an exponential reconstitution of W' (W'REC) that is dependent on the recovery duration and a reconstitution time constant (tW'). This is contingent on the difference between recovery power output and CP (DCP) (Skiba et al., 2012; Skiba et al., 2013; Skiba et al., 2014).

There are generalised equations available for W`BAL models that allow prediction of W'REC (Bartram et al. 2018, 2022; Pugh et al. 2022; Skiba et al. 2012). However, for optimal use individualisation of W`BAL is advised (Welburn et al. 2023) as W'REC has been shown to correlate with athlete specific performance parameters such as V?O2peak, CP and LT1. (Bartram et al. 2018, 2022; Caen et al. 2021; Pugh et al. 2022; Welburn et al. 2023). Recent work suggests that W'REC is influenced by work rate (Caen et al. 2019) and slows with repeated exercise (Chorley et al. 2019). However, both factors are not currently accounted for in the W`BAL model.

Durability (or fatigue resistance) is considered to be a key determinant of cycling performance (Muriel et al. 2022; Spragg et al. 2022). It appears that work rate has the greatest impact on durability (Leo et al. 2024; Spragg et al. 2024), therefore understanding the impact of work rate (i.e. the rate of W' utilisation) and acute fatigue on W'REC could provide an important insight into the determinants of W`BAL which would potentially allow improvements to the accuracy of the W'BAL model. This study has two aims: assess the effect of (i) rate of W' utilisation, and (ii) acute fatigue on W'REC during intermittent exhaustive exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung des Fuß-/Pedalsystems durch maßgefertigte Carbon-Schuhe für die Sprinter der französischen Bahnrad-Nationalmannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096938</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096938</guid>
      <author>Couveinhes, A.</author>
      <author>Brunet, E.</author>
      <author>Rao, G.</author>
      <author>Retalli, M.</author>
      <author>Sachet, I.</author>
      <author>Giraud, F.</author>
      <author>Soulaine, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bahnradsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schuh</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Orthopädie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Carbon</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Ergonomie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Couveinhes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunet, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rao, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Retalli, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sachet, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Giraud, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soulaine, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to optimize the foot/pedal system ergonomics for world-class and elite international track cycling sprint specialists. Over the past decade, sprinters have been using custom-molded carbon shoes that do not adhere to any standardized optimization for the foot/pedal interface. The various foot-molding techniques used to date differ from one another and do not allow for the integration of orthopedic corrections. 70% of the French sprint team experienced non-traumatic lower limb injuries. The nature of these pathologies suggests the need for podiatric intervention, leading us to identify actual carbon-molded shoes as a potential cause. Currently, no studies have been conducted to validate any performance benefits of these custom-molded carbon shoes with orthopedic corrections for athletes. The challenges faced by elite sprint cyclists require optimizing power transfer between the rider and the bike while also preventing injuries due to the high levels of mechanical stress. The objective of our study was to determine whether the development of carbon-molded shoes with proper biomechanical consideration for each athlete could reduce the risk of injury and improve performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multidisziplinäre Optimierung eines Aerobars: Aerodynamik, Biomechanik, Masse und Struktur</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096939</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096939</guid>
      <author>Terol, S.</author>
      <author>Costes, A.</author>
      <author>Soto-Romero, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aerodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Masse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Computational Fluid Dynamics</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Terol, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soto-Romero, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The optimization of cycling position involves integrating two distinct analyses: individualized aerodynamic analysis and position-change power analysis. Aerodynamic analysis, conducted via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation or wind tunnel testing, provides the aerodynamic efficiency of each position. Power analysis quantifies the maximum power output of the cyclist for each position. By comparing these analyses, a balance between aerodynamic efficiency and power output can be achieved, estimating optimal positions for individual cyclists and given conditions. Indeed, the optimal position is specific to a particular cyclist, and depends as much on the race length and profile as on UCI or triathlon regulations. Based on the methodology of Fintelman et al., 2015, the torso angle as well as the position of the extenders allows us to precisely define a position on which to confront aerodynamic efficiency and power production. A digital twin of a professional athlete on his time trial bike was created using a 3D scan, with automatic generation of extensions based on forearm positions. This digital replica facilitates the automated design of extensions tailored to each position, enabling a comprehensive and customized approach to performance enhancement. The study aims to compare numerical study results with wind tunnel data to evaluate the algorithm's effectiveness. Subsequently, the automated aerobar design can be refined by optimizing its shape, structure, and mass, leading to a multidisciplinary optimization of the aerobars according to the cyclist's position. Solving this highly complex engineering problem would allow the fabrication of optimized aerobars tailored for a specific rider and race course.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung von Hitze auf psychophysiologische Reaktionen während eines Zeitfahrens mit selbstbestimmtem Tempo</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096940</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096940</guid>
