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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von drei verschiedenen Umfangsvarianten bei Aufwärmprotokollen im Wasser auf akute physiologische Reaktionen und die Schwimmleistung über 100 m bei allen Schwimmstilen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097441</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097441</guid>
      <author>Saini, A. S.</author>
      <author>Sharma, S. K.</author>
      <author>Kushwah, G. S.</author>
      <author>Phukan, M. I.</author>
      <author>McCabe, C.</author>
      <author>Thapa, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Saini, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sharma, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kushwah, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Phukan, M. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thapa, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effects of 3 in-water warm-up (WU) protocols of varying volumes (600, 1,200, and 1,800 m) on acute physiologic responses and 100-m swimming performance across all strokes. Forty male national-level swimmers (21.0 ± 2.0 years) participated in a randomized crossover study, performing each WU protocol followed by a 100-m time trial in their respective strokes. Physiologic metrics, including blood lactate, temperature, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), were recorded. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of the 3 protocols on physiologic and swimming performance across all the strokes. Results showed that the regular WU (1,200 m) led to significantly faster times in backstroke (65.56 ± 1.14 seconds vs 67.02 ± 1.20 seconds), breaststroke (70.73 ± 0.94 seconds vs 72.73 ± 0.94 seconds), and butterfly (58.64 ± 0.77 seconds vs 60.53 ± 0.86 seconds) than the long WU (1,800 m) (p < 0.05). For the butterfly, the short WU (600 m) also resulted in significantly better swimming performance than the long WU. No significant differences were observed in freestyle performance among the 3 WU protocols, nor were there differences in heart rate across all strokes (p > 0.05). Higher blood lactate and tympanic temperatures were observed after regular WU, while RPE was lowest after the short WU. This study emphasizes the importance of optimizing WU volumes based on stroke-specific demands in swimming. In addition, it also suggests practitioners to be cautious about using heart rate as a sole marker of WU effectiveness in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich zwischen einem motorisierten Widerstandsgerät und herkömmlichen Systemen für Sprint- und Richtungswechsel-Tests bei Volleyballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097442</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097442</guid>
      <author>Wright, W. C.</author>
      <author>Aguiar, E. J.</author>
      <author>Winchester, L. J.</author>
      <author>Fedewa, M. V.</author>
      <author>Esco, M. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wright, W. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aguiar, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Winchester, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fedewa, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esco, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the agreement between a motorized sprint resistance device (MSRD) and timing gates and an inertial measurement unit (IMU), for assessing time to completion and peak velocity during linear and change-of-direction tasks in elite female volleyball players. Elite volleyball athletes (n = 16, 19.4 ± 1.5 years, 176.2 ± 10.6 cm, 71.5 ± 11.1 kg) performed the 18.29 m sprint and 5-10-5 drills while being simultaneously assessed using an MSRD, timing gates, and an IMU. Compared with timing gates for measuring sprint (3.09 ± 0.16 seconds) and 5-10-5 (5.08 ± 0.19 seconds) time, the MSRD showed significant (p < 0.01) mean differences (3.15 ± 0.17 seconds [p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.49, small]) and 5.16 ± 0.21 seconds [p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.14, moderate], respectively, but the correlations were very large to nearly perfect (r = 0.97 and 0.87, respectively). Limits of agreement (LOA) for sprint time were -0.10 ± 0.10 seconds and for 5-10-5 time were 0.23 ± 0.24 seconds. For peak velocity, the mean values from MSRD and IMU for the sprint (4.62 ± 0.34 m·s-1 and 4.72 ± 0.44 m·s-1, respectively [p = 0.78]) and 5-10-5 drill (3.91 ± 0.47 m·s-1 and 3.93 ± 0.50 m·s-1, respectively [p = 0.98]) were not significantly different. The correlation between the peak velocity values was significant for the sprint (r = 0.65, p < 0.01), but not for 5-10-5 (r = 0.25, p = 0.69), with LOA values of 0.03 ± 0.86 m·s-1 and 0.00 ± 0.98 m·s-1, respectively. The MSRD seems to agree with timing gates for sprint and 5-10-5 time. However, the agreement with IMU for peak velocity is weaker.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss von Pflichtspielen auf die Leistung beim Gegenbewegungssprung, die isometrische Kraft der unteren Extremitäten und selbstberichtete subjektive Messwerte 40 Stunden nach dem Spiel im Profifußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097443</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097443</guid>
      <author>Mukandi, I.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Turner, A.</author>
      <author>Beato, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mukandi, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turner, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beato, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the impact of competitive match play on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, hamstrings and adductor isometric strength, and subjective self-reported measures 40 hours postcompetitive match play in professional soccer players. Twenty-eight professional players completed baseline assessments during preseason. Assessment 40 hours postmatch was limited to players who played >=60 minutes, with players grouped into 2 categories based on minutes played: 60-89 minutes or 90-110 minutes. Baseline measures for subjective self-reported measures were collected 24 hours before each match. Across both groups, significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed in all outcome, ratio, and driver metrics except for eccentric mean force. All strategy metrics significantly increased (p < 0.05). Minutes played and match demands were not significantly associated with CMJ performance (tb = -0.07 to 0.16 and tb = -0.28 to 0.00, respectively). Prone isometric 0° showed nonsignificant reductions (p > 0.05) in both conditions with trivial to small effects. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed for both conditions for the supine 90° hamstring test, however minutes played, and match demands were not significantly associated with a reduction in performance (tb = -0.04 to -0.01 and tb = -0.27 to 0.21). Short lever hip adduction results showed nonsignificant reductions (p > 0.05) in the 60-89 minutes group, but significant decreases (p < 0.001) were observed for the dominant limb, nondominant limb, and total score in the 90-110 minutes condition. However, minutes played and match demands were not significantly associated with reduction in adductor isometric strength (tb = 0.18-0.22 and tb = -0.15 to 0.11). Subjective measures revealed significant reductions in sleep quality (p < 0.05) and composite scores (p < 0.001), and significant increases in muscle soreness (p < 0.001) across both conditions. Mood was only significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the 90-110 minutes condition. No significant associations were found between minutes played, match demand, and self-reported subjective scores (tb = -0.07 to 0.05 and tb = -0.09 to 0.00).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Tests beim NBA Draft Combine, fortgeschrittenen Leistungskennzahlen und der wahrgenommenen Leistung im Herrenbasketball der Division I der National Collegiate Athletic Association</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097444</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097444</guid>
