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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Potenzierung nach Aktivierung auf die spezialisierte Schlagkraft bei männlichen Eliteboxern: eine Akutstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096988</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096988</guid>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Jin, R.</author>
      <author>Chen, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Boxen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schlagkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of back squat (BS) and squat jump (SJ) on the maximum-striking strength and speed-striking strength of the jab and cross of elite male boxers, and to identify the time point of the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) induced by these two activation methods. 
Methods: A total of 29 Chinese male boxers were recruited to participate in four different intensities of muscle activation through BS and SJ exercises (BS50%, SJ50%, BS80%, SJ80%). The participants were tested on their jab and cross using specialized testing protocols at recovery intervals of 4, 8, 12, and 16 min (speed-striking strength testing was conducted first, followed by maximum-striking strength testing), and the maximum-striking strength and speed-striking strength of the athletes were recorded. 
Results: (1) Maximum-striking strength: For the jab, the results indicated that there were significant differences between BS50% at 8 min and 12 min and the baseline (p < 0.01), and between SJ50% at 4, 8, and 12 min and the baseline (p < 0.01). BS80% showed significant differences at 12 min compared to baseline (p < 0.01), and the SJ80% exhibited significant differences at 8 min (p < 0.05) and 12 min (p < 0.01) compared to baseline. For the cross, BS50% demonstrated significant differences at 12 min compared to baseline (p < 0.01), and SJ50% showed significant differences at 8 min and 12 min (p < 0.01). Both BS80% and SJ80% revealed significant differences at 8, 12, and 16 min compared to baseline (p < 0.01). (2) Speed-striking strength: For the jab, there were no significant differences between BS50% and SJ50% at all time intervals compared to baseline (p > 0.05). BS80% showed a significant difference at 4 min compared to baseline (p < 0.05), and SJ80% exhibited significant differences at 12 min compared to baseline (p < 0.01). For the cross, there were no significant differences between BS50%, SJ50%, and BS80% at all time intervals compared to baseline (p > 0.05), while SJ80% demonstrated significant differences at 8 min and 12 min compared to between (p < 0.01). The results showed that PAPE significantly enhanced maximum punch force at 8-12 min across several activation conditions. In contrast, improvements in speed-striking force were only observed following high-load squat jump (SJ at 80% 1 RM), with significant increases at 8 min for the cross and at 12 min for the jab, whereas BS or lower-load SJ produced no meaningful changes. 
Conclusions: PAPE activation significantly enhances the striking force of boxers at the recovery interval of 12 min, but the effect is influenced by the intensity and method of activation. High-load activation can enhance the striking strength of boxers more rapidly and sustainably, and high-load SJ are more beneficial for the speed-striking strength of boxers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen externer Belastung und Spielerleistung in Elite-3×3-Basketballspielen von Frauen: ein markerloser Motion-Capture-Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096989</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096989</guid>
      <author>Qiu, M.</author>
      <author>Dong, R.</author>
      <author>Tao, J.</author>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, W.</author>
      <author>Zhang, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>3x3 Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2024</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Qiu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dong, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tao, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: This study employed a markerless motion capture system to quantify the external game load of elite 3 × 3 basketball players and evaluated its association with game performance. 
Methods: Twenty-four female 3 × 3 basketball games from the 2024 Paris Olympic Games were analyzed, involving 32 players from eight national teams. A markerless motion capture system was used to collect six categories of external load metrics during games, and 22 types of technical statistics were gathered to determine performance. Collected data were standardized according to live game time (min-1). Repeated-measures correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationships between external load and performance, while mixed-effects models were used to compare external load differences between better- and worse-performing groups (classified by Player Value). 
Results: The correlations between external load and performance indicators were trivial to small. Accelerations (ACC) were significantly associated with the greatest number of performance indicators (e.g., points, rebounds, 1-point made, key assists), while rebounds were significantly correlated with the largest number of external load metrics (e.g., total distance, low-intensity active distance, high-intensity active distance); however, all correlations remained at the small level (r = 0.16-0.24). No significant differences in external load were observed between players of differing performance groups (p > 0.05). 
Conclusions: In elite 3 × 3 basketball, external load reflects players` involvement and effort rather than serving as a primary determinant of game performance. This study provides new empirical evidence on the characteristics of 3 × 3 basketball, suggesting that coaches and strength and conditioning practitioners should adopt a comprehensive perspective when evaluating performance, with external load being more suitable for training regulation and fatigue monitoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kritische narrative Überprüfung der Anwendungen der Nahinfrarotspektroskopietechnologie in der Sportwissenschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096991</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096991</guid>
      <author>Sendra-Pérez, C.</author>
      <author>Encarnación-Martínez, A.</author>
      <author>Priego-Quesada, J. I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Infrarotmessung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>NIRS</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sendra-Pérez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Encarnación-Martínez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Priego-Quesada, J. I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive technology used to monitor muscle oxygenation in sports science. Since its introduction in 1977, NIRS has evolved into a valuable tool for assessing physiological responses during exercise and rehabilitation. The history of NIRS dates back to early hemoglobin studies in the 19th century, with significant advancements in pulse oximetry during World War II. By the late 1980s, NIRS had become widely used in sports science, allowing researchers to evaluate muscle perfusion and metabolic thresholds in various activities. NIRS applications in sports include determining exercise thresholds, monitoring muscle oxygenation during training, assessing asymmetries between limbs, and evaluating mitochondrial capacity. Studies have explored its use in both team and endurance sports, highlighting its role in optimizing performance and preventing injuries. Beyond sports, NIRS technology is expanding into clinical fields, aiding in rehabilitation and patient monitoring. This critical review has identified several key areas for future research, including the need to clarify methodological influences, strategies to minimize the impact of adipose tissue on NIRS measurements, the importance of conducting longitudinal studies, increased research on sex-specific effects, and a greater emphasis on field-based studies. With continued advancements, NIRS is expected to further enhance our understanding of muscle physiology and human performance, making it a crucial tool in athletic performance assessment and clinical practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbessertes System zur Messung der Reaktionszeit auf Basis eines 3D-Beschleunigungsmessers in der Leichtathletik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096994</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096994</guid>
      <author>Pousibet-Garrido, A.</author>
      <author>Moreno-Pérez, J. A.</author>
      <author>Escobedo, P.</author>
      <author>Caraballo, I.</author>
      <author>Gutiérrez-Manzanedo, J. V.</author>
      <author>González-Montesinos, J. L.</author>
      <author>Carvajal, M. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pousibet-Garrido, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreno-Pérez, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Escobedo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caraballo, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gutiérrez-Manzanedo, J. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Montesinos, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvajal, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[What are the main findings?

a) A portable system for measuring reaction time at athletic starts was designed and developed using an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU).
b) Validation tests demonstrated good agreement with the high-speed camera, used as the gold-standard reference system.

What is the implication of the main finding?

a) The proposed portable, low-cost system provides reliable reaction time measurements in athletics, offering valuable support for athletes and coaches.

Abstract:

Reaction time (RT) is a key measure of neuromuscular and cognitive performance, but most existing methods rely on laboratory equipment or focus on localized actions such as finger taps or foot lifts, limiting their relevance for whole-body movements. In this work, we present a portable inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based system specifically designed to measure RT during sprint starts. The device integrates a triaxial accelerometer (ICM-20948, ±16 g) and an ESP32 microcontroller, which generates an auditory stimulus, acquires acceleration data at 1 kHz, and computes movement onset in real time. A fixed acceleration threshold, determined from calibration against a high-speed camera reference, was used to detect the first voluntary movement. Both desktop and smartphone applications were implemented to control the system, provide feedback, and store test data. Validation experiments showed good agreement with the high-speed camera used as a reference (R2 = 0.9391), with a mean bias of -1.35 ms and 95% limits of agreement within ±25 ms. The proposed system combines high temporal resolution, portability, and straightforward deployment, enabling reliable assessment of whole-body RT in realistic sports and research environments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maschinelles Lernen zur Abschätzung der Muskelermüdung beim Krafttraining mit assistiver Robotik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096995</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096995</guid>
      <author>Baek, J.-Y.</author>
      <author>Kwon, J.-H.</author>
      <author>Khan, H.</author>
      <author>Lee, M.-C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Robotik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>isokinetisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Baek, J.-Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kwon, J.-H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Khan, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lee, M.-C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Monitoring muscle fatigue is essential for ensuring safety and maximizing the effectiveness of resistance training. Conventional methods such as electromyography (EMG), inertial measurement units (IMU), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) involve complex procedures and have limited applicability, particularly in unsupervised or robotic exercise environments. This study proposes a machine learning-based approach to directly predict RPE from force-time data collected during repeated isokinetic bench press sets. Thirty-two male participants (64 limb datasets) performed seven sets at a standardized 7RM load, with load cell data and RPE scores recorded. Biomechanical features representing magnitude, variability, energy, and temporal dynamics were extracted, along with engineered features reflecting relative changes and inter-set variations. The findings indicate that RPE is more closely related to relative fatigue progression than to absolute biomechanical output. Incorporating engineered features substantially improved predictive performance, with the Random Forest model achieving the highest accuracy and more than 93% of predictions falling within ±1 RPE unit of the reported values. The proposed approach can be seamlessly integrated into intelligent resistance machines, enabling automated load adjustment and providing substantial potential for applications in both athletic training and rehabilitation contexts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Brust-Aufprall-Überwachungssystem: eine tragbare und am Körper zu tragende Plattform zur Unterstützung der Verletzungsprävention bei Sportlerinnen </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096996</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096996</guid>
      <author>Fay, C. D.</author>
      <author>Dang, R.</author>
      <author>Butler, J.</author>
      <author>Armitage, L.</author>
      <author>Mattock, J. P. M.</author>
      <author>McGhee, D. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Tackling</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fay, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dang, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Butler, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Armitage, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mattock, J. P. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McGhee, D. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[What are the main findings?

a) A novel portable, wireless, and wearable sensing system was developed and validated for monitoring localised breast impacts in female athletes.
b) The system provides reliable tackling and laboratory measurements suitable for sports injury research and protective equipment testing.

What is the implication of the main finding?

a) Enables systematic investigation of breast injury mechanisms and the evaluation of protective strategies in women`s sport.
b) Demonstrates broader potential for wearable impact monitoring in health, ergonomics, and sports biomechanics applications.

