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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Ausdauertraining auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Laufleistung und Sauerstoffverbrauch</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098345</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098345</guid>
      <author>Alda-Blanco, A.</author>
      <author>Rodríguez-Barbero, S.</author>
      <author>Salinero, J. J.</author>
      <author>González-Mohíno, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alda-Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodríguez-Barbero, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salinero, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Mohíno, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between running power and VO2 across several submaximal incremental running speeds. Furthermore, it also determined whether the relationship between running power and VO2 changes after an endurance training period of 20 weeks, and, finally, the intrasubject differences of the relationship between VO2 and running power after the endurance training period.

Methods: Experiment I comprised 81 graded exercise tests from nationally trained runners (30 females and 51 males; 26.6 [7.0] y), and 18 (5 females and 13 males; 25.6 [5.2] y) were evaluated pretraining and posttraining (experiment II). Linear and multiple regression analyses were used to model the relationship between VO2 and running power.

Results: In experiment I, a strong correlation was observed between running power and VO2 (R2 = .88, P < .001). However, a multiple regression including heart rate, performance level, and sex revealed similar VO2 estimation (R2 = .89, P < .001). After 20 weeks of endurance training (experiment II), VO2 increased significantly (P < .001), while running power remained unchanged (P = .332). Additionally, individual regression analyses revealed significant changes in the slope and the intercept of the VO2-running power relationship.

Conclusion: Running power strongly correlates with VO2 but lacks sensitivity to detect metabolic adaptations after an endurance training period, as the metabolic demand changes for a given running power. These findings highlight the need for individualized and constant adaptation of the relationship between running power and VO2. Therefore, coaches should use running power as a complementary metric and periodically recalibrate individual power-VO2 relationships rather than relying on a fixed predictive equation for longitudinal monitoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098348</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098348</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittentwicklung kardiorespiratorischer Fitnessparameter bei jugendlichen Sportlern: Eine mehrjährige Analyse der maximalen aeroben Leistung und der maximalen Trainingsleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098349</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098349</guid>
      <author>Köble, K.</author>
      <author>Willinger, L.</author>
      <author>Engl, T.</author>
      <author>Mühlbauer, F.</author>
      <author>Huber, S.</author>
      <author>Dettenhofer, M.</author>
      <author>Oberhoffer, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Köble, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willinger, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Engl, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mühlbauer, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huber, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dettenhofer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oberhoffer, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: While the development of cardiorespiratory fitness in normally active children and adolescents is well-documented, longitudinal data on physiological adaptations to training in youth athletes remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the long-term development of cardiorespiratory fitness in young competitive athletes over a period of 2-6 years.

Methods: A total of 397 young athletes (48 girls), aged 8-20 years, from a variety of sports underwent up to 6 repeated assessments between 2012 and 2024. Peak exercise performance (Wmax) and peak aerobic power (VO2peak), both were measured via cardiopulmonary exercise testing on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. A linear mixed model analysis was used to evaluate longitudinal changes in VO2peak and Wmax (both normalized to body mass), including body surface area and training intensity (MET-hours/week) as fixed effects, with sex-stratified analyses.

Results: A total of 1009 cardiopulmonary exercise testing were analyzed. At baseline, boys showed higher age-specific VO2peak and Wmax, while girls had higher age-specific VO2peak despite similar training intensity. Longitudinally, VO2peak increased significantly with age in mid-adolescent girls and boys, particularly in endurance athletes, and was positively associated with training intensity. Wmax rose with age but was less influenced by training or sport type, showing a stronger relationship with growth-related factors like body surface area.

Conclusions: VO2peak development in youth athletes is influenced by age, body size, training intensity, and sport type, making it a sensitive marker of aerobic adaptation. In contrast, Wmax reflects primarily maturational growth and is less responsive to training-specific factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer kombinierten gegenüber einer isolierten Supplementierung mit Beta-Alanin und Natriumbicarbonat auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit bei hochtrainierten Basketballspielerinnen: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098350</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098350</guid>
      <author>Adamczewski, J.</author>
      <author>Szymocha, M.</author>
      <author>Glówka, N.</author>
      <author>Adrian, J.</author>
      <author>Durkalec-Michalski, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Adamczewski, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Szymocha, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Glówka, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Durkalec-Michalski, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To examine the effects of combined versus isolated beta-alanine (BA) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on physical capacity in highly trained female basketball players.

Methods: Sixty-eight athletes aged 21.4 (4.2) years participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL)-controlled parallel trial. Participants were assigned to one of four treatments: BA+SB, BA+PLSB, PLBA+SB, or PLBA+PLSB. They received BA or PLBA (6.4 g·d-1) for 28 days. In the final 7 days, SB or PLSB (0.3 g·kg-1·d-1) was added to the ongoing supplementation. Exercise tests included countermovement jump (CMJ), Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and incremental cycling test. The tests were performed in the following order: CMJ1, WAnT1, incremental cycling test, WAnT2, and CMJ2. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, body mass, and composition were also assessed. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results: BA+SB and PLBA+SB supplementation increased peak power during WAnT1 compared to presupplementation (both P < .001; large effect). Additionally, mean heart rate was lower in BA+SB during incremental cycling test at postsupplementation compared to PLBA+SB (P = .04; large effect). BA+PLSB did not influence any physical capacity outcomes. Moreover, no changes in ratings of perceived exertion, body mass, and composition were observed.

Conclusions: BA+SB and PLBA+SB supplementation enhanced peak power in WAnT1 without compromising subsequent physical capacity indices. BA+SB potentially reduced cardiovascular strain during submaximal exercise. In contrast, BA+PLSB did not confer any ergogenic benefits. These findings suggest that SB-containing protocols may improve high-intensity capabilities in highly trained female basketball players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098351</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098351</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098352</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098352</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098353</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098353</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098354</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098354</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098355</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098355</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098356</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098356</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098357</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098357</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098358</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098358</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098359</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098359</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098360</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098360</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098361</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098361</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098362</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098362</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098363</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098363</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abschlussbericht der Kommission "Zukunft des Sports in Kanada": Den Sport in Kanada neu gestalten: Zeit zum Handeln</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098442</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098442</guid>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kanada</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Breitensport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Perspektive</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Table of contents