      <author>Cleary, A.</author>
      <author>Winchester, J. B.</author>
      <author>Cochrane-Snyman, K. C.</author>
      <author>McBride, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>NCAA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cleary, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Winchester, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cochrane-Snyman, K. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McBride, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The NBA Draft Combine (NBADC) assesses an athlete's size, length, and athleticism. Advanced metrics such as player efficiency rating (PER) and Win Share/40 (WS/40) quantify basketball performance. This study explored relationships between NBADC metrics, performance metrics, and perceived performance in a National Collegiate Athletic Association DI Men's Basketball team. Thirteen scholarship athletes (age 20.1 ± 0.64 years, height 1.9 ± 0.1 m, mass 93.9 ± 10.9 kg) participated. Players and coaches ranked each player at their position, creating perceived performance rankings (player rank [PR] and coaches rank [CR]). A Spearman's rank correlation was performed using PER, WS/40, PR, and CR as dependent variables, with anthropometric and physical data as independent variables. Statistical significance was set a priori <=0.05. Stepwise linear regression identified predictive relationships. Win Share/40 significantly correlated with maximum vertical jump (MVJ) (Rho = 0.589, p <= 0.05). Maximum vertical jump explained 35% of WS/40 variability, and MVJ with body composition (BC) predicted 61.4%. Player efficiency rating and raw no-step vertical jump predicted 87.4% of WS/40. Coaches rank and standing reach explained 73.9% of WS/40, while CR alone explained 64.1% of PER. Results suggest lower body muscular power and body composition significantly relate to basketball performance. Coaches assessing players and projecting future contributions should prioritize vertical jump metrics and body composition over other NBADC assessments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Laktatkonzentration im Blut während eines stufenweisen Belastungstests lassen keine Rückschlüsse auf Veränderungen der Substratverbrennung im Laufe der Trainingssaison zu</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097445</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097445</guid>
      <author>Benítez-Muñoz, J. A.</author>
      <author>Fleitas-Paniagua, P. R.</author>
      <author>Murias, J. M.</author>
      <author>Cupeiro, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Substrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Oxidation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Saisonverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Benítez-Muñoz, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fleitas-Paniagua, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murias, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cupeiro, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present work was to determine whether changes in blood lactate concentration [La-] between 2 different points of a training season would allow to predict changes in fat oxidation (FatOx) or carbohydrate oxidation (CHOx) in men and women. Fourteen men and 10 women performed a step incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer at 2 points of the training season (spring and fall). Blood lactate concentration was measured during the final 30 seconds of each step and immediately after task failure, while mean FatOx and CHOx during the last minute of each stage was estimated using indirect calorimetry. Subsequently, the difference between the 2 points of the training season at each common power output during the incremental test was calculated for [La-] (Delta[La-]), FatOx (DeltaFatOx), and CHOx (DeltaCHOx). The significant level was set at p < 0.05. The results showed [La-] was strongly and inversely associated with FatOx (men: -0.821 ± 0.112; women: -0.914 ± 0.038) and strongly and positively associated with CHOx (men: 0.937 ± 0.027; women: 0.945 ± 0.032) at each point of the training season. Contrary, a broad range of correlations were determined for the relationship between Delta[La-] and DeltaFatOx (men: -0.207 ± 0.531; women: -0.384 ± 0.502) or DeltaCHOx (men: 0.292 ± 0.427; women: 0.324 ± 0.475). In conclusion, assessing [La-] alone might be considered as an effective way to indirectly assess substrate oxidations as long as [La-], FatOx, and CHOx during the incremental test remain stable throughout the training season. Contrary, the novel and most important finding is changes in [La-] do not predict changes in substrate oxidations as the training season progresses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Positionsspezifische Langzeituntersuchung der gesamten und regionalen Körperzusammensetzung bei American-Football-Spielern der NCAA Division I</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097446</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097446</guid>
      <author>Brooks, S. G.</author>
      <author>Dengel, D. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammensetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>NCAA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brooks, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dengel, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Position-specific differences in body composition in American football players have been established. How the total and regional composition changes from preseason to postseason by position is unknown. Thus, this study examined longitudinal changes in total and regional body composition in NCAA Division I collegiate football players (CFPs) over a competitive season. A total of 188 male CFPs aged 18-23 (20.7 ± 1.6 years) were included. Body composition was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry at preseason and postseason. Subjects were grouped into defensive backs, defensive linemen, linebackers, offensive linemen, punters/kickers, quarterbacks, running backs, tight ends, and wide receivers. Repeated-measures ANOVA assessed effects of season and position on total and regional body composition, controlling for player participation status. Post hoc pairwise comparisons determined the magnitude, direction, and significance of changes for each position. There were no changes in total or regional measures of body mass, fat mass, or bone mass across the season, except for arm mass. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in total lean mass (LM), arm LM, leg LM, and gynoid LM were observed in certain position groups. The results of this study confirm that there is a decrease in total LM during a competitive season in CFPs. This study demonstrates that this loss in LM mainly comes from the leg and gynoid regions of the body and occurs across all positions. This information can be used by strength and nutrition staff to develop new strategies to prevent this LM loss during the season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsmuster von Spielerinnen der Rugby-Nationalmannschaft über eine Reihe von Spielen hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097447</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097447</guid>
      <author>Betelli, M. T.</author>
      <author>Loturco, I.</author>
      <author>Ramos, M. S.</author>