Abstract:

This study presents the design and preliminary validation of a novel portable, wireless, and wearable sensing system—The Breast Impact Monitoring System (BIMS)—for female athletes, developed to monitor and quantify localised mechanical impacts to the breast during high-intensity sporting activity. The platform addresses a critical gap in sports biomechanics by enabling, for the first time, objective measurement of breast forces in both controlled mechanical impact testing and preliminary on-body tackling trials for female athletes. Its application extends to advancing understanding of sports-related breast injuries, informing prevention strategies, and assessing the effectiveness of protective equipment. The BIMS leverages an array of 16 thin-film Force Sensitive Resistors (FSRs) and employs a dual-core microcontroller architecture to manage the trade-off between wireless constraints and high-speed data fidelity, successfully achieving uninterrupted acquisition at 856 Hz for each channel. The system was rigorously validated against a reference instrument using a commercial Force Plate and a custom mechanical drop rig, demonstrating high accuracy with a calibration model (??2=0.9988). Preliminary wearable testing confirmed the system`s capability to detect and spatially map high localised impact forces, including peak forces up to 550 N (across an area diameter of 20 mm), during preliminary rugby tackling activities. By offering a practical and scalable solution for capturing previously inaccessible data, this system establishes a foundation for future research into athlete welfare and long-term breast health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Validität und Zuverlässigkeit der Kraftmessplatten und des linearen Positionsgebers bei der Messung der Countermovementtiefe und -geschwindigkeit während des Countermovement-Sprungs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096998</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096998</guid>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Ma, W.</author>
      <author>Zhang, L.</author>
      <author>Zhu, W.</author>
      <author>Xie, Q.</author>
      <author>Sun, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kraftplattform</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Countermovement jump (CMJ) is a key test for evaluating lower-limb neuromuscular function, and accurate measurement of countermovement depth (CMD) and countermovement velocity (CMV) is critical for determining optimal performance. However, the measurement validity and reliability of CMD and CMV—particularly when obtained from force plates (FP) and linear position transducers (LPT)—have remained uncertain. This study determined the validity and reliability of FP and LPT for measuring CMD and CMV. Twenty-eight male recreational athletes performed the CMJ test, and the variables were synchronously acquired by Motion Capture (MC), FP, and LPT. The test was divided into two sessions, with participants completing three maximal effort CMJs per session, and the second session occurred more than 48 h after the first. The reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the validity was evaluated with linear Pearson`s correlation coefficient (r), one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and Bland-Altman plots. The reliability results for FP and LPT indicated good to excellent (ICC = 0.809-0.900). Compared with MC, the FP showed a high to very high correlation (r = 0.894-0.937), and the LPT showed a high correlation (r = 0.721-0.726). When precise quantification of CMD/CMV is required, FP should be preferred. If only an LPT is available, it is best used for within-athlete longitudinal monitoring with a consistent setup, and cross-device comparisons should be avoided.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validität eines markerlosen Posenschätzungssystems auf Basis eines Faltungsneuronalen Netzwerks im Vergleich zu einem markerbasierten 3D-Bewegungsanalysesystem für die Ganganalyse - eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097000</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097000</guid>
      <author>Ksoll, K.</author>
      <author>Krätschmer, R.</author>
      <author>Stöcker, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ganganalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>neuronale Netze</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ksoll, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krätschmer, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stöcker, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Gait analysis is a valuable tool for a wide range of clinical applications. Until now, the standard for gait analysis has been marker-based 3D optical systems. Recently, markerless gait analysis systems that utilize pose estimation models based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and computer vision have gained importance. In this pilot study, we validated the performance of a CNN-based, markerless pose estimation algorithm (Orthelligent® VISION; OV) compared to a standard marker-based 3D motion capture system in 16 healthy adults. Standard gait metrics were analyzed by calculating concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) and coefficients of variation. With regard to gait event detection, we found good overlaps for both systems. Compared to the marker-based motion analysis, OV achieved a strong to almost complete concordance regarding the sagittal measurement of cadence, gait variability, step time, stance time, step length, and double support (CCC = 0.624), as well as regarding the frontal plane parameters of cadence, step time, stance time, and step width (CCC = 0.805). For gait symmetry only, we found a moderate to weak correlation. These results support the CNN-based, markerless gait analysis system OV as an alternative to marker-based 3D motion capture systems for a broad variety of clinical applications.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auf dem Weg zu erklärbaren multimodalen Sensoren für die Schwimmanalyse: Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt SWIM-360 </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097001</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097001</guid>
      <author>Camilleri, V.</author>
      <author>Camilleri, R. Y.</author>
      <author>Fialovszky, M.</author>
      <author>Pace, D.</author>
      <author>Seychell, D.</author>
      <author>Montebello, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Camilleri, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Camilleri, R. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fialovszky, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pace, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seychell, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Montebello, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Swimming performance analysis increasingly depends on multimodal sensing systems that capture physiological and biomechanical signals in real-world aquatic environments. While progress has been made in sensor fidelity and automated analysis, the interpretability of these systems remains limited, constraining their uptake in coaching practice. This paper presents early findings from the SWIM-360 project, which investigates how explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) can support transparent and actionable insights for swimming performance. We report preliminary results from EO SwimBETTER and TrainRed sensors, together with proof-of-concept outputs from video-based pose estimation. In parallel, we introduce mock-up visualisations and interaction concepts designed to elicit coach feedback on requirements for explainability. A qualitative questionnaire with eight professional swimming coaches was conducted to elicit requirements for explainable feedback. Their responses informed the design of a multimodal, coach-centred explainability framework. Rather than providing a fully integrated model, the paper proposes a methodological framework that combines multimodal sensing with explainability-driven design principles. Our findings highlight both the feasibility and the challenges of translating sensor data into interpretable knowledge for athletes and coaches. By embedding explainability at the earliest design stage, this study proposes an explainability-driven design framework linking multimodal sensing and user requirements. These early findings highlight how XAI principles can guide the creation of trustworthy, coach-centred decision-support tools in aquatic sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein erklärbarer Ansatz des maschinellen Lernens zur Erläuterung der Auswirkungen von Training und Spielbelastung auf die ultrakurzzeitspezifische Herzfrequenzvariabilität bei semiprofessionellen Basketballspielern </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097003</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097003</guid>
      <author>Abruñedo-Lombardero, J.</author>
      <author>Padrón-Cabo, A.</author>
      <author>Vélez-Serrano, D.</author>
      <author>Álvaro-Meca, A.</author>
      <author>Iglesias-Soler, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abruñedo-Lombardero, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Padrón-Cabo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vélez-Serrano, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Álvaro-Meca, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iglesias-Soler, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[What are the main findings?

a) Heart rate variability showed sensitivity to different measures of training and match load across the season.
b) An individualized, explanatory modeling approach helped to identify which load variables influenced the internal response and in what direction.

What is the implication of the main finding?

a) Monitoring heart rate variability alongside training load can inform athlete management strategies in team sports.
b) The methodological framework highlights how individualized, explainable analyses can refine the dose-response process, even if further validation is needed in other contexts.

Abstract:

Understanding how training and match load influence autonomic recovery is essential for optimizing athlete monitoring. This proof-of-concept study aimed to examine the impact of training and match load on next-day heart rate variability (HRV) and to explain how different load measures influenced the internal response, using SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to interpret machine learning models. Five semi-professional basketball players (23 ± 5 years; 191 ± 7 cm; 90 ± 11 kg) were monitored throughout a competitive season. HRV and load metrics were recorded daily. Differences in the natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) across Non-Training, Training, and Match days were analyzed using linear mixed models. Additionally, a Gradient Boosting Machine model was developed to examine next-day HRV responses, with SHAP analysis providing both global and individual insights into feature importance. Next-morning LnRMSSD values were significantly lower on Match days compared to both Training and Non-Training days (p < 0.001). SHAP results identified rate of perceived exertion (RPE), days since last match, minutes played, and recent training load as the most influential variables associated with HRV changes. Pre-session heart rate and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) values also demonstrated notable individual relevance. The ranking and magnitude of influential variables varied across players, highlighting the heterogeneity of physiological responses in team sports. While these findings are specific to this cohort, they illustrate the potential of explainable machine learning to enhance transparency and support individualized monitoring strategies. Importantly, they underscore the value of integrating both subjective and objective load measures to inform training decisions. Future research involving larger, multi-team samples is needed to validate the generalizability of these results.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamisches Rahmenwerk zur Analyse des Golfschwungs auf Basis einer effizienten Ähnlichkeitsbewertung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097004</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097004</guid>
      <author>Lee, S.-S.</author>
      <author>Choi, J.-H.</author>
      <author>Byun, J.</author>
      <author>Hwang, K.-I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lee, S.-S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Choi, J.-H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Byun, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hwang, K.-I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[With advances in computing power and deep learning, image-based pose estimation has become a viable tool for quantitative motion analysis. Compared to sensor-based systems, vision-based approaches are cost-effective, portable, and easy to deploy. However, when applied to golf swings, conventional similarity measures often fail to match expert perception, as they rely on static, frame-wise posture comparisons and require strict temporal alignment. We propose a Dynamic Motion Similarity Measurement (DMSM) framework that segments a swing into seven canonical phases—address, takeaway, half, top, impact, release, and finish—and evaluates the dynamic trajectories of joint keypoints within each phase. Unlike traditional DTW- or frame-based methods, our approach integrates continuous motion trajectories and normalizes joint coordinates to account for player body scale differences. Motion data are interpolated to improve temporal resolution, and numerical integration quantifies path differences, capturing motion flow rather than isolated postures. Quantitative experiments on side-view swing datasets show that DMSM yields stronger discrimination between same- and different-player pairs (phase-averaged separation: 0.092 vs. 0.090 for the DTW + cosine baseline) and achieves a clear biomechanical distinction in spine-angle trajectories (? = 38.68). Statistical analysis (paired t-test) confirmed that the improvement was significant (p < 0.05), and coach evaluations supported perceptual alignment. Although DMSM introduces a minor computational overhead (˜169 ms), it delivers more reliable phase-wise feedback and biomechanically interpretable motion analysis. This framework offers a practical foundation for AI-based golf swing analysis and real-time feedback systems in sports training, demonstrating improved perceptual consistency, biomechanical interpretability, and computational feasibility.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stammspielerinnen in einer professionellen Frauenfußballmannschaft haben eine höhere wöchentliche Spielbelastung und Gesamtbelastung als Nicht-Stammspielerinnen: eine explorative Analyse innerhalb der australischen Frauenliga A-League.</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097007</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097007</guid>
      <author>Lastella, M.</author>
      <author>Elsworthy, N.</author>
      <author>Miller, D. J.</author>
      <author>Lundquist, M.</author>
      <author>Serpiello, F.</author>
      <author>Scanlan, A. T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Stammspieler</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lastella, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elsworthy, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miller, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lundquist, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serpiello, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scanlan, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Comprehensive weekly load data appears relatively absent in the literature for the professional female soccer population. This exploratory observational study quantified the weekly training, match, and total loads experienced in a professional soccer team and compared these loads according to player role. Data were collected over a full season from 22 players competing in the Australian national A-League Women`s soccer competition. Internal (session-rating of perceived exertion load [session-RPE load]) and external load (total and relative values for total and high-speed running [HSR] distance) data were acquired during on-field training sessions and matches. Players were categorized as starters (started the match) or non-starters (used as a substitute in the match) within each week. Linear mixed models and effect size analyses were used to compare weekly loads between player roles. Weekly match and total load analyses revealed higher (p < 0.001, moderate-to-very large effects) duration, total distance, total HSR distance, and session-RPE load in starters than non-starters. In contrast, relative total and HSR distance in matches were higher (p < 0.001, moderate-to-large effects) in non-starters than in starters. These data provide an initial reference for the weekly loads in this competition, highlighting disparities between player roles that should be considered when developing training and preparation plans. Given the recruitment of a single team and small sample size, future research should extend upon this study to further strengthen the evidence base in this population.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie zur Griffkraft von Skihandschuhen mit Merkmalsdatenfusion auf Basis von GWO-BPNN-Deep-Learning</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097008</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097008</guid>
      <author>Ma, X.</author>
      <author>Gao, X.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Gao, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griffkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Griff</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>deep learning</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Handschuh</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>neuronale Netze</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To investigate the characteristic pressure distribution patterns when gripping ski poles during skiing, this study addresses the challenges of measuring grip force on the complex curved surfaces of ski poles. A dataset of experimental samples was established, and grip force data were extracted using deep neural network (DNN) training. To reduce errors caused by dynamic force distribution and domain shifts due to varying hand postures, a hybrid method combining deep neural networks with the bio-inspired Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm was proposed. This approach enables the fusion of hand-related feature data, facilitating the development of a high-precision grip force prediction model for skiing. A multi-point flexible array sensor was selected to detect force at key contact points. Through system calibration, grip force data were collected and used to construct a comprehensive database. A backpropagation (BP) neural network was then developed to process the sensor data at these characteristic points using deep learning techniques. The data fusion model was trained and further optimized through the GWO-BPNN (Gray Wolf Optimizer-backpropagation neural network) algorithm, which focuses on correcting and classifying force data based on dominant force-bearing units. Experimental results show that the optimized model achieves a relative error of less than 2% compared to calibration experiments, significantly improving the accuracy of flexible sensor applications. This model has been successfully applied to the development of intelligent skiing gloves, offering a scientific foundation for performance guidance and evaluation in skiing sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung eines Tracking-basierten Ansatzes zur Berechnung des Energieverbrauchs und der aeroben und anaeroben Versorgung während intermittierendem Laufen: verbesserte Simulation der Sauerstoffaufnahme innerhalb des metabolischen Leistungsmodells </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097015</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097015</guid>
      <author>Brochhagen, J.</author>
      <author>Schnack, T.</author>
      <author>Baumgart, C.</author>
      <author>Hoppe, M. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brochhagen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnack, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baumgart, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoppe, M. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[What are the main findings?

a) Optimization of the simulated oxygen uptake alone still resulted in both large overestimations and underestimations of total energy expenditure and aerobic-anaerobic energy supplies.
b) Only when combined with the corrected calculation of the aerobic energy supply, no statistically significant differences were found for total energy expenditure and aerobic supply, except during repeated sprints.

What are the implication of the main findings?

a) The anaerobic energy supply is still largely overestimated, thus the calculation of the metabolic power itself should be reconsidered.
b) Even more precise results concerning the distinction between aerobic-anaerobic energy supplies could be achieved by including physiological data, namely heart rate, into the simulation of oxygen uptake.

Abstract:

In intermittent sports, tracking technologies are commonly used to monitor external and internal loads. The metabolic power model solely uses speed and acceleration data to simulate metabolic power, oxygen uptake, energy expenditure, and aerobic-anaerobic supplies. This study aimed to improve the simulation of oxygen uptake within the metabolic power model, thereby increasing its validity to estimate metabolic loads during intermittent running. Twelve male athletes (24 ± 3 years) performed different intermittent running-based exercises. These data were previously collected and used for secondary analysis within this study. The simulation of oxygen uptake was optimized by different approaches: (i) formerly detected bias (Offset model), (ii) data-driven modeling using differential evolution (Mongin model), and (iii) correction of the aerobic supply calculation. The simulations were compared to the measured oxygen uptake via a portable respiratory gas analyzer and the resulting metabolic loads to those derived by the established 3-component model. For statistical analysis, one-way repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman test with corresponding effect sizes were applied. Overall, the Mongin model demonstrated the best predictive accuracy (MAE = 4.99 ± 1.12 mL/min/kg) compared to measured oxygen uptake and, combined with the corrected calculation, total energy expenditure and aerobic supply did not significantly differ to the standard (p = 0.056; trivial to large effect sizes). In conclusion, our optimizations reduce discrepancies of the tracking-based metabolic power model regarding total energy expenditure and aerobic supply compared to the established 3-component model.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung und experimentelle Validierung eines integrierten Bewertungsrahmens für EMS-Smartwear-Elektroden </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097016</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097016</guid>
      <author>Lee, G.</author>
      <author>Chae, U.</author>
      <author>Yun, J.</author>
      <author>Seo, D.</author>
      <author>Jang, I.</author>
      <author>Ham, G.</author>
      <author>Kim, T.</author>
      <author>Kim, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Tensiomyographie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lee, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chae, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yun, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Seo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jang, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ham, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kim, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study presents an integrated evaluation framework for textile-based electrical muscle stimulation smartwear electrodes, combining physiological and user-centered assessments to ensure comprehensive performance analysis. Four electrode types—lock stitch, knit, hot stamping, and moss stitch—were examined using a systematic five-step process with nine participants. Quantitative measurements were obtained using electromyography to determine maximum voluntary contraction and tensiomyography to assess muscle contraction velocity. The knit electrode demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in maximum voluntary contraction following stimulation (W = 2.0, p = 0.012, Cohen`s d = 0.58), indicating effective neuromuscular activation and fatigue induction. The moss stitch electrode also showed a notable trend toward reduced muscle activation (W = 6.0, p = 0.055, d = 0.37). In contrast, the lock stitch and hot stamping electrodes exhibited negligible changes. User experience surveys revealed overall high acceptance across all electrode types (4.0-4.5 of mean scores on a 5-point scale), with the moss stitch electrode receiving the highest ratings for perceived safety and minimal skin discomfort, while the hot stamping electrode scored lowest in breathability. The proposed framework enables balanced evaluation of both functional performance and user experience, offering practical design guidance for optimizing textile electrodes across applications ranging from high-intensity athletic training to low-intensity rehabilitation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inertialsensorbasierte Erkennung von Feldhockeyaktivitäten unter Verwendung eines hybriden Merkmalsauswahl-Frameworks</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097017</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097017</guid>
      <author>Shahar, N.</author>
      <author>As`ari, M. A.</author>
      <author>Mohd Ghazali, M. H.</author>
      <author>Zainal, N.</author>
      <author>Zulkifley, M. A.</author>
      <author>Ibrahim, A. A.</author>
      <author>Omar, Z.</author>
      <author>Rahmat, M. S.</author>
      <author>Gan, K. B.</author>
      <author>Mohamed Moubark, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shahar, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>As`ari, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohd Ghazali, M. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zainal, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zulkifley, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ibrahim, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Omar, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rahmat, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gan, K. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohamed Moubark, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Accurate recognition of complex human activities from wearable sensors plays a critical role in sports analytics and human performance monitoring. However, the high dimensionality and redundancy of raw inertial data can hinder model performance and interpretability. This study proposes a hybrid feature selection framework that combines Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (MRMR) and Regularized Neighborhood Component Analysis (RNCA) to improve classification accuracy while reducing computational complexity. Multi-sensor inertial data were collected from field hockey players performing six activity types. Time- and frequency-domain features were extracted from four body-mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs), resulting in 432 initial features. MRMR, combined with Pearson correlation filtering (|?| > 0.7), eliminated redundant features, and RNCA further refined the subset by learning supervised feature weights. The final model achieved a test accuracy of 92.82% and F1-score of 86.91% using only 83 features, surpassing the MRMR-only configuration and slightly outperforming the full feature set. This performance was supported by reduced training time, improved confusion matrix profiles, and enhanced class separability in PCA and t-SNE visualizations. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-stage feature selection method in optimizing classification performance while enhancing model efficiency and interpretability for real-time human activity recognition systems.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle des Trainers im Actionsport: Einsatz eines problemorientierten Lernansatzes</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2015 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096656</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096656</guid>
      <author>Ojala, A.-L.</author>
      <author>Thorpe, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Einstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammenarbeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Sportler-Beziehung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ojala, A.-L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thorpe, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Action sports (e.g., snowboarding, skateboarding, windsurfing, BMX) have traditionally celebrated antiauthoritarian, do-it-yourself and anticompetition cultural values. With the institutionalization and commercialization of action sports over the past two decades, and the introduction of mega-sports events such as the X Games, and the inclusion of some action sports into the Olympic Games (i.e., snowboarding, freestyle skiing, BMX), action sport athletes are increasingly working with coaches, psychologists, agents, managers and personal trainers to improve their performances. In this Insights paper we consider coaching in action sports via the case of Finnish professional snowboarders` attitudes to coaches. Drawing upon conversations with elite freestyle snowboarders we briefly present insights into their perceptions of the various positions of coaches in professional snowboarding before we offer suggestions built upon a Problem-based learning approach for coaches interested in working with action sport athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ist die Kniestreckkraft ein entscheidender Faktor für die badmintonspezifische Beweglichkeit von Spitzenspielern?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096824</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096824</guid>
      <author>Nakashima, H.</author>
      <author>Ando, R.</author>
      <author>Kameda, M.</author>
      <author>Tamai, S.</author>
      <author>Iizuka, T.</author>
      <author>Hoshikawa, Y.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>isokinetisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nakashima, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ando, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kameda, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamai, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iizuka, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoshikawa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Badminton-specific agility, characterized by frequent lunges performed with the leg on the racket-holding side, is a key determinant of overall badminton performance. Although leg extension strength is expected to play a significant role, the factors that influencing badminton-specific agility remain unclear. This study therefore aimed to test the hypothesis that knee extension strength is correlated with badminton-specific agility in world-class and elite/international-level badminton players.