    Preface: Message from the Commissioner and Special Advisors
    Executive Summary
    Chapter 1: Introduction
    Chapter 2: Why sport is important to Canadians and Canada
    Chapter 3: Breaking the silence on maltreatment: why the promise of sport has escaped so many
    Chapter 4: Constitutional framework of our country
    Chapter 5: Roles and responsibilities in the Canadian sport system: a fragmented framework
    Chapter 6: Indigenous-led sport and the Canadian sport system: structures, interactions and reconciliation
    Chapter 7: Barriers to sport and physical activity in Canada
    Chapter 8: Improving safe sport in Canada: the Commission's proposed approach
    Chapter 9: Safe sport standards in Canada: structure, limitations and gaps
    Chapter 10: Safe sport complaint mechanisms: responding to maltreatment and supporting those affected
    Chapter 11: Prevention strategies to build and sustain safe sport environments
    Chapter 12: The need for new leadership of Canadian sport
    Chapter 13: Alignment across sport system structures
    Chapter 14: Sport governance: from inconsistent to transparent and harmonized
    Chapter 15: Building the future: investing in sport and physical activity
    Chapter 16: Now what? A look toward the future
    Chapter 17: Commission`s mandate and process
    Appendices]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Natürliche verbale und nonverbale Ermutigung bei der Beurteilung sportlicher Leistungen: Eine Mixed-Methods-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098303</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098303</guid>
      <author>van Meurs, E.</author>
      <author>Nieto, M.</author>
      <author>Strauss, B.</author>
      <author>Harenberg, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Meurs, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nieto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strauss, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harenberg, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Social influence through verbal encouragement (VE) or non-verbal encouragement (NVE) aims to support athletes by mobilising resources. Its effectiveness has already been studied in sports by comparing performances with or without VE to investigate the performance-enhancing effect. However, these studies use standardised formulations, given at regular intervals by experimenters who are unknown to the participants, reducing the external validity. This may result in an underestimation of the actual effect. To date, no empirical evidence exists to characterise VE and NVE. The present study analyses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of VE and NVE. We hypothesised that both would become more frequent the more demanding the task becomes. We video-recorded 39 Canadian hockey student-athletes (49% female, Mage = 20.97, SDage = 1.91). VE and NVE of the encouraging athletes on the sideline per second were coded, transcribed, and the content explored using deductive-inductive thematic analysis. We found that VE and NVE increased over time and that male and female athletes encouraged differently. Statements could be classified as informational, appraisal or tangible support. The results of the analysis can be used as a framework for naturalistic encouragement in future operationalisations. Moreover, we highlight the interpersonal differences in encouragement behaviour, specifically between men and women.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hat die Spielphase Einfluss auf die Leistung bei Hochgeschwindigkeitsläufen und Sprints sowie auf die Erholungskinetik bei männlichen Profifußballern?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098304</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098304</guid>
      <author>Randers, M. B.</author>
      <author>Leifsson, E. N.</author>
      <author>Krustrup, P.</author>
      <author>Mohr, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Randers, M. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leifsson, E. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krustrup, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohr, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined whether match phase influences peak high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SpD) during 5-, 2- and 1-min peak periods and the subsequent post-peak periods. Match data from 480 Danish Superliga players were analysed in 9054-9671 full-time match observations across three seasons (2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18) using Prozone tracking system and rolling averages methods. Peak periods of HSRD and SpD were much more frequent (P < 0.05) in the beginning of each half (21-28%), compared to the final 15-min periods of each half (5-11%). HSRD and SpD per min increased as peak period duration shortened (HSRD: ~23, ~39 and ~64 m/min for 5-, 2- and 1-min peaks, respectively; SpD: ~16, ~31 and ~54 m/min; P < 0.05), with no meaningful differences between 15-min intervals (P > 0.05). Recovery was faster (P < 0.05) following shorter peak durations and in the initial phase of the match, however differences in recovery kinetics were trivial to small beyond the first 15 min. Overall, players maintained similar HSRD and SpD in peak periods across all match phases. The post-peak declines were not systematically affected by the timing of the peak periods, but the decline was less affected in the initial phase, where the highest number of peak periods occurred.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Expertenkonsens zum Erwerb sportlicher Fähigkeiten: Eine Delphi-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098305</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098305</guid>
      <author>Runswick, O. R.</author>
      <author>Uiga, L.</author>
      <author>Ford, P. R.</author>
      <author>Smeeton, N. J.</author>
      <author>Miller-Dicks, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorische Lernfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Runswick, O. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uiga, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ford, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smeeton, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miller-Dicks, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Skill acquisition is a rapidly evolving field in sport, but its definitions, roles and professional practices remain inconsistently articulated. Despite growing recognition of its importance, there is a lack of consensus regarding the core competencies and responsibilities of skill acquisition specialists. The aim of this study was to consult with experts to establish a consensus definition of the field of skill acquisition, clarify the roles of its specialists, and understand the needs and requirements of effective applied practice. A panel of 22 international experts in skill acquisition took part in a Delphi study using online surveys. The panel reached consensus that skill acquisition specialists represent a unique role within multidisciplinary support teams and defined the field as an applied science addressing the performance, learning, and refinement of perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills across the spectrum from novice to expert performers. Key responsibilities of a skill acquisition specialist included practice design, individualised skill development, and education at the organisational level. Furthermore, the panel reached consensus on the essential knowledge and professional skills required to fulfil this role effectively. Findings present an important step towards establishing a framework for professional development, accreditation, and high-quality, evidence-based skill acquisition practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich Können, Leistung und Verletzungen beim Surfen: Eine Scoping-Review</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098306</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098306</guid>
      <author>Melville, J.</author>
      <author>Forsyth, J. R.</author>
      <author>Paikin, R.</author>
      <author>Constantniou, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Surfen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Melville, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forsyth, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paikin, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Constantniou, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Surfing is increasing in popularity with rising professionalism in the sport. While sex-specific differences in skill, physical performance, and injury profiles are recognised across various sports, their presence in surfing remains unclear. This review collates the available evidence on sex-specific skill, physical performance, and injury profiles in surfers, to explore any evidence gaps and to recommend focus areas for future research. Five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete, SPORTDiscus, and MEDLINE Complete) were searched from inception to November 2025. Studies that investigated surfing skill, physical performance or injury profiles in both male and female participants were included. Of 4729 studies identified, 50 met the inclusion criteria. These included 10 studies on surfing skills, 17 on physical performance, and 32 on injury profiles. Studies included outcome measures with sex-specific comparisons for skill (70%), physical performance (64%) and injury (19%). Overall, sex comparisons were made consistently in five (14%) outcome measures across all study concepts. Limited research on sex-specific injury profiles restricts the development of injury prevention strategies for female surfers. As the literature evolves in surfing, researchers should maximise the value of their data by reporting on sex-specific differences, appropriately normalising values (where necessary) and utilising consistent testing approaches.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neudefinition der Rollen im Rollstuhlbasketball: Ein datengestützter Ansatz zur Charakterisierung der Spielpositionen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098307</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098307</guid>
      <author>Wilde, P.</author>
      <author>Santos-Fernandez, E.</author>
      <author>Peeling, P.</author>
      <author>Mitchell, L.</author>
      <author>Denman, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollstuhlbasketball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wilde, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos-Fernandez, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peeling, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denman, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A key facet of wheelchair basketball is the sport classification system, where players are assigned scores from 1.0 to 4.5 (where lower scores indicate greater activity limitation for wheelchair basketball related tasks), and on-court lineups cannot exceed a total of 14 sport classification points. In wheelchair basketball, the specific on-court roles of players are poorly understood outside of labelling players into sport classification categories or likening them to traditional running basketball positions. This study presents a data-driven approach to characterising playing positions in elite, male wheelchair basketball using Gaussian Mixture Model analysis. Box score metrics describing players on-court actions from 12 men`s international tournaments between 2019-2024 were analysed, totalling 5265 match statistics from 342 players across 304 matches. The model identified six novel and diverse player roles. These ranged from primary playmaker and dynamic impact roles that higher classification players (3.5-4.5) tended towards, to off-ball, defensive orientated roles which lower classification players (1.0-1.5) were frequently observed in. This research provides a novel framework for understanding player roles that accounts for the sport`s unique characteristics. This has significant implications for refining player selection in response to lineup needs, informing player recruitment for balanced team building and improving targeted player development pathways.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklungsverläufe talentierter Tennisspieler im Jugendalter: Ein prospektiver Längsschnittansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098308</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098308</guid>
      <author>Rikken, K. T. H.</author>
      <author>Huijgen, B. C. H.</author>
      <author>Hoekstra, A. E.</author>
      <author>Brouwer, M.</author>