      <author>Mercer, V. P.</author>
      <author>Moura, T. B. M. A.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, L. P.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Pereira, L. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nationalmannschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsmuster</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Betelli, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loturco, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mercer, V. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moura, T. B. M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Given the increasing level of competitiveness of women's rugby union, it is crucial to better understand the physical demands of female players during match play. In this study, we examined the locomotor activities during 6 consecutive matches played by the Brazilian Women's National Team Rugby Union players to identify positional and temporal variations in distance and acceleration-based parameters. Thirty-nine women rugby players (20 backs and 19 forwards) participated in the study. Data were collected using a global positioning system, with a 10 Hz acquisition frequency, to analyze the players' locomotor activities during 6 international matches (i.e., total distance [TD], distance covered at different intensity zones, acceleration load, acceleration density, high metabolic load distance, and player load [PL]). The TD covered during the matches averaged 5,425 ± 629 m. Total distance, distances >20 km·h-1, acceleration load, and acceleration density were higher for backs in comparison with forwards (11, 11, 12, and 63% difference, respectively; p < 0.001). Higher TD, acceleration load, acceleration density, and PL values were observed in the first quarter compared with subsequent quarters (11, 13, 15, and 14% difference, respectively; p < 0.001). Coaches should consider these findings to design tailored training for backs and forwards. Regardless of their positions, players cover greater distances at varying speeds in the first quarter than in the subsequent quarters. These outcomes reinforce the need for specific training strategies to maintain the level of performance in later quarters and during critical moments of the match.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Sprint- und Landemechanik während eines 120-minütigen fußballspezifischen Trainings</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097448</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097448</guid>
      <author>Field, A.</author>
      <author>Fischer, A.</author>
      <author>Read, D. B.</author>
      <author>Sanderson, A.</author>
      <author>Graham-Smith, P.</author>
      <author>Birdsey, L.</author>
      <author>Harper, L.</author>
      <author>Bramah, C.</author>
      <author>Page, R. M.</author>
      <author>Dos'Santos, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drop jump</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Field, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Read, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanderson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Graham-Smith, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Birdsey, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harper, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bramah, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Page, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dos'Santos, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the influence of 120 minutes of simulated soccer match play on sprinting and landing mechanics. Twelve semiprofessional soccer players completed bilateral vertical drop jumps, countermovement jumps, and 30-m sprints at prematch, half-time, full-time, and post-extra time. Two-dimensional frontal plane footage was captured during jumps, and the frontal plane projection angle upon landing was measured. Sprint-running mechanics were assessed using a novel qualitative screening tool. Drop-jump height reduced 12.5% from prematch (0.32 ± 0.02 m) to extra time (0.28 ± 0.02 m, p = 0.002, d = 0.2), 11.1% from full-time to prematch (0.27 ± 0.02 m; p = 0.013, d = 2.2), and 6.3% from full-time to half-time (0.30 ± 0.02 m; p = 0.001, d = 3.0). Average landing force decreased 4.5% at extra time (1,022.7 ± 38.3 N) vs. prematch (1,068.7 ± 38.5 N; p = 0.003, d = 1.2), 5.5% at half-time (1,078.7 ± 38.3; p = 0.001, d = 0.8), and 3.8% at full-time (1,039.5 ± 38.3) vs. half-time (p = 0.015, d = 0.3). Time to stabilization increased 14.3% at extra time (663 ± 34 ms) from 568 ± 34 ms at prematch (p = 0.009, d = 0.3), 13.7% at half-time (572 ± 34 ms; p = 0.004, d = 0.1), and 9.1% at full-time (663 ± 34; p = 0.011, d = 0.2). Relative peak landing force was 6.9% higher at full-time (692.00 ± 44.44%) vs. half-time (644.79 ± 44.44%; p = 0.009, d = 0.4), but 6.2% lower at half-time vs. prematch (684.50 ± 44.28%; p = 0.022, d = 0.6). Sprint mechanics movement quality deteriorated by 29.5% at half-time (2.75 ± 0.26) compared with prematch (1.95 ± 0.27; p = 0.016, d = 0.5), and by 33.4% from prematch to extra time (2.93 ± 0.27; p = 0.013, d = 0.6). Players may experience impaired neuromuscular performance, particularly during landing and sprinting, which may influence movement quality and could contribute to increased injury susceptibility, although this requires further investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines kinetik- und kinematikorientierten Richtungswechseltrainings auf Risikofaktoren für Verletzungen des vorderen Kreuzbandes bei Elitefußballern unter Ermüdungsbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097449</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097449</guid>
      <author>Altug, T.</author>
      <author>Soyler, M.</author>
      <author>Aydin, A. S.</author>
      <author>Celik, S.</author>
      <author>Taber, C. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>U17</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Altug, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soyler, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aydin, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Celik, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taber, C. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of repeated change-of-direction (COD) drills on body composition and performance outcomes in elite U17 soccer players, examining fatigue-induced changes in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk mechanisms. Twenty-eight male athletes (age: 16.8 ± 0.6 years; height: 167.4 ± 2.3 cm; body mass: 63.50 ± 2.19 kg; fat mass (FM): 5.31 ± 0.90 kg; fat-free mass (FFM): 58.20 ± 0.84 kg) were randomly assigned to either a kinetic group emphasizing resistance-based force production or a kinematic group targeting agility and COD mechanics. A 12-week in-season intervention was conducted, with pretest and posttest evaluations of heart rate (HR), blood lactate (LA), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), FM, FFM, COD time, and shuttle sprint (SS) performance. Significant group × time interactions were observed for FM (F (1, 26) = 6.07, p = 0.021, Eta2 = 0.189), SS (F (1, 26) = 5.75, p = 0.024, Eta2 = 0.181), and RPE (F (1, 26) = 13.52, p = 0.001, Eta2 = 0.342), favoring the kinetic group. These athletes exhibited greater reductions in FM, smaller increases in sprint time, and elevated RPE, indicating improved fatigue tolerance. No interaction effects were found for COD, HR, or LA, but the kinetic group exhibited more effective within-group adaptation to training-induced fatigue. Overall, kinetic-based COD training may support neuromuscular and metabolic adaptation under fatigue, while kinematic approaches may better preserve movement quality. A combined approach may mitigate fatigue-related ACL injury risk during competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Externe Belastung von professionellen Fußballerinnen im Wettkampf-Mikrozyklus: Einfluss der Spielposition und kontextueller Variablen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097450</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097450</guid>