      <author>Pirlot, T.</author>
      <author>Baron, B.</author>
      <author>Ravier, G.</author>
      <author>Groslambert, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Zeitfahren</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pirlot, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baron, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ravier, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Groslambert, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[As global temperatures rise and competitions increasingly take place in hot environments, understanding the impact of heat on performance is critical (Hunter et al., 2002). Thermal stress induces cardiovascular strain, alters brain activity, and modifies perceptual and motivational responses, affecting pacing and endurance (Périard et al., 2015). While studies have reported changes in heart rate (Girard & Racinais, 2014), muscle oxygenation, and cognitive function under heat (Nybo & Nielsen, 2001), few have focused on self-paced exercise. This study examines how heat affects performance, perceptual responses, motivation, and neural efficiency in trained cyclists during a simulated self-paced time trial.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Reifenbreite, Reifendruck und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit auf den Rollwiderstand und die Vibrationsübertragung von Fahrradreifen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096941</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096941</guid>
      <author>Buder, J.</author>
      <author>Fouchard, E.</author>
      <author>Schwanitz, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laufband</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Buder, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fouchard, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schwanitz, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Rolling resistance and vibration transmission are critical parameters influencing the mechanical efficiency and comfort in competitive cycling. Optimising a tyre setup requires the consideration various metrics such as rider-system mass, tyre width, tyre filling pressure, and surface conditions in parallel. In this study, the combined effects of tyre width and tyre filling pressure on rolling resistance and frame-transmitted vibrations were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Five tyre widths of one tyre model were tested across four rider-system weights, two surface condition (tarmac and cobblestones), and multiple filling pressures. The experiments showed significant non-linear relationships between tyre width, filling pressure, and rolling resistance, with surface conditions contributing a secondary effect. A Vibration analysis revealed that wider tyres substantially reduce surface-induced accelerations, whereas tyre pressure showed a minor but detectable influence. These findings support the development of rider-specific optimisation indices that balance rolling resistance and vibration sensitivity. Further research should integrate physiological responses to vibratory stimuli to refine setup recommendations for individual athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ist "Big Gear" für Rennradfahrer effektiv? Die Sichtweise eines Trainers als Entscheidungshilfe</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096942</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096942</guid>
      <author>Dantas, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dantas, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA["Big Gear" training, a common low-cadence strategy among road cyclists, involves pedalling at 40-60 rpm under high torque, typically at or just below Functional Threshold Power. Despite its widespread use and perceived similarity to resistance training, Big Gear training effectiveness remains debated. This viewpoint critically examines the evidence surrounding Big Gear training role in enhancing muscular strength, endurance, and overall performance in road cyclists. Contrary to popular belief, Big Gear training does not meet the intensity threshold required to induce strength adaptations comparable to traditional resistance training. Evidence shows that Big Gear training produces lower neuromuscular strain and operates at <50% of Maximal Dynamic Force—well below the >60% threshold needed for strength gains. Furthermore, studies indicate that resistance training leads to greater improvements in maximal force production than Big Gear training. Similarly, Big Gear training shows no consistent advantage in promoting endurance adaptations or performance outcomes. Notably, studies that suggest benefits of low-cadence training often employ cadences and intensities higher than those typical of Big Gear training protocols. Some evidence even raises concerns about potential negative effects of Big Gear training on key performance determinants. In conclusion, the available evidence suggests that Big Gear training is either ineffective or, at best, questionable, being insufficient to trigger the positive adaptations associated with low-cadence training. It is recommended that coaches consider the efficacy of traditional Big Gear training in comparison to protocols that have been demonstrated to have more robust evidence-based outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Verzögerungsleistung: methodische und praktische Überlegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097121</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097121</guid>
      <author>Harper, D. J.</author>
      <author>Philipp, N. M.</author>
      <author>Eriksrud, O.</author>
      <author>Jones, P. A.</author>
      <author>Graham-Smith, P.</author>
