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    <item>
      <title>Energetik des Schwimmens beim Menschen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036889</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036889</guid>
      <author>Rennie, D. W.</author>
      <author>Pendergast, D. R.</author>
      <author>Di Prampero, P. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rennie, D. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pendergast, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Di Prampero, P. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[An analysis of swimming that quantitatively interrelates external mechanical power, over-all mechanical efficiency, total energy input, and the average velocity of progression has been hampered in the past by the absence of data on the over-all resistive forces (i.e., form drag plus skin friction plus wave resistance) the swimmer must overcome during actual swimming. We shall refer to these resistive forces collectively as "body drag," Db. With a knowledge of Db, a quantitative analysis of swimming can be made to evaluate individual differences in performance and predict the energy cost of swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesamtwiderstand von ausgewählten Körperhaltungen bei der Freistilkraulbewegung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036890</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036890</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Jiskoot, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiskoot, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The effects of selected body positions on water resistance have been studied in previous experiments, using a series of existing standardized relationships from ship building model research (Clarys et al., 1974). Form is an important factor influencing resistance, but body position changes must also be considered as factors that increase or decrease resistance. Karpovich (1933) and Schramm (I 958-1959) reported that the supine streamlined position offered more resistance than a prone position. Hairabedian (1964), Schramm (1958-1959), Clarys et al. (1973), and De Goede et al. (1971) showed that resistance increased considerably when lifting the head out of the water from a streamlined prone glide.  Total resistance also increases as the angle of inclination of the body to the water surface increases, especially at low velocities (Karpovich, 1933; Alley, 1952; Clarys et al., 1974). Ln their research, Kent and Atha (1971) showed that greater resistance is created in four transient breaststroke body positions than in the glide position. Finally, Counsilman (1955), who examined the total drag of prone and side positions, stated that "less resistance is created in the prone than in the side position because the flow of the water against his feet tended to lift them and to streamline the body to a greater extent. The waterflow when the subject was being towed on his side did not elevate his feet as much, and consequently, the body was not as streamlined." In all these studies a significant increase of total resistance was reported for all body positions (orientations) when compared with the glide or prone position. All experiments were carried out using a towing device consisting of an electromotor, a pulley system, a tow line, dynamometer (spring scale and strain gauges), and transducer systems with kymograph or galvanometer recordings. This study examined experimentally the total resistance (or drag) associated with two selected front crawl body positions at five different velocities. The validity of the results obtained during towing has been shown to be a function of the resistance as described in previous studies. This study also sought to establish resistance values at selected speeds for the side position. Comparison is also made with data reported by Counsilman (1955).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich von vier Starttechniken im Schwimmwettkampf</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036891</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036891</guid>
      <author>Ayalon, A.</author>
      <author>van Gheluwe, B.</author>
      <author>Kanitz, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ayalon, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Gheluwe, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanitz, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare four styles of swimming racing starts: 1) the conventional style (straight backswing), 2) the grab start, 3) the bunch start, and 4) the track start. The track start was similar to the bunch start except that in the track start support for the back leg was provided while the hands were on the block.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von "Schneebesen"- und Brust-Beinschlag-Bewegung im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036892</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036892</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinematografie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Fundamentally, the game of waterpolo is played above the surface of the water, therefore dictating that a player keep his head above water and have both arms available for playing the ball whenever possible. Consequently, a large demand is placed on the legs for stability and locomotion (Beatty, 1973). Experienced poloists are able to propel themselves upward so that their entire torsos, from the waist up, are out of the water (Hines, 1967). Balance and body control are essential to correct throwing, and it is necessary that beginners learn how to. tread water to ensure this balance and control (Barr, 1964). For the most part t.his is accomplished by employing the egg beater kick and to a certain extent a modified breaststroke kick. The former is basically a frog kick as used in the breaststroke with the exception that the legs move alternately instead of moving symmetrically together. The latter differs from the normal kick because the legs must not come together during the propulsive phase. The egg beater kick as shown in Figure 1 has been described in different textbooks on water polo (e.g., Barr, 1964; Hines, 1967; Lambert-Gaughran, 1969) and has been biomechanically analyzed by Beatty {1973). This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of the egg beater kick in comparison with the breaststroke kick using a device that employed pressure transducers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein biomechanischer Vergleich von Greif- und konventionellen Sprintstart im leistungssportlichen Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036893</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036893</guid>
      <author>Bowers, J. E.</author>
      <author>Cavanagh, P. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bowers, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cavanagh, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this investigation to determine through the use of cinematographic techniques whether differences existed between the grab and conventional (circular armswing) sprint starts as used by female competitive swimmers with respect to selected velocities, angles, and temporal components. Specifically the factors investigated included: 1) the velocity of the body center of gravity at take-off; 2) the velocity of the body center of gravity at entry; 3) the angle of projection at take-off; 4) the angle of entry with respect to the water level; 5) the position of the trunk with respect to the horizontal at the point of entry; 6) the take-off time; 7) the flight time; 8) the time to a distance of 10 yards from the starting end of the pool.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein theoriebasierter Ansatz zur Schwimmlehre</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036894</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036894</guid>