      <author>Sánchez-Abselam, O.</author>
      <author>González-Fernández, F. T.</author>
      <author>Castillo-Rodríguez, A.</author>
      <author>Onetti-Onetti, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mikrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Abselam, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Fernández, F. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castillo-Rodríguez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onetti-Onetti, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Women's soccer has experienced substantial growth in recent years, accompanied by increased scientific interest in performance-related variables. This study aimed to analyze the external load across competitive microcycles in a professional women's soccer team and to examine the influence of playing position and contextual factors (match location, outcome, and opponent quality) on physical demands. Eighteen professional players (age: 24.5 ± 5.6 years; body mass: 58.8 ± 14.8 kg; height: 165 ± 5.7 cm) from a Spanish second-division team were monitored across 13 microcycles using 10 Hz Global Positioning System devices. Players were categorized into 5 positions: central defenders, external defenders, midfielders, wingers, and forwards. Significant differences were observed across microcycle days (p < 0.001), with match day (MD) presenting the highest external load values, and MD-1 the lowest. Playing position significantly affected explosive distance, high-speed running, and high metabolic load distance (p < 0.001), with forwards showing the highest values and central defenders the lowest. In addition, greater physical demands were recorded when competing against lower-ranked opponents. These findings provide relevant insights for physical performance staff, highlighting the importance of adjusting training loads based on both positional profiles and contextual factors to optimize performance and recovery strategies in elite women's soccer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deutsche Fassung zu subjektiven Methoden zur Messung von Aktivierung, geistiger Belastung und Aufmerksamkeit in Leitstellen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097438</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097438</guid>
      <author>Rey-Becerra, E.</author>
      <author>Tegtmeier, P.</author>
      <author>Hartwig, M.</author>
      <author>Wischniewski, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Aufmerksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rey-Becerra, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tegtmeier, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hartwig, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wischniewski, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This manuscript focuses on selecting and testing subjective assessment methods to measure mental strain in control rooms. Based on interviews with energy sector workers, our framework includes activation, mental workload, and attention, as they were closely linked to experienced mental stress during critical decision-making situations. Consequently, we translated the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List (AD-ACL) and the Workload Profile (WP) into German and validated them alongside the Flow Experience questionnaire. To assess their applicability, 96 volunteers performed two tasks (single-task and multitask) of varying difficulty at different times of day. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the internal structure of the AD-ACL and Flow scales, while internal consistency was adequate across all instruments. Convergent and discriminant validity were verified through correlations between self-report measures and task performance. Additionally, all instruments showed sensitivity to task difficulty manipulations. These findings support the use of these tools in human-computer interaction research and their potential for assessing adaptive assistance systems in control rooms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Gesamtenergieverbrauch und Nahrungsaufnahme von männlichen Profifußballern in der Vorsaison: Eine Doppelmarker-Wasser-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097427</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097427</guid>
      <author>Jenkinson, A.</author>
      <author>Jones, B.</author>
      <author>Chesson, L.</author>
      <author>Wilson, L.</author>
      <author>Price, R.</author>
      <author>Hambly, C.</author>
      <author>Speakman, J. R.</author>
      <author>Costello, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Makronährstoff</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jenkinson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chesson, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilson, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Price, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hambly, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Speakman, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costello, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Limited data exist describing how professional footballers meet their energy requirements during pre-season, a phase characterised by increased training volume and a progressive shift from general conditioning to football-specific preparation. This study quantified total, resting, and activity energy expenditure (AEE), diet-induced thermogenesis, water turnover, and dietary intake in six professional male soccer players (age: 25 ± 1 year; height: 182.5 ± 10.1 cm; body mass: 77.8 ± 8.2 kg). Players were studied across 14 consecutive days, representing training-only and training-plus-match microcycles. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using doubly labelled water, resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry and dietary intake using the remote food photography method. Fourteen-day mean TEE, REE, AEE and water turnover were 13.25 ± 1.31 MJ·day-1, 7.96 ± 0.89 MJ·day-1, 4.20 ± 1.03 MJ·day-1, 5.16 ± 0.66 L·day-1, respectively. Physical activity level was 1.67 ± 0.16 AU. Energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes were 10.95 ± 1.52 MJ·day-1, 2.8 ± 0.6 g·kg-1·day-1, 2.2 ± 0.4 g·kg-1·day-1, and 1.5 ± 0.4 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively. Total energy expenditure was not significantly different between training-only and training-plus-match microcycles (+1.89 ± 1.98 MJ·day-1; ES = 0.95 ± 1.08; p = 0.100). No significant differences were observed in energy or macronutrient intake across weekly microcycles (p > 0.068) or between days (p > 0.144). Players did not achieve energy balance or align dietary intake with day-to-day training demands, suggesting limited nutrition periodisation during pre-season. These findings highlight the need for practitioners to implement strategies supporting fuelling, recovery and adaptation during this critical phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Einflusses von Anweisungen zur Blickrichtung auf die Stabilisierung bei der Landung im Kunstturnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097428</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097428</guid>
      <author>Pavlasová, K.</author>
      <author>Bizovská, L.</author>
      <author>Rupcík, L.</author>
      <author>Farana, R.</author>
