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    <item>
      <title>Geschick oder Zufall? Eine bayesianische Analyse von Abhängigkeiten und Heterogenität bei Elfmeterschießen im Fußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098788</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098788</guid>
      <author>Deb, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Deb, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Penalty shootouts in association football are sometimes criticized by fans and pundits as an imperfect tie-breaking procedure. In this study, we analyze through a Bayesian model if shootouts are governed more by skill or by chance. Using a representative dataset from twelve recent European seasons, we fit a hierarchical logistic model with appropriate random effects and a within-shootout latent autoregressive state to capture evolving pressure. The model is implemented through Hamiltonian Monte Carlo approach. Our proposed framework allows us to quantify the amount of skill involved in shootouts by the proportion of logit-scale variance attributable to persistent heterogeneity versus idiosyncratic and state noise. We also compare the full specification to nested alternatives via PSIS-LOO, stacking, and decision-oriented scores computed from leave-one-shootout-out predictive distributions. Empirically, persistent individual effects are found to be small: the posterior SkillShare is near zero in the full model, suggesting that shootouts are primarily chance dominated. As a by-product of our approach, we show how the proposed model can also be utilized to rank the shooters as well as to optimize penalty-taking orders. We also discuss a few alternative tie-breaking procedures as future recommendations which can be evaluated in a similar modeling framework.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vier Faktoren als Schlüsselindikatoren für den Spielausgang bei der U19-Frauen-Weltmeisterschaft und der Frauen-EuroBasket 2025</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098878</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098878</guid>
      <author>Tománek, L.</author>
      <author>Suja, Š.</author>
      <author>Di Michele, R.</author>
      <author>Li, F.</author>
      <author>Vencúrik, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2025</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tománek, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Suja, Š.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Michele, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vencúrik, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Among the most influential statistical metrics in basketball is Oliver`s Four Factors model, which includes effective field goal percentage (eFG%), turnover percentage (TOV%), offensive rebound percentage (ORB%), and free-throw rate (FTR). Although widely used in men`s basketball, its application in women`s competitions, particularly at youth levels, remains limited. This study examined the predictive value of Oliver`s Four Factors (eFG%, TOV%, ORB%, FTR) for game outcomes in women`s basketball at the FIBA U19 Women`s Basketball World Cup 2025 (WCU19w 2025) and Women`s EuroBasket 2025 (EBw 2025).

Methods
A total of 85 games (170 team performances) were analysed across both tournaments. Game-related statistics were extracted from official FIBA sources and used to compute the Four Factors. Differences between winning and defeated teams were assessed, and binary logistic regression was applied to identify key predictors.

Results
Winning teams at the WCU19w 2025 showed higher eFG%, ORB%, and lower TOV% (p < .05), with eFG% and ORB% identified as significant predictors. At the EBw 2025, significant differences were found in eFG%, TOV%, and FTR (p < .05), with eFG% as the strongest predictor, followed by TOV% and FTR.

Conclusions
Overall, eFG% was the most consistent determinant of success across both competitions. However, performance indicators varied by category: offensive rebounding was more relevant in U19, while free-throw rate and turnover control were more important in senior teams. These findings support the applicability of the Four Factors model in women`s basketball and highlight the need to adjust performance priorities according to competitive level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wahrnehmung der Zeit im Biathlon im Fokus: Untersuchung physiologischer und wahrnehmungsbezogener Reaktionen auf Zeitdruck</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098879</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098879</guid>
      <author>Davis, P. A.</author>
      <author>Åström, E.</author>
      <author>McGawley, K.</author>
      <author>Arnqvist, N. P.</author>
      <author>Kårström, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Psychophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Davis, P. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Åström, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McGawley, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arnqvist, N. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kårström, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Performing under time pressure is critical, yet limited research has examined how psychophysiological and affective factors influence temporal estimation in sport competition. This study investigated the influence of psychophysiological exertion, fatigue, and affect on time perception during a simulated biathlon competition. Thirty-two biathletes (14 men, 18 women; age M = 21.3, SD = 3.9 y) completed five laps of roller-skiing separated by four shooting rounds (prone-standing-prone-standing). Prospective Time Production (PTP) and Prospective Verbal Estimation (PVE) were assessed alongside heart rate, perceived exertion, fatigue, and affective valence. Participants produced shorter intervals than the PTP target duration (29 s) post-competition (p < .001, d = 0.85), indicating time was perceived to pass faster relative to chronometric time under cumulative psychophysiological load. PVE accuracy differed by shooting position (p < .001, ?2 = .22), with time in prone perceived shorter than standing. Within-participant analyses showed higher heart rate, exertion, fatigue, and negative affect predicted greater temporal distortions during roller-skiing and shooting. These findings indicate that time perception in biathlon is dynamically shaped by interactions between physiological strain, affect, and task-specific attentional demands. Applied implications highlight integrating time perception calibration and affect regulation into pressure-training to improve pacing, shooting rhythm, and performance consistency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Datenanalyse im Shorttrack-Eisschnelllauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098880</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098880</guid>
      <author>Imre, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Shorttrack</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Imre, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Data analysis in short track speed skating has become a crucial tool for improving athlete performance, optimizing training strategies, and enhancing competitive outcomes. This study explores the application of data-driven techniques in short-track speed skating, focusing on performance metrics including lap times, split times, acceleration, and biomechanical efficiency. By leveraging sensors, motion capture systems, and wearable technology, coaches and analysts can collect real-time data on skaters' movements, allowing for detailed analysis of stroke mechanics, glide phases, and cornering techniques. The integration of this data into performance modeling helps identify strengths and weaknesses, fine-tune race strategies, and predict potential outcomes under specific conditions. Additionally, machine learning algorithms are increasingly being employed to predict injury risk and optimize training regimens. This paper discusses methods of data collection and analysis, and the practical applications of the insights gained, highlighting the potential to improve both individual and team performance in short-track speed skating. Ultimately, data analysis in this domain offers a significant competitive edge, driving the evolution of techniques and advancing sport to new levels of precision and excellence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchungen zur Kinematik und zur aktiven Störungsunterdrückung mit fraktionaler Ordnung bei einem Skating-Trainingsroboter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098881</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098881</guid>
      <author>Wang, B.</author>
      <author>Zhao, X.</author>
      <author>Gong, Y.</author>
      <author>Sun, L.</author>
      <author>Yang, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Roboter</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Speed skating training imposes rigorous requirements on movement accuracy and dynamic stability. Traditional training relies heavily on coaches' subjective experience; exoskeleton robots suffer from limitations of large additional inertia and insufficient flexibility. Although cable-driven robots possess the advantage of flexible transmission, existing control methods fail to meet the demand for high-precision trajectory tracking. To address this issue, this study conducted systematic research: a cable-driven robotic mechanism adapted for skating training was designed, and a geometric model of fixed-mobile coordinate systems was established, with the Newton-Raphson iterative method employed to solve forward and inverse kinematic equations. An improved fractional-order active disturbance rejection control (FOADRC) strategy was proposed, which removes the tracking differentiator of traditional ADRC and integrates a fractional-order extended state observer (FOESO) with a fractional-order PD control law, thereby enhancing dynamic response and anti-disturbance capability. Human skating movement data were collected using the NOKOV infrared motion capture system, and reference trajectories were generated via fitting with eighth-order Fourier series. Comparative simulations with traditional PID control were performed. The results demonstrate that the motor angle tracking error under the FOADRC strategy is significantly reduced, with improved control precision. This study provides a practical solution for precise skating training and offers reference value for the development of intelligent auxiliary equipment in competitive sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss kardiorespiratorischer und erfahrungsbezogener Parameter auf die Schießleistung im Biathlon - eine positionsspezifische Analyse unter Ruhebedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098882</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098882</guid>
      <author>Scheiba, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Master-Arbeit</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Master-Arbeit</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scheiba, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In der Sportart Biathlon wird die Trefferleistung durch ein komplexes Zusammenspiel technischer, biomechanischer und physiologischer Faktoren beeinflusst. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Beitrag kardiorespiratorischer Parameter, der Schießposition sowie der Trainingserfahrung mit dem Kleinkalibergewehr zur Erklärung der Trefferleistung im Biathlon unter Ruhebedingungen zu untersuchen sowie positionsbezogene Unterschiede in den kardiorespiratorischen Parametern zu analysieren. In die finale
Analyse gingen 19 Biathlet:innen (760 Schüsse) ein. Die Trefferleistung wurde über die Ringzahl pro Schuss erfasst, das relative Atemvolumen, die relative Atemphase sowie die relative Herzzyklusphase wurden aus den mithilfe eines Hexoskin-Shirts erhobenen physiologischen Rohdaten berechnet. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mittels bivariater Korrelationsanalysen, positionsbezogener Vergleichsanalysen und linearer Mixed-Effects-Modelle. Die Trefferleistung war im Liegendschießen im Mittel höher als im Stehendschießen (8.87 vs. 5.51 Ringe). Das lineare Mixed-Effects-Modell zeigte einen signifikanten Effekt der Schießposition auf die Trefferleistung (p < .001), jedoch keinen signifikanten Effekt der Trainingserfahrung (p = .80). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Trainingserfahrung und Trefferleistung unterschied sich jedoch signifikant zwischen den Schießpositionen (p = .001), und war im Stehendschießen stärker positiv ausgeprägt. Über alle Schüsse hinweg zeigten sich signifikante Zusammenhänge der Trefferleistung mit dem relativen Atemvolumen (p < .001) und der relativen Atemphase (p < .001), nicht jedoch mit der relativen Herzzyklusphase (p = .68). Es ergaben sich keine signifikanten positionsspezifischen Zusammenhänge. Das relative Atemvolumen unterschied sich signifikant zwischen Liegend- und Stehendschießen (63.67 % vs. 52.26 %, p < .001), ebenso die Varianz zwischen den Schießpositionen (p < .001). Für die relative Atemphase zeigte sich kein signifikanter Unterschied der zirkulären Mittelwerte (p = .88), jedoch ein signifikanter Verteilungsunterschied (p = .001). Für die relative Herzzyklusphase ergaben sich weder ein Unterschied der zirkulären Mittelwerte (p = .72) noch der Verteilung (p = 1). Insgesamt weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die Trefferleistung unter Ruhebedingungen vor allem positions- und erfahrungsbezogen geprägt ist, während kardiorespiratorische Parameter ergänzende, jedoch nicht isoliert leistungsbestimmende Informationen liefern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von Erholungsmethoden und deren Zusammenhang mit Schlaf und Leistungsfähigkeit bei Biathleten während eines Trainingslagers</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098883</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098883</guid>
      <author>Nokáková, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Bachelor-Arbeit</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingslager</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Bachelor-Arbeit</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nokáková, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This bachelor`s thesis compares recovery methods and their relationship to sleep and subjective wellness indicators in biathletes during a four-day training camp. The aim is to identify strategies that participants perceive as most effective under high training loads. The research involved ten biathletes. The methodology includes qualitative interviews and the analysis of data from sleep questionnaires with wellness indicators. The findings reveal differences in recovery preferences and emphasize the importance of individualized approaches to regeneration and sleep in preventing fatigue, protecting cognitive functions, and maintaining optimal performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Arterielle Steifigkeit bei männlichen Judo-Hochschulsportlern nach schnellem Gewichtsverlust und der Einfluss des Flüssigkeitsstatus: Eine Beobachtungsstudie mit wiederholten Messungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098884</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098884</guid>
      <author>Koshiba, H.</author>
      <author>Maeshima, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flüssigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Arterie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>bioelektrische Impedanz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Koshiba, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maeshima, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Judo athletes often lose weight before competitions for a competitive edge, despite health risks like immune function and metabolic issues. However, the effect of weight loss on cardiovascular function, especially arterial stiffness, is still not well understood. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of acute weight loss on arterial stiffness in male collegiate judo athletes.