      <author>Smith, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lehrplan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Usbekistan</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smith, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In earlier research many workers have examined differential effects of one or two factors and provided bases for improving instruction in important ways. This article deals with an effort to organize and then apply simultaneously a large number of current relevant concepts from biomechanics, motor learning, psychology, and studies of teaching style, to the task of teaching nonswimmers. This approach, in contrast to most earlier efforts, is concerned as much with the social-psychological dimensions ofleaming environments as with matters of the nature and sequence of tasks set for learners. The major aspects of the study (Smith, 1974) on which this article is based included: a) a review of relevant literature from which a multidisciplinary theoretical rationale was developed; b) the expression of the important concepts from the rationale in a series of 16 "critical characteristics" that became guidelines for developing detailed curriculum materials; c) videotaping classes of nonswimmer children, 7 to 10 years old, taught by the investigator. The tapes were analyzed both by observation and by use of a modification of a widely used system of verbal interaction analysis, Hough's OSIA (Amidon and Hough, 1967), for evidence of the presence of the 16 critical characteristics in the experimental classes; and d) training four neophyte instructors and then analyzing videotapes of classes taught by those individuals. The present article is limited to a discussion of the critical characteristics extracted from the theoretical rationale. The original16 have been reduced to nine characteristics which will be stated and briefly discussed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intrazyklus-Kinematik und Körper-Konfigurationsänderungen beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036895</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036895</guid>
      <author>Kent, M. R.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feinkoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kent, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Developing high quality competitive performance in swimming, as in any other skilled activity, requires more than intensive and intelligently directed practice: it requires information. At best this information will include details of the way in which the many different movements of the swimmer produce changes in his swimming speed. In this investigation an attempt was made to provide a detailed description of the intracycle kinematics of one top class breaststroke swimmer and to associate these with the body configuration changes which accompanies them.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Bewertung ausgewählter Transportmethoden im Rettungsschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036896</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036896</guid>
      <author>Hay, J. G.</author>
      <author>Mclntyre, D. R.</author>
      <author>Wilson, N. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hay, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mclntyre, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilson, N. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purposes of this study were to: a) compare the four carrying methods recommended by the American Red Cross in terms of speed, energy cost, and efficiency; b) compare the four methods in terms of selected kinematic characteristics of the motions involved; and c) attempt to relate observed differences between methods in speed, energy cost, and efficiency to observed differences in their kinematic characteristics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reaktion der Atemwege auf Druckänderungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036897</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036897</guid>
      <author>Alexandrov, J.</author>
      <author>Petrov, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Luft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alexandrov, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petrov, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the aquatic environment, there is an increased pressure on the respiratory system of the swimmer. This resistance makes breathing during competition more difficult because of an increase in the requirements of ventilation. The work capacity of the respiratory system during competitive swimming depends on the physical capabilities of this system. The purpose of this study was to fmd a method for estimating the capabilities of the respiratory system for resisting water pressure during breathing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Instrumentierung und Methoden für komplexe Untersuchungen im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036898</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036898</guid>
      <author>Boicev, K.</author>
      <author>Tzvetkov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hilfsgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Boicev, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tzvetkov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Methodology of scientific research in the field of physical. culture and especially in sports is relatively underdeveloped. This is understandable since it is a very young area. Consequently, it is necessary to improve it, particularly regarding the study of specific movements and training programs of competitors. It is also important to study the competitors' physical charac· teristics so they can be classified and graded relative to their performance. The practice of conducting pure laboratory experiments has to be gradually directed to investigations of sportsmen in the practical setting. In testing the athlete's condition before and after training, it is necessary to determine the reaction and the effectiveness of the applied work during his performance. To evaluate his condition, the single method of analysis commonly used must be replaced by more complex techniques. All this is in connection with the urgent need for gaining greater knowledge about the requirements of different disciplines, developing greater perfection in the specific utilization of the methods, and ensuring higher effectiveness and rationale for training. In short, this leads to a more complete understanding of the entire sport activity and makes possible greater efficiency.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Form des großen Brustmuskels bei Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036899</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036899</guid>