      <author>Janura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blickverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pavlasová, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bizovská, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rupcík, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farana, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Janura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to assess the effect of gaze direction instruction on postural stabilisation and muscle activity during landings after various motor tasks in artistic gymnastics. Eighteen female gymnasts (aged 14.0 ± 2.7 years) performed four different landing tasks: drop landing, backward somersault, forward somersault (SF) and a backward acrobatic series (AS). Gaze was directed either downward or straight ahead during landings. Muscle activity was recorded from six lower limb muscles and postural stabilisation was assessed using dynamic stability indices and time to stabilisation. Results showed a significant effect of motor task on muscle activity and stabilisation, with AS and SF presenting higher stabilisation demands. Gaze direction instruction had limited influence on muscle activation patterns and stabilisation, with limited manifestation in dynamic stability indices. Interactions between gaze and motor task were significant only for sagittal dynamic stability in longer time intervals. These findings suggest that motor task complexity primarily governs landing stabilisation, whereas gaze direction plays a minor role in lower limb muscle activity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Risikofaktoren für durch Tacklings verursachte Kopfverletzungen (HIA) in der National Rugby League: Beeinflusst die Ausweichtechnik des Ballträgers oder die Kopfhaltung des Tacklers das HIA-Risiko?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097429</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097429</guid>
      <author>Carlton-Greaves, S.</author>
      <author>Edwards, S.</author>
      <author>Jones, B.</author>
      <author>Tucker, R.</author>
      <author>Iverson, G. L.</author>
      <author>Gardner, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Tackling</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carlton-Greaves, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edwards, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucker, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iverson, G. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gardner, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Rugby-style tackle techniques have been evaluated for a number of years and have traditionally focused on injury prevention and performance outcomes. Recent tackle technique research has increasingly been directed towards reduced head contact and reducing the risk for concussion. This video analysis study examined the association between the ball carrier's evasion technique and the tackler's head position and the risk for a Head Injury Assessment (HIA) in professional male rugby league players. Retrospective video analysis cohort study. Three seasons of National Rugby League (NRL) head injury assessment (HIA) events (n = 446) were retrospectively video coded. For comparison and the calculation of propensity, 5694 tackles that did not result in a head injury were also coded. In this study, the two variables of interest were the ball carrier's evasion technique and the tackler's head position. Propensity was calculated as HIAs per 1000 tackles. The results of this study demonstrate the highest proportion of HIAs occurred when ball carriers did not utilise an evasion strategy and when the tacklers positioned their head in front of the ball carrier, especially when combined with high-risk evasion strategies such as jumping or shoulder charging. HIA prevention initiatives should consider tackle techniques that encourage tacklers to place their head beside the ball carrier and ball carrying strategies that utilise an evasion technique, such as twisting or bending the torso. Further tackle-based research is required in female and youth players to evaluate whether the findings in elite male players generalise to other rugby league players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Essstörungen, Unzufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Körper und geringer Energieverfügbarkeit bei College-Athletinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097430</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097430</guid>
      <author>Fields, J. B.</author>
      <author>Jones, M. T.</author>
      <author>Kitts, S. E.</author>
      <author>King, E. L.</author>
      <author>Jagim, A. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Low Energy Availability</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fields, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kitts, S. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jagim, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Women collegiate student-athletes face unique challenges regarding nutrition, body image, and athletic performance, increasing their risk for low energy availability (LEA), disordered eating (DE), and body dissatisfaction (BID). However, limited data exist exploring LEA, DE, and BID across a variety of women's sports. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and relationships among LEA risk, DE behaviors, and BID in women collegiate athletes from multiple sports. Division I, II, and III women student-athletes (n = 115) participated in this cross-sectional, descriptive study. Athletes completed the low energy availability for females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), eating attitudes test (EAT-26), muscularity-oriented eating test (MOET), and body dissatisfaction items from the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) to assess LEA risk, DE behaviors, and BID, respectively. Sixty-four percentages of athletes were at risk for LEA, with the highest prevalence in volleyball (100%), wrestling (68%), lacrosse (67%), and cross country (57%). However, only 8% of athletes were classified at risk for eating disorders. Notably, 81 and 84% of athletes reported body weight and shape dissatisfaction, respectively, which was strongly associated with disordered eating behaviors (EAT-26: r = 0.707; MOET: r = 0.723, p < 0.001). These results show a high prevalence of LEA risk and BID across athletes, with DE behaviors strongly linked to body image concerns. Despite a high LEA risk among athletes, clinical eating disorder risk remained low, suggesting that undereating may often be unintentional. Targeted interventions focused on nutritional education, body image, and psychological support are critical for improving health and performance outcomes among collegiate women student-athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen des Steroidprofils bei Frauen in Abhängigkeit vom Training und deren Bedeutung für die Dopingkontrolle</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097431</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097431</guid>
      <author>Andersson, A.</author>
      <author>Ekström, L.</author>
      <author>Salamin, O.</author>
      <author>Nicoli, R.</author>
      <author>Hirschberg, A. L.</author>
      <author>Eklund, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Doping</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrolle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Steroid</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Andersson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ekström, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salamin, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nicoli, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirschberg, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eklund, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