      <author>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rikken, K. T. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huijgen, B. C. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoekstra, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brouwer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The development of talent may take different forms for youth athletes, but there are only few longitudinal studies tracking this process. This study prospectively examines: 1) the development of talented Dutch tennis players aged 11.5 to 16 and 2) the predictability of performance at age 16, based on players` performance in preceding years. Biannually, we collected performance rating data of 1010 players (645 males, 365 females) who were ranked top 300 in the national youth ranking at least once. Applying Growth Mixture Modelling, we found that a 4-class model best fits the male sample, while a 5-class model fits the female sample most optimally. The best male class displayed non-linear development, improving slowly until age 13.5, after which development accelerated. The best female class showed consistent linear improvement. The correlation between performance at age 16 and preceding ages increased during adolescence. The correlation starts off moderate at slightly above 0.6 at age 11.5 and increases steadily to almost 1.0 at age 15.5. The correlation was consistently higher for the female sample. Our findings shed new light on male-female differences in talent development trajectories, and suggest that early talent identification could be more feasible for female players compared to male players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Zusammenhang zwischen anatomischen Faktoren und dem Risiko einer kontaktlosen ACL-Verletzung bei 217 Mannschaftssportlerinnen: eine prospektive 4,5-jährige Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098309</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098309</guid>
      <author>Leppänen, M.</author>
      <author>Jarske, H.</author>
      <author>Krosshaug, T.</author>
      <author>Myklebust, G.</author>
      <author>Vasankari, T.</author>
      <author>Parkkari, J.</author>
      <author>Pasanen, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leppänen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jarske, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krosshaug, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Myklebust, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasankari, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parkkari, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pasanen, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this explorative study was to investigate the association between anatomic factors and risk for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries among female team sport players. A total of 225 players from basketball, floorball, and volleyball aged 12-38 years (median 16) participated in baseline physical examination including measurements of static knee and pelvic alignment, leg length, pelvic width, and femoral and tibial condyle widths. Players were then prospectively followed for new ACL injuries for 2.5-4.5 years. Legs were analyzed separately. After excluding eight players with a history of ACL injury, the final sample included 217 players and 434 legs. Associations between variables of interest and ACL injury risk were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution and player and club as random effects. During the follow-up, 20 new non-contact ACL injuries were registered. None of the measures investigated showed a significant relationship with the risk of new non-contact ACL injuries. In conclusion, anatomic factors showed no association with increased risk of ACL injury in female team sport players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Trittintensität beim Drehmomenttraining bei Radfahrern: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie mit drei Gruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098310</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098310</guid>
      <author>de Pablos, R.</author>
      <author>Valenzuela, P. L.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Cava, A.</author>
      <author>Alejo, L. B.</author>
      <author>Revuelta, C.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Redondo, I. R.</author>
      <author>Barranco-Gil, D.</author>
      <author>Pallares, J. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hypertrophie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Muskelmasse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Wingate-Test</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Pablos, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Valenzuela, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Cava, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alejo, L. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Revuelta, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Redondo, I. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barranco-Gil, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pallares, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The so-called "torque training" has gained popularity among cyclists, but mixed evidence exists on its effectiveness. We analyzed the effects induced by torque training at two different pedaling intensities. During 10 weeks, 46 well-trained male cyclists (maximum oxygen uptake = 62.7 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomly allocated into a control group that kept their habitual cycling training (n = 15), or to two groups that added two weekly torque sessions performed with either a high relative load (HIGH-Load [n = 16], all-out pedaling cycles against 70% of the maximum dynamic force); or low relative load (LOW-Load [n = 15], 4-min intervals against 35% of the maximum dynamic force). Outcomes included performance indicators (i.e., maximum aerobic power [MAP], ventilatory thresholds, efficiency, time to exhaustion at the respiratory compensation point), body composition and quadriceps' morphological parameters. In within-group analyses, only HIGH-Load improved Wingate peak and mean power (p < 0.001), endurance indicators (MAP and ventilatory thresholds, p < 0.05) and quadriceps' cross-sectional area (p = 0.030). Larger improvements were observed for HIGH-Load compared to controls for Wingate peak and mean power and for quadriceps' CSA (all p < 0.01). In turn, no significant within-group differences were observed in LOW-Load, and between-group differences compared to controls were only found for Wingate mean power (p = 0.008). No significant differences were found between LOW and HIGH-Load despite moderate effect sizes for some outcomes (Cohen's d > 0.5 for MAP, Wingate performance and TTE). In summary, HIGH-Load torque training seems to improve different performance indicators and muscle morphology among well-trained cyclists, although its superiority compared to other torque training interventions should be confirmed in larger studies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hochtrainierte Läuferinnen weisen eine größere Ausdauer und physiologische Belastbarkeit auf als männliche Läufer mit vergleichbarer Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098311</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098311</guid>
      <author>Jaén-Carrillo, D.</author>
      <author>Bruce, C. D.</author>
      <author>Lawley, J. S.</author>
      <author>Zanini, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laufökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trailrunning</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Berganlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jaén-Carrillo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bruce, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lawley, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zanini, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Endurance performance determinants are typically assessed under fresh conditions, although physiological and mechanical characteristics deteriorate during prolonged exercise, a phenomenon recently termed durability or resilience. However, it is unclear whether durability and mechanisms underpinning it differ between sexes. Eleven females and 11 males matched for performance completed three laboratory visits including: a graded exercise test, a 12-min uphill time trial (TT), and a 180-min treadmill run at standardized moderate intensity, interspersed with repeated TTs every 60 min (total distance: 36 ± 3 and 42 ± 3 km, respectively). Physiological, biomechanical, and neuromuscular variables were assessed throughout the steady-state run and TTs and analyzed with linear mixed models. Time-trial performance declined during the run, with females displaying smaller speed decrements than males after 3 h (-1 vs. -10%, p < 0.01) and smaller reductions in carbohydrate oxidation and respiratory exchange ratio during steady-state (p < 0.05) and TTs (p < 0.01). Males displayed larger reductions in peak blood lactate during TTs (p < 0.001), while peak heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake remained unchanged in both groups. During the prolonged run, females showed greater resilience for maximal isometric knee extensor force, HR, and perceived exertion (p < 0.05), whereas running economy deteriorated similarly between sexes. Biomechanical adjustments occurred in both sexes, with larger alterations observed in males for TTs (stride length; p < 0.05) and in females during steady-state (contact time and stiffness; p < 0.05). In conclusion, highly trained female runners demonstrate greater durability than performance-matched males. Sex differences are characterized by superior metabolic and neuromuscular resilience in females, whereas biomechanical changes appear similar between sexes. Finally, whether these findings persist under distance-matched conditions warrants investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausdauertraining für das Gehirn beeinflusst die Struktur-Funktions-Kopplung und verbessert die fußballspezifische Leistung: eine multimodale MRT-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098312</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098312</guid>
      <author>Liu, J.</author>
      <author>Zhou, T.</author>
      <author>Che, J.</author>
      <author>Zhu, Y.</author>
      <author>Liu, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>MRT</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Che, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated whether a six-week brain endurance training (BET) intervention could enhance soccer-specific performance and induce neural adaptations in structure-function coupling (SC-FC coupling) in sub-elite male soccer players. Seventy athletes competing in the regional first division and engaged in structured training 5-6 times per week were randomly assigned to a BET group (n = 35) or a control group (n = 35). Both groups continued regular field training, while the BET group additionally completed 24 cognitive sessions combining Stroop and dual n-back tasks. Resting-state fMRI and diffusion-weighted imaging were acquired before and after the intervention to assess SC-FC coupling across 246 brain regions using a multivariate prediction framework. Soccer performance tests included passing, shooting, agility, sprint, and aerobic capacity assessments. Compared with controls, BET participants demonstrated significant group × time interactions in passing accuracy, shooting precision, reactive agility, and sprint performance (all p < 0.05, n2p = 0.06-0.07). Specifically, LSPT completion time improved by 3.7%, LSST precision increased by 11.2%, and directional sprint times decreased by 5.1% following BET, with no change in the control group. Maximum running speed during the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test increased by 2.9% (p = 0.043, n2p = 0.07), whereas heart rate and blood lactate remained stable. MRI analyses revealed increased SC-FC coupling within executive and motor-related regions (e.g., DLPFC, IPL, caudate, Crus I) and decreased coupling within default mode and association areas (e.g., angular gyrus, pSTG; all p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). These coupling changes were significantly correlated with behavioral improvements, indicating that BET enhanced the neural efficiency of executive-motor networks. Overall, BET drives targeted neuroplasticity by strengthening the alignment between structural and functional brain systems that support attention, motor control, and fatigue regulation, translating into measurable gains in soccer-specific performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hohe Test-Retest-Reliabilität, aber fragwürdige Validität: Bewertung eines "Step-Ramp-Step"-Protokolls zur Schätzung der kritischen Leistung und von W' bei trainierten Triathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098313</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098313</guid>
      <author>Rousseau, Q.</author>
      <author>Rabita, G.</author>
      <author>Brunet, E.</author>
      <author>Dorel, S.</author>
      <author>Siblot, A.</author>
      <author>Morales-Artacho, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Rampentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rousseau, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rabita, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunet, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dorel, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siblot, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales-Artacho, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: 