      <author>Dos`Santos, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Harper, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Philipp, N. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eriksrud, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Graham-Smith, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dos`Santos, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Deceleration is a critical locomotor skill for athletes competing in multi-directional speed sports. Greater deceleration can help athletes perform rapid reductions in velocity facilitating rapid changes of direction, whilst the high mechanical forces associated with braking can be linked to a heightened risk of fatigue, tissue damage and injuries. Despite the clear importance of deceleration in sport, research and applied practices in the past have predominantly focused on assessing an athlete`s sprint acceleration and maximum velocity capabilities, neglecting the necessity to be able to decelerate. With tactical evolutions in sports demanding athletes to accelerate and attain higher sprinting speeds more frequently in competition, there is increased necessity to decelerate and to be able to accurately assess this movement skill. Therefore, the aim of this article is to discuss methodological and practical considerations of the protocols and measurement technologies that can be used to assess deceleration in an applied field-based environment. The article highlights a range of different protocols (i.e. change of direction and acceleration-deceleration ability tests) and measurement technologies (i.e. radar, laser, video, global navigation satellite systems, inertial measurement units and motorised resistance devices) that can be used to evaluate deceleration and some of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Key metrics used to measure deceleration performance, and the kinematics underpinning deceleration technique are highlighted. Given the performance, health and injury-risk implications associated with deceleration, assessment of this movement skill should be given high priority within any athlete multi-disciplinary support system.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Empfehlungen zur Optimierung der Forschung hinsichtlich der Auswirkungen von Dehydrierung auf die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097122</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097122</guid>
      <author>Francisco, R.</author>
      <author>Armstrong, L. E.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dehydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Francisco, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Armstrong, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Dehydration`s adverse impact on athletic performance is a critical concern in sports science, yet its investigation remains challenging due to interindividual variability and methodological inconsistencies. Traditional reductionist approaches, which isolate single variables, are insufficient to capture the multifactorial nature of dehydration, which emerges from dynamic interactions among physiological and behavioral factors. These include the method of inducing dehydration, protocol duration, type of fluid loss, environmental conditions, participant characteristics, assessment techniques, and potential nocebo effects. Despite the complexity and relevance of this issue, standardized guidelines for designing sport-specific dehydration studies are lacking. This article addresses this gap by cataloging key interacting variables and offering structured, adaptable guidance rather than proposing a rigid framework. It introduces a dual framework of `challenges and considerations` and `recommendations` for each factor, aiming to support researchers in developing rigorous, context-specific study designs. Ultimately, this approach will promote a more nuanced understanding of dehydration and facilitate reproducible, sport-relevant research advancement.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen Wachstum und Reife mit Verletzungen bei Akademiespielern im Fußball: eine narrative Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097123</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097123</guid>
      <author>Hall, E. C. R.</author>
      <author>Erskine, R. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wachstum</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hall, E. C. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erskine, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The point of fastest growth during somatic maturation is termed `peak height velocity` (PHV), and the chronological age at which this occurs varies considerably. Academy football (soccer) players are typically categorised by chronological age, yet many children of the same age will naturally mature and grow at different ages and rates, respectively, which could affect injury risk. However, despite nearly two decades of studies investigating the association of growth and maturation with injury in academy footballers, confusion remains.
Objective: To critically appraise the literature concerning the association of maturity timing, maturity status and growth rate with injury in academy football.
Methods: Scopus, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases were screened from inception until April 2025. Study design, setting, sample size, methods for estimating maturity timing/maturity status/growth rate, and injury reporting were evaluated in this narrative review to determine individual study quality.
Results: A total of 472 articles were screened with data extracted from 26 eligible studies published between 2007 and 2025.
Conclusions: We found that (i) early maturing players suffer more soft-tissue injuries than on-time or late maturing players; (ii) more growth-related injuries occur circa-PHV than pre- or post-PHV, but post-PHV players generally have greater injury risk than circa- or pre-PHV; and (iii) fast growth (stature increase = 7.2 cm per year) increases injury risk in academy footballers. However, all eligible studies demonstrated inherent limitations and none investigated the impact of maturity timing, maturity status or growth rate on injury in female academy players, indicating future research should address these issues.