Methods: Twenty-one male collegiate judo athletes underwent weight loss in preparation for an official weigh-in prior to competition. Body composition, impedance parameters (20-kHz and 100-kHz impedance indices, Z ratio) as indicators of hydration status, pulse rate, blood pressure, and vascular function parameters (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity) were assessed before weight loss (baseline) and on the day before competition (weigh-in day).

Results: During the weight-loss period, body weight and body mass index significantly decreased (P < .001, respectively). The 20 kHZ and 100 kHz impedance indices significantly decreased, while the Z ratio significantly increased (P < .001), indicating reduced hydration. Pulse rate significantly increased, whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed no significant changes. Conversely, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity significantly increased during the weight-loss period. Regression analysis revealed significant associations between the rate of increase in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and the rate of decrease in the 20 kHz and 100 kHz impedance indices, as well as the increase in Z ratio (B = -0.974, P < .001; B = -1.053, P < .001; B = 6.424, P = .017, respectively).

Conclusion: Rapid weight loss in judo athletes, characterized by decreased hydration, acutely increases arterial stiffness, highlighting the need for safer weight management to reduce cardiovascular risk.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verteilung der Trainingsintensität, Belastungsmanagement und Leistung bei Freizeit-Langstreckenläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098885</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098885</guid>
      <author>Bonato, M.</author>
      <author>Villacaro, D.</author>
      <author>Faelli, E. L.</author>
      <author>Panascì, M.</author>
      <author>Marmondi, F.</author>
      <author>La Torre, A.</author>
      <author>Filipas, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freizeitsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>internal load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bonato, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Villacaro, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faelli, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Panascì, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marmondi, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>La Torre, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filipas, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Recreational runners represent a growing population in endurance sports, yet limited data are available on their training characteristics and how these relate to performance. This study aimed to describe the training intensity distribution, internal training load, and their associations with performance outcomes in recreational runners preparing for a marathon or half-marathon.

Methods: A total of 48 recreational runners (22 marathoners, 26 half-marathoners) were monitored over a 12-week training period prior to their respective races. Training sessions were recorded using GPS and heart rate monitors, and volumes were categorized into 3 intensity zones (Z1, Z2, Z3). Internal load was calculated using individualized training impulse (Edwards` training impulse [eTRIMP]). Weekly training load, session average load, and time-normalized internal load (eTRIMP per minute [eTRIMP/min]) were computed. Pearson correlations were used to assess relationships with performance.

Results: Both groups adopted a pyramidal training intensity distribution. When considering the full sample, most training was performed in Z1 (69.1% [8.5%]), followed by Z2 (17.3% [5.2%]) and Z3 (13.6% [5.3%]). No significant differences were observed between marathon and half-marathon groups in weekly eTRIMP (911 [210] a.u.) or session load. Among marathoners, performance was significantly correlated with Z2 volume (r = -.6), Z2 percentage (r = -.5), and eTRIMP/min (r = -.6). Similar associations were found in half-marathoners (Z2 volume: r = -.5; eTRIMP/min: r = -.5).

Conclusions: Recreational runners tend to follow a pyramidal training intensity distribution irrespective of race distance. Moderate-intensity training and higher time-normalized internal load are key factors associated with endurance performance, offering practical insights for structuring training plans.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kann ein einfacher trapezförmiger Integrationsansatz die Leistungsfähigkeit eines Schwimmers im Bereich oberhalb der kritischen Geschwindigkeit genau abschätzen?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098888</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098888</guid>
      <author>Bulte, K. R.</author>
      <author>Mitchell, L. L. G.</author>
      <author>Siegel, R.</author>
      <author>Hunter, A.</author>
      <author>Brooks, E. R.</author>
      <author>Saunders, P. U.</author>
      <author>Hoffmann, S. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mathematik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bulte, K. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L. L. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siegel, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hunter, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brooks, E. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saunders, P. U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmann, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The 12 × 25-m swim test has become a key physiological monitoring and profiling tool within swimming networks to capture various performance insights (peak velocity, critical speed [CS], supra-CS distance capacity [D'], and anaerobic speed reserve) within one testing occasion. The D' output following the 12 × 25-m swim test is currently derived using software that requires specialised expertise, therefore inhibiting the accessibility of the test to pathways` level coaches and athletes. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine if trapezoidal integration (TI) could simply and accurately replace the model fit method to estimate D' following the 12 × 25-m swim test and improve the accessibility of the test for a wider cohort of practitioners. Methods: Thirty-one national-level swimmers preparing for the Paris 2024 Olympic Trials consented for their 12 × 25-m data set to be retrieved. D' was calculated using both the model fit and TI approaches. Linear regression and pearson correlations examined the strength of the relationship and a paired t test and Bland-Altman plot determined the agreement between the 2 methodologies. Results: A very strong, positive relationship was found between the model fit and TI D' calculations (r = .999, R2 = .999, P < .001), with a very small, nonsignificant difference of 0.040 m (d = 0.124, P = .495). Conclusions: TI is a valid replacement for the original model fit approach to estimate D' following the 12 × 25-m swim test. The swim test will no longer require specialised software and the accessibility of the test will increase to a wider cohort of swimming practitioners.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wasserstoffreiches Wasser als leistungssteigerndes Mittel bei Flossenschwimmern auf nationaler Ebene: Eine randomisierte, doppelblinde, placebokontrollierte Crossover-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098889</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098889</guid>
      <author>Sládecková, B.</author>
      <author>Krejcí, J.</author>
      <author>McKune, A.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>Bajgar, R.</author>
      <author>Botek, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flossenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sládecková, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krejcí, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McKune, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bajgar, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botek, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: We investigated whether a 4-day intake of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) improves finswimming performance and alters physiological and perceptual markers including blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and oxidative stress.

Methods: Eight females and 4 males, age 21 (5) and 19 (1) years, maximal oxygen consumption 45.0 (2.5) and 52.2 (1.7) mL·kg-1·min-1, performed 3 sets of 4 reps of 50-m surface finswimming sprints in a morning session, and a 400-m surface time trial in the afternoon on the same day. Participants consumed either HRW (hydrogen concentration 0.9 ppm) or placebo, starting 3 days prior to the experimental sessions. Intake was 1260 mL per day for 3 days, and 1680 mL on the day before the 400-m time trial. After each 4 × 50-m set and 400-m trial, blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion were measured. Oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma protein carbonyls at scheduled time points. After a 1-week washout period, the experiment was repeated with participants receiving the alternate intervention. Clinical trials registration: NCT05799911.

Results: HRW did not significantly improve morning 50-m sprint times (0.5%, P = .12) but afternoon 400-m time trial was improved by 0.6% (P = .003). The differences between HRW and placebo administration on blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and protein carbonyls were not significant (all P = .12).

Conclusions: Short-term HRW supplementation provides a modest yet meaningful performance improvement of 0.6% in middle-distance (400-m surface) finswimming. However, its effects on repeated sprint performance, blood lactate, perceived exertion, and oxidative stress appear limited.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Praktiken und Vorstellungen zur Quantifizierung der Belastung beim Krafttraining</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098890</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098890</guid>
      <author>Moriarty, B.</author>
      <author>Watts, D.</author>
      <author>Gastin, P.</author>
      <author>Weakley, J.</author>
      <author>Huyhn, M.</author>
      <author>James, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Quantität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Quantifizierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moriarty, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watts, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gastin, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weakley, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huyhn, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>James, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how practitioners currently quantify resistance training (RT), evaluate the perceived effectiveness of popular quantification methods, and identify barriers to quantifying RT load.

Methods: One hundred and fourteen practitioners (n = 114) who prescribe RT completed an international cross-sectional online survey between November 2023 and April 2024. The survey contained 41 questions, including open-ended, multiple-choice, and Likert-scale items. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze quantitative data, and thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative responses.

Results: Absolute volume load (82.5%) and session rating of perceived exertion load (77.2%) were the most common, whereas more complex methods like total work (12.3%) and system mass volume load (7.9%) were less commonly used. The most important variables identified by the practitioners were training frequency (75%), working sets (72%), and load (72%). Perceived efficacy of quantification methods was similar across experience groups; however, practitioners` perceptions of maximum dynamic strength volume load was significantly different, with a small to moderate effect. Practitioners with more than 10 years of experience rated relative volume load (75%) and session rating of perceived exertion load (73%) the highest, whereas those with less experience preferred absolute volume load (76%) and session rating of perceived exertion load (76%). The main barriers to RT quantification were measurement/methodological problems (50.5%), athlete-related difficulties (26.3%), and logistical/practical limitations (23.2%). Time constraints (46.7%) were the most common reason against monitoring RT, whereas tracking adaptation/progression (41.1%) and informing periodization/planning (24.7%) were the main reasons for doing so.

Conclusions: The methods used to quantify RT load varied widely, with a clear preference for practical approaches. These findings highlight the need for improved education and standardized, practitioner-friendly methods to bridge the research-practice gap.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Laufleistung an der Laktatschwelle und am Laktat-Wendepunkt wird durch die Steigung des Laufbands nicht beeinflusst</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098891</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098891</guid>
      <author>Adejuwon, D. C.</author>
      <author>Faricier, R.</author>
      <author>Keir, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steigung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Laufband</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Laktatschwelle</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Adejuwon, D. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faricier, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keir, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study investigated the effect of treadmill incline on wearable-derived running power output (rPO) at the lactate threshold (LT) and lactate turnpoint (LTP).