This study aimed to assess (1) the concurrent validity between critical power (CP) and the corrected power output at the respiratory compensation point (PORCP) and between W' and the quantity of energy depleted above PORCP (W'mod-SRS) in a modified Step-Ramp-Step (mod-SRS) protocol; (2) the test-retest reliability of endurance variables derived from a mod-SRS protocol.

Methods: 

Twelve trained male triathletes (31 ± 6 yr, 67.9 ± 7.1 mL min-1 kg-1) performed (1) an SRS protocol, (2) 4-5 severe-intensity constant work rate trials, (3) two mod-SRS protocols (test/retest), and (4) a heavy-intensity constant work rate trial. CP and W' were computed using a "best individual fit" approach. PORCP was corrected appropriately, while W'mod-SRS was computed as the energy depleted above PORCP. Test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the coefficient of variation (CV%).

Results: 

CP was higher than PORCP in both trials (bias = 19 ± 19 W and 17 ± 20 W, P = 0.019 and 0.045). W' and W'mod-SRS were similar during both trials (bias = -2.8 ± 7.9 and -5.4 ± 8.8 kJ, P = 0.735 and 0.173). Test-retest reliability was moderate for W'mod-SRS (ICC = 0.66, SEM = 3.0 kJ, CV = 11.6%) and high for VO2peak, gas exchange threshold (GET), RCP, and their associated PO values (ICCs = 0.85-0.95, SEMs = 68-184 mL min-1, and 7-8 W, CVs = 2.1%-3.7%).

Conclusions: 

The mod-SRS protocol reliably measures VO2peak, gas exchange threshold, and RCP. Corrected PORCP systematically underestimated CP, which consequently impacts the computation of W' using a mod-SRS protocol. The design of the protocol may allow a more complete depletion of energy available above RCP while still eliciting VO2peak.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Medizinische Versorgung von Transgender-Athleten und gesundheitspolitische Implikationen: ACSM-Stellungnahme zu aktuellen Themen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098315</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098315</guid>
      <author>Marra, J.</author>
      <author>Christensen, D.</author>
      <author>Harper, J. M.</author>
      <author>Iwamoto, S. J.</author>
      <author>Ryan, W.</author>
      <author>Safer, J. D.</author>
      <author>Streed, C. G.</author>
      <author>Nokoff, N. J.</author>
      <author>Moreau, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Transgender</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marra, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Christensen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harper, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iwamoto, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ryan, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Safer, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Streed, C. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nokoff, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreau, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although transgender and gender diverse people make up 0.6% of the population in the United States, they are underrepresented in sports. Transgender athletes are increasingly visible and subject to widely discrepant policies regarding their participation in sports. This Contemporary Issues statement reviews topics relevant to the care of transgender athletes, for the providers, trainers, coaches, and others caring for this population. We review: 1) barriers to sport participation, 2) a review of gender-affirming medical and surgical care and the impacts on factors related to sport performance, 3) mental health considerations, and 4) a framework for understanding stressors and resilience. Most of the available data included here are from nonathlete transgender people, with limited data in transgender athletes. More robust data in transgender athletes are needed for future policies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Troponinwerterhöhung im Leistungssport -  Ursachen, Relevanz und Konsequenzen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098432</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098432</guid>
      <author>Kastner, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kastner, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Kardiale Troponine sind etablierte Biomarker zur Detektion myokardialer Zellschädigung. Mit der Einführung hochsensitiver Testsysteme wurden geringe Troponinkonzentrationen zuverlässig messbar, was diagnostische Vorteile in der Akutmedizin bietet. Jedoch können nach längerer oder sehr intensiver Belastung ebenfalls erhöhte Troponinkonzentrationen auftreten, ohne dass eine akute Myokardischämie oder eine strukturelle Herzerkrankung vorliegt. Die notwendige Differenzierung zwischen einer Troponinerhöhung im Rahmen einer vorübergehenden Belastungsreaktion und einer relevanten Myokardschädigung ist in der sportmedizinischen Praxis ein wesentlicher Aspekt. Eine zusätzliche Komplexitätsstufe ergibt sich aus beobachteten Unterschieden bei der belastungsinduzierten Freisetzung von kardialem Troponin-I und Troponin-T bei Leistungssportlerinnen und Leistungssportlern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eisenmangel im Sport - Diagnose, Therapie und Auswirkungen auf die Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098435</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098435</guid>
      <author>Keller, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Eisenmangel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keller, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ein Eisenmangel und eine Eisenmangelanämie sind Gesundheitsprobleme weltweit, die in der täglichen klinischen Praxis häufig diagnostiziert werden. Ein Eisenmangel trägt als ein wichtiger Faktor zur weltweiten Krankheitslast bei. Ein Eisenmangel betrifft vor allem Kinder, prämenopausale Frauen und Menschen jeglichen Geschlechts, welche in einkommensschwachen Ländern und in Regionen mit schlechter Ernährungssituation leben. Ein Eisenmangel entwickelt sich in drei aufeinander folgenden Stadien: Im ersten Stadium sind lediglich die Eisenspeicher in den retikuloendothelialen Zellen des Knochenmarks, der Leber und der Milz betroffen und zeigen sich erschöpft; dieses Stadium wird als Eisenspeicherverarmung bezeichnet und geht mit einem Abfall des Serumferritins einher. Das zweite Stadium ist durch ein vermindertes Transporteisen und eine reduzierte Eisenversorgung der Zellen mit verringerter Transferrinsättigung gekennzeichnet. Diese beiden Stadien des Eisenmangels ohne Anämie werden als präanämischer latenter Eisenmangel oder eisenmangelassoziierte Nicht-Anämie bezeichnet. Das letzte Stadium des Eisenmangels ist durch einen Abfall der Hämoglobinsynthese aufgrund einer unzureichenden Eisenversorgung gekennzeichnet, was schließlich in einer Eisenmangelanämie resultiert. Eisen ist ein entscheidender Baustein für viele physiologische biologische Funktionen des menschlichen Körpers, insbesondere für das Atmungs- und Blutzellsystem mit Sauerstofftransport, Energieproduktion, DNA-Synthese sowie Zellproliferation. Ein Eisenmangel umfasst die verminderte Auffüllung der Eisenspeicher, die entweder in eine manifeste Eisenmangelanämie übergeht oder auch ohne Fortschreiten als Eisenmangel ohne Anämie bestehen bleiben kann. Während in Entwicklungsländern ein Eisenmangel meist durch unzureichende Nahrungsaufnahme, Blutverluste infolge von Wurmbesiedelungen im Darm oder eine Kombination aus beiden Umständen verursacht wird, sind in einkommensstarken Ländern vor allem veränderte Ernährungsgewohnheiten (insbesondere vegane oder vegetarische Ernährung bzw. Verzicht auf rotes Fleisch), Krankheiten und pathologische Zustände wie chronische Blutverluste oder Malabsorption im Zuge einer alternden Bevölkerung die Haupttreiber für den Eisenmangel. Obwohl eine Eisenmangelanämie die wichtigste, jedoch nicht die einzige Folge eines Eisenmangels darstellt, treten klinische und funktionelle Einschränkungen im menschlichen Körper bereits vor dem Eisenmangelanämiestadium auf. Ein Eisenmangel wird häufig bei Ausdauersportlern festgestellt; ein wichtiger Mechanismus bei der Entstehung des Eisenmangels sind Hämolyse, Blutverluste und leichte Entzündungen infolge von intensivem Training und wiederholtem Bodenkontakt, wodurch sich Eisenverluste über verschiedene Wege ausbilden können. Andere Faktoren eines Eisenverlustes sind vermehrtes Schwitzen, Hämaturie, gastrointestinale (Mikro-)Blutungen, Hämodilution und Umverteilung des gespeicherten Eisenvorrats, vermehrter Eisenbedarf, verminderte Eisenaufnahme, und Sequestration, in Kombination mit genetischen Determinanten (verschiedener Anämietypen). Studien legen zudem eine Verbindung zwischen dem Vitamin D- und Eisen-Stoffwechsels nahe. Eisen ist ein wichtiger funktioneller Bestandteil des Sauerstofftransports und der Energieproduktion des Menschen und ein kritisches sowie essentielles Mikronährstoffelement für die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Athleten. Während die Eisenmangelanämie stark mit einer reduzierten sportlichen Leistungsfähigkeit assoziiert ist; ist der Einfluss
von Eisenmangelzuständen ohne oder mit nur leichter Anämie weniger eindeutig belegt, und die Studienlage zeigt sich hier widersprüchlich.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Schulterverletzungen im Triathlonsport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098437</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098437</guid>
      <author>Tille, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tille, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Triathlon kombiniert als eine der anspruchsvollsten Ausdauersportarten die Disziplinen Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen zu einer sowohl physiologisch als auch biomechanisch herausfordernden Gesamtleistung des gesamten Organismus. Um auf höchstem Niveau brillieren zu können, bedarf es daher hoher Trainingsvolumina mit für jede Disziplin unterschiedlichen und spezifischen Belastungsmustern. Auch in Bezug auf die Schultergelenke kommt es im Triathlon zu einer außerordentlichen Belastung. Während im Schwimmsport repetitive Überkopfbewegungen mit einem hohen Bewegungsumfang dominieren, steht im Radsport statische Halte- und Stützarbeit im Vordergrund. Hinzu kommt in dieser Disziplin ein nicht unerhebliches Risiko traumatischer Verletzungen durch potenzielle Stürze. Im Laufsport schließlich wirken Schwingungskräfte auf die Schulter, wobei kompensatorische Bewegungsabläufe das Gelenk beeinflussen können. Unter Berücksichtigung der genannten Belastungsmuster ist ein differenziertes Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Pathomechanismen und die Nutzung angepasster, evidenzbasierter Präventionsmaßnahmen essentiell, um langfristig und verletzungsfrei Triathlonsport ausüben zu können. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag werden die Epidemiologie und Ätiologie von Schulterverletzungen im Triathlon, die biomechanischen Grundlagen, spezifische Verletzungsmuster der einzelnen Disziplinen sowie evidenzbasierte Präventionsansätze erläutert.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Lumbale Rückenschmerzen im Triathlon: Prävalenz, Risikofaktoren und präventive Strategien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098438</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098438</guid>
      <author>Zwingenberger, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thorax</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zwingenberger, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Triathlon stellt aufgrund der Kombination aus Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen eine besondere Form des Ausdauersports dar. Hohe Trainingsumfänge, repetitive Bewegungsmuster sowie disziplinspezifische biomechanische Belastungen führen zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz muskuloskelettaler Beschwerden. Neben Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten treten lumbale Rückenschmerzen regelmäßig auf und können zu relevanten Trainingsunterbrechungen und Leistungseinbußen führen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die aktuelle Evidenz zu Prävalenz, disziplinspezifischen Risikofaktoren, biomechanischen Mechanismen sowie präventiven und therapeutischen Ansätzen lumbaler Rückenschmerzen im Triathlon zusammenzufassen.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Spielnahes Fußballtraining im Mädchen- und Frauenfußball</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005741.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098365</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098365</guid>
      <author>Reinders, H.</author>
      <author>Rudingsdorfer, J.</author>
      <author>Wiechers, M.</author>
      <author>Wiederer, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übungszusammenstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reinders, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rudingsdorfer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wiechers, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wiederer, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Spielnahes Fußballtraining im Mädchen- und Frauenfußball ist eine umfassende Sammlung von Übungs- und Spielformen für eine moderne, altersgerechte Trainingsgestaltung - von der U12 bis in den Übergangsbereich des Frauenfußballs. Die Trainingsinhalte wurden in der Frauenfußball-Akademie der Universität Würzburg nach neuesten wissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen entwickelt und sind seit über einem Jahrzehnt praxiserprobt.