Methods:
This study included twenty-seven male and twenty-three female professional badminton players from the Japanese national team. Participants completed two tests: (1) a badminton-specific agility test measuring the time required to reach sensors at the four corners of a singles court using badminton-specific movement, and (2) an isokinetic knee extension strength test at angular velocities of 60 °/s and 180 °/s. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between them (P < .05).

Results and discussion:
Significant inverse correlations were found between knee extension torque normalized to body mass for the leg opposite the racket-holding hand and badminton-specific agility at both 60 °/s and 180 °/s (males at 60 °/s: rs = -.619; 180 °/s: rs = -.579; females at 60 °/s: rs = -.445; 180 °/s: rs = -.446). In contrast, only the same-side leg at 60 °/s showed a significant inverse correlation (males: rs = -.413; females: rs = -.490). Overall, these results show that knee extension strength is crucial for badminton-specific agility among world-class and elite/international-level male and female badminton players. Furthermore, our findings suggest differing demands for force production between the legs on the same and opposite sides of the racket-holding hand.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung des Lernens und der motorischen Leistung bei hoch trainierten Jugendfußballern: Die Rolle des Zeitintervalls zwischen synchronen und asynchronen Einheiten in einem gemischten Trainingsmodell</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096825</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096825</guid>
      <author>Haweni, A.</author>
      <author>Tannoubi, A.</author>
      <author>Gasmi, M.</author>
      <author>Ursu, V. E.</author>
      <author>Geanta, V. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Haweni, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tannoubi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gasmi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ursu, V. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Geanta, V. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background/objectives:
Effective motor performance in sport depends on the dynamic interaction between cognitive and physiological systems. However, it remains unclear how the temporal spacing between training sessions influences this interaction. This study examined the effects of the Time Interval Between Synchronous and Asynchronous Sessions (TIBSAS) on motor control and working memory in highly trained youth football players.

Methods:
Fifty-seven adolescent athletes (12.1 ± 0.9 years) participated in a randomized crossover design involving three interval conditions between training sessions: (1) no delay, (2) 6-12 h delay, and (3) 12-24 h delay. Motor performance was evaluated using a 15 m ball-dribbling test, and cognitive performance was assessed using the Sternberg working memory task. Data were analyzed with one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction.

Results:
TIBSAS had significant impacts on both motor and cognitive performance. The 12-24 h interval (COND 3) produced considerably quicker dribbling times (3.60 ± 0.16 s) in comparison to COND 1 (3.96 ± 0.21 s, p < 0.001) and COND 2 (4.07 ± 0.23 s, p < 0.001), exhibiting a substantial effect size (?2 = 0.50). Cognitive performance exhibited analogous enhancements, with COND 3 indicating significantly quicker reaction times for both one-item (733.74 ± 13.08 ms vs. 777.15 ± 41.91 ms, p < 0.001) and three-item memory loads (982.00 ± 40.19 ms vs. 1,022.30 ± 33.10 ms, p = 0.005). There were no significant differences in the five-item memory load.

Conclusion:
An optimal spacing of 12-24 h between training sessions enhances both motor execution and cognitive processing, suggesting improved integration of perceptual and executive systems in young athletes. These findings highlight the importance of time-dependent consolidation mechanisms in sport performance and offer practical guidance for designing cognitively informed training schedules.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Datenhoheit von Sportlern: Schließung der rechtlichen und politischen Lücken in der Sporttechnologie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096826</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096826</guid>
      <author>Kwon, J. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Recht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kwon, J. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sports technology has rapidly reshaped the measurement and governance of athletic performance. Wearables, smart fabrics, and AI-linked sensors now generate constant biometric and tactical streams used for analytics, injury prevention, and fan-facing applications. As these tools become embedded in everyday training, the line between assistance and surveillance becomes harder to distinguish, raising new concerns about autonomy and control (1). Although the data originate from athletes` bodies, legal ownership remains uncertain (2). Existing privacy law and international sports governance frameworks offer no clear allocation of rights over the digital traces produced through play or training (3). The concept of data sovereignty-first developed in Indigenous data governance and later expanded into digital rights debates-suggests that individuals should retain authority over information tied to their bodily identity (4). Yet, despite its relevance, this principle has rarely been applied to the sporting context (5). This absence of legal clarity creates a paradox. Athletes generate the data that underpin modern sports technology, yet remain largely excluded from decision-making about its use. Without a recognised ownership framework, performance data sit in an ambiguous space: deeply personal yet institutionally controlled, private yet commercially valuable (6).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Konkurrente Validität und Reliabilität der My Jump Lab Smartphone-Applikation zur Bestimmung des Break-Point-Winkels bei der Nordic Hamstring Übung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096829</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096829</guid>
      <author>Dias, A.</author>
      <author>Gomes, A.</author>
      <author>Nogueira, D.</author>
      <author>Correia, L.</author>
      <author>Trindade, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Oberschenkel</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nordic hamstring exercise</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Smartphone</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>App</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dias, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nogueira, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Correia, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trindade, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Nordic Hamstring Exercise is widely used to prevent muscle strain injuries. Although isokinetic dynamometry is considered a gold standard for assessment, it is often impractical in many settings, due to several reasons. A cost-effective alternative for physical evaluations of the same muscle could be Smartphone-based, which have greatly increased in recent years due to technological advancements. This study aims to assess the concurrent validity and inter-rater reliability of the My Jump Lab smartphone application in measuring the break point angle (BPA) during the Nordic Hamstring Exercise.

Twenty-four healthy participants were recruited for this study and performed five repetitions of the nordic hamstring exercise, while being recorded via smartphone for BPA estimation. The same exercise was compared with kinematic analysis, as reference method. Concurrent validity was assessed by Pearson`s product-moment correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman Plots, while inter-rater reliability was analysed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error of measurement (SEM).

Results revealed a very high and significant level of correlation (r > 0.9, p< 0.001) for break point angle measurements, with small proportional bias. The app showed excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC >0.9), with very small variations (CV ˜ 1%) and SEM lower that 1.3 degrees.