The urinary steroid module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP), monitoring biomarkers over time is limited in female athletes. A serum steroid module has been implemented, including testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and the T/A4 ratio, being more stable regarding hormonal fluctuations in women. Acute training may increase serum T and decrease the urinary excretion of androgens. Moreover, the urinary levels of ABP metabolites have been shown to be lower in female athletes compared to sedentary controls. One hypothesis is elimination of some of the androgens via sweat. Therefore, it is of interest to study the urinary and circulatory steroids in relation to training and sweat production.

Material and methods:

30 healthy female athletes and 26 untrained BMI-matched controls were included. The athlete`s urine and fluid intake was collected over 48 h during a rest- and a training day, and the controls for 24 sedentary hours. Estimated sweat loss was calculated. For the athletes, dried blood spots (DBS) were collected at rest, before and after training and the day after training. Urine was analyzed for the urinary steroid profile by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and DBS for T and A4 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results:

Sweat production was elevated in athletes during the training day versus the rest day, but there were no differences compared to the controls. No significant intra-individual variation (CV %) in urinary steroid profiles was observed; however, controls excreted higher absolute levels of urinary A and 5aAdiol. In DBS, T remained stable whereas a minor increase in A4 was noted in samples taken the day after training. For the T/A4 ratio changes were observed in samples taken after exercise only.