Das Buch bietet einen tiefgehenden Einblick in die Besonderheiten des Trainings mit Juniorinnen und Frauen. Körperliche, psychische und soziale Unterschiede werden ebenso thematisiert wie entwicklungspsychologische Grundlagen und die besondere Rolle der Leistungsmotivation. Die Trainingsphilosophie basiert auf dem spielnahen Ansatz der von der Frauenfußball-Akademie entwickelten GOAL-Philosophie und ist so konzipiert, dass sie in variablen Trainingsformen jederzeit an die Bedürfnisse der Trainerinnen angepasst werden können. Die Anwendung aller Übungen gelingt mit geringem Materialaufwand und minimalem Umbau zwischen den Trainingsphasen. Der SCORE-Court als zentrales Gestaltungselement des Trainings wird praxisnah erklärt - inklusive seiner verschiedenen Formen, Umbaumöglichkeiten und der Übertragbarkeit auf das Wettkampfspiel.

Trainer:innen erwartet ein Buch, das fundiertes Wissen mit hoher praktischer Relevanz verbindet. Didaktische Prinzipien, clevere Provokationsregeln, taktische Spielformen und eine klare Struktur helfen, das Training abwechslungsreich, zielgerichtet und entwicklungsorientiert zu gestalten. Ein Buch für alle, die Mädchen und Frauen im Fußball nicht nur trainieren, sondern gezielt fördern wollen. Klappentext]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen in der Seine - Professionelle Vorbereitung auf die Olympischen Spiele 2024</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098366</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098366</guid>
      <author>Hoffmeister, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2024</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Voraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmeister, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In diesem Beitrag wird die professionelle Vorbereitung der deutschen Triathlon-Nationalmannschaft auf das Freiwasserschwimmen in der Seine bei den Olympischen Spielen 2024 dargestellt. Der Fokus liegt auf der Quantifizierung von Schwimmleistungen unter realistischen Wettkampfbedingungen, der Entwicklung von spezifischen Trainingsmaßnahmen sowie der strategischen Planung vor Ort. Durch den Einsatz innovativer FES-Sensorik konnten erstmals umfassende Daten zu Orientierung, Linienführung und Geschwindigkeiten gewonnen werden. Diese Datengrundlage ermöglichte eine gezielte Vorbereitung der Athletinnen und Athleten und trug maßgeblich zu einer Leistungssteigerung bei, die sich im Gewinn der Goldmedaille in der Mixed-Staffel und in verbesserten Einzelleistungen widerspiegelte.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung eines videogestützten Analysesystems zur Objektivierung der Freiwasserleistung im Triathlon mit der Möglichkeit der Gegneranalyse . Eine Machbarkeitsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098367</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098367</guid>
      <author>Hochstein, S.</author>
      <author>Moeller, T.</author>
      <author>Hoffmeister, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gegner</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hochstein, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moeller, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmeister, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Die internationalen Entwicklungen im Olympischen Triathlon zeigen, dass die Grundsteine für Erfolge und vordere Platzierungen in der ersten Teildisziplin "Schwimmen" gelegt werden. Während auf dem Rad und beim Laufen insbesondere durch den Einsatz von "Powermetern" und Herzfrequenzsensoren die Belastung und die Beanspruchung der Athletinnen und Athleten objektivierbar sind, fehlen im Schwimmen - vor allem im Freiwasser -  derzeit noch objektive Daten (z. B. geschwommene Schwimmwege und -geschwindigkeitsverläufe). Allein aus der Gesamtzeit und der offiziellen Angabe zur Distanz der Strecke lassen sich kaum relevanten Informationen ziehen. Daher wird während des Wettkampfs (Freiwasser) das Schwimmen mittels mehrerer hochauflösenden Kameras untersucht. Diese Kameras decken die Schwimmstrecke ab und müssen kalibriert werden (Test und Vergleich von verschiedenen Methoden: Vermessung fester Punkte, Schachbrett- oder Stab-Kalibrierung). Durch das Tracking der Badekappen (anfangs manuelles Tracking, später Anlernen und Nutzung von neuronalen Netzen) sollen im Wettkampf die individuellen Schwimmwege und -geschwindigkeiten der einzelnen Schwimmerinnen bzw. Schwimmer verfolgt und analysiert werden. Der Einsatz dieser videographischen Methode erlaubt zusätzlich auch die Analyse von ausländischen Athletinnen und Athleten und soll perspektivisch auch zur Gegneranalyse genutzt werden.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Coaching in der Trainerausbildung und Athletenbetreuung der DTU-Nationalmannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098368</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098368</guid>
      <author>Moeller, T.</author>
      <author>Hoffmeister, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moeller, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoffmeister, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Coaching im Leistungssport hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem zentralen Bestandteil der Trainerarbeit entwickelt. Während der Begriff "Trainer" traditionell mit der fachlichen Planung und Steuerung von Training assoziiert wird, umfasst Coaching ein breiteres Spektrum: die individuelle Unterstützung, Reflexion und Begleitung von Athletinnen, Athleten und Trainerkollegen. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung und Implementierung eines modernen Coachingverständnisses in der Deutschen Triathlon Union (DTU) unter Berücksichtigung des Rollenmodells nach Weiand (2022). Es werden die theoretischen Grundlagen, die praktische Umsetzung in der DTU-Steuerungsstruktur sowie Erfahrungen aus der Athleten- und Trainerausbildung dargestellt.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Empirie und Intuition im Leistungssport: Trainingsplanung, Erfahrungswissen und Erkenntnis in einer angewandten Wissenschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098370</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098370</guid>
      <author>Sandig, D.</author>
      <author>Lange, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kenntnisvermittlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sandig, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lange, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Leistungssport ist ein Handlungsfeld, in dem Entscheidungen unter Bedingungen hoher Unsicherheit getroffen werden müssen. Trainingsplanung, Trainingssteuerung und langfristige Entwicklungsprozesse erfolgen in einem Kontext, der durch individuelle Reaktionsmuster, wechselnde Rahmenbedingungen und eine Vielzahl kaum kontrollierbarer Einflussfaktoren geprägt ist. Gleichzeitig besteht ein hoher Anspruch an Rationalität, Nachvollziehbarkeit und wissenschaftliche Fundierung. Training soll evidenzbasiert sein, Entscheidungen sollen begründet, Entwicklungen erklärbar werden. Diese Spannung zwischen Erkenntnisanspruch und Praxisrealität bildet den Ausgangspunkt dieses Beitrags. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hat sich der Diskurs im Leistungssport zunehmend zugunsten empirischer Evidenz verschoben. Trainingswissenschaftliche Studien, Metaanalysen und systematische Reviews gelten als zentrale Referenzpunkte professionellen Handelns. Diese Entwicklung ist grundsätzlich zu begrüßen. Sie hat dazu beigetragen, vereinfachende Annahmen zu hinterfragen, methodische Standards zu etablieren und die Qualität sportwissenschaftlicher Argumentation zu erhöhen. Zugleich zeigt sich jedoch eine wachsende Diskrepanz zwischen dem Anspruch wissenschaftlicher Steuerbarkeit und der erlebten Realität des Trainingsalltags. Trainerinnen und Trainer berichten übereinstimmend, dass Trainingsprozesse selten den prognostizierten Verläufen folgen, dass identische Belastungen zu unterschiedlichen Anpassungen führen und dass relevante Entscheidungen häufig unter Bedingungen getroffen werden müssen, die empirisch nur unzureichend abgebildet sind.
Diese Diskrepanz ist kein Zufall und kein Ausdruck mangelhafter Wissenschaft oder unzureichender Praxis. Sie verweist vielmehr auf ein grundlegendes epistemisches Problem: Trainingsprozesse im Leistungssport werden zu häufig als lineare, mechanistische Systeme gedacht, obwohl sie in Wirklichkeit hochkomplexe, offene und dynamische Anpassungsprozesse darstellen. Eine solche Fehldeutung führt zwangsläufig zu überhöhten Erwartungen an Wissenschaft, zu einer problematischen Delegation von Verantwortung und zu einer Unterschätzung erfahrungsbasierter Kompetenz. Um das Verhältnis von Empirie und Intuition angemessen zu bestimmen, ist daher zunächst zu klären, was Training als Gegenstand einer angewandten Wissenschaft bedeutet - und welche Art von Wissen im Leistungssport tatsächlich handlungsfähig macht.]]></content:encoded>