Methods: Thirteen trained runners (5 females; 23 [5] y) completed 3 rPO-matched, step-incremental treadmill tests to exhaustion at fixed inclines of 0%, 5%, and 10%. Running speed was adjusted to maintain consistent rPO across conditions using standardized calculations. During each test, breath-by-breath oxygen uptake (VO2) and rPO (via Stryd power meter) were continuously measured. Blood lactate concentration was measured during the final 30 seconds of each 3-minute stage. The LT and LTP were identified from the blood lactate concentration versus rPO using 3-segment and modified-poly-Dmax fitting models, respectively. A repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed between-condition differences in LT and LTP (P < .05).

Results: The VO2-rPO relationship was not different across incline conditions (P = .147). The rPO at LT did not differ between inclines (P = .454): 259 (49) W, 252 (43) W, and 249 (56) W for 0%, 5%, and 10%, respectively, nor did rPO at LTP (P = .604): 309 (58) W, 316 (59) W, and 312 (60) W for 0%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. The VO2 at LT (P = .727) and LTP (P = .470) also showed no significant differences across conditions.

Conclusion: The rPO at LT and LTP in highly trained runners are consistent across treadmill inclines between 0% and 10%. These findings support the use of rPO as a metric for monitoring exercise intensity across different gradient conditions in both training and performance settings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Altersspezifische Unterschiede bei der Ballgeschwindigkeit und der Spinrate bei jugendlichen Baseballspielern: Eine Querschnittsstudie unter Verwendung eines tragbaren Tracking-Geräts</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098892</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098892</guid>
      <author>Ueda, A.</author>
      <author>Takayama, Y.</author>
      <author>Takada, N.</author>
      <author>Ohmi, T.</author>
      <author>Shinkuma, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ueda, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takayama, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takada, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ohmi, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shinkuma, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To describe school-level differences in ball velocity and spin rate in youth baseball players assessed with a portable tracking device and to examine cross-sectional associations with body size.

Methods: A total of 438 players were grouped as elementary (n = 29), junior high (n = 154), or senior high (n = 255). Each performed 5 maximal-effort throws, and ball velocity (in kilometers per hour) and spin rate (in revolutions per minute) were measured with Rapsodo (mean of 5 trials). Testing differed by level (elementary: rubber ball, 16 m; junior/senior high: hardball, 18.44 m). Groups were compared using 1-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc pairwise comparisons. Pearson correlations assessed associations between anthropometrics (height, body mass) and performance within each group.

Results: Ball velocity and spin rate differed across levels (P < .001). For ball velocity, correlations with height were r = .688 (elementary), .763 (junior high), and .124 (senior high), and correlations with body mass were r = .391, .690, and .218, respectively. For spin rate, correlations with height were r = -.383, .541, and .106, and correlations with body mass were r = -.332, .446, and .087, respectively. The velocity-spin correlation differed by level, showing a negative association in the elementary group (r = -.524) but strong positive associations in the junior high (r = .776) and senior high (r = .712) groups.