Conclusion:

T and A4 in DBS were not affected by acute training. As DBS sample time differed during the day the minor changes in A4 and the T/A4 ratio may be due to diurnal variation and not training dependent effects. In urine certain urinary steroids were lower in the female athletes compared to controls. These results may be of interest when interpreting results of the ABP.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Alleinstehendes plyometrisches Training bei Basketballspielern: Ein metaanalytischer Vergleich der Leistungssteigerungen bei Countermovement, Squat Jump und im Sprint</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097432</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097432</guid>
      <author>Liu, J.</author>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Yu, F.</author>
      <author>Meng, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meng, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

While several meta-analyses have quantitatively examined plyometric training effects, many combined it with other modalities (e.g., strength training) or did not focus exclusively on basketball players. This systematic review and meta-analysis therefore aimed to quantitatively evaluate the independent effect of plyometric training on lower-body explosive power and sprint performance specifically in basketball athletes, focusing on countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and 20-meter sprint outcomes.

Methods:

A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and SportDiscus up to 24 September 2025. Randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies comparing plyometric training with control conditions in basketball players were included. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled Hedges` g with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using I2 statistics and funnel plots with Egger`s test.

Results:

Seventeen studies involving 444 participants were included. The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in countermovement jump (g = 0.77, 95% CI 0.42-1.11) and squat jump (g = 0.86, 95% CI 0.52-1.20) following plyometric training, with minimal heterogeneity for squat jump (I2 = 0.5%) but considerable heterogeneity for countermovement jump (I2 = 67.6%). A small but significant effect was found for 20-meter sprint performance (g = -0.39, 95% CI -0.72 to -0.05), with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). Subgroup analysis based on training duration showed no significant difference in countermovement jump outcomes.