      <author>Maas, G. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anatomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maas, G. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the course of anthropometric research on top sportsmen in different sports (Maas, 1974), it struck me that in nearly all crawl, butterfly, and dolphin swimmers the major pectoral muscle has a typical shape, which is characterized by the relatively great distance between the clavicle and the caudal-costal origin. The muscles show an orientation which is more longitudinal than in "normal" cases. As far as I am able to ascertain, the caudal origin is on the fifth rib and its cartilage and occasionally on the sixth rib (see Figure 1).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine hydrokinetische Vorrichtung zur Untersuchung und Verbesserung der Beinbewegungen im Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036900</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036900</guid>
      <author>Belokovsky, V.</author>
      <author>Ivanchenko, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Belokovsky, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ivanchenko, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is well known that powerful movements of the legs counteracted by the least hydrodynamic resistance during the preparatory phases play a decisive role in the creation of the propulsive force of a breaststroke swimmer. In practice coaches advise swimmers to master various leg movement patterns which differ in the degree of flexion in both hip and knee joints. Most of the recommendations in this respect are based on the analysis of motion pictures of top level swimmers and results of electronic recordings of the selected parameters. These analyses only reflect amplitudes of the movements within the breaststroke cycle. But the main question as to how the power potential of muscles utilized in the leg kick can be used most efficiently remains unanswered.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamische Messtechniken von Schwimmkörpern in der niederländischen Schiffbau-Versuchsanstalt</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036901</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036901</guid>
      <author>van Manen, J. D.</author>
      <author>Rijken, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Manen, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rijken, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Human swimming can be studied by observations or measurements. A swimming pool is a poor facility for making adequate observations since the time needed by a swimmer to pass an underwater window is too short. Making measurements is even more difficult since this can be done only by a wireless transmitting system (telemetry). The Netherlands Ship Model Basin (NSMB) is equipped with several large concrete basins for experimental studies on ship models. The basins are provided with carriages running over their full lengths at controllable speeds. The carriages comprise extensive instrumentation and recording facilities, including underwater television. Since 1968 one of these basins, the so-called high speed basin, has been used for a number of experimental studies on swimming. The basin has a length of 220 m, a width of 4 m, and a water depth of 4 m. The towing carriage can attain speeds up to 12 m per sec. The swimming studies are based on measurements and observations, which are continued for as long as necessa..ry for an adequate observation of the swimmer. The measurements and recordings of forces and other mechanical quantities are analyzed by NSMB and the results discussed with the  wimming coaches. The observations, made by underwater television, provide additional information to the coaches. This article presents the test techniques used and gives some of the results and conclusions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lungenvolumen und Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036902</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036902</guid>
      <author>Ghesquiere, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volumen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ghesquiere, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Four years ago the author noted that few people of African origin excel in water sports, swimming in particular. Although the primary reason for this is probably in social differences and attitudes, hence, motivation; the problem of buoyancy may also affect the Africans' performance in swimming, especially over long distances. This factor may also play a critical role in learning to swim, and in water safety. In a theoretical discussion, the author pointed out that, as a rule, the buoyancy of the African was less than that of people of European or Asian origin-not taking into account the interindividual differences within the group. Buoyancy will be affected by three principal factors: a) the ratio of fat to fat-free body-mass; b) the ratio of volume to weight or density; and c) the relative volume of the lungs (residual volume as well as total lung volume). The two first factors have been discussed in detail in a paper presented at the First Symposium of Biomechanics in Swimming (1971). The author is not aware of any study comparing the relative density of Negro to white, as could be measured by underwater weighing techniques. (Fat percentage, assessed by anthropometric methods; skinfold thickness, for example, rarely exceeds 10 to 11 percent of total body weight, among the people in Zaire). However, the reader's attention should be directed to the relative size of lung volumes and their influence upon swimming performance. Differences in Negro-white lung volumes are by no means a new discovery. Shortly after the invention of a practical spirometer by Hutchinson in 1846, these differences were reported by Gould in 1869, who found smaller vital capacity among Negroes as compared to whites by as much as 11 percent (height taken into account) in his famous study on Civil War soldiers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Restreflexmuster als Basis für die Diagnose von Fehlern beim Schwimmzug</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036903</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036903</guid>
      <author>Swartz, D.</author>
      <author>Allen, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reflex</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Swartz, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Allen, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Why is the backstroker turning his head from side to side? Why isn't the freestyler crossing the midline of his body in the pull-through? Why does the breaststroker have difficulty with the position of his head? Why do some butterflyers have more flexion in one elbow while the other forearm is extended? Some of these common stroke faults may have a residual reflex base. These residual reflexes can interfere with stroke mechanics. Once observed and diagnosed, these reflexes can be integrated so that the fault in the stroke is removed. Activities designed to integrate the reflexes can be part of the swim program itself. An understanding of reflex development is important to the success of such a program.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Analyse von Techniken, die von Schwimmern bei den Paralympischen Spielen verwendet wurden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036904</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036904</guid>
      <author>Persyn, U.</author>
      <author>Surmont, E.</author>
      <author>Wouters, L.</author>