Conclusions: Under these field-based testing conditions, ball velocity and spin rate were higher in older school-level groups, and cross-sectional association patterns differed by level; longitudinal studies under standardized constraints are needed to characterize within-player changes over time.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das große Ganze verstehen: Vom vielversprechenden Nachwuchssportler zum Olympiasieger</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098893</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098893</guid>
      <author>Sandbakk, Ø.</author>
      <author>Walther, J.</author>
      <author>Sandbakk, S. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>langfristiger Leistungsaufbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sandbakk, Ø.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Walther, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandbakk, S. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Sports science has made great progress in describing what today`s elite athletes do and which physiological capacities they possess at the top level. For example, we know that Olympic endurance champions often log hundreds of training hours annually with a smart mix of high- and low-intensity work, and they exhibit exceptional aerobic power, efficiency, and sport-specific strength. These attributes are well documented in cross-sectional studies of world-class performers. However, understanding how an athlete develops those capacities over time is an entirely different challenge—one that remains poorly understood scientifically. In other words, we can describe the end product (the elite training regimes and capacities), but we know far less about the process and development pathway that produces that result.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kombinierte Auswirkungen von Einatmungs- und Rumpfmuskeltraining auf die Funktion der Atem- und Rumpfmuskulatur, die Sauerstoffversorgung der Gliedmaßenmuskulatur und die Schwimmleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098894</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098894</guid>
      <author>Pratama, A. B.</author>
      <author>Chidnok, W.</author>
      <author>Yimlamai, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pratama, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chidnok, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yimlamai, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effects of core training (CMT), inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and their combination (CIT) on strength and endurance of respiratory and core muscles, muscle oxygenation and swimming performance. Twenty-five competitive male swimmers, aged 15-20 years, were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CMT (n = 9), who performed core exercises; IMT (n = 8), who underwent inspiratory threshold-load training at 60-80% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP); or CIT (n = 8), who performed both, three times per week for 6 weeks in addition to their swimming training. MIP and inspiratory muscle endurance (IME), core strength and endurance, intercostals (IC) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle oxygenation, and swimming performance were measured before and after intervention. Whilst CIT and IMT significantly improved MIP and IME, core strength and endurance were increased after CIT and CMT. Interestingly, only CIT showed a greater improvement in swim time (-4.74%, P < 0.001) compared to CMT and concomitantly increased VL, but not IC muscle deoxygenation post-swim. These findings suggest that supplementing 6 weeks of CIT to usual swimming training produced greater improvement in swimming performance compared to CMT, but not IMT, partly through improving oxygen extraction in locomotor muscles in young swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines sportspezifischen Virtual-Reality-Trainings für Fußballspieler auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit und die damit verbundenen Gehirnprozesse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098895</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098895</guid>
      <author>Casella, A.</author>
      <author>Panacci, C.</author>
      <author>Filosa, M.</author>
      <author>Aydin, M.</author>
      <author>Boccacci, L.</author>
      <author>Di Russo, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>virtuelle Realität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Casella, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Panacci, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Filosa, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aydin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boccacci, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Russo, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sport-specific training in virtual reality (VR) on perceptual and cognitive abilities and their neurophysiological correlates in young soccer players. Twenty-four young semi-elite soccer athletes were assigned to an experimental (Exp) or control (Ctr) group. Participants` cognitive functions were tested before and after an 8-week standard soccer training using a visuomotor cognitive task during electrophysiological (EEG) recordings. The Exp group in the last 30 minutes of each training session performed the VR training aimed at improving processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. While the cognitive task allowed to measure response speed and accuracy, the EEG permitted to measure the event-related potential (ERP) evoked by the cognitive task. Results showed that both response speed and accuracy were improved in the Exp group only, and this effect could be explained by increased sensorimotor integration in prefrontal areas indexed by the prefrontal P1 (pP1) component and increased post-perceptual cognitive processing as decision-making in parietal areas indexed by the P3 component. These results support the effectiveness of VR in enhancing cognitive functions, highlighting the technology`s potential for innovative training for soccer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Klassifizierung der Bewegungsabläufe von College-Fußballerinnen mithilfe von Trägheitsmesssystemen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098779</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098779</guid>
      <author>Masui, Y.</author>
      <author>Hirotsu, N.</author>
      <author>Shimasaki, Y.</author>
      <author>Yoshimura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Collegesystem</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Masui, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirotsu, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimasaki, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yoshimura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to classify the movements of female soccer players during matches using raw data measured by inertial measurement units (IMUs). Twelve collegiate female soccer players were equipped with IMUs (100 Hz), and raw triaxial acceleration data from eight official matches were analyzed. The measurement data were separated every 3 s, and a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was performed. After FFT, the Euclidean distances between the data when the players were in the stationary state and other states were calculated to classify the movements of the players using the k-means method. The data of the clustering numbers classified as the stationary state were eliminated after analyzing the movements of players by video filming the matches. After classification, the average Euclidean distances between the stationary state and other movements were calculated. Consequently, the results showed that the upward and downward directions of the raw data affected the classification. Using the methods of this study, it was also shown that the distribution of Euclidean distances differed from player to player. Our findings indicate that the method used in this study can be used to classify and characterize the movements of female collegiate soccer players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Inter- und Intra-Sitzungs-Reliabilität und Validität des "Performanz JumpR"-Geräts zur Messung verschiedener Sprungleistungen bei jungen männlichen Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098780</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098780</guid>
      <author>Secer, E.</author>
      <author>Y*ld*z, M.</author>
      <author>Ates, N.</author>
      <author>Kaya, D. O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Secer, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Y*ld*z, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ates, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaya, D. O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to determine the inter- and intra-session reliability and validity of the Performanz JumpR device for measuring different jump performances in young male soccer players. Fifty-four young male soccer players (mean age: 15.90 ± 0.70) completed three maximal squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps (CJ), and 40 cm drop jumps (DJ) over two separate days. These jumps were assessed using both a contact mat and the Performanz JumpR device. The different jump performances were compared using several statistical methods, including the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 2.1), Bland-Altman plots, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ( r ), Cronbach`s alpha (*), and the coefficient of variation (CV). Results showed almost perfect agreement between the Performanz JumpR device and the contact mat for SJ, CJ, and 40 cm DJ values, with jump heights and peak powers yielding ICC values between 0.98 and 0.99 during both assessment sessions. Additionally, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient showed an almost perfect correlation between the measurements from the Performanz JumpR device and the contact mat for SJ, CJ, and 40 cm DJ values, with r values ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 during the first and second assessment sessions. The Performanz JumpR device demonstrated very good intra-session reliability for the three jumps in each set, with the following results: SJ (jump height, * = 0.98, CV = 2.02; peak power, * = 0.99, CV = 1.35), CJ (jump height, * = 0.98, CV = 2.20; peak power, * = 0.99, CV = 1.46), and 40 cm DJ (jump height, * = 0.97, CV = 2.61; peak power, * = 0.99, CV = 1.79). When analyzing the inter-session reliability of the Performanz JumpR device and contact mat across all players, almost identical correlations were observed between the two instruments for SJ, CJ, and 40 cm DJ regarding jump heights and peak powers ( r = 0.96-0.99) between the first and second assessment sessions. Additionally, the Bland-Altman plots demonstrated an almost agreement, with a systematic bias identified between the Performanz JumpR device and the contact mat for SJ, DJ, and 40 cm DJ values ( p < 0.01). Overall, the Performanz JumpR device provided reliable inter-session and intra-session data, as well as valid measurements for maximal jump height and peak power during SJ, CJ, and 40 cm DJ in young male soccer players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Rundenstabilität, Schwimmzugkinematik und Wendequalität bei den 200-m-Kurzbahn-Finals der Frauen bei den LEN-Europameisterschaften 2019</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098781</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098781</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, J. P.</author>
      <author>Marinho, D. A.</author>
      <author>Sampaio, T.</author>
      <author>Barbosa, T. M.</author>
      <author>Silva, A. J.</author>
      <author>Arellano, R.</author>
      <author>Morais, J. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europameisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rückenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marinho, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sampaio, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbosa, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arellano, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morais, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse lap performance stability, stroke kinematic variables in the clean swimming phase and turn performance in the finals of the four 200 m short course (SCM) events (freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly). The sample included thirty-two elite female swimmers who competed in the 200 m finals at the 2019 LEN European Short Course Championships in Glasgow. Lap times, stroke kinematics, and turns were analysed using two approaches: (i) official lap time comparison (50 m), and; (ii) comparison of consecutive segments (25 m). Based on the official lap time comparison, performance significantly decreased over time (p < 0.001) with strong effect sizes in all strokes (* 2 between 0.89 and 0.96). Pairwise comparisons between consecutive 25 m segments were not significant. Turn time increased in all four strokes with strong effect sizes (p < 0.001; * 2 between 0.71 and 0.84). The start contributed *6% and turns *52% of the total race time. These findings highlight that traditional pacing analysis based on official splits may lead to misleading interpretations of performance in SCM events. Analysing 25 m segments provides a more accurate representation of race dynamics and contributes to a clearer understanding of pacing stability in short-course swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automatische Erkennung taktischer Spielsituationen im Fußball auf der Grundlage der Spieler- und Ballposition</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098782</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098782</guid>
      <author>Rothe, F.</author>
      <author>Van Roy, M.</author>
      <author>Pinheiro, G.</author>
      <author>Davis, J.</author>
      <author>Lames, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Automatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rothe, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van Roy, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinheiro, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davis, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lames, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Implementing state-transition models in team sports such as football (soccer), can be complex and time-consuming if observational methods need to be used. To help alleviate this, the aims of this study are two-fold. First, based on existing phases of play models, we introduce a hand-crafted expert state system that combines in- and out-of-possession phases of play to form a set of comprehensive tactical states. Second, we introduce a machine learning approach for automatically detecting the introduced tactical states based on positional data. This is implemented by capturing positional configurations of the players and the corresponding ball location. By clustering the player configurations for each ball zone and learning a "translation table" between the identified clusters and the expert state system, using three training games, the framework can be used to automatically detect states from the positional data of new games. The performance of our framework is evaluated by comparing the automatically detected states to the state label assigned by a human annotator using twelve test games from the 2021/2022 Bundesliga season. This showed good agreement, with F1-scores greater than 0.9 for most states. Hence, our framework may provide a method for time-efficient and comprehensive match analysis in football performance analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spielen Auszeiten eine Rolle? Eine Studie zum Euroleague-Basketball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098783</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098783</guid>
      <author>Carta, G.</author>
      <author>Favero, C.</author>
      <author>Maver, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Auszeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carta, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Favero, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maver, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper evaluates the effectiveness of timeouts in the EuroLeague using Play-by-Play data to estimate short-run within-game effects and Box-Score data to assess season-level outcomes over the 2021-22 to 2023-24 regular seasons. Within games, timeout effectiveness is identified using an event-study framework comparing team performance in fixed possession windows immediately before and after each timeout, complemented by a difference-in-differences strategy exploiting situations in which teams are unable to call additional timeouts. Performance is measured by the point differential (points scored minus points conceded) over these windows. Under the identifying assumption that pre-timeout trends are comparable across treated and control situations, timeouts are associated with a statistically significant short-run improvement: the average point differential increases from -3.74 before a timeout to -1.20 afterward. Although economically meaningful in reducing opponent scoring runs by approximately 2.5 points on average, the post-timeout differential remains negative, indicating that timeouts primarily stabilize performance rather than reverse game momentum. To assess whether these short-run effects translate into sustained success, we extend the standard Four-Factor Model of Wins with a fifth factor capturing team-level timeout effectiveness. This additional factor provides no incremental explanatory power. From a coaching perspective, timeouts appear to function as short-term damage-control devices but do not systematically affect season-long competitive outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neue Sportarten &amp; Events im olympischen Programm</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005748.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098916</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098916</guid>
      <author>Tomasi, A.</author>
      <author>Crumbach, A.</author>
      <author>Henschel, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Infografik</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2024</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>IOC</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Struktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frankreich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skateboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Surfen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Breakdance</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Länderanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Infografik</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tomasi, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Crumbach, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henschel, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die Infografik gibt einen Einblick in den Wandel des olympischen Programms, beschreibt ausgewählte Programme konkurrierender Sportnationen und blickt zurück auf die Teilnahme von Team D in neuen Sportarten bei den Olympischen Spielen 2024. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>"Park the Bus" oder hohes Pressing? Einblicke in die Defensivtaktik der FIFA-Männer-Weltmeisterschaft 2022</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098775</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098775</guid>
      <author>Praça, G. M.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, P. H. D. A.</author>
      <author>Brandão, L. H. A.</author>
      <author>Abreu, C. D. O.</author>
      <author>Andrade, A. G. P. D.</author>
      <author>Nobari, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verteidigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Praça, G. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, P. H. D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brandão, L. H. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abreu, C. D. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrade, A. G. P. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nobari, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to analyze which defensive performance indicators differentiate winning and losing teams and to verify which of these variables better predict winning probabilities during the Men`s 2022 FIFA World Cup. Data from all 64 matches played during the competition were gathered from public sources. The variables comprised event-based and positional-based data. Data between winning and losing teams were compared using multivariate analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression was used to detect winning predictors. Results indicated that winning teams performed more forced turnovers ( p = 0.017) and spent less time in out-of-possession recovery ( p = 0.005) and transition ( p = 0.017). The regression analysis indicated that the forced turnovers (standardized beta = 0.446), the possession action per defensive action (standardized beta = 0.582), and the time spent in out-of-possession recovery actions (standardized beta = *0.279) significantly predict the goal difference achieved by the teams ( r = 0.499. Adjusted r 2 = 0.225). However, the model`s power prediction was low, indicating that multiple defensive strategies can lead to winning outcomes. In conclusion, adopting an aggressive defensive style, aiming at forcing turnovers and seeking to regain the ball high on the pitch, was the most successful defensive strategy observed in the competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technisch-taktische Unterschiede zwischen dem Frauen- und dem Männerfußball auf Eliteebene: Ein Data-Mining-Ansatz mittels neuronaler Netzwerkanalyse, binärer logistischer Regression und Entscheidungsbaumverfahren</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098776</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098776</guid>
      <author>Iván-Baragaño, I.</author>
      <author>Maneiro, R.</author>
      <author>Losada, J. L.</author>
      <author>Casal, C. A.</author>
      <author>Ardá, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>neuronale Netze</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>data mining</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Iván-Baragaño, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maneiro, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Losada, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Casal, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ardá, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The technical*tactical performance of women`s football has improved markedly in recent years. Despite this improvement, there are still differences between men`s football and women`s football. The objectives of this study were to know the technical and tactical key performance indicators (KPIs) that differentiate elite men`s and women`s football teams as well as to determine which statistical techniques demonstrate superior classification ability and interpretability in football terms. For this purpose, 768 matches corresponding to the latest editions of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Euro and FIFA World Cup for men and women were analyzed. First, the differences at the bivariate level were analyzed using student`s t -test for independent sample ( p < 0.05) for the male and female teams. Secondly, three data mining classification algorithms were applied: (i) Artificial Neural Network (ANN), (ii) Binary Logistic Regression, and (iii) Decision Tree. Significant differences were found between men`s football and women`s football in variables related to technical elements such as lost balls (ES = 1.19), ball recoveries (ES = 1.00), and accurate passes (ES = 0.97), as well as regulatory aspects like fouls (ES = 0.59), successful tackles (ES = 0.46), and yellow cards (0.45). On the other hand, the classification models presented excellent or good predictive capability [Range AUC 0.774*0.982], with very small differences between the ANN`s and logistic regression models. This result justifies the use of simpler models as the linear regression model to understand the differences between men`s and women`s football. Moreover, the observed differences may offer insights for future efforts aimed at enhancing the performance of women`s football.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsmerkmale von Schutzpolstern zum Schutz vor schweren Kopfverletzungen beim Alpinski</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098777</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098777</guid>
      <author>Dorsemaine, M.</author>
      <author>Masson, C.</author>
      <author>Riveill, S.</author>
      <author>Bailly, N.</author>
      <author>Arnoux, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sicherheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dorsemaine, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Masson, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Riveill, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bailly, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arnoux, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To protect skiers from the collisions with obstacles (CWOs), ski areas place padding on these obstacles. Padding behavior was previously experimentally investigated for few specific head impact conditions. The goal of this study is to numerically evaluate padding ability to reduce head injury risks in multiple scenarios of CWOs. A multibody model of a skier colliding with an obstacle was associated with a padding model, calibrated based on experimental tests. Different obstacle protections (unprotected, 15-, 20-, 30-cm thick padding), skier speeds, obstacle shapes and distances were investigated to model 3692 scenarios of CWOs. Head injury risks were evaluated based on HIC 15 and maximal linear accelerations (Amax). Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to investigate the injury risks regarding the initial conditions, impact conditions and obstacle protection. These simulations resulted in high head impact speeds (30.4 ± 14.2 km/h). The padding modeled significantly reduced Amax (368 ± 275 g unprotected VS 215 ± 240 g with 15-cm thick padding) and severe injury risks ( p < 0.001). For low head impact speeds (<20 km/h), all pads were able to protect from severe injuries, whereas for moderate impact speeds (<40 km/h), the 30-cm thick padding offered better protection from severe injuries. However, even thick padding could not protect the skier model from high-speed impacts (>40 km/h). This study evaluated padding performances in various accident conditions and brought quantitative information for field evolutions regarding padding protection. These results constitute useful information to improve the padding standard and to design more efficient padding.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Positionierung für den Erfolg: Wichtige positionsbezogene Leistungsindikatoren im Spitzenfußball</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098778</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098778</guid>
      <author>Praça, G. M.</author>
      <author>Brandão, L. H. A.</author>
      <author>Silva, G. D. O. S.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, P. H. D. A.</author>
      <author>Costa, V. T. D.</author>
      <author>Pinheiro, G. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verteidigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Praça, G. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brandão, L. H. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, G. D. O. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, P. H. D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costa, V. T. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinheiro, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to compare position-based variables between winning, losing, and drawing teams and to identify which among these variables would better predict the goal difference in the 2021-2022 German Bundesliga. The dataset comprised 275 official games, monitored through a semi-automatic camera system. For each game, players` and ball`s positions were captured and exported in 10 Hz. Position-based variables comprised teams` length, width, length per width ratio (LPWratio), stretching index, and near-the-ball space control in both offensive and defensive phases, as well as in the first and the second halves. Data were compared between the game outcomes using a Generalized Linear Model. Results indicated that winning teams in the Bundesliga tend to approach the first half of the game by expanding the field during the offensive phase (evidenced by a higher offensive width and stretching index), pressing high during the defensive phase (manifested through a greater defensive length), and exerting control over the space in the second half by concentrating players near the ball (indicated by higher near-the-ball space control). Differences between halves indicate that teams must be able to adapt their tactics during the game to succeed in the competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der täglichen Dynamik der posturalen Kontrolle bei Badmintonspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098868</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098868</guid>
      <author>Nazarenko, A.</author>
      <author>Mavliev, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrolle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nazarenko, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavliev, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to evaluate the daily dynamics of postural control in badminton athletes.