Key Points:

Early maturing academy football players are more likely to suffer soft-tissue (muscle, ligament or tendon) injuries than their peers, who mature on time or late.

Whilst growth-related injuries are most common around peak height velocity (i.e. the fastest period of somatic growth), the incidence/burden of lower-limb soft-tissue injury increases with advancing maturity status, i.e. post-PHV > circa-PHV > pre-PHV.

Fast growth (an increase in height of more than 7.2 cm per year) appears to increase the risk of injury in male academy football players.

All studies reviewed were conducted in male academy football players and, given the sex differences in biological maturation and injury risk, future research should investigate the association of growth and maturation with injury in female academy players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Von Belastung zu Reparatur: Eine gezielte Übersicht über Lipidmediatoren, die die Entzündungskaskade nach körperlicher Betätigung antreiben</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097124</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097124</guid>
      <author>Satija, S.</author>
      <author>Mitchell, T. W.</author>
      <author>Anthony, R.</author>
      <author>Peoples, G. E.</author>
      <author>Sampson, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entzündung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fettsäure</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Lipid</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Satija, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, T. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anthony, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peoples, G. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sampson, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Exercise triggers a proportional inflammatory response that is crucial for muscle fiber repair and adaptation. However, excessive or chronic inflammation can delay recovery and increase injury risk. Biomarkers such as creatine kinase and interleukins are commonly used to assess muscle damage and inflammation, respectively, but they have limitations in specificity and sensitivity. However, lipid mediators that signal all inflammatory events with distinct roles in pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and pro-resolving phases could provide a more complete understanding of the inflammatory response to exercise. In this review, we discuss the limitations of current biomarkers and the potential of lipid mediators to theoretically offer more precise insights into the inflammatory processes following exercise. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols for measuring lipid mediators and to understand their temporal dynamics in relation to inflammation and recovery. This knowledge could lead to improved strategies for monitoring and enhancing recovery in athletes.

Key Points:

Exercise induces a tightly regulated inflammatory response in skeletal muscle, with lipid mediators playing critical roles in both injury and recovery phases.

Specialized pro-resolving mediators such as resolvins, protectins, maresins, and lipoxins actively contribute to inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration.

Analyzing lipid mediators could offer a greater understanding of the inflammatory process following exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Verwendung von Golfwagen als Transportmittel auf dem Golfplatz während Wettkampfveranstaltungen: eine Übersichtsarbeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097125</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097125</guid>
      <author>Hall, A. J.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>O`Donnell, A.</author>
      <author>Bennett, T.</author>
      <author>Close, G. L.</author>
      <author>Du Plessis, W.</author>
      <author>Murray, A. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hall, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O`Donnell, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennett, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Close, G. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Du Plessis, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murray, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Golf is enjoyed by over 108 million people globally, and has established elite female, male and disability competitive schedules. The use of golf carts during elite competition is a topic of discussion regarding the principles of inclusivity and competitive fairness with important scientific, legal and ethical considerations.
Objective: The primary aim was to evaluate the evidence relating to riding a golf cart in comparison to walking the golf course, pertaining specifically to: (1) inclusivity and safety, and (2) competitive fairness. The secondary aim was to identify knowledge gaps and research priorities.
Methods: We conducted a scoping review and the search strategy was applied to the following databases, and articles were extracted by independent reviewers from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest Central. Grey literature was examined using Google Advanced Search. A five-stage scoping review methodology followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Articles were collated using an online tool (Covidence) and evaluated against pre-determined criteria. Data from included studies were collated to facilitate descriptive and thematic analysis.
Results: Of the 879 studies identified, 72 were included for analysis. Seven themes emerged: physical demands, inclusion and accessibility, cognitive demands, legal and ethical, nutrition and hydration, competitive fairness, and safety and injury risk. Golf carts promote accessibility, particularly for individuals with disabilities. Safety concerns predominantly arise in non-elite settings, with incidents linked to operator error, poor safety governance and use on public highways. There is compelling evidence demonstrating that in-round riding of golf carts reduces the physical demands of golf, with users expending less energy and covering shorter distances, although effects on performance is uncertain. Golf cart use may mitigate the environmental aspects of golf, including the effects of hot/humid weather or hilly topography.
Conclusions: Golf carts can increase inclusivity for golfers and enable clubs and organisations to meet their ethical and legal requirements around accessibility. However, riding golf carts may diminish some of the health benefits of golf, and present a risk of injury and practical challenges. In the competitive setting, golf cart use reduces the physical demands of the game, affecting the environmental challenges of variable weather and terrain. It is biologically plausible and likely that this would offer a performance advantage in some circumstances. More research is needed to guide the fair use of this enabling technology within clearly defined contexts by: (1) evaluating the performance deficits associated with medical issues in which the use of golf carts might be considered permissible, and (2) evaluating the magnitude and nature of competitive advantages experienced by golf cart riders.