These outcomes suggest that My Jump Lab is a valid and reliable tool for BPA assessment, that can be used confidently to assess hamstring muscle strain in a simple, portable and practical manner.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Intertägige Reliabilität von Kennwerten des Countermovement Jumps bei Elite-Nachwuchsfußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096830</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096830</guid>
      <author>Lonergan, B.</author>
      <author>Cohen, D. D.</author>
      <author>Williams, S.</author>
      <author>Lawson, R.</author>
      <author>Howarth, D. J.</author>
      <author>Johnson, D. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lonergan, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cohen, D. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Williams, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lawson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Howarth, D. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-day reliability of countermovement jump (CMJ) force plate metrics in elite male academy soccer players. Fourteen players performed 3 CMJ´s on 3 separate days over an 8-day period during a typical in-season competition and training period. Absolute (coefficient of variation (CV)) and relative reliability (interclass coefficient (ICC)) were calculated using two inter-day combinations; condition 1: Monday-Tuesday, condition 2: Monday-Monday and using two data treatment methods; mean of trials ("mean3") and single trial with the highest Flight Time:Contraction Time ("BestFT:CT"). In the mean3, Monday-Tuesday condition, all CV´s except for peak landing force were < 10%, with most < 5%, while all ICC`s were > 0.75 (good), and most ICC`s > 0.9 (excellent). Several metrics had lower CV´s and higher ICC´s in condition 1 than condition 2 and in mean3 than BestFT:CT. Importantly, in the context of using downward "eccentric" phase metrics in monitoring, eccentric deceleration rate of force development, durations, power and displacement within this phase demonstrated good-excellent absolute reliability (CVs between 2.9% and 7.03%). Overall, CV´s were substantially lower than most previous studies, but similar to investigations involving elite team sport athletes who also perform the CMJ regularly. Our findings suggest that metric reliability is enhanced by this exposure and by a competitive environment, and that reliability data obtained in populations without these characteristics is not generalizable to the elite setting. Practitioners should endeavor to assess inter-day reliability within their team. In-season implementation represents an ecologically valid option.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Hauttemperatur als Indikator des körperlichen Fitnessprofils: Der Einfluss von Hochgeschwindigkeitsläufen bei Profifußballern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096831</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096831</guid>
      <author>Escamilla-Galindo, V.-L.</author>
      <author>Vega-Ramos, A.</author>
      <author>Felipe, J. L.</author>
      <author>Alonso-Callejo, A.</author>
      <author>Fernandez-Cuevas, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Intensität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Escamilla-Galindo, V.-L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vega-Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Felipe, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alonso-Callejo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez-Cuevas, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[High-speed running (HSR) has the greatest physiological impact on soccer players. It is closely linked to neuromuscular fatigue and muscle damage post-match, emphasizing the role that load monitoring plays in both performance and recovery. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between match locomotor demands and the relative change in skin temperature (%deltaT) following official matches. A professional soccer team was analyzed during 14 regular-season matches. Infrared thermography (IRT) assessments were conducted before the match and up to 36 h after the match. The analyzed regions included posterior protocols of the lower limb. The kinematic variables of the match were obtained through a GPS device. Players were classified into high- and low-load groups based on the median values of HSR distance (372 m) and total distance (9675 m). Linear mixed-effects models showed that players in the high HSR group (=372 m) demonstrated greater post-match decreases in %deltaT, particularly in the hamstring region (ß = -1.79 ± 0.54 °C, 95% CI: -2.87 to -0.72, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.18), with a moderate-to-large effect size (ES = 0.67). Total distance also explained temperature change in the hamstrings (ß = -1.46 ± 0.73 °C, p = 0.04). These findings suggest that post-match skin temperature reduction is sensitive to high-intensity running exposure, supporting IRT as a complementary internal load monitoring tool.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von Startdetektionsmethoden beim Countermovement-Vertikalsprung mit Armschwung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096832</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096832</guid>
      <author>Park, S.</author>
      <author>Stewart, M.</author>
      <author>Harry, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kraft-Zeit-Verlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Park, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stewart, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harry, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Start detection methods for force-time data analyses of the countermovement vertical jump with arms akimbo (CMJ) have been applied to the CMJ with an arm swing (CMJ-AS). However, little is known regarding the implications of different start detection methods on derived CMJ-AS outcome measures. We compared CMJ-AS start locations that were identified by four detection methods: 1) (body weight [BW] ± 5 standard deviations [5SD]), 2) (maximum [max] BW + 5SD or minimum [min] BW - 5SD), 3) (BW ± 2.5%), and 4) (max BW + 2.5% or min BW - 2.5%). Twenty-two collegiate male basketball players (20.23 ± 2.00 yr, 1.99 ± 0.07 m, 93.79 ± 8.48 kg) performed 3 CMJ-AS trials while vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) data was recorded. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA (a <= 0.05) supplemented by Cohen`s d effect sizes compared time to takeoff (TTT), unloading phase metrics, and CMJ-AS start vGRF value amongst the methods. TTT was longer for method 1 (0.99 ± 0.16 s) than methods 2 (0.94 ± 0.17 s, p < 0.01, d = 0.29) and 4 (0.92 ± 0.19 s, p = 0.01, d = 0.43). Unloading time was longer for method 1 than methods 2 (p < 0.01, d = 0.16) and 4 (p < 0.01, d = 0.22) and longer for method 3 than method 4 (p = 0.02, d = 0.21). Unloading force and rate of force development were different between methods 1 and 2 (p <= 0.01, d = 0.17) and methods 3 and 4 (p <= 0.01, d = 0.21-0.22). There was no difference amongst methods in CMJ-AS start vGRF value. Erroneous start identification rate was lowest for method 4 (3.03%). When analyzing the CMJ-AS, max BW + 2.5% or min BW - 2.5% is recommended to improve start detection and avoid compromised unloading phase metrics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung von linearen Sprints und Richtungswechsel-Training im Vergleich zu Kleinfeld-Fußballspielen auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit bei gut trainierten jungen Fußballspielerinnen: eine randomisierte Crossover-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096833</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096833</guid>
      <author>Aboulfaraj, A.</author>
      <author>Laziri, F.</author>
      <author>Haddou, S. E.</author>
      <author>Lahlou, S.</author>
      <author>Aghrouch, M.</author>
      <author>Belamjahad, A.</author>
      <author>Del Coso, J.</author>
      <author>Ardigò, L. P.</author>
      <author>Zouhal, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aboulfaraj, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laziri, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haddou, S. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lahlou, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aghrouch, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Belamjahad, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Del Coso, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ardigò, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zouhal, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of linear sprint training with changes of direction (LSCD) versus small-sided games (SSSG) on physical performance, agility, and soccer-specific skills in young elite female players. 

Methods: In a randomized crossover study, 27 players aged 15 to 17 were divided into two groups (G1 = 14, G2 = 13). After a two-week baseline period, each group completed a four-week training mesocycle (three sessions per week) consisting of either LSCD or SSG. After a two-week washout period, participants switched interventions and completed the alternate four-week mesocycle. Performance assessments were conducted before and after each mesocycle to evaluate training effects. 

Results: Both types of training improved physical performance, with different magnitudes. LSCD induced larger gains in sprint speed (5, 10, 20 m; p < 0.05), agility without the ball (t-test; p = 0.05), and explosive power (countermovement jump, repeated jumps over 15 s; p = 0.02 and p = 0.004). In contrast, SSSG led to larger improvements in aerobic endurance (Yo-Yo IR1 test; p = 0.03) and agility with the ball (t-test with ball; p = 0.05). No transfer effect between cycles was observed. 

Conclusions: In young elite female players, LSCD training was more effective in improving speed, agility, and power, while SSSG was more effective for aerobic endurance and ball agility.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen neurokognitiven Funktionen und Gehirnerschütterungen bei professionellen Fußballspielerinnen: eine Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096834</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096834</guid>
      <author>Lähteenmäki, F. F.</author>
      <author>den Hollander, S.</author>
      <author>Janse van Rensburg, D. C.</author>
      <author>Brinck, T.</author>
      <author>Kerkhoffs, G.</author>
      <author>Gouttebarge, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Aufmerksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lähteenmäki, F. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>den Hollander, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Janse van Rensburg, D. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brinck, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kerkhoffs, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gouttebarge, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective: To determine the neurocognitive functions of women professional football players and explore their potential connection to concussions. 

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted via electronic questionnaires. Neurocognitive function was assessed with the "CNS Vital Signs" testing tool. 

Results: In total, 68 participants performed the neurocognitive function testing. Compared with the reference population, players scored within the average range (=90) for 11 of 12 neurocognitive domains. Motor speed was above average (SS = 111.7). Overall, no significant neurocognitive deficits were observed. Thirty-two participants (43%) reported one or more concussions, with defenders being most affected (50%). Among defenders, 64% (n = 16) have a history of one or multiple concussions. Players with a history of three concussions showed significant deficits in the simple attention domain. 

Conclusion: Professional women footballers did not show significant signs of neurocognitive function deficits. However, a history of three concussions was significantly associated with lower standard scores for the simple attention neurocognitive domain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss des Spielbetriebs bei World Lacrosse Sixes auf die neuromuskuläre Leistungsfähigkeit bei internationalen männlichen Lacrosse-Spielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096835</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096835</guid>
      <author>Ripley, N.</author>
      <author>Fahey, J.</author>
      <author>Collier, M.</author>
      <author>Comfort, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Lacrosse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ripley, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fahey, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Collier, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Comfort, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sixes lacrosse is a new sport to be included in the 2028 Olympics, however there is limited understanding on the demands of Sixes lacrosse competition. Purpose: To observe the effect of Sixes lacrosse on acute fatigue. Methods: Eleven international male Sixes lacrosse players (24.82 ± 2.58 years, 180.17 ± 8.84 cm, 90.14 ± 7.63 kg) participated within the present study, playing in five competitive matches over three-days. Three countermovement jump (CMJ) trials were performed pre- and post-match. Results: Very large (d = 1.35 [0.51-2.17]) decreases in system weight (SW), a moderate increase in jump height (JH) (d = 0.67 [-0.02-1.31]) and a moderate decrease in average relative braking force (ARBf) (d = 0.68 [-0.03-1.27]) were observed from pre-post one match. A moderate (d = 0.76 [0.07-1.42]) decrease in SW, with a small increase in average relative propulsive force (ARPf) (d = 0.30 [-0.31-0.90]) were observed from pre-post three matches. Very large increases in JH (d = 1.69 [0.73-2.61]) and time to take off (d = 1.43 [-0.40-2.45]) with a large increase in countermovement displacement (d = 1.05 [0.29-1.78]) and a large decrease in ARBf (d = 0.84 [0.13-1.52]), with no meaningful changes were observed for SW (d = 0.03 [-0.56-0.62]), or ARPf (d = 0.04 [-0.56-0.63]) observed from pre-post international tournament. Conclusion: The results of this study have implications on recovery within Sixes lacrosse players during international tournaments. Moreover, the high levels of observed fatigue would likely require a period of restitution following international tournament.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschungsfortschritte zu häufigen Sportverletzungen bei jugendlichen Eishockeyspielern und Präventionsstrategien: eine narrative Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096836</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096836</guid>
      <author>Zheng, Y.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Chen, Y.</author>
      <author>Cao, J.</author>
      <author>Chen, E.</author>
      <author>Pan, H.</author>
      <author>Huang, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pan, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Ice hockey is a high-intensity collision sport with one of the highest injury rates among youth team sports. Despite advanced protective equipment, youth athletes remain particularly vulnerable due to their unique physiological and psychological characteristics. 

Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesise the current evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for common sports injuries in youth ice hockey players. 

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for publications between August 2015 and August 2025 using an iterative process and manual reference screening to identify relevant studies. 
Result: The evidence indicates that injury rates are notably high, ranging from 11.7 to 34.4 per 1000 athlete-hours. Concussions and upper/lower limb injuries are most prevalent. Body checking is the most significant modifiable risk factor associated with a threefold increase in concussion incidence. Policy interventions prohibiting body checking have demonstrated substantial benefits, leading to a 50-70% reduction in injury rates and a 57-60% reduction in concussions. Furthermore, the use of full-face protection was associated with a fourfold reduction in the risk of facial and dental injuries. Specialised preparatory activities and neuromuscular training, as well as comprehensive safety and rules training for players and coaches, can reduce the risk of injury in youth hockey players. 