      <author>de Maeyer, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Paralympics</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Persyn, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Surmont, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wouters, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Maeyer, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We have not proposed a new system, but we do attempt to show that the present system is unsatisfactory. It can be quite frustrating to the competitors. While it is generally believed that the classification should be made on a functional basis, we propose that it also be made in an aquatic medium. This is necessary in order to compare timed performances in the water. Such a classification might even be specific for each swimming stroke. We consider it of primary importance to identifY some basic general principles rather than be involved in obtaining exact measurements. A videotape recorder has been used to evaluate the hydrodynamic principles applied by paralyzed swimmers. Our study (Surmont, 1974) of able-bodied swimmers on the world class level was the basis for our observational scheme and the grouping of results in this study. All of the swimmers of our test group were participants of the XXI Weltspiele der Geliihmten-Heidelberg, 1972. These Para-Olympic Games took place at the Institut frir Sport und Sportwissenschaft Universitat Heidelberg.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Körperbau und Somatotyp olympischer Schwimmer, Wasserspringer und Wasserballer</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036905</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036905</guid>
      <author>Hebbelinck, M.</author>
      <author>Carter, L.</author>
      <author>de Garay, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 1968</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hebbelinck, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carter, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Garay, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Athletic ability represents an expression of psychological and biological variation of human physical activity in a quantified way within the structure of the governing rules of sport. As postulated in a previous paper presented at the Fourth International Seminar on Biomechanics {1974), body form and function are intimately related and do play an important role in achieving top class performance. For every Olympiad, samples of the best athletes from many countries are selected for competition in various sports. There is no doubt that athletes who compete in Olympic Games are endowed with aptitudes which permit them to attain an extremely high level of achievement in their special sport. Hence, a sample group of athletes participating in Olympic Games is particularly favorable for making a comparison of certain characteristics of body build and body form. It is the purpose of this article to present a description and an analysis of anthropometric data and of the somatotypes of male and female Olympic swimmers and divers, as well as of male water polo players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmen II: Bericht über das zweite internationale Symposium über Biomechanik des Schwimmens in Brüssel, Belgien</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 1975 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3048439</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3048439</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anatomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>1974</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belgien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[REFERAT W3]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Präsentation eines Geräts für das Erstellen von Bewegungsbildern, Television und Scanshots der Bewegung im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036836</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036836</guid>
      <author>dal Monte, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>dal Monte, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The precise survey of underwater movements which undoubtedly represents the most important factor as regards propulsion, is one of the major difficulties in the analysis of the movements of swimming. In the biomechanical research which is founded on the use of cinematography, at standards as well as at high speed, television and photography, perhaps the most difficult problem is that of filming the movement at exactly the same speed with which the swimmer moves in the water. In order to solve this problem, we are presenting an apparatus developed in order to provide researchers with a movable platform which proceeds at the same speed as the swimmer and allows photographic recording of the swimmer, always maintaining the same shooting angle and therefore the most accurate analysis of the underwater movements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Kraft-Zeit-Analyse des Kraularmzugs beim Schwimmen am Gummiseil</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036837</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036837</guid>
      <author>Goldfuss, A. J.</author>
      <author>Nelson, R. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Goldfuss, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nelson, R. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Since swimming is an activity in which distance is covered in the pool, it has not been technically feasible to film nor to attach various measuring devices to the swiwmer over the total course of his performance. In an attempt to alleviate this problem, research has been directed toward studies of tethered swiwming ; a method of performance in which the swimmer was attached to a stationary object or force~~easuring device by means of a cable or pulley system, causing him to swim in place, at zero velocity. Since tethered swimming offers a favorable situation for measurement, it is possible to employ instrumentation that would measure several components of movement simultaneously. The present investigation was an initial attempt to combine forcemeasuring apparatus with cinematography to measure force and temporal aspects of the crawl arm stroke. The temporal analysis included measurement of the time taken to execute selected phases of the arm stroke above and below the water, and the changes in time that occurred during each of these phases over a two-minute, all-out, tethered swim. The force analysis included the measure of maximum force and the determination of its occurrence
in the stroke cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Variabilität des Delphinbeinschlags unter vier Bedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036838</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036838</guid>
      <author>Barthels, K. M.</author>
      <author>Adrian, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmetterlingsschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Barthels, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this investigation to identify differences and similarities in selected joint movements of dolphin kick patterns under
four conditions. A secondary purpose was to identify the degree to which selected muscles functioned during each condition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausgewählte zeitweilige kritische Körperpositionen im Brustschwimmen und ihr Einfluss auf den Wasserwiderstand</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036839</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036839</guid>