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    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Concurrent Training im Triathlon</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098371</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098371</guid>
      <author>Markov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Markov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Concurrent training (CT) ist definiert als die simultane oder sequenzielle Integration von Kraft- und Ausdauertraining innerhalb eines periodisierten Trainingsprogramms. Dies ist gerade im Triathlon von besonderer Relevanz, da die Sportart selbst eine Kombination dreier Ausdauerdisziplinen darstellt. Trotz dieser Ausdauer-Dominanz und des hochvolumigen aeroben Trainingsumfangs, welches den Triathlonsport typischerweise charakterisiert, zeigen zahlreiche Studien, dass eine regelmäßige Implementierung von Krafttraining in das Trainingsprogramm die Leistungsfähigkeit von Triathleten in allen drei Disziplinen signifikant verbessern kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund adressiert dieses Manuskript in Kürze die folgenden zentralen Aspekte: (i) historischer
Hintergrund des CT, (ii) grundlegende molekulare Grundlagen der Anpassung an Kraft- und Ausdauertraining, (iii) die Problematik des Interferenzeffektes, (iv) modifizierbare und nicht-modifizierbare Variablen des Interferenzeffektes (v) praktische Handlungsempfehlungen für das Triathlontraining.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesundheitsmonitoring im Spitzensport: Einsatz und Perspektiven online-basierter Methoden am Beispiel Biathlon und Skilanglauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098372</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098372</guid>
      <author>Frohberg, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Frohberg, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Gesundheitsmonitoring im Spitzensport beschreibt die systematische, fortlaufende Erfassung und Analyse gesundheitsrelevanter Zustands- und Verlaufsdaten mit präventiv-medizinischer Zielsetzung. Insbesondere in Ausdauersportarten treten gesundheitliche Einschränkungen häufig als kumulatives Belastungsgeschehen über den Saisonverlauf auf. Im Triathlon dominieren dabei Überlastungsbeschwerden und krankheitsbedingte Leistungseinschränkungen. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit longitudinaler Monitoringdaten, um Warnzeichen (z. B. zunehmende Ermüdung, reduzierte Belastungsverträglichkeit, funktionelle Beschwerden) frühzeitig zu erkennen und daraus individuelle Maßnahmen für Regeneration, Rehabilitation und Belastungssteuerung abzuleiten. Methodisch wird Gesundheitsmonitoring als multivariater Ansatz verstanden, der physiologische Marker, subjektive Selbstberichte, medizinische Überwachung (Verletzungen/Erkrankungen/Ausfallzeiten) sowie ergänzende funktionelle Diagnostik bestmöglich integriert. Am Beispiel des Deutschen Skiverbands wird die Implementierung des online-basierten Athletenmanagementsystems Smartabase dargestellt, das seit 2020 schrittweise eingeführt und seit Mai 2023 in Biathlon und Skilanglauf genutzt wird. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie disziplinspezifische Erhebungsstrukturen, standardisierte Kodierungen und integrierte Dokumentationsprozesse die interdisziplinäre Betreuung und die Ableitung individueller gesundheitsbezogener Maßnahmen unterstützen können. Zudem werden zentrale Anforderungen und Grenzen des Ansatzes hinsichtlich Interpretationssicherheit, Validität, Akzeptanz, Ressourcen sowie Datenschutz und Ethik diskutiert.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trainings- und übungsspezifische körperliche Merkmale im Fußballtraining für junge Frauen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098298</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098298</guid>
      <author>Harkness-Armstrong, A.</author>
      <author>Adams, T.</author>
      <author>Lewis, T.</author>
      <author>Waterworth, S.</author>
      <author>Lowry, R.</author>
      <author>Datson, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Harkness-Armstrong, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adams, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lewis, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Waterworth, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lowry, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Datson, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study quantified and compared session and drill-specific physical characteristics between U10, U12, U14 and U16 youth women`s footballers. Data were collected during 80 training sessions using 10 Hz GPS, totalling 825 training observations and 2298 drill-specific observations from 116 players representing two of the English Football Association`s Emerging Talent Centres. Linear mixed modelling estimated session and drill-specific; total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR; >3.00 m · s-1), very high-speed running (VHSR; >4.83 m · s-1) and sprinting (SPR; >5.76 m · s-1) distances (m), maximum velocity (m · s-1) and number of accelerations and decelerations (>1 m · s-2, >2 m · s-2, >3 m · s-2). During sessions, U16s covered more TD than U14s, whilst both U14s and U16s covered greater HSR, VHSR and SPR distances compared to U10s and U12s, and U10s performed more accelerations (>1 m · s-2) than U12s and U14s and more decelerations (>1 m · s-2) than all other age groups. All age groups had higher physical outputs during SSGs compared to possession and technical drills. Differences in session physical characteristics observed between age groups and between and within age groups for drill-specific physical characteristics, highlight that physical characteristics during training are age- and drill-dependent within youth women`s football. These findings have practical implications for informing coaching and talent development practices within youth women`s football.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Über traditionelle Trainingssätze hinaus: Ein Längsschnittvergleich zwischen Cluster- und Supersatz-Krafttraining bei männlichen Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098299</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098299</guid>
      <author>Janicijevic, D.</author>
      <author>Cuevas-Aburto, J.</author>
      <author>Zhang, X.</author>
      <author>Gu, Y.</author>
      <author>García-Ramos, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingseinheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Janicijevic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuevas-Aburto, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Ramos, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This randomised study compared mid-term effects of supersets (SS) and cluster sets (CL) on neuromuscular performance in amateur male basketball players. Thirty participants were allocated to SS (n = 15) or CL (n = 15) and completed a 6-week full-body resistance training program. Both groups trained squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) with matched volume (18 repetitions per exercise per session) and intensity (75% 1RM). SS alternated SQ and BP with 1-min between exercises and 3-min between supersets; CL inserted 30-s intra-set rests every two reps, used 3-min between sets, and completed all SQ before BP. Pre- and post-tests assessed countermovement jump (CMJ) height, medicine-ball throw (MBT) distance, and load - velocity (L - v) parameters - load-axis intercept (L0), velocity-axis intercept (v0), and area under the L - v relationship line (Aline) - for SQ and BP. Time effects showed significant improvements in CMJ, MBT, L0, and Aline in both groups, whereas v0 did not change (p = 0.627). No time×group interactions were detected (p = 0.085). Between-group differences were trivial, with small non-significant effects favouring SS for SQ v0 (ES = 0.44) and CL for BP Aline (ES = 0.28). Supersets achieved comparable adaptations with substantially shorter rest time (9 vs. 23 min), supporting their use as a time-efficient training strategy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wirksamkeit des Krafttrainings auf die Leistung bei Richtungswechseln bei Sportlern und sportlich aktiven Personen: Eine systematische Übersicht mit Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098300</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098300</guid>
      <author>Zhang, M.</author>
      <author>Zhang, X.</author>
      <author>Fang, W.</author>
      <author>Wu, K.</author>