Conclusion: This review underscores that effective injury prevention in youth ice hockey requires multi-faceted strategies focused on policy changes and proper equipment. Future work should focus on developing personalised prevention models, establishing youth-specific equipment standards, and enhancing safety awareness.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Maximale und explosive Kraft von hochrangigen alpinen Skifahrern nach schweren Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten: ein retrospektiver Vergleich mit unverletzten Skifahrern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096837</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096837</guid>
      <author>Trachsel, S.</author>
      <author>Gross, M.</author>
      <author>Bruhin, B.</author>
      <author>Baur, H.</author>
      <author>Hübner, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Maximalkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Trachsel, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gross, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bruhin, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baur, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hübner, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Before returning to sport (RTS) following lower extremity injury, competitive alpine skiers` performance strength profiles should be verified. This study examined whether differences in maximal isometric (Fmax) and explosive strength (Pmax) exist between non-injured (n_INJ) and post-injured (p_INJ) elite skiers (n = 56) after RTS. It also explored whether Fmax and Pmax values recover differently over time and whether restoration rates differ between males and females. An explorative analysis was conducted to determine differences in back-squat Fmax and Pmax during squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) without and with additional load. Data were available from before injury and after athletes` RTS for p_INJ or twice across a comparable time span for n_INJ. While differences between n_INJ and p_INJ after rehabilitation are not significant for Fmax, p_INJ generally display significantly lower Pmax (r = 0.34-0.40). Additionally, results suggest that Fmax is restored first, followed by Pmax without eccentric component (SJ), and that Pmax (CMJ) with eccentric component is restored slowest. Further, p_INJ showed lower Pmax in loaded jumps even before injury (p = 0.035-0.047, r = 0.36-0.39). Finally, females display generally lower Pmax for a given Fmax. Overall, these results contribute to improving rehabilitation and prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Molekulare, systemische und physiologische Anpassungen an hochintensives Intervalltraining bei Flachwasser-Kajakfahrern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096839</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096839</guid>
      <author>Papandreou, A.</author>
      <author>Tzanis, G.</author>
      <author>Moustogiannis, A.</author>
      <author>Zevolis, E.</author>
      <author>Zacharogiannis, E.</author>
      <author>Maridaki, M.</author>
      <author>Nanas, S.</author>
      <author>Koutsilieris, M.</author>
      <author>Philippou, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kajak</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Papandreou, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tzanis, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moustogiannis, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zevolis, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zacharogiannis, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maridaki, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nanas, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koutsilieris, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Philippou, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a time-efficient alternative to traditional endurance training. This study investigated the molecular, systemic, and physiological adaptations induced by an 8-week HIIT program in national-level flatwater kayak athletes. 

Methods: Six trained male kayakers completed an 8-week HIIT intervention. Skeletal muscle biopsies and venous blood samples were collected before and after training to assess markers related to endocrine function, growth and remodeling, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Physiological and performance measures were evaluated using a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and kayak ergometer trials. 

Results: HIIT elicited significant improvements across molecular, systemic, and performance parameters. Post-training analyses showed increased expression of IGF-1R, MMP-4, MMP-9, and TNF-a (p < 0.05), along with elevated serum testosterone concentrations (p < 0.05). Notable performance gains were observed in paddling speed at the second ventilatory threshold (PSVT2; p < 0.05) and in 1000 m (p < 0.01) and 200 m (p < 0.001) time-trial performances. 

Conclusions: An 8-week HIIT program effectively enhanced molecular signaling, systemic adaptation, and sport-specific performance in elite flatwater kayak athletes. The concurrent upregulation of anabolic, remodeling, and inflammatory pathways suggests that HIIT facilitates coordinated muscular and systemic adaptations beneficial for kayak performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kleinfeldspiele im Rugby-Union-Training: Ein narrativer Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096868</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096868</guid>
      <author>Franco da Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Borges Müller, C.</author>
      <author>Oliveira Bicudo, F.</author>
      <author>de Oliveira Castro, H.</author>
      <author>dos Santo Pinheiro, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Franco da Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borges Müller, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira Bicudo, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Oliveira Castro, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>dos Santo Pinheiro, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Small-sided games (SSGs) have gained prominence in rugby union training due to their potential to simultaneously develop players` physical, technical, and tactical capacities. However, a comprehensive understanding of how SSGs are structured and applied remains limited. This narrative review aimed to identify and analyze studies that implemented SSGs in rugby union training, focusing on game formats, participant characteristics, and training outcomes. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and SciELO databases up to March 2025. Sixteen studies published between 2012 and 2024 met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers using a structured coding framework, and findings were synthesized narratively due to the heterogeneity of studies` designs and outcomes. Results revealed considerable variation in SSG designs regarding the number of players (1v1 to 12v12), pitch dimensions (15×12 m to 100×70 m), and contact rules (touch, tackle, or non-contact). SSGs with fewer players and larger fields were associated with greater physical and perceptual demands. Technical and tactical benefits were also observed, particularly when SSGs were pedagogically adapted to the athletes` experience and developmental level. Nonetheless, most studies involved adult male or elite players, highlighting a gap in research with female and youth categories. Furthermore, few studies examined how contact rules influenced training outcomes. Future investigations should include more diverse populations and explore how constraint manipulations affect game representativeness and skill acquisition in rugby union.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede in Leistung und Verletzungsprofil bei Fußballspielern: Ein Vergleich zwischen Alterskategorien und Positionen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096869</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096869</guid>
      <author>Torres-Martín, L.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Sánchez, J.</author>
      <author>Ramirez-Campillo, R.</author>
      <author>Raya-González, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Torres-Martín, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Sánchez, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramirez-Campillo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raya-González, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aims of this study were to compare physical performance and injury profiles across different age categories and playing positions of soccer players, and to establish relationships between physical performance tests and positions. Soccer players of different age categories, senior (n=34), under-19 years (U19; n=53) and under-16 years (U16; n=54), performed countermovement jump (CMJ), change of direction (COD, 10+10-m with 90° turn), and linear sprint over 30-m tests. Change-of-direction loss was calculated. Injuries (i.e., incidence and burden) during the first phase of the season were recorded. Senior players showed the best performance in COD (effect size [ES] = 1.23-1.42), the U19 players were the best in sprint over 30-m (ES = 0.64-1.44) and the worst in COD loss (ES = 1.18-1.68). The U16 players showed the lowest values in countermovement jump (ES = 0.90-1.00) and linear sprint tests (ES = 0.64-1.46). No differences in physical performance were reported for the playing positions analysis. Senior players showed the highest total injury incidence and the greatest burden values, while wide midfield players presented the highest burden values. These results indicate that individualized training programs must be applied based on age and playing positions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effekte von SAQ-, HIIT- und SSG-Training auf Sprint- und Richtungswechsel-Leistung bei Fußballspielern: Eine paarweise und Netzwerk-Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096870</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096870</guid>
      <author>Niu, X.</author>
      <author>Liu, F.</author>
      <author>Liu, L.</author>
      <author>Chen, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhou, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Niu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The objective was to systematically compare the effects of speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and small-sided games (SSG) training on sprint and change of direction (COD) performance in soccer players through pairwise and network meta-analyses. A comprehensive search of five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and EBSCO) was conducted during June 2025 to identify controlled trials involving SAQ, HIIT, or SSG training interventions. Studies meeting predefined eligibility criteria underwent pairwise meta-analysis (PMA) to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) against control conditions, and network meta-analysis (NMA) to estimate comparative efficacy across all three modalities. Surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) values were computed to establish an intervention hierarchy. Twenty-three studies involving 914 participants were included. Pairwise meta-analysis (PMA) results showed that, compared with the control groups, only SAQ training significantly improved sprint (SMD = -1.23, 95% CI: -1.85 to -0.60, p<.001) and COD performance (SMD = -1.09, 95% CI: -1.69 to -0.48, p<.001). In network meta-analysis (NMA), SAQ ranked highest for sprint performance (SUCRA = 98.2%), followed by conventional training (CT) (57.0%), HIIT (36.7%), and SSG (8.1%). For COD performance, HIIT (SUCRA = 67.3%) ranked highest, followed by SSG (65.9%), SAQ (63.1%) and CT (3.7%). SAQ training demonstrated the most robust enhancement of sprint speed among the examined modalities. Although direct comparisons indicated benefits of SAQ for COD performance, its superiority was not confirmed in the network analysis, likely due to limited head-to-head data and study heterogeneity. A training strategy centered on SAQ, with supplemental HIIT and SSG components, is therefore recommended to optimize both sprint and COD adaptations in soccer players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Effekt von Flywheel-Eccentric-Overload-Training auf die sportliche Leistung: Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096871</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096871</guid>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Su, Y.</author>
      <author>Ji, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwungrad</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Überlastung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Su, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ji, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to assess the effects of resistance training using flywheel devices - hereafter referred to as flywheel eccentric overload training (FEOT) - compared to conventional resistance training (including external-load resistance training and bodyweight training) on athletic performance, providing theoretical guidance and practical foundations for the scientific development of diverse training regimens. Randomized controlled trials on FEOT interventions (up to January 2024) from five Chinese/English databases were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata-SE 15 for meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, and bias assessment. A total of 21 articles were included in this study (14 high-quality, seven moderate-quality based on the methodological assessment). The results of the meta-analysis revealed that, compared to the conventional resistance training, FEOT significantly outperformed in countermovement jump (CMJ; SMD=0.60, 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.95, p<.05), change-of-direction performance (COD; SMD=-1.23, 95% CI: -1.89 to -0.57, p<.05), and short-distance sprint performance (SMD=-0.58, 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.23, p<.05). Subgroup analysis revealed: 1) Compared to the external-load resistance training, FEOT improved CMJ (SMD=0.56, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.99, p<.05), short-distance sprinting (SMD=-0.61, 95% CI: -0.95 to -0.27, p<.05), and COD (SMD=-1.34, 95% CI: -2.38 to -0.30, p<.05), but not 1RM strength (SMD=0.30, 95% CI: -0.50 to 1.10, p>.05). 2) Versus the bodyweight training, FEOT improved CMJ (SMD=0.77, 95% CI: 0.25 to 1.29, p<.05) and COD (SMD=-1.16, 95% CI: -2.02 to -0.30, p<.05), but not short-distance sprinting (SMD=-0.31, 95% CI: -1.47 to 0.86, p>.05). Our conclusions are: 1) compared with the conventional resistance training, FEOT yields greater improvements in CMJ, COD, and short-sprint performance and 2) FEOT outperforms external-load resistance training across CMJ, COD, and short-sprint outcomes, and shows clear advantages over bodyweight training in CMJ and COD, supporting its value as an effective strategy for enhancing explosive lower-limb performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von zwei unterschiedlichen Erholungsprotokollen auf die 100-Meter-Kraulleistung männlicher Schwimmer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096872</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096872</guid>
      <author>Štrumbelj, B.</author>
      <author>Ušaj, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Natriumbikarbonat</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Štrumbelj, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ušaj, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to ascertain whether passive recovery with additional sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3-) ingestion affected 100-m swimming speed differently from active recovery during a simulation of a typical competition, which consisted of two trials with a 60-min recovery period. Nine male swimmers (mean age 20.9 ±1.6 years, stature 1.81 ± 8.5 m and body mass 78.1 ± 12.9 kg) completed two maximal 100-m front-crawl swims separated by a 60-min active recovery and two maximal 100-m front crawl swims separated by a 60-min passive recovery with NaHCO3 ingestion on a different test day. The active recovery protocol resulted in lower [LA] than the recovery with NaHCO3 ingestion (p<.05), while pH, pCO2 and [HCO3-] were higher in the recovery with NaHCO3 ingestion protocol (p<.01). Neither protocol had a significant effect on 100-m swim time. In conclusion, a 60-min active swimming recovery at 65% of maximal velocity on the 100-m crawl or a passive recovery with NaHCO3 intake in the same time interval had no significant effect on the second swimming performance, despite the different effects on pH, [HCO3-], pCO2, and [LA]. In both experimental conditions, no differences in swimming time were found between the first and the second swim.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Taekwondo-Kicks im Zentrum biomechanischer Forschung: Ein systematischer Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096873</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096873</guid>
      <author>Aybüke Yilmaz, E.</author>
      <author>Ates, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taekwondo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kick</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aybüke Yilmaz, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ates, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Taekwondo is an Olympic martial art that emphasizes complex kicking techniques requiring meticulous biomechanical execution. Understanding the mechanical determinants of these kicks is essential for performance enhancement and injury prevention. This systematic review aims at combining the available literature on the kinematic and kinetic features of taekwondo kicks to understand the biomechanics of the technique and training implications. A comprehensive search was done in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The studies included used experimental methods, were published in scientific peer-reviewed journals and focused on the biomechanics of taekwondo kicks from the post-1996 period. A total of 294 articles were identified, and 86 studies met the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed four main themes: dollyo chagi (n=49), ap chagi (n=9), yeop chagi (n=4), multiple kicks (n=12) and other kicks (n=12). The most consistent determinants of performance were hip joint torque and ground reaction forces (kinetics), and distal segment velocity (kinematics). Dollyo chagi had the highest rotational dynamics, necessitating power and speed, while yeop chagi showed how mass can be efficiently utilized to produce force. Ap chagi used a proximal-to-distal energy transfer mechanism to achieve the most efficient energy transfer. This review confirms the importance of biomechanics in the execution of taekwondo kicking techniques. It determines energy transfer, joint coordination, and muscle activation as crucial factors that describe the performance. Coaches should focus on hip mobility drills and proximal-todistal sequencing exercises to enhance power output while minimizing joint loading to reduce injury risks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der Sprungkraft durch plyometrisches Training und Air Alert Training im Volleyball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096874</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096874</guid>
      <author>Valunpion, A.</author>
      <author>Rangubhet, K. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Valunpion, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rangubhet, K. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
This study compared the effects of two jump training protocols - Plyometric Training and the Air Alert Program - on vertical jump performance among male and female collegiate volleyball players. It also aimed to analyze time-dependent performance changes and develop a predictive model for post-training outcomes.