      <author>Kent, M. R.</author>
      <author>Atha, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kent, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atha, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The reduction of water resistance is of vital importance to swimmers. It has been studied in relation to : - body cross-sectional area, (Amar 1920) ; skin and costume texture, (Karpovich 1933) ; body surface area, (Karpovich 1933} ; body orientation and angle, (Karpovich 1933, Counsilman 1955) ; position of body parts, (Hairabedian 1964) and limited body movements (Counsilman 1955). Broadly speaking resistance is the result of wavemaking, eddy formation and skin friction, (Froude 1874 ; Lanchester 1908).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der ventilatorischen und kardialen Aktivitäten durch autonomes Speichern beim Schwimmen und Tauchen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036840</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036840</guid>
      <author>Delhez, L.</author>
      <author>Pirnay, F.</author>
      <author>Deroanne, R.</author>
      <author>Petit, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tauchsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Delhez, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pirnay, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deroanne, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petit, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Global electromyography of the diaphragm, in its laboratory applications, contributes considerably to the analysis of respiratory movements; at the same time, it permits the counting of the heart rate (24,7). The indications for electromyography become of prime importance when classical methods of mechanics of breathing or electrocardiography are inapplicable or present difficulties, which is the case in numerous sport activities. It then becomes necessary to resort to telemetry or autonow~us memorizing. Miniaturized portable (3,20,22) orimplanted (15,17) transmitters hinder in no way subjects examined by telemetry. Depending upon the equipment, however, the latter loses its effectiveness beyond a variable radius of action of a few meters to a few hundred meters (23). Besides, it is inapplicable for use in underwater diving. A large freedom of movement and displacement is actually obtained thanks to a long playing tape in the portable equipment which is directly connected to the derivating electrodes. Considering the lightness and the slight bulkiness of the equipment worn by the subject, we refer to autonomous memorizing (4-8).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitativer Vergleich des EMG des Schwimmers</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036841</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036841</guid>
      <author>Lewillie, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lewillie, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The importance of an exact knowledge of the modalities of adaptation of the muscular activity is more important in swimming than in any other physical activity. The problems posed by the water element, the poor efficiency of man who does not obtain 10% of his performance on the dry {1), made that all proposed modifications have to be based more than ever on measurable values.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Drehimpuls und die Popularität des Kraulschwimmens mit 6er-Beinschlag</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036842</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036842</guid>
      <author>Eaves, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eaves, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The crawl stroke consists of a sequence of alterating pulling strokes with the arms in turn accompanied by a fluttering motion of the legs and feet. Twice the total number of complete cycles of the leg movements is called the number of beats of the crawl. Although at first sight any number of beats, integral or otherwise, is possible, in practice one finds that the six-beat crawl far outstrips all others in popularity. In order to account for tnis, I refer first to the mechanics of the situation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biomechanik im Schwimmen und ihr Zusammenhang zu Fitness und Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036843</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036843</guid>
      <author>Cureton, T. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cureton, T. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The generalized law for the human body moving through still water may be approximated by the following formula F- R =M V, where 
F =Propelling Force from Arms and Legs 
R = Resistance of the Water to the Body Moving Through it 
M = t4ass of the Body ~loved, W/g 
a = Average Acceleration.
It is also true that when F = 0, then R equals 0. When the motion is considered as smooth motion, then the equation becomes, F- R =M v, where V is average velocity in forward motion. The equations have been validated by dragging a canoe through the water (8), measuring W/g for the canoe, the velocity changes with Karpovich's natograph, and also measuring the resistance at various velocities with Karpovich's resistograph, then computing force F. The F was then measured by the resistograph converted to a dynamograph to obtain a reasonably close check, by formula F- R =M v. Force and velocity vary, of course with different strokes, different sized and shaped bodies, the extent to which the body floats, and the position it takes while being propelled through the water. This means that no absolutely exact formula is possible for the complicated movements of the crawl, back crawl, breast or Dolphin strokes --but there are methods which throw considerable 1 ight on the mechanics of these strokes, which will be developed in this paper, but not an exact treatment of bow friction, eddy currents, stern wake drag and skin frictions. The body will be treated as a whole, then separately the legs and the arms, and the body only gliding without use of arms or legs. Since 1930 a certain amount of evidence has been accumulated which will be reviewed in this paper. The various studies by various authors wi11 be briefly summarized in this paper.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse von Schwimmgeschwindigkeits-Fluktuationen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036844</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036844</guid>
      <author>Miyashita, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miyashita, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the crawl stroke, the body is propelled through the water by the pulling motion of the arms and the kicking motion of the legs. Until now, the propelling forces have been recorded during tethered swimming by several researchers. Those experimental results show periodical variation in the propulsive force during swimming the crawl stroke. This variation in the force must result in either acceleration or deceleration of the swimmer. The present study is intended to analyze the swimming speed within a single cycle of the crawl stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weltrekorde im Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036846</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036846</guid>