      <author>Bian, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingseinheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Amateurstatus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wu, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bian, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of resisted sprint and plyometric training on change-of-direction (CoD) performance across populations ranging from recreationally active adults to athletes. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science up to June 2024, and included 21 randomized controlled trails (30 intervention groups) comparing resisted modalities against active and passive controls. A multilevel random-effects model using standardized mean differences (SMD) revealed a significant pooled effect (SMD = -0.24, p = 0.005). Subgroup and moderator analyses showed that adolescents exhibited greater improvements in CoD performance compared to adults (SMD = -0.42, p < 0.01), and elite athletes demonstrated larger gains compared to recreational active individuals (SMD = -0.43, p < 0.01). Among training modalities, resisted linear sprinting demonstrated consistent CoD benefits (SMD = -0.29, p < 0.01). Additionally, low-frequency training (SMD = -0.32), relative load (SMD = -0.22), and auto-regulated load (SMD = -0.53) were associated with enhanced CoD speed (all p < 0.05). These findings suggest that resisted training significantly improves CoD ability, particularly among adolescents and elite athletes. Optimizing training parameters, including load prescription, frequency, and resistive type, may effectively enhance CoD outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Leistungsprädiktoren für die Anschubphase im Bobsport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098301</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098301</guid>
      <author>Zedler, M.</author>
      <author>Alt, T.</author>
      <author>Potthast, W.</author>
      <author>Braunstein, B.</author>
      <author>Goldmann, J.-P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bobsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zedler, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alt, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potthast, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Braunstein, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goldmann, J.-P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this exploratory data analysis was to identify performance predictors of the bobsleigh push phase and to evaluate their importance and effect on performance. Fifty-three predictor variables were derived from a large dataset containing kinematic and joint kinetic variables of 305 ground contact phases (GC) of 28 male elite bobsleigh athletes, which were input to a Random Forest regressor (RF) to predict average forward acceleration. The push phase was divided into a start acceleration (SAP1: first GC after the push-off from the start-block; SAP2: second GC) and acceleration phase (AP: GC at 10 m) to account for phase-specific differences. Recursive feature elimination was employed to increase model accuracy and reduce complexity. Predictor importance measures (IMP) were quantified as the mean change in test error. The RF consistently performed well in explaining differences in acceleration (SAP1: 67%, SAP2: 60%, AP: 60%). The angle of attack was ranked as the top performance predictor across the push phases (IMP: 0.75-1.1) highlighting the importance of whole-body forward orientation for acceleration. The hip angular impulse was positively associated with performance during SAP1 (IMP: 0.4) and SAP2 (IMP: 0.5), which accentuates the importance of strong hip extensors for resisted acceleration.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Niedrige Energieverfügbarkeit, Kohlenhydrataufnahme und relatives Energiedefizit im Sport: Die Hypothese des niedrigen Trijodthyronins</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098302</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098302</guid>
      <author>Hackney, A. C.</author>
      <author>Moore, S. R.</author>
      <author>Smith-Ryan, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlechtshormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Low Energy Availability</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hackney, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moore, S. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith-Ryan, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Recent research findings suggest that a daily diet containing low carbohydrate (LCHO) consumption coupled with low energy availability (LEA, specifically what is termed problematic LEA [P-LEA]) exacerbates the risk of developing relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Regrettably, research evidence also indicates that dietary carbohydrates are likely underconsumed by many athletes in their daily diets. How these factors, P-LEA and LCHO intake, interact to precipitate the amplification of REDs risk is currently not entirely clear and is the source of much speculation. Purpose: As such, we present herein a hypothetical model of how LCHO dietary intake and P-LEA exposure can interact to create an amplification of the endocrine disruptions associated with REDs, specifically via the development of a low triiodothyronine (T3) state, clinically referred to as low T3 syndrome. The hypothesis presented postulates that P-LEA + LCHO interact to promote reductions in T3 levels in part by inducing a greater cortisol response (at rest or exercise), which in turn inhibits the endocrine function involving the production of T3, as well as the conversion of thyroxine to T3. The resultant low T3 state in turn amplifies the negative hormonal consequences associated with REDs (eg, reduced reproductive, anabolic, and metabolic hormone levels). Conclusions: Practically speaking, athletes and their coaches must recognize the importance of carbohydrates in the diet, specifically the amounts and the timing of their consumption; strive to avoid P-LEA exposure; and monitor for REDs indicators (eg, T3). Researchers are encouraged to pursue investigations to challenge and evaluate our proposed hypothesis concerning how low T3 is the critical factor in the negative hormonal consequences of REDs and the role cortisol plays in these outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Training der Beweglichkeit bei Drehungen über 60-180°: Grundlegende Mechanismen und das Zusammenspiel von Standfläche, Schwerpunkt und Kraftrichtung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098283</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098283</guid>
      <author>Turner, A. N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dehnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Turner, A. N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For many athletes, being agile is the end goal of physical performance training. It represents their capacity to change velocity and direction in response to the actions of their opponent and the opportunities and constraints of their environment. The aim of this article was to describe the pitch-based development of agility, focusing on 60-180° turns. This ensures all turns have the demand of deceleration, turning, and reacceleration, requiring both outside leg turns (60°) and inside leg turns (180°). To enable the effective coaching of these, coaches must understand movement mechanics and thus the fundamental principles that underpin good technique. Within agility training, a detailed appreciation of how the center of mass and base of support interact to affect the direction of force is fundamental to this. This understanding and the ensuing technical models ensure athletes have the best chance of executing the task optimally and ensure coaches can effectively instruct athletes and adapt drills accordingly.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamik des Kleinhirn-Großhirn-Netzwerks bei Basketballspielern bei motorischen Kontrollaufgaben</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098286</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098286</guid>
      <author>Qi, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Fang, W.</author>
      <author>Li, X.</author>
      <author>Du, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Du, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract
Purpose: 
The cerebellum is essential for motor control due to its dynamic interactions with the sensorimotor network (SMN). Within the cerebellum, motor functions are organized into two distinct representations, known as the first motor representation (MRP1) and the second motor representation (MRP2). While long-term training in athletes optimizes motor control, the functional reorganization in the cerebellum and its interaction with the SMN remains unclear. Specifically, the unique contributions of MRP1 and MRP2 to motor expertise remain poorly understood.