Methods:
Twenty-four athletes (12 males, 12 females) were assigned to four groups (n = 6 each): male-plyometric, male-Air Alert, female-plyometric, and female-Air Alert. Both programs were implemented for eight weeks (3 sessions/week). Vertical jump height was measured at pre-, mid- (week 4), and post-training (week 8) using a Vertec device. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, independent t-tests, ANCOVA, and multiple regression. The significance level was set at p < .05.

Results:
Significant effects of time (p < .001) and training type (p = .002) were found, with greater gains in the plyometric group for both sexes. Regression identified pre-test performance (ß = 0.35, p < .01) and training type (ß = 4.12, p = .02) as key predictors of post-test height, explaining 94% of variance (R² = .94).

Conclusions:
Plyometric training was superior to Air Alert in enhancing vertical jump height, emphasizing progressive, high-intensity, low-volume training for optimizing neuromuscular adaptation.

Practical applications:
Coaches should integrate structured plyometric training early in the season and monitor mid-phase outcomes to predict final performance more effectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Effekte des isoinertialen Trainings auf die Countermovement-Jump-Leistung bei männlichen Elite-Nachwuchs-Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096887</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096887</guid>
      <author>Pavic, D.</author>
      <author>Gregov, C.</author>
      <author>Šalaj, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schwungrad</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sprunghöhe</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pavic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gregov, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Šalaj, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of flywheel training on countermovement jump performance in elite youth male basketball players, by measuring jump height at the 1-minute, 3-minute and 5-minute post-training. Fifteen young, healthy, elite male athletes (age: 17.0 ± 1.0 years; height: 193.1 ± 7.3 cm; body mass: 83.6 ± 8.2 kg; BMI: 22.4 ± 1.7 kg/m²) participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups, performing the experimental (PAPE) and control protocol in a crossover design. Both protocols included standardized warm-up and countermovement jumping, while the experimental protocol additionally involved flywheel training between the warm-up and jumping. The flywheel training consisted of the half-squat exercise in three sets of six maximal repetitions, with a flywheel inertia of 0.025 kg·m². The results showed no statistically significant differences in countermovement jump height at 1-minute, 3-minute and 5-minute post-intervention time points (p > .05). Such an outcome was expected at the first time point, due to the well-known dominance of fatigue over potentiation in the initial minutes following an activation exercise. However, the results obtained at the second and third time points were not consistent with previous findings. The absence of acute improvements is most likely attributable to the participants` age, which contributes to increased susceptibility to central fatigue. Further research is needed to determine whether this type of training can acutely enhance countermovement jump height in young athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ernährungsbedingter Kohlenhydratbedarf für die Muskelglykogen-Resynthese nach körperlicher Belastung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096892</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096892</guid>
      <author>Florin, T. D.</author>
      <author>Damian, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Glykogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>körperliche Aktivität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Glukose</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Fruktose</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Florin, T. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Damian, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim. The aim of this research is to investigate the physiological mechanisms and time course of muscle glycogen resynthesis over a 24- hour recovery period following endurance exercise.
Methods. We searched the following computerized databases: Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and profile websites to collect recent data on the influence of recovery in elite sport. A comprehensive review of nutritional protocols was conducted, focusing on the physiological transition between insulin-independent and insulin-dependent phases of glycogenogenesis. The analysis incorporated contemporary intake thresholds (100-120 g/h) and mass-based saccharide proportions (1:0.8 glucose-to-fructose ratio).
Results. The findings demonstrate a significant temporal advantage in glycogen loading when carbohydrates are administered within the immediate 30-minute post-exercise window. Delaying intake by two hours results in a 50% reduction in synthesis rates. 
Conclusions. The initial 30-minute post-exercise window, characterized by an insulin-independent phase, represents the most physiologically efficient period for metabolic restoration. Specifically, the restoration of muscle glycogen after exercise can be achieved by ingesting approximately 60 g of carbohydrates per hour during the first 2-3 hours (Rollo, 2014). To optimize metabolic recovery in elite athletes, the utilization of multiple transportable carbohydrates—specifically a 1:0.8 glucose-to-fructose blend—is essential to circumvent the 60 g/h absorption bottleneck. This nutritional framework supports high-intensity energy demands by maximizing total carbohydrate flux and enhancing systemic glycogen resynthesis while maintaining superior gastrointestinal tolerance. The co-ingestion of glucose (for intramuscular glycogen) and fructose (for hepatic glycogen) is superior to separate administration, and high-glycemic index carbohydrates are vital for stimulating insulin and maximizing muscular glycogen accumulation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen einer Rote-Bete-Saft-Supplementierung auf die Leistung männlicher Fußballspieler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096893</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096893</guid>
      <author>Abniki, I.</author>
      <author>Mohebbi, H.</author>
      <author>Ebrahimi, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rote Beete</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nitrat</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abniki, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohebbi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ebrahimi, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of consuming nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BJ), both in acute and short-term scenarios, on aerobic/anaerobic performance and subsequent alteration of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of young male soccer players. 
Methods. This randomized crossover study was conducted with 12 male soccer players who met the research criteria. In the acute phase of the study, half of the subjects randomly consumed natural BJ (80 mL, containing 6.5 mmol of nitrate), while the other half consumed a placebo (80 ml of colored/flavored water) and, 120 minutes later, performed the Wingate and Shuttle Run tests. After 72 hours, the tests were repeated with other supplements. For the short-term part, half of the subjects randomly underwent a 6-day protocol of consuming BJ or placebo in a crossover manner with an interval of one-week wash-out period. 24 hours after the last meal, the tests were repeated. HR and BP were monitored through the trials. Repeated measure analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests were used for data analysis in IBM SPSS software version 26 (P < 0.05).
Results. SBP and HR were reduced 2 hours after BJ intake. The effect of acute and short-term consumption of beetroot juice on anaerobic power was insignificant, while the fatigue index and time at peak power improved with acute BJ intake. Aerobic performance improved both in acute and short-term phases. 
Conclusions. male soccer players may get benefits from the acute intake of BJ before events. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körperliches Training im leistungsorientierten Bobsport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096894</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096894</guid>
      <author>Costache, R. M.</author>
      <author>Geambasu, A.</author>
      <author>Ionel, A.</author>
      <author>Mihalcea, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bobsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costache, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Geambasu, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ionel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mihalcea, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim. Synergism is very important in the body's adaptation to effort respiratory cardio followed by neuro-muscular synergism and systems integrative neuro-endocrine-humoral and biochemical projection of effort.
Methods. There are 4 research subjects, 2 boys and 2 girls, members of the Youth Olympic Team. Optojump is a system for analyzing the strength and resistance of the lower limbs
Results. The predominant effort in the bobsled is of anaerobic lactacid type (start under 6 seconds, maximum intensity). The energy required for the mechanical work performed is ensured by the enzymatic breakdown of ATP without producing lactic acid.
Conclusions. In bobbers, the motor qualities are found in a close bond of interdependence, in the following order: skill, speed, strength and endurance. Their combination characterizes the specific effort and determines the essential and decisive elements in the orientation of the preparation and the choice of means.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Ausprägungen der Schnelligkeit bei leistungsorientierten Volleyballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096895</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096895</guid>
      <author>Iordache, G.</author>
      <author>Stoica, M.</author>
      <author>Costache, R.</author>
      <author>Dina, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumänien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>U17</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Iordache, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stoica, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costache, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dina, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between different forms of speed—reaction speed, movement speed, and vertical jump performance—in elite junior female volleyball players.
Methods. The study employed an observational research design and included 11 Romanian female athletes, all members of the U17 national volleyball national team. Reaction speed and movement speed were assessed using the Witty system, while vertical jump performance (as an indicator of explosiveness) was evaluated using the OptoJump system. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and Spearman`s rank correlation coefficient to examine the relationships between the analyzed variables.
Results. The results indicated no statistically significant correlations between reaction speed, movement speed, and vertical jump performance (p > 0.05), suggesting that these forms of speed function independently in elite junior female volleyball players.
Conclusions. The findings highlight that reaction speed, movement speed, and vertical jump explosiveness represent distinct motor qualities that should be developed through specific and targeted training methods. These results support the implementation of individualized physical training programs tailored to the performance demands of youth high performance volleyball.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ausgeschlafen zum Sieg: Warum Schlaf für den Erfolg in Training und Wettkampf so wichtig ist</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096980</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096980</guid>
      <author>Bartonietz, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bartonietz, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[1) Einführung
2) Der Schlaf und Schlafphasen
3) Schlafdauer
4) Schlaf(-mangel) und Leistung
5) Auf die Schlafqualität kommt es ebenso an
6) Schlaf in der Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Baggern - den Schlag des Gegners kontrollieren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096981</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096981</guid>
      <author>Becker, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Grundlagentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Annahme</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Becker, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Das sechste und letzte technische Element der "Starting Six" ist der Bagger. Paul Becker, Bundestrainer für den weiblichen Nachwuchs im Beachvolleyball, beschreibt, worauf es bei der Ausbildung ankommt und welche wenigen Schlüsselhinweise wirklich über eine erfolgreiche Handlung entscheiden.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Den Angriffsschlag vorbereiten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096982</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096982</guid>
      <author>Gustedt, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Grundlagentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gustedt, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bevor es zum Bagger kommt, muss normalerweise ein Schlag erfolgen - das Königselement im Volleyball. Ein großer Gymnastikball kann helfen und motivieren, hier immer wieder Akzente zu setzen. Christian Gustedt stellt drei wunderbare Ideen vor, die das Schlagen motivierend und spielerisch ins Training bringen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Grenzen setzen - als Trainer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096983</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096983</guid>
      <author>Breitbach, U.</author>
      <author>Hübner, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Breitbach, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hübner, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Nicht nur Athleten, auch Trainer müssen Grenzen setzen. Was können und wollen sie leisten - und was nicht? Und wie lassen sich selbst definierte Grenzen kommunizieren? Ulrike Breitbach und Angelina Hübner geben Tipps.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Markerlose Bewegungserfassung beim Laufen: Validität und Reliabilität von Ganzkörper-, Gelenk- und Muskelkinematiken</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096858</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096858</guid>
      <author>Verheul, J.</author>
      <author>Hughes, O.</author>
      <author>Hitchens, L.</author>
      <author>Atherton, T.</author>
      <author>Sauter, T.</author>
      <author>Radwan, A.</author>
      <author>Pryse, E.</author>
      <author>Mitchell, A.</author>
      <author>Burton, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Verheul, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hughes, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hitchens, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atherton, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sauter, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Radwan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pryse, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burton, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Markerless motion capture can greatly enhance the accessibility and efficiency of running-kinematics analysis. In this study we aimed to establish the validity and reliability of a markerless motion-capture system (OpenCap) for measuring kinematics of the whole body, individual joints, and lower-limb muscle-tendon units, during running at various speeds. Markerless and marker-based motion-capture results were compared for 30 runners running on a treadmill at five speeds (8-16 km/hr). OpenCap demonstrated similar validity for joint angle measurements compared to other markerless systems that have previously been compared to marker-based motion capture. However, we found systematic differences between OpenCap and marker-based motion capture throughout the stride cycle, and across running speeds and kinematic variables. Between-system disagreements were most evident around peak centre-of-mass displacements and joint angles, and during the swing phase, with smaller differences observed at touchdown, take-off, and during the stance phase. We thus recommend caution when quantitatively comparing kinematic outcomes from OpenCap to other motion-capture systems. Despite these differences, high agreement in inter-stride and inter-trial variability was observed between systems across all kinematic variables. Overall, OpenCap is a powerful tool to enable accessible, efficient, and reliable 3D measurements of whole-body, joint, and muscle-tendon unit kinematics during running.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermoregulatorische Reaktionen und Spielcharakteristika in aufeinanderfolgenden Badminton-Spielen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096859</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096859</guid>
      <author>Pang, J.</author>
      <author>Landers, G.</author>
      <author>Lin, R. Z.</author>
      <author>Pesch, T.</author>
      <author>Anbalagan, P.</author>
      <author>Girard, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hyperthermie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Landers, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, R. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pesch, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anbalagan, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Girard, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To determine the impact of 2 successive badminton matches on thermal strain, perceptual measures, and match characteristics in trained players. 