      <author>Jokl, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jokl, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Figure 1 shows the development of the world record in 400 M free style swimming since the beginning of the century, for men and women. Similarly continuous performance improvements have occurred in all sports. During the past hundred years or so, we have been living in an expanding athletic universe. Nevertheless, the performance growth in swimming is characterized by several features : there is the unique closeness of the best performances of women to those of men ; and the conspicuous steep climb of the women's world record curves during the past decade. The best girl swimmers today are as good as were the world record holders in men's events in the 50's. Velocity in swimming races over longer distances do not decline at the same rate as it does in running (Figure 2). Altogether swimming is in an earlier "evolutionary" phase than track and field in which the asymptotic or "flattening-out" portion of world record growth curves are about to be reached --e.g. in the 110 M hurdles, the 5,000 and the 10,000 M, the high jump, the long jump, and the shot put. In fact most performance improvements in track and field events at present are due less to physiological than to technological factors, e.g. the introduction of the tartan track, the fiberglass pole, and foam rubber landing cushions. Comparable innovations are of course in evidence also in swimming, but here they do not play a comparable role. The very fact that the majority of mankind cannot swim, at least not swim for more than a minute or two, speaks for itself. Nevertheless, as recently as in 1960, the Olympic Games· competitions were held in an open air pool. The completion of the magnificent indoor swimming stadium for the 1964 Games in Tokyo represented a milestone in the development of swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Elektrogoniografie bei der Evaluierung der Schwimmtechnik</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036847</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036847</guid>
      <author>Filcak, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Filcak, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We should like to inform you about the direction the research activity at our faculty has taken, which has the objective of analysis of swimming technique by electrogoniographic method. We are of the opinion, that at present the traditional methods of movement study are in such stage of development, that link-up of various methods in future is to be expected in order to attain more objective data for evaluation the structure of movement. For the time being we work on improvement of a method, which appears to be the most objective in evaluation of the extent and speed of movement in swimmer's joints.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein mathematisches Modell für die Schwimm-Biomechanik</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036848</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036848</guid>
      <author>Seireg, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Untersuchungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seireg, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper presents a simplified mathematical model for analysis of swimming mechanics. The effect of the motions of upper and lower extremities on the swimming speed is discussed. The model is based on results from experimental data obtained by the authors from simulated tests. The model illustrates the influence of the main parameters affecting swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Anwendung des Bernoulli-Prinzips auf die menschliche Fortbewegung im Wasser</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036849</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036849</guid>
      <author>Counsilman, J. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Counsilman, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It is generally assumed that the propulsive force created by the swimmer's hand is a drag force. This paper examines the role played by hydrodynamic lift in propelling the swimmer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reaktion auf das Medium Wasser in der frühen Kindheit</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036850</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036850</guid>
      <author>Vallet, J.</author>
      <author>Magnin, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Säugling</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasser</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vallet, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Magnin, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[History:
- origin of the experience
- his evolution binded to a revision of objectives of the practice and organisation
- the last step: - refinement of the observation
- tentative of programmation of situations who permit to the child to take his self government in water ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Energieaufteilung im Wasserspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036851</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036851</guid>
      <author>Stroup, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stroup, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although I realize that time is at a premium, I would be negligent indeed if I did not take a ~oment to express my gratitude for the opportunity to participate in this seminar and my delight in exchaning ideas with students of international eminence on subjects that have been of interest to me for nearly half a century. And of the subjects to be discussed here, the one that, through the years, has presented the greatest personal challenge to me - the one that has aroused my abiding curiosity - has been the cause of rotation around the frontal axis of the body in a diving performance. In fact, my concern with this subject has been so consistent for so long that my presentation today may sound more like an autobiography than a research report.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanische Verhältnisse in der Lunge beim Schwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036852</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036852</guid>
      <author>Deroanne, R.</author>
      <author>Pirnay, F.</author>
      <author>Dujardin, J.</author>
      <author>Petit, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Deroanne, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pirnay, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dujardin, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petit, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Heavy muscular exercise sollicits the function of ventilation in such a way that, in some maximum exercises, the amount of oxygen taken up by the respiratory muscles, may constitute a limiting factor uring exercise (15, 12). During the swimming events, the subject breathes under particularly difficult conditions especially when he is not well trained. The horizontal position, water pressure on the body and the corresponding modifications of the breathing pattern, as well as the mechanic of breathing constitute supp1ew~ntary strains on respiratory function. Such restrictions  possibly limit oxygen supply to peripheral muscles and reduce physical performances in water.