Methods and structure of the study. 16 badminton athletes aged 18 to 22 years old, with a level of sportsmanship ranging from candidate for Master of Sports to Master of Sports of the Russian Federation, were examined. Postural stability was assessed in athletes using a biofeedback stability platform in the morning (07:00-08:00), afternoon (12:00-13:00) and evening (18:00-19:00) on a day of complete rest. 

Results and conclusions. Postural control in athletes demonstrates high individual stability throughout the day. The key factor that significantly affects the quality of the balance function is the presence of visual afferentation. The daily dynamics is most pronounced for the lateral displacement of the pressure center: the morning trend of a shift to the right is replaced by a shift to the left in the afternoon and evens out by the evening. Proprioceptive-vestibular mechanisms work in concert during the day (especially in the absence of vision), while the role of visual control increases during the daytime and evening.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der täglichen Dynamik der posturalen Kontrolle bei Badmintonspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098869</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098869</guid>
      <author>Nazarenko, A.</author>
      <author>Mavliev, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrolle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nazarenko, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavliev, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to evaluate the daily dynamics of postural control in badminton athletes.

Methods and structure of the study. 16 badminton athletes aged 18 to 22 years old, with a level of sportsmanship ranging from candidate for Master of Sports to Master of Sports of the Russian Federation, were examined. Postural stability was assessed in athletes using a biofeedback stability platform in the morning (07:00-08:00), afternoon (12:00-13:00) and evening (18:00-19:00) on a day of complete rest. 

Results and conclusions. Postural control in athletes demonstrates high individual stability throughout the day. The key factor that significantly affects the quality of the balance function is the presence of visual afferentation. The daily dynamics is most pronounced for the lateral displacement of the pressure center: the morning trend of a shift to the right is replaced by a shift to the left in the afternoon and evens out by the evening. Proprioceptive-vestibular mechanisms work in concert during the day (especially in the absence of vision), while the role of visual control increases during the daytime and evening.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der körperlichen, physiologischen und neuromuskulären Leistungsparameter von Spitzenseglern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098870</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098870</guid>
      <author>Ömer, A.</author>
      <author>Mehmet, S.</author>
      <author>Can, G. Ü.</author>
      <author>Ugur, C.</author>
      <author>Onur, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Segeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ömer, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mehmet, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Can, G. Ü.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ugur, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onur, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Elite sailing performance depends on the interaction of anthropometric features, strength-power capacities, postural control, and physiological fitness. However, sex-specific neuromuscular and physiological profiles in competitive sailing remain insufficiently characterized. Therefore, this study aimed to examine sex-related differences in the physical, physiological, and neuromuscular attributes of elite sailors using an integrated laboratory-based test battery.

Methods
This cross-sectional study included 26 national- and international-level sailing athletes (14 men, 12 women). Participants completed standardized assessments of anthropometry and body composition, isometric strength, static and dynamic balance, bimanual visual reaction time, anaerobic power (30-s upper- and lower-limb Wingate tests), and maximal aerobic capacity (treadmill VO2max, Bruce protocol). Sex differences were analyzed using multivariate general linear models (MANOVA/MANCOVA), with fat-free mass (FFM) included as a covariate. Pearson correlations were calculated separately for men and women.

Results
A significant multivariate effect of sex was observed. Male athletes demonstrated higher VO2max, greater lower-limb peak power, stronger handgrip and trunk extension strength, and greater sitting height and arm length (p < 0.05, partial eta² = 0.18-0.81). No significant sex differences were found for Wingate fatigue indices, upper-limb peak power, reaction time, or static/dynamic balance measures. After adjustment for FFM, sex differences in handgrip and trunk strength remained significant, whereas the difference in lower-limb peak power became borderline, indicating that muscle mass partly, but not fully, explained the performance gap. Correlation analyses further suggested sex-specific relationships between body composition and performance variables.

Conclusions
Elite sailing performance appears to reflect the combined contribution of anthropometric characteristics, body composition, strength-power output, and postural control rather than a single dominant factor. These findings support the importance of sex-specific profiling and may help inform individualized, role- and class-specific training strategies in competitive sailing.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Bewertung der Selbstwirksamkeit und des psychischen Wohlbefindens bei Trainern von Sportlern mit und ohne Behinderung: eine vergleichende Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098871</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098871</guid>
      <author>Elmas, L.</author>
      <author>Arayici, S. G.</author>
      <author>Arayici, M. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Selbstwirksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elmas, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arayici, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arayici, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Coaches influence athletes` performance and psychosocial development, yet evidence comparing psychological well-being (PWB) and coach self-efficacy (CSE) between coaches working with athletes with disabilities and those coaching athletes without disabilities remains limited. This study aimed to compare PWB and CSE between these two coaching contexts, examine the association between CSE and PWB, and identify sociodemographic and professional predictors of both outcomes.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 312 coaches (mean age 35.79 ± 7.46 years; 50.0% female) were recruited through voluntary online participation. Of these, 49.4% coached athletes with disabilities and 50.6% coached athletes without disabilities. Data were collected using a structured sociodemographic form, the Psychological Well-Being scale, and the Coach Self-Efficacy scale. Pearson correlation analyses examined associations between psychological well-being and self-efficacy dimensions. Separate multiple linear regression models were constructed for each coaching context to identify independent predictors of psychological well-being and total coaching self-efficacy.

Results
Total PWB scores did not differ significantly between coaches working with athletes with disabilities and those coaching athletes without disabilities (41.85 ± 10.07 vs. 43.26 ± 10.61; p = 0.229). In contrast, CSE was consistently higher among coaches of athletes with disabilities across all domains: performance (p = 0.032), psychological (p = 0.006), teaching (p = 0.011), character-building (p = 0.027), and management competence (p = 0.016). Total CSE scores were also higher in this group (84.32 ± 18.13 vs. 78.92 ± 18.21; p = 0.009). PWB was strongly and positively correlated with CSE in both groups (r values > 0.60). In regression analyses, income was the strongest independent predictor of PWB in both groups (p < 0.05). In the non-disability group, sex was additionally associated with PWB (p = 0.034). For total CSE, income and coaching level independently predicted higher scores in the non-disability group (p < 0.05), whereas relationship status was the only significant predictor in the disability group (p = 0.036).

Conclusions
Coaches working with athletes with disabilities report higher self-efficacy across multiple domains, although overall psychological well-being is comparable across coaching contexts. The strong association between self-efficacy and well-being highlights perceived professional competence as a key correlate of coaches` mental health. Sociodemographic and professional factors, particularly income, certification level, and relationship status, were associated with these outcomes. Given the cross-sectional design and voluntary online recruitment, the findings should be interpreted with caution.

Bewertung der Selbstwirksamkeit und des psychischen Wohlbefindens bei Trainern von Sportlern mit und ohne Behinderung: eine vergleichende Querschnittsstudie]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Methodenabhängige Unterschiede bei der Bestimmung des VO2-Spitzenwerts und ihre Auswirkungen auf die prozentbasierte Trainingsbeschreibung bei Spitzenrudern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098873</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098873</guid>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Li, X.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Yang, S.</author>
      <author>Zhang, X.</author>
      <author>Liang, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
Precise determination of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is important for athlete profiling and exercise prescription. However, common data-processing approaches applied to breath-by-breath gas-exchange data may yield different VO2peak values, particularly in elite athletes with high ventilatory rates. This study compared three commonly used VO2peak determination methods and quantified their impact on percentage-based exercise prescription in national-level rowers.

Methods
Twenty-six national-level male rowers performed a discontinuous incremental rowing test to volitional exhaustion on a wind-resistance ergometer. Breath-by-breath VO2 data obtained during the final stage were processed using three approaches: (1) Raw Peak, defined as the highest single-breath value; (2) 30-s moving average, used as the pre-specified reference processing approach; and (3) Auto, defined as the device-reported VO2peak value from the metabolic cart software using default settings. Repeated-measures ANOVA, pairwise comparisons, correlation and regression analyses, and Bland-Altman agreement analyses were performed. In addition, an illustrative simulation was conducted to examine the downstream consequences of method-dependent VO2peak differences for percentage-based exercise prescription.

Results
A significant main effect of processing method was observed (p < 0.001). Raw Peak (6.10 ± 0.40 L·min-¹) was significantly higher than the 30-s moving average (5.50 ± 0.40 L·min-¹), representing a mean overestimation of 10.9% (Cohen`s d = 2.52). Auto (5.39 ± 0.36 L·min-¹) was significantly lower than the reference method by 1.9% (Cohen`s d = -0.73). The protocol elicited high physiological strain, with blood lactate reaching 11.46 ± 1.95 mmol·L-¹ at 3 min post-exercise. Although correlations between methods were strong (r ˜ 0.80-0.93), Bland-Altman analysis showed substantial systematic disagreement, including a mean bias of + 599 mL·min-¹ for Raw Peak versus the 30-s moving average. When a fixed workload corresponding to 80% of the reference VO2peak was normalized to the other methods, its apparent relative intensity differed by 9.4% points between Raw Peak and Auto.