Methods: 
We utilized task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling to compare 55 elite basketball athletes with 65 nonathlete controls during two general motor tasks: a grip force task focused on upper-limb control and a leg raise task assessing lower-limb postural control. We examined brain activation and effective connectivity across cerebellar and cortical motor regions.

Results: 
No significant differences in regional brain activation were found between the groups. Dynamic causal modeling analysis revealed that, compared with nonathletes, athletes` MRP1 showed a significant stronger bidirectional connectivity with effector regions in both tasks. In contrast, athletes` MRP2 exhibited a significant decreased connectivity with effector regions during the leg raise task. Additionally, there was a nonsignificant trend toward increased connectivity from MRP2 to the motor planning regions of SMN in athletes.

Conclusions: 
Our findings suggest that the neural signature of expert motor control is better reflected by refined interactions within the cerebello-cerebral circuit, rather than by heightened neural activation. Athletes demonstrate a reorganization of cerebellar modulation, with MRP1 facilitating automatic motor output and MRP2 showing reduced involvement during complex tasks. These results provide new insights into the neural basis of motor expertise and could inform targeted approaches in sports training and neurorehabilitation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen oraler Kontrazeptiva und des biologischen Geschlechts auf die Griffkraft und die Erregung während der Immobilisierung und der Erholungsphase: Eine explorative klinische Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098287</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098287</guid>
      <author>Stock, M. S.</author>
      <author>Bauerlein, H. M.</author>
      <author>Edwards, M. F.</author>
      <author>Stambaugh, K. E.</author>
      <author>Parsowith, E. J.</author>
      <author>Carr, J. C.</author>
      <author>Smith-Ryan, A. E.</author>
      <author>Richardson, R. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrazeptiva</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erregung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griffkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stock, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bauerlein, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edwards, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stambaugh, K. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parsowith, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carr, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith-Ryan, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Females often experience greater weakness following immobilization compared with males. Hormonal fluctuations from the menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive (OC) use may contribute to sex differences and response variation.

Purpose: 
We examined changes in peak and rapid force and surface electromyographic excitation among females using monophasic OC and females not using OC following immobilization and rehabilitation. To examine potential sex differences, a male control group was included.

Methods: 
Ten males, 10 OC females, and 10 non-OC females (mean ± standard deviation age = 23 ± 3 yr) immobilized their left wrist/hand with a brace for 1 wk, followed by =1 wk of rehabilitation. Participants completed grip tests to assess peak force and the rate of force development before and after immobilization and postrehabilitation, with electromyographic signals recorded from the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor digitorum superficialis.

Results: 
Grip force declined postimmobilization: males = -17.2 ± 10.3%, non-OC = -22.3 ± 24.7%, OC = -20.7 ± 14.8%. No significant time-group interactions were observed for any dependent variables (P > 0.05, ?²p = 0.084). Time effects showed recovery postrehab across all groups. Rate of force development, particularly at 200 ms, declined posttest and rebounded postrehab. Extensor carpi radialis brevis excitation increased postrehab; flexor digitorum superficialis excitation responses were highly variable across participants. Five participants required >1 wk of rehabilitation (two males, two non-OC, and one OC), suggesting rapid recovery for most.

Conclusions: 
Males and females in this study exhibited similar declines and recovery in grip force after 1 wk of wrist/hand immobilization, regardless of OC use. These findings suggest that the influence of OC use on neuromuscular outcomes in females undergoing short-term musculoskeletal rehabilitation may be minimal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimentelle Belege für die unabhängige Modulation von Schrittfrequenz und Taktverhältnis beim Ausdauerlauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:44:51 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098288</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098288</guid>
      <author>Patoz, A.</author>
      <author>Perrinjaquet, D.</author>
      <author>Garcia, J.</author>
      <author>Malatesta, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schrittfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Patoz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perrinjaquet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Malatesta, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract
Purpose: 
Running patterns have been conceptualized as a continuum defined by step frequency (SF) and duty factor (DF), two variables proposed to act as independent axes within a dual-axis framework. However, their experimental independence at a fixed speed has not yet been verified. This study aimed to directly test the independence of SF and DF during treadmill running at 11 km·h-1 using a real-time visual biofeedback system.

Methods: 
Fifteen trained runners performed a preferred baseline trial followed by 16 randomized conditions in which either SF (±6%, ±12%) or DF (±8%, ±16%) was imposed while the other variable was free to vary.

Results: 
SF manipulation did not significantly affect DF (P = 0.14), with adjustments in contact and flight time occurring in parallel and preserving the ratio underlying DF. In contrast, extreme DF manipulations (±16%) significantly altered SF (P = 0.03), as opposing adjustments in contact and flight time were insufficient to stabilize step time.

Conclusions: 
These findings provide the first direct experimental evidence that SF and DF can be modulated independently within a functional range, partly confirming the dual-axis model. Practically, SF and DF represent distinct levers for modifying running mechanics, offering clinicians and coaches flexible strategies for performance optimization.]]></content:encoded>
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