The aim of our study was the measurement of the modifications of the pulmonary flow resistances and lung elasticity induced by submersion in water during swimming by breast stroke and by back stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Analyse der Zugbewegungen beim Kraularmzug</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036853</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036853</guid>
      <author>Belokovsky, V. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Belokovsky, V. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study was undertaken to investigate the pulling motions of the arms during the sprint crawl stroke. The most of specialists analysing
the pattern of arm motions in crawl don't use date of apparat methods exc1using some works of the last years (2,3,4,5). In our study we intended to classify different types of pressure against the palms of swimmers in the crawl arm stroke.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messungen im Wasserspringen und Analyse des Absprungs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036854</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036854</guid>
      <author>Bergmaier, G.</author>
      <author>Wettstein, A.</author>
      <author>Wartenweiler, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bergmaier, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wettstein, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wartenweiler, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In general, the divers and their trainers are highly experienced, and there are many written works on training, amongst which "Diving" by Dr G. Eaves should be mentioned. The work which is now carried out makes for the first time measurement values available from diving. The take-off spring is the most important part of every dive. The impulse which is the physical base for the path of the trajectory and the correct measurement of the rotation were recorded with film and by electronical equipment. The tests were made with 3 subjects who were well experienced, if junior, divers from 14 - 16 years of age ; a girl weighing 48 kgs and two boys of 43 and 55 kgs respectively.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beschreibung der Bewegung von Handgelenk und Schulter bei verschiedenen Würfen im Wasserball</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036855</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036855</guid>
      <author>Clarys, J. P.</author>
      <author>Lewillie, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clarys, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lewillie, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[It was the purpose of this study to describe the movement of shoulder and wrist in 5 different waterpolo shots by means of a light trace transfer. As secondary purpose, this technique can be used in combinaison with film in order to compare shoulder and wrist movements in waterpolo more precise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jüngste Entwicklungen in der Theorie des Wasserspringens</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036856</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036856</guid>
      <author>Eaves, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Eaves, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The failure of action-reaction theories to account for the rapid and apparently effortless spinning of the diver performing multiple twists has 1 ed to the appearance of what may be ea 11ed 11 di stortion" theories of twist. The basis of these is usually the concept of converting some of the somersault angular momentum into twist angular momentum and this concept has been shown to be invalid.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anthropometrische Einflussfaktoren auf den Auftrieb bei Afrikanern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036857</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036857</guid>
      <author>Ghesquiere, J. L.</author>
      <author>Karvonen, M. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydrodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Afrika</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Detraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ghesquiere, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karvonen, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In recent years, Africans have excelled in a great variety of sports. Even long distance running, for which the body build and the physiological characteristics of the African were previously considerd as less well suited, has at the recent Olympic games become a1most a monopoly of Africans. There is, however, a notable exception ; swimming. The absence of African swimmers, or swimmers of African origin, from the world elite is indeed conspicuous. In swimming, work has to be done against gravity in order to keep the swimmer on the surface and to overcome the resistance of water for forward movement. A relatively light body floats well, whereas a human body with higher density requires a greater proportion of the total energy being spent against gravity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des Blockwinkels auf den Start im Schwimmen über Sprintdistanzen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036858</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036858</guid>
      <author>Elliott, G. M.</author>
      <author>Sinclair, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Startblock</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Elliott, G. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sinclair, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The use of the swimming startin9 blocks is a relatively recent occurance and even in the 1950's the instruction on racing start in some text books referred to standing starts from the edge of the pool deck. In the Mexico Olympics, the swimmers were allowed to use a sloping angle of 15° maximum. During the FINA Meetings in Mexico, it was agreed thatthe maximum angle of starting blocks should be 10°. It would seem probable that this ruling was changed because of the difficulty many swimmers had in maintaining their balance on a 15° angle sloping platform. There is however no apparent indication of the value of sloped blocks to the actual start. If one hypothesises that the direction of ground reaction is not necessarily dependent on the slope of the ground but rather on the size of the frictional forces developed, then it could be said that the slope of the blocks is incidental to good starting form.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsmuster beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036859</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036859</guid>
      <author>Nemessuri, M.</author>
      <author>Vaday, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nemessuri, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaday, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The breast-stroke is in many lands the most popular way of swimming. Namely the breast-stroke gives the ordinary swimmer greater security in water. Fatigue sets in later than with crawl-stroke or the dolphin. Visibility is better than with back stroke and breathing is relatively simpler than with other types of swimming. The purpose of our analysis was to measure the main factors of the motor process of swimming. In this way it is possible to get better aquainted with the characteristic form of human locomotion and to draw conclusions on an improvement in the efficiency of swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsmuster im Freistilschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036860</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036860</guid>