Conclusion
Common VO2peak processing methods applied to the same breath-by-breath dataset are strongly associated but not interchangeable in elite rowers. Raw single-breath values substantially inflate VO2peak relative to time-averaged estimates, and these discrepancies propagate into meaningful bias when exercise intensity is prescribed as a percentage of VO2peak. Standardizing VO2peak processing procedures is therefore important for valid monitoring and consistent percentage-based exercise prescription, especially when practitioners interpret relatively small longitudinal changes in high-performance settings.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Muskelarchitektonische Prädiktoren für die Kraft von Sportlern: Integration von Muskeldicke, Pennation und Faszikellänge unter Verwendung eines strukturellen Gleichungsmodells</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098770</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098770</guid>
      <author>Kumar, A.</author>
      <author>Sisodia, A.</author>
      <author>Chander, Y.</author>
      <author>Sharma, M.</author>
      <author>Khare, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Maximalkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kumar, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sisodia, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chander, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sharma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Khare, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Muscle architecture parameters, including muscle thickness (MT), fascicle length (FL), and pennation angle (PA), play a critical role in determining muscle performance. This study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the structural relationships between these morphological features and key performance metrics in athletes. By examining how architectural variations contribute to force production and explosive power, the research aims to bridge gaps in understanding muscle-performance dynamics. The primary objective was to evaluate the influence of muscle architecture parameters (MT, FL, and PA) on muscle performance tests, including vertical jump height, leg press power, and one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat strength, through SEM analysis. The study selected 50 male athletes aged 18-25 years, each possessing at least three years of structured training experience. Muscle architecture was assessed via B-mode ultrasonography targeting the vastus lateralis muscle. Performance evaluations encompassed vertical jump height, leg press power output, and 1RM squat strength. Data normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which indicated normal distribution for most variables except squat strength. SEM was employed to test hypothesized pathways, with model fit assessed through chi2 , RMSEA, SRMR, and CFI indices. SEM demonstrated excellent model fit (chi2 = 4.88, p = 0.770; RMSEA = 0.000; SRMR = 0.044; CFI = 1.000), confirming the validity of the proposed relationships. Muscle thickness was the strongest morphological predictor (ß = 0.580), emphasizing its role in hypertrophy and force generation. Fascicle length showed a significant negative association (ß = -0.410, p = 0.002), indicating potential limitations in maximal strength tasks despite benefits in speed-related activities. Pennation angle had a weak, non-significant effect (ß = -0.167, p = 0.178), suggesting its influence is highly context-specific. Among performance measures, 1RM squat strength exerted the greatest impact (ß = 0.963, p < 0.001), followed by vertical jump (ß = 0.737) and leg press power (ß = 0.630). These results highlight muscle thickness as a key driver of explosive performance, while maximal dynamic strength (1RM squat) emerges as the most reliable performance indicator. The findings offer practical implications for refining training protocols, enhancing talent scouting, and advancing theoretical frameworks of muscle-performance interactions in elite athletes.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Effizienz bei den Olympischen Spielen: Die Rolle von Mobilität und Ungleichheit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098771</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098771</guid>
      <author>Csurilla, G.</author>
      <author>Ferto, I.</author>
      <author>Baráth, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Csurilla, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferto, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baráth, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper presents the analysis of Olympic efficiency by introducing a weighted performance score that values both medals and near-podium finishes and by applying a random-parameters stochastic frontier model with heteroscedastic inefficiency to the Summer Games, 1996-2020. Unlike earlier studies, we allow production elasticities to vary across countries and examine the role of sports diversification in shaping efficiency. The results highlight the importance of broad participation across disciplines, showing that diversification not only raises potential output but also reduces inefficiency. Distributional analysis further reveals modest declines in inequality and meaningful opportunities for upward mobility, even as top performers persist. The findings suggest that efficient Olympic nations combine scale, diversification, and organizational quality, offering policy lessons beyond resource levels alone.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Sind Elfmeterschießen besser als ein Münzwurf? Erkenntnisse aus dem internationalen Vereinsfußball in Europa</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098772</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098772</guid>
      <author>Csató, L.</author>
      <author>Petróczy, D. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strafball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportverein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Csató, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petróczy, D. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Penalty shootouts play a crucial role in the knockout stage of major football tournaments. Their importance has substantially increased from the 2021/22 season, when the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) scrapped the away goals rule. Our paper examines whether the outcome of a penalty shootout can be predicted in UEFA club competitions. Based on all shootouts between 2000 and 2025, no evidence is found for the effect of the kicking order, the field of the match, or psychological momentum. In contrast to previous results, we do not detect any relationship between shootout success and relative team strength, quantified by differences in Elo ratings and the implied winning probability. Thus, the hypothesis that penalty shootouts are close to a coin toss in international competitions for European football clubs cannot be rejected.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Wie unterscheiden sich europäische und außereuropäische Spieler: Erkenntnisse aus der EuroLeague im Basketball anhand einer multivariaten statistischen Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098773</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098773</guid>
      <author>Çene, E.</author>
      <author>Özdalyan, F.</author>
      <author>Parim, C.</author>
      <author>Manci, E.</author>
      <author>Inan, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Europa</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Çene, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Özdalyan, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parim, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Manci, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inan, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study has multiple purposes and these are (i) to divide EuroLeague players into clusters according to their statistics and positions, (ii) to examine the clusters according to the players` characteristics and their continents of origin, and (iii) to compare statistics of European and non-European EuroLeague basketball players according to their positions. Dataset is based on the 2020-2021 EuroLeague season. Similarities and differences between players are explained by using the t -test/Mann-Whitney U test, effect sizes, Cluster Analysis (CA), and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). Six different MDS maps have been introduced to separate guards, forwards, and centers in terms of performance indicators (including both raw and per 40 min statistics). Moreover, the vast majority of MDS maps revealed for all positions are visualized with six clusters. MDS Results show that players playing in similar positions and exhibiting similar performances in the EuroLeague are on the same maps. Also, the results prove that European and non-European basketball players have different playing styles and certain clusters are dominated by either European or non-European players. The information to be obtained from this study may benefit on basketball players, coaches, and managers regarding various issues (player development plan and player transfer policy).]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Der Einfluss des Video-Schiedsrichterassistenten (VAR) auf die Spielleistung im Spitzenfußball: Eine systematische Übersicht mit Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098774</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098774</guid>
      <author>Li, M.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <author>Zhang, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfrichter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Videoschiedsrichter</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The increased utilization of the video assistant referee (VAR) system in professional football matches has sparked academic interest, leading to investigations of its impact on various performance variables. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess the impact of VAR on match performance in elite football competitions and determine its effects on diverse variables. We undertook a thorough search of electronic databases and conducted a meta-analysis using the statistical software R. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was employed to quantify the pooled effect of VAR on match performance variables, such as red cards, yellow cards, fouls, offsides, and playing times for both halves and the total game. The analysis included 12 studies, covering 10,088 matches from various elite football competitions. Homogeneity was found in the red cards group, whereas significant heterogeneity was noted in the other groups. VAR implementation correlated with a reduction in fouls (SMD = -0.187) and offsides (SMD = -0.216), indicating statistically significant decreases. Conversely, VAR led to an extension in match playing time, notably in first-half (SMD = 0.406), second-half (SMD = 0.517), and total playing time (SMD = 0.747), with all increases being statistically significant. Our findings indicate that VAR has a significant impact on match performance variables in elite football. Furthermore, the efficacy of VAR interventions differs among organizations and leagues, necessitating future research to ascertain whether VAR`s impact is universal or varies with specific competitions.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Kompetenzorientierte Technologie für die langfristige sportliche Entwicklung junger Eishockeyspieler</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098855</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098855</guid>
      <author>Sukhachev, E. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>langfristiger Leistungsaufbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kompetenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sukhachev, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to theoretically substantiate and practically develop a competence-based technology for the long-term sports training of young ice hockey players aged 7-17, ensuring the alignment of goals, content, methods, and performance criteria within the system of long-term athletic development.

Methods and structure of the study. The research relies on systemic, activity-based, competence-based, and synergetic methodological approaches. Theoretical methods included analysis, modeling, structural-functional and comparative analysis. Empirical methods comprised pedagogical observation, testing, surveys, and experimental design (ascertaining, formative, and local stages). Instrumental methods included heart rate monitoring, electromyography, heart rate variability analysis, psychophysiological testing, and video analysis of competitive activity. The study involved approximately 2,420 male ice hockey players aged 7-17 and over 50 coaches representing sports schools and club systems implementing the National Ice Hockey Training Program. The experimental work was carried out between 2010 and 2025.

Results and conclusions. For the first time, a competence-based technology for the training of young ice hockey players has been theoretically substantiated and developed, including target, content, procedural, and evaluation modules. The "competence architecture" was identified, reflecting the systemic interrelation of physical, technical, tactical, cognitive, and personal-regulatory components of athlete readiness. A system of criteria and indicators for competence assessment was developed, ensuring pedagogical feedback and manageability of the long-term process. Experimental data confirmed that the implementation of the competence-based technology increases integrative readiness, improves competitive performance, decision-making speed, stability, and teamwork effectiveness among young hockey players. The competence-based training technology for young hockey players serves as an effective tool for integrating training, competitive, educational, and developmental processes into a unified system. Its implementation ensures individualization, continuity, and manageability of long-term sports development while fostering athletes` ability to perform effectively in dynamic and uncertain competitive environments.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Über die Muskelaktivierung hinaus: Die Rolle der biomechanischen Eigenschaften der Muskeln bei der Entstehung eines dynamischen Knievalgus bei Volleyballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098856</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098856</guid>
      <author>Chalabiyev, N.</author>
      <author>Basaran, S.</author>
      <author>Deniz, V.</author>
      <author>Adas, Ü.</author>
      <author>Sariyildiz, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chalabiyev, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Basaran, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deniz, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adas, Ü.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sariyildiz, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) is considered a risk factor for knee injuries, particularly in female athletes. Muscle activation and biomechanical properties are thought to play a role in its development, yet their exact contributions remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical properties and electromyographic activity of lower extremity muscles in female volleyball players with and without DKV.

Methods
Thirty-six female volleyball athletes aged 12-18 were allocated to DKV (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups based on single-leg squat test. Biomechanical properties (muscle tone, elasticity, stiffness) of the muscles were measured using MyotonPro®. Surface electromyography was used to assess muscle activation and onset times of the gluteus medius (GM), adductor magnus (AM), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), semimembranosus (HM), and biceps femoris (HL) during landing phase of the volleyball spike.

Results
There were no significant demographic or sport-specific differences between the groups. VM/VL and HM/HL muscle tone ratios and AM/GM, VM/VL and HM/HL stiffness ratios were significantly higher in DKV group (p < 0.05). DKV group showed significantly lower activation in GM and HL and higher AM/GM and HM/HL ratios (p = 0.001 and p = 0.015). GM-AM onset time difference was significantly lower in DKV group (p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant predictors of knee valgus angle during the landing phase of the spike.

Conclusion
The tone and stiffness ratios of the medial thigh muscles to the lateral ones (AM/GM and HM/HL) were increased. Activation of GM and HL muscles were decreased in athletes with DKV. Since neither biomechanical properties nor muscle activation affected frontal knee valgus angle during the spike, it is speculated that the change may reflect a musculoskeletal adaptation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Von akuten Reaktionen bis zur Langzeitüberwachung: Eine Übersichtsarbeit zur Zuverlässigkeit und Validität biomechanischer und physiologischer Bewertungsinstrumente bei Spitzenschwimmern und hochtrainierten Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098857</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098857</guid>
      <author>Chen, X.</author>
      <author>Wang, H.</author>
      <author>Wang, S.</author>
      <author>Liu, Z.</author>
      <author>Shen, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Scientific monitoring is fundamental to optimizing swimming performance, but its effectiveness relies on the validity and reliability of assessment tools.