Methods: Twenty-eight (15 male and 13 female) trained badminton players performed 2 successive singles matches (2 × 30 min; M1 and M2) in 23.8 °C (4.9 °C) and 54.5% (12.9%) relative humidity (19.2 °C [3.5 °C] indoor wet-bulb globe temperature). Matches were each preceded by a 5-minute warm-up and separated by 25 minutes of rest. Core temperature (Tcore), skin temperature, and heart rate were recorded, while sweat loss was determined through changes in body mass. Game characteristics were analyzed from video footage. 

Results: Peak Tcore was 38.7 °C (0.5 °C) (M1) and 38.6 °C (0.4 °C) (M2), with no difference in average Tcore during M1 (38.4 °C [0.3 °C]), rest (38.2 °C [0.4 °C]), and M2 (38.3 °C [0.3 °C], P > .05). Players spent 46% (36%) (M1) and 31% (32%) (M2) of match duration at Tcore =38.5 °C. Average skin temperature was higher during rest (31.9 °C [2.2 °C], P < .001) than at other time points. Average heart rate was greater during M1 (162 [16] beats·min-1) than M2 (158 [15] beats·min-1, P = .036). Fluid consumed during matches (M1: 484 [284] mL, M2: 465 [264] mL) was sufficient to offset sweat loss (M1: 566 [471] mL, M2: 497 [260] mL), keeping dehydration below 1% body mass. The only match characteristic that differed was an increase in total strokes executed from M1 to M2 (216 [29] vs 226 [30] strokes, P = .004). 

Conclusions: Thermal strain, perceptual measures, and match characteristics remained consistent across 2 successive badminton matches, despite mild hyperthermia. Adequate fluid replenishment is crucial for maintaining optimal performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Reihenfolge von Sprintintervalltraining vor oder nach dem regulären Basketballtraining auf geschlechtsspezifische Anpassungen der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit bei jungen Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096860</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096860</guid>
      <author>Tian, L.</author>
      <author>Jie, C.</author>
      <author>Guo, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wingate-Test</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tian, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jie, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study investigated the impact of a 6-week sprint interval training (SIT) program conducted either before or after basketball training with a focus on identifying sex differences in the physical performance adaptations of young basketball players. 

Methods: Twenty-four female and 24 male basketball players volunteered to participate and were randomized to 2 training groups and 1 active control group. The training groups performed SIT before or after basketball practice, which was categorized as follows: females before, females after, female control, males before, males after, and male control, with each group comprising 8 participants. The SIT regimen consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions of 5-second all-out sprints, conducted 3 times a week. Results: The females-before, females-after, males-before, and males-after groups showed significant (P = .001) adaptations in the countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), 20-m sprint, Illinois Change-of-Direction-Speed test, and peak power output (PPO) and mean power output during the Wingate test, as well as in the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. 

Results revealed no order effects for the female groups (P > .05), whereas among male players, performing SIT before basketball training led to significantly greater improvements in CMVJ, 20-m sprint, and PPO than performing SIT after training (P < .05). In addition, male athletes who performed SIT after basketball training (males after) showed significantly (P < .05) lower improvements in CMVJ, 20-m sprint, and PPO compared with female groups who performed SIT either before (females before) or after (females after) training. 
Conclusion: In summary, conducting SIT before basketball training leads to greater improvements in CMVJ, 20-m sprint, and PPO in male athletes. For females, SIT before or after basketball training produces similar performance benefits. Therefore, coaches and practitioners should consider both training order and athlete sex when prescribing SIT, whereby scheduling SIT prior to basketball sessions is recommended to maximize short-duration performance gains in male players, while either timing can be effectively used for female athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unterschiede im Polarisationsindex von Elite- und Subelite-Radsportlern während eines 12-monatigen Trainingszyklus</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:43:34 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096861</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096861</guid>
      <author>Cove, B.</author>
      <author>Bennett, H.</author>
      <author>Nelson, M. J.</author>
      <author>Chalmers, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingszyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>polarisiertes Training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cove, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennett, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nelson, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chalmers, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives: Training-intensity distribution among cyclists is pivotal. Polarized training (POL), characterized by an 80%/20% distribution between low and high intensities, is often considered the preferred model. This study compared polarization index (Pi) values between elite and subelite cyclists and evaluated the relationship between Pi and 20-minute power changes over 12 months. 

Methods: Power (PWR) and heart-rate (HR) data were collected from 17 cyclists (9 = elite, 8 = subelite). 

Results: Pi was calculated for each annual quartile using PWR (Pi-PWR subelite = 1.95 [0.12], elite = 2.00 [0.44] arbitrary units) and HR (Pi-HR subelite = 1.94 [0.41], elite = 1.79 [0.75] arbitrary units). There was no group-by-time interaction (P = .188) for Pi-PWR. Pi-PWR was not different between the elite and subelite cyclists (P = .432), nor was there any change over the training year (P = .196). There was no group-by-time interaction (P = .295) for Pi-HR. Pi-HR was not different between the elite and subelite cyclists (P = .432), and there was no change over the training year (P = .502). There was no relationship observed in annual percentage change of 20-minute PWR and Pi-PWR (P = .795) or Pi-HR (P = .447). 

Conclusion: Elite cyclists demonstrated a Pi =2.0 during early mesocycles (Q1 and Q2) of training according to Pi-PWR, but this pattern was not observed when organizing Pi based on HR, whereas subelite cyclists did not demonstrate POL training (either via PWR or HR data) throughout the year. However, the training-intensity distribution of the groups did not statistically differ from each other. There was not a significant relationship between Pi and 20-minute PWR.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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