      <author>Vaday, M.</author>
      <author>Nemessuri, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vaday, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nemessuri, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The free-style swimming is the most effective methode of swimming. because this movement is the quickest locomotion in the water (3). Its movement form stands also near to the instinctive way of swimming (2). The mentioned two reasons were the fundamental causes for studying the freestyle motor pattern. Our aim was to determine by means of objective measurewents those main active forces that give the propulsive force of free-style swimming, and to define on that basis the motor direction pattern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Wasserschwimmmühle</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036861</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036861</guid>
      <author>Astrand, P. O.</author>
      <author>Engelsson, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportstätte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messplatz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Astrand, P. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Engelsson, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In a basin water can be circulated in a 2.5 m wide and 1.2 m deep vertical loop by two horizontal variable pitch axial flow pumps located in the part of the loop below a test basin, which is 4.0 m long. Each pump can deliver up to 180,000 liters of water per minute. With a simple control knob, feeding an electronic device, the water velocity through the test basin can be varied from 0 up to 2.0 m/sec with an accuracy of 0.02 m/sec. The highest speed corresponds to swimming 100 m in 50 sec.. Thanks to vaneguided bends at the ends of the basin the water flow can be maintained 1aminar and essientia11y homogeneous in the center part of the canal where the subject swims Human safety is achieved by a net fixed at the end of the test basin and an emergency stop at the control box. The principles of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sauerstoffaufnahme beim Schwimmen mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten in der "Wasserschwimmmühle"</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036862</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036862</guid>
      <author>Holmer, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messplatz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Holmer, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The present investigation was carried out in the "aquatic swimmill" described by Astrand, Englesson. The main purpose of these preliminary experiments was to test the experimental set up and to measure the energy costs of swimming at different speeds.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwimmeralter</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036863</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4036863</guid>
      <author>Hirata, K.-I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hirata, K.-I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In received the kind invitation letter to the Symposium on Biomechanics in Swimming. But I am sorry that I cannot take part in this Symposium because I have another important congress in Japan. And so I will send my opinion about biomechanics in swimming from the stand point of age.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>1. Internationales Symposium "Biomechanik und Schwimmen, Wasserball und Wasserspringen", 14.-16. September 1970. Vorträge</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 1971 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3048438</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3048438</guid>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wasserball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>1970</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tagungsbeiträge des 1. Internationalen Symposiums "Biomechanik und Schwimmen, Wasserball und Wasserspringen", das vom 14.-16. September 1970 in Belgien stattfand.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Troponinwerterhöhung im Leistungssport -  Ursachen, Relevanz und Konsequenzen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098432</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098432</guid>
      <author>Kastner, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kastner, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Kardiale Troponine sind etablierte Biomarker zur Detektion myokardialer Zellschädigung. Mit der Einführung hochsensitiver Testsysteme wurden geringe Troponinkonzentrationen zuverlässig messbar, was diagnostische Vorteile in der Akutmedizin bietet. Jedoch können nach längerer oder sehr intensiver Belastung ebenfalls erhöhte Troponinkonzentrationen auftreten, ohne dass eine akute Myokardischämie oder eine strukturelle Herzerkrankung vorliegt. Die notwendige Differenzierung zwischen einer Troponinerhöhung im Rahmen einer vorübergehenden Belastungsreaktion und einer relevanten Myokardschädigung ist in der sportmedizinischen Praxis ein wesentlicher Aspekt. Eine zusätzliche Komplexitätsstufe ergibt sich aus beobachteten Unterschieden bei der belastungsinduzierten Freisetzung von kardialem Troponin-I und Troponin-T bei Leistungssportlerinnen und Leistungssportlern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ist "Big Gear" für Rennradfahrer effektiv? Die Sichtweise eines Trainers als Entscheidungshilfe</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 06:47:35 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096942</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096942</guid>
      <author>Dantas, J. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Straßenradsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dantas, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA["Big Gear" training, a common low-cadence strategy among road cyclists, involves pedalling at 40-60 rpm under high torque, typically at or just below Functional Threshold Power. Despite its widespread use and perceived similarity to resistance training, Big Gear training effectiveness remains debated. This viewpoint critically examines the evidence surrounding Big Gear training role in enhancing muscular strength, endurance, and overall performance in road cyclists. Contrary to popular belief, Big Gear training does not meet the intensity threshold required to induce strength adaptations comparable to traditional resistance training. Evidence shows that Big Gear training produces lower neuromuscular strain and operates at <50% of Maximal Dynamic Force—well below the >60% threshold needed for strength gains. Furthermore, studies indicate that resistance training leads to greater improvements in maximal force production than Big Gear training. Similarly, Big Gear training shows no consistent advantage in promoting endurance adaptations or performance outcomes. Notably, studies that suggest benefits of low-cadence training often employ cadences and intensities higher than those typical of Big Gear training protocols. Some evidence even raises concerns about potential negative effects of Big Gear training on key performance determinants. In conclusion, the available evidence suggests that Big Gear training is either ineffective or, at best, questionable, being insufficient to trigger the positive adaptations associated with low-cadence training. It is recommended that coaches consider the efficacy of traditional Big Gear training in comparison to protocols that have been demonstrated to have more robust evidence-based outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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