Objective
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), this scoping review aimed to synthesize physiological and biomechanical indicators applied in swimmers, with a particular focus on acute and long-term responses, as well as the reliability and validity of these indicators.

Methods
Web of Science, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus were searched using predefined keyword combinations, and study screening was conducted using ASReview. All extracted indicators were classified according to established conceptual definitions and predefined quantitative criteria (e.g., reliability: intraclass correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation; validity: Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination).

Results
A total of 41 studies were included, and 297 evaluation indicators were extracted for analysis. Existing research has predominantly concentrated on highly trained adult male swimmers, with limited discussion given to elite or world-class athletes, adolescents, and female swimmers. Acute testing dominates the literature (83.5%), far outweighing long-term monitoring approaches. In terms of indicator composition, biomechanical measures account for the majority (59%), with kinematic variables being the most frequently applied (61%). However, the overall methodological quality remains suboptimal: only approximately 8% of acute indicators and 3% of long-term indicators simultaneously achieved at least moderate standards of both reliability and validity. This indicates that the reliability and validity of acute swimming performance assessments have been discussed; there is a lack of research achieving high levels of reliability and validity, which is even more pronounced in long-term monitoring indicators.

Conclusion
Results reveal a fragmented landscape dominated by acute analysis of stroke mechanics in adult males, with a severe lack of multi-season monitoring evidence for female and adolescent swimmers. Crucially, key determinants of aquatic performance—specifically propulsive kinetics and metabolic cost—lack confirmed reliability for tracking adaptations across training macrocycles. Consequently, the field requires a shift from the proliferation of novel swim indices to the rigorous methodological consolidation of existing aquatic assessment protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multivariable Zusammenhänge zwischen Leistungsindikatoren der unteren Extremitäten und Sprintleistung sowie reaktiver Beweglichkeit bei Elite-Handballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098876</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098876</guid>
      <author>Eler, N.</author>
      <author>Bilge, M.</author>
      <author>Altunsoy, K.</author>
      <author>Akalin, T. C.</author>
      <author>Eler, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eler, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bilge, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Altunsoy, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akalin, T. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eler, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Acceleration, short-distance sprinting, and rapid change-of-direction are critical performance determinants in handball. This study examined the associations between key lower-limb performance indicators and sprint/reactive agility outcomes and evaluated their independent associations within multivariable models in elite female handball players.

Methods
Twenty-seven athletes (n = 27; age 15.61 ± 0.69 years) completed assessments of countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), reactive strength index (RSI_{3-5}), leg stiffness, and relative power; sprint performance (0-5-10-20 m) and reactive agility were evaluated using standardized field protocols. Pairwise relationships were analysed using Pearson`s correlations, and independent contributions were evaluated with AIC-guided multivariable linear regression (standardized ß, adjusted R²).

Results
Strong associations were observed between CMJ/RSI and sprint/agility parameters (r = 0.65-0.89, p < 0.01). In regression models, RSI and leg stiffness were retained as significant associated variables, particularly in relation to the 5-20 m sprint segments and reactive agility (standardized ß = 0.31-0.67). The models showed high explanatory capacity for sprint outcomes, reaching an adjusted R² of 0.825 in the 5-10 m sprint model, and more moderate explanatory capacity for agility outcomes (adj. R² = 0.422).

Conclusions
These findings indicate that jump-derived elastic/neuromuscular indices, particularly RSI and leg stiffness, are independently associated with sprint and reactive agility performance in elite female handball players. However, given the cross-sectional design, these associations should not be interpreted causally. The results may help identify candidate performance-monitoring variables for practice settings. Prospective and intervention-based studies are required to determine whether modifying these variables improves sprint or agility outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mentale Konditionierung und Pulsoxymetrieüberwachung beim Kurzzeittraining von alpinen Skifahrern im Alter von 13-16 Jahren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097085</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097085</guid>
      <author>Grosu, V. T.</author>
      <author>Mancini, N.</author>
      <author>Rozsnyai, R. A.</author>
      <author>Neagu, S. G.</author>
      <author>Monea, D.</author>
      <author>Grosu, E. F.</author>
      <author>Dobrescu, T.</author>
      <author>Hervás-Gómez, C.</author>
      <author>Popovici, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Psychophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Grosu, V. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mancini, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rozsnyai, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Neagu, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monea, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grosu, E. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dobrescu, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hervás-Gómez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Popovici, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background and Study Aim: Mental conditioning is an important part of modern athletic preparation. It helps regulate arousal, focus, and performance stability. This study examined the psychophysiological effects of a short mental training routine that combined relaxation and sport-specific imagery in junior alpine skiers. 

Materials and Methods: Fourteen athletes (7 from CSS Gheorgheni; 7 from CSS Baia Sprie) took part in a pre-post observational protocol. The Gheorgheni group performed imagery on a ski simulator. The Baia Sprie group followed the same routine without simulator support. Pulse oximetry (CMS-50F) was used to measure pulse rate (PR, bpm) and oxygen saturation (SpO*, %) at rest, after relaxation, and during imagery. All recordings were taken under standardized seated conditions to ensure measurement consistency. Repeated-measures ANOVA and non-parametric equivalents (Friedman test, Wilcoxon test) were applied to evaluate within-group changes. Between-group comparisons used t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. 

Results: Descriptive analysis showed that PR consistently decreased after relaxation and increased during imagery. SpO* remained within normal limits (96-98%). The simulator group showed a greater increase in PR (+18.5 bpm) compared to the control group (+11.2 bpm). This indicates clear autonomic modulation: parasympathetic activation during relaxation and sympathetic activation during imagery. These trends were consistent across all participants. Statistical tests confirmed significant phase effects for PR (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes observed within both groups. 