Key Points:

Golf carts support greater accessibility by allowing individuals with mobility limitations to engage in the sport. Although the safety concerns related to golf cart use are well established, they largely pertain to recreational settings rather than elite or professional competition environments.

Riding a golf cart lessens the physical demands of play, helps manage fatigue and reduces environmental strain. This may mitigate the effects of disability associated with some medical conditions (performance enabling), but in some circumstances could provide an additional advantage (performance enhancing).

Evidence-informed and consistently applied policies are essential to ensure both inclusivity and fairness in competition, particularly for athletes requesting medical exemptions.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Terminologie und Interpretation bei neuromuskulären Profiling-Methoden: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097126</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097126</guid>
      <author>Chua, K. Y. H.</author>
      <author>Leahey, S. R.</author>
      <author>Lum, D.</author>
      <author>Fahey, J. T.</author>
      <author>Buchheit, M.</author>
      <author>Laffer, J. C.</author>
      <author>Evans, M. C. N.</author>
      <author>Wannouch, Y. J.</author>
      <author>Comfort, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Terminologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chua, K. Y. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leahey, S. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lum, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fahey, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buchheit, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laffer, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Evans, M. C. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wannouch, Y. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Comfort, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Neuromuscular profiling (NP) provides an objective means of assessing neuromuscular function to guide targeted training interventions. However, coaching terminology used to describe NP outputs (e.g., `explosive`, `springy`) is often inconsistently defined or applied, leading to misinterpretation and limiting effective use. Variations in how NP metrics are calculated and interpreted further complicate comparisons across studies and practical applications. Despite their widespread use in sport science and performance settings, no framework currently exists to evaluate whether the terminology and interpretations associated with NP metrics accurately represent measured outputs and intended neuromuscular traits.
Objectives: This review aimed to evaluate whether terms/labels used across six commonly applied NP methods—Dynamic Strength Index, Eccentric Utilisation Ratio, Force-Velocity Profile, Impulse Analysis, Reactive Strength Index, and Reactive Strength Index Modified—accurately represent the neuromuscular characteristics they are intended to measure. A secondary objective was to identify methodological limitations that may affect the interpretation, standardisation, and practical application of these methods.
Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus identified 1653 eligible studies, of which 184 met inclusion criteria. A modified quality scale was used to assess study relevance. Extracted data included reported output values, assigned terms/labels, underlying mechanisms, and supporting evidence. Results were grouped by explanatory themes, with terms/labels identified and examined based on the underlying mechanisms they were intended to represent. Findings were then synthesised to identify patterns in terminology, interpretation, and limitations.
Results: A total of 209 NP methods were evaluated (147 ratio-based, 62 non-ratio-based). NP interpretation was task-dependent and influenced by methodological variability. Inconsistency was found in the terminology, definitions, and calculations used to derive NP metrics. Several studies attempted to classify athletes based on NP metrics, though few accounted for constituent components in interpretation. Commonly used terms/labels included: `explosive/explosiveness` (indicating greater rate of force development), `spring/springy` (suggesting effective stretch-shortening cycle utilisation), `stiff/compliant` (representing a continuum of lower extremity stiffness), and `strong/weak` (reflecting maximal force production capability).
Conclusions: This review offers a consolidated synthesis of NP terminology, interpretation, and methodological considerations. Clarifying terminology and addressing limitations may improve communication between researchers and practitioners, supporting more standardised use of NP tools.

Key Points:

Terminology used in neuromuscular profiling (NP) methods varies considerably, leading to inconsistent interpretation of athlete capabilities across research and practice.

Methodological differences, such as variations in calculation approaches and constituent variable emphasis, substantially influence NP outcomes and complicate cross-study comparisons.

Accurate interpretation of NP results requires not only context-specific evaluation but also a standardised framework to align terminology and output variables with the neuromuscular characteristics they purport to represent.]]></content:encoded>
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