Conclusions: Mental rehearsal produced measurable physiological changes without physical activity. This suggests its role in enhancing athletes` internal regulation. While limited by the small sample, the study supports further research using larger groups and more advanced autonomic measures, such as heart rate variability, to refine mental training protocols in alpine skiing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beziehung zwischen physischen Parametern und der Schussgeschwindigkeit bei Eishockeyspielerinnen der Eliteklasse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097089</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097089</guid>
      <author>Rosanas-Orra, R.</author>
      <author>Altarriba-Bartes, A.</author>
      <author>Vicens-Bordas, J.</author>
      <author>Merino-Tantiña, J.</author>
      <author>Borràs-Boix, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rosanas-Orra, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Altarriba-Bartes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vicens-Bordas, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Merino-Tantiña, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borràs-Boix, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to evaluate various physical parameters and their relationship with shooting velocity in female rink hockey players. Eight female players (age: 24.8 ± 3.88 years, body mass: 62.6 ± 4.67 kg, height: 167 ± 0.04 cm) were measured, weighted and tested for thoracic spine range of motion, spine rotational strength, chop, lift, bench press, and handgrip. Shooting velocity of each participant was measured for both slap and backhand shots. Results showed a significant correlation between slap shot velocity and body mass (r = 0.76; p = .02; ICC 0.1338 - 0.9532), spine rotation strength to the right with body weight (r = 0.76; p = .04; ICC 0.0368 - 0.9638) and with 79 % of body weight (r = 0.84; p = .01; 0.2374 - 0.9759). Interestingly, backhand velocity showed a strong correlation and a close to significant p-value with bench press power at 25 kg (r = 0.70; p = .054; ICC -0.0141 - 0.9401), 30 kg (r = 0.53; p = .097; ICC - 0.1415 - 0.9233) and 35 kg (r = 0.63; p = .10; ICC -0,1568 - 0.8596). Similar results were observed with the estimated one repetition maximum for the bench press (r = 0.67; p = .077; ICC -0.0892 - 0.9307). Results suggested that including exercises to strengthen the torso rotation muscles and upper extremity strength could improve shooting velocity in female rink hockey players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Toleranz gegenüber chronischer neuromuskulärer Ermüdung während eines Trainingsmikrozyklus in einer europäischen Rugbymannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097090</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097090</guid>
      <author>Albesa-Albiol, L.</author>
      <author>González-Millán, S.</author>
      <author>Caparrós, T.</author>
      <author>Piedra, A.</author>
      <author>Pardo, P.</author>
      <author>Guerrero, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mikrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Albesa-Albiol, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Millán, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caparrós, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Piedra, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pardo, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guerrero, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze the chronic neuromuscular fatigue over the course of training microcycle (one week) in 27 rugby players, differentiating between professional (n = 10) and non-professional (n = 17) athletes from the same team, as well as considering training load distribution and playing positions. A retrospective observational study was conducted, in which participants performed countermovement jumps (CMJ) before and after training sessions using a Chronojump Boscosystem contact platform. A total of 464 jumps were analyzed (234 pre- and 230 post-training), recording metrics such as jump height, flight time, average propulsive power, and initial velocity. Professional players showed higher values in jump height (39.36± 4.24 cm), average power (1348.34±149,72 W) as well as a better reactive strength index (0.57), compared to non-professionals, who exhibited accumulated reductions in jump height (35,32± 6.80 cm), power (1176,62±26,96 W), and initial velocity (2,65±0,26 m/s) throughout the microcycle, indicating greater neuromuscular fatigue. Regarding playing positions, front-row players demonstrated lower average jump height (34.95±7,97 cm), while backline players stood out for higher speed (2.823±0,15 m/s) and power for back row (1381.92±171,87 W).A positive effect of gym-based activation exercises prior to field training was observed, associated with improvements in jump height (38.62±6,07 cm vs. 36.31±6,05 cm; F = 14.8; p < 0.01; SE=0.03) power (1298.48±203,3 W vs. 1231.26±166,47 W), and initial velocity (2.75±025 m/s vs. 2.66±0,22 m/s). suggesting a post-activation potentiation (PAP) effect that could temporarily enhance neuromuscular performance. Therefore, incorporating PAP protocols before field sessions may be an effective strategy to optimize athletes' physical performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaktionseffekte zwischen Ballbesitzstatus und Prozentsatz: Erkenntnisse aus der Modellierung der Laufleistung über den Ballbesitzstatus im Männerfußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097091</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097091</guid>
      <author>Pan, P.</author>
      <author>Lago-Peñas, C.</author>
      <author>Lorenzo-Martinez, M.</author>
      <author>Rein, R.</author>
      <author>Liu, T.</author>
      <author>Memmert, D.</author>
      <author>Serra, R. R.</author>
      <author>López Del Campo, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pan, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lago-Peñas, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lorenzo-Martinez, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rein, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Memmert, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serra, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López Del Campo, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Due to the dynamic and complex nature of soccer, match-running performance (MRP) is highly influenced by match content. This study aimed to examine the interaction between possession status (PS) and possession percentage (PP) in relation to match-running performance (MRP) and to quantify MRP in each PS while considering multiple contextual variables. MRP indicators, including total distance (TD) and high-intensity running distance (HID), were collected from 8,468 observations of 412 outfield male players in the 2018-2019 Spanish LaLiga, excluding matches with red cards. This study set PS, possession percentage (PP), effective playing time, match location, quality of opposition, and match results as fixed effects, and set players and teams as random effects. Results indicated: i) PP interacted with PS, negatively affecting TD (r = -0.26, p < 0.05) and HID (r = -0.11, p < 0.05) during IP but positively influencing TD (r = 0.24, p < 0.05) and HID (r = 0.28, p < 0.05) during OP; ii) MRP during in-possession exceeded out-of-possession when PP was below 36% for TD and 36.4% for HID; iii) PP thresholds for MRP shifts varied by position, with forwards requiring higher PP (TD: 61.8%, HID: 68.6%) compared to central defenders (TD: 28.3%, HID: 9.2%). This study reveals the interaction effects of PS and PP on MRP, emphasizing the complexity of multivariate relationships in soccer. It underscores the importance of multivariate approaches over traditional methods like t-tests, which provide only partial insights.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein neuer konzeptioneller Rahmen für das Management des Verletzungsrisikos der ischiokruralen Muskulatur im Fußball - Umsetzung eines datengestützten Ansatzes: Ein narrativer Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097094</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097094</guid>
      <author>Pillitteri, G.</author>
      <author>Clemente, F.</author>
      <author>Petrucci, M.</author>
      <author>Sarmento, H.</author>
      <author>Figueiredo, A.</author>
      <author>Bongiovanni, T.</author>
      <author>Bianco, A.</author>
      <author>Battaglia, G.</author>
      <author>Gabbett, T. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pillitteri, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petrucci, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sarmento, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Figueiredo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bongiovanni, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bianco, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Battaglia, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gabbett, T. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The multifactorial and complex nature of athletic injuries complicates the establishment of clear cause-and-effect relationships, making it challenging to pinpoint precise injury aetiology in the operational field. Research has explored the connection between injuries and training load (TL), identifying an association between high external loads (EL) - such as high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting - and non-contact hamstring injuries. Despite this, injury prevention remains largely ineffective, possibly reflecting a gap between scientific knowledge and practical application, as well as cognitive biases in translating research into real-world scenarios. This paper aims to: 1) summarize key findings on non-contact injuries in soccer, focusing on risk factors and the TL-injury relationship; 2) describe major conceptual frameworks and highlight cognitive biases when attributing injuries exclusively to TL; 3) propose new conceptual frameworks for non-contact injuries, with a primary focus on hamstring injuries. Using a qualitative approach, we present a multilevel causation framework that underscores the significant - but not exclusive - role of sprinting and TL in injury occurrence. We introduce two key concepts: acute mechanical load tissue exposure (AMLTE), referring to the peak acute mechanical stress a muscle can tolerate, and chronic muscle tolerance to load (CMTTL), representing the capacity to endure load over time. We aimed to support a data-informed approach to injury risk management and TL monitoring in daily practice. While we stress that TL and sprinting are not the sole causes of injury, we assert their relevance within a multifactorial model. This framework may assist professionals in developing more effective training strategies and injury prevention practices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Training und Spielbelastung auf kontaktlose Muskelverletzungen bei männlichen Spitzenfußballern. Eine saisonale Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097099</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097099</guid>
      <author>Morgans, R.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, R.</author>
      <author>Mandorino, M.</author>
      <author>Zmijewski, P.</author>
      <author>Ryan, B.</author>
      <author>Modric, T.</author>
      <author>Teixeira, J.</author>
      <author>Moreira, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Morgans, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mandorino, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zmijewski, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ryan, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Modric, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreira, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the relationship between acute and chronic training load metrics and non-contact muscle injuries in elite soccer players employing a novel statistical approach. A retrospective analysis was conducted during the 2020/21 season on 30 senior outfield players from an English Premier League club. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology monitored total distance, high-speed running (HSR) distance (5.5-7 m/s), sprint distance (> 7 m/s), and peak speed during training sessions and matches. A total of 42 injuries were documented, with an incidence of 8.94 injuries per 1000 hours, although only 12 non-contact muscle injuries were included in the analysis that occurred at 2.5 per 1000 hours of exposure. Acute (7-day) and chronic (28-day) training loads were examined, and data preprocessing addressed missing values and multicollinearity. To address class imbalance, the dataset was balanced using the Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) prior to logistic regression. Four significant predictors were retained: acute HSR (* = -0.175, p < 0.001), acute sprint distance (* = -0.613, p < 0.001), acute peak speed (* = 1.101, p < 0.001), and chronic total distance (* = 2.234, p < 0.001). The model demonstrated excellent discriminative ability with an AUC-ROC of 0.80. The results showed that higher acute volumes of HSR and sprint distance serve as protective factors against non-contact muscle injuries, whereas an increase in acute peak speed and chronic total distance significantly elevates injury risk. These findings underscore the importance of regular exposure to HSR to enhance injury resilience, while excessive load and peak speed may contribute to neuromuscular fatigue and overload.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen Muskelverletzungen und der Wiederherstellung der Leistungsfähigkeit bei männlichen Spitzenfußballspielern?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097103</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097103</guid>
      <author>Guitart, M.</author>
      <author>Alonso-Callejo, A.</author>
      <author>Rodas, G.</author>
      <author>Cos, F.</author>
      <author>Martin-Garcia, A.</author>
      <author>Franquesa, X.</author>
      <author>Carles, B.</author>
      <author>Valle, X.</author>
      <author>Yangüas, X.</author>
      <author>Felipe, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guitart, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alonso-Callejo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodas, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cos, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martin-Garcia, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franquesa, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carles, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Valle, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yangüas, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Felipe, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyze how the type, location, and severity of injury are associated with the time elapsed since the return to training and matches of male football players to reach fitness values comparable to pre-injury levels. A longitudinal analysis was conducted on 333 male football players from an elite Spanish football club over five seasons (2017/18 to 2021/22). A total of 234 injuries (including medical attention) were included in the analysis. The study focused on hamstring and quadriceps injuries, examining high-speed running, sprint distance, and maximum velocity before and after injury. Results indicated that hamstring injuries significantly impact Vmax and HSR, with severe injuries requiring up to five weeks to return to pre-injury levels (Vmax: -1.43 km/h, p = 0.01; HSR: -32.90 m, p = 0.04). Quadriceps injuries revealed less impact on performance metrics than hamstring injuries, with only mild injuries resulting in a significant reduction in Vmax (-1.18 km/h, p = 0.04) and HSR (-52.70 m, p = 0.01) during the first week post-injury. The findings highlight the importance of injury-specific rehabilitation protocols and the need for tailored training loads to minimise the risk of re-injury and optimise return to performance. This research provides valuable insights for medical and performance staff in elite football, emphasizing the critical role of injury management in maintaining player performance and club success.

KEYPOINTS

    - Hamstring injuries in professional football players significantly impact their performance, particularly in high-speed running and maximum velocity, which can take up to five weeks to recover to pre-injury levels.

    - Quadriceps injuries show a different recovery pattern, with less impact on performance metrics compared to hamstring injuries, highlighting the importance of injury location in recovery and performance planning.

    - The study emphasizes the need for coordinated rehabilitation and performance strategies to ensure players return to their pre-injury performance levels effectively and safely.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Immersives Training im Eishockey: Bewertung der Auswirkungen der virtuellen Realität auf Engagement, Spaß und Motivation</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097111</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097111</guid>
      <author>Friedrich, M. F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beteiligung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>virtuelle Realität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Friedrich, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Virtual reality (VR) is emerging as a transformative tool in sports training, offering immersive environments to enhance athlete development. This study examines the potential of VR as a supplementary off-ice training method for ice hockey players, focusing on engagement, enjoyment, usability, motivation, and perceived competence. Ice hockey's fast-paced and skill-intensive nature makes innovative tools like VR valuable for addressing logistical challenges while enriching training experiences. Using a cross-over design, 33 ice hockey players participated in both VR and traditional off-ice drills, with their experiences assessed through questionnaires and statistical analysis. Results showed that VR significantly enhances engagement compared to traditional methods. However, traditional drills outperformed VR in usability and perceived competence. No significant differences were observed in enjoyment and motivation between the two modalities. These findings highlight VR's potential as a complementary training tool, particularly for boosting focus and involvement, while underscoring the need for improved usability and alignment with athletes` skill levels. By bridging psychological insights with practical applications, this study contributes to the understanding of VR in sports training and calls for longitudinal research to explore its impact on performance and skill transfer. This research addresses gaps in the application of VR in team sports, providing a foundation for advancing innovative, adaptable, and engaging training methods in ice hockey and other sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen des Trainings der Einatmungsmuskulatur auf die Dicke des Zwerchfells, die Atemmuskelkraft, das Gleichgewicht und die Rumpfstabilität bei professionellen Tänzern: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 04:24:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098394</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098394</guid>
      <author>Aksu, H.</author>
      <author>Devran, S.</author>
      <author>Morkuzu, S.</author>
      <author>Bayraktar, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tanz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aksu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Devran, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morkuzu, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bayraktar, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the effects of progressive resistance IMT on diaphragm muscle thickness, inspiratory muscle strength, balance, and isometric endurance of the hip*back extensor muscles in professional dancers. Thirty-six professional dancers (15 male, 21 female) aged 16-47 years were randomly assigned to either a training group ( n = 18; 7 males, 11 females) or a control group ( n = 18; 8 males, 10 females). Both groups performed IMT for 8 weeks, with the training group using progressive resistance (60% of maximum inspiratory pressure [MIP]) and the control group using minimal resistance (10% of MIP). Diaphragm thickness, respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP), balance (Y-balance test), hip and back extensor muscle endurance (Biering-Sorenson test), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were assessed before and after the intervention. At baseline, there were no significant differences between groups in demographic characteristics, dance experience, or training regimen ( p > 0.05). After 8 weeks of IMT, the training group showed significant improvements in MIP, MEP, diaphragm thickness at total lung capacity (TLC), hip*back extensor muscle endurance, balance, and ODI scores ( p < 0.01). The improvements in the training group were significantly higher than those in the control group for MIP, MEP, TLC, diaphragm thickness ratio (DTR), hip-back extensor muscle endurance, balance, and ODI scores ( p < 0.01). Progressive resistance IMT effectively improves respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness, balance, hip-back extensor muscle endurance, and reduces disability scores in professional dancers. IMT may be a valuable addition to training programs for dancers to enhance performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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