Conclusion:

Standalone plyometric training is effective for enhancing vertical jump performance in basketball players, particularly squat jump, but has limited transfer to 20-meter sprint performance. Future research should focus on standardized intervention designs and consider moderating factors such as training volume and athlete characteristics.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD420251179252, identifier CRD420251179252.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der akuten Auswirkungen von Krafttraining, plyometrischem Training und komplexem Training auf die postaktivierende Leistungssteigerung bei Spitzenschwimmern: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097433</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097433</guid>
      <author>Ma, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, C.</author>
      <author>Gao, T.</author>
      <author>Zhao, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, X.</author>
      <author>Liao, T.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y. T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liao, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an emerging strategy for optimizing pre-competition warm-up in elite swimming. However, substantial heterogeneity exists across studies due to inconsistent load standardization methodologies.

Objective:

This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the acute effects of three PAPE training modalities, heavy resistance training (HRT), plyometric training (PLY), and complex training (COM), on swim start performance and lower body power in elite swimmers, utilizing session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) for load equalization.

Methods:

Forty-seven first-class swimmers (mean age 21.21 ± 0.69 years; training experience 8.08 ± 0.91 years) were randomly allocated to control (n = 11), heavy resistance training (n = 11), plyometric training (n = 12), or complex training (n = 13) groups. All interventions were standardized to achieve equivalent session rating of perceived exertion-time load (sRPE-TL) of 70-80 arbitrary units. The primary outcome was 15-m swim start time (T15m). Secondary outcomes included force platform variables (peak horizontal force, average propulsive force, propulsive impulse, take-off velocity) and land-based power measures (countermovement jump height and peak power). Performance assessments were conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 min post-intervention across four separate testing sessions. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen`s d for within-group pre-post comparisons.

Results:

Mixed-model ANOVA revealed significant group × time interactions for T15m (F (3,43) = 2.339, P = 0.024, n2p = 0.14), peak horizontal force (F (3,43) = 19.407, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.58), average propulsive force (F (3,43) = 7.005, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.33), propulsive impulse (F (3,43) = 21.777, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.60), take-off velocity (F (3,43) = 23.148, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.62), CMJ height (F (3,43) = 2.884, P = 0.032, n2p = 0.17), and peak power (F (3,43) = 10.188, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.42). COM induced the largest improvements compared to CON, with T15m decresing by 3.00% (ES = 1.79, P < 0.001), peak horizontal force increasing by 5.14% (ES = 4.95, P < 0.001), average propulsive force by 8.48% (ES = 1.71, P < 0.001), propulsive impulse by 8.57% (ES = 3.46, P < 0.001), and take-off velocity by 6.41% (ES = 3.06, P < 0.001). Distinct temporal profiles emerged: PLY peaked at 6 min, HRT sustained effects through 12 min, while COM demonstrated optimal windows at 9-12 min sRPE-TL standardization successfully eliminated between-group load variability (CV < 8%, F (2,33) = 1.23, P = 0.297).

Conclusion:

Under sRPE-TL-standardized conditions, complex training elicited greater PAPE responses, with distinct optimal time windows among modalities (PLY: 6 min; HRT: 12 min; COM: 9-12 min), supporting individualized pre-race warm-up programming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Trainingsformen auf die Explosivkraft der unteren Extremitäten bei jugendlichen Fußballspielern: eine systematische Übersicht und Netzwerk-Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097434</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097434</guid>
      <author>Tan, H.</author>
      <author>Yan, Z.</author>
      <author>Shao, C.</author>
      <author>Lin, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tan, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shao, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Football demands high lower-limb explosive power for sprinting and jumping. Traditional youth training often emphasizes aerobic endurance and heavy resistance training, which may not optimally develop such power.

Purpose:

To compare the effects of five different training modes, including optimal power load (OPL), resistance training (RT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), jump training (JT) and combined training (CT), on the lower limb explosive strength of 12-19 years old adolescent soccer players.

Methods:

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted, with 29 studies identified from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP. Data were analyzed using Stata 17.0, with effect sizes calculated for 10 m and 30 m sprint times, squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ).

Results:

All five training interventions showed statistically significant improvements lower-limb explosive power compared to control training. Network meta-analysis suggested that CT might be the most effective for improving SJ height (MD = 4.86 [95%CI:2.67 to 7.05], P < 0.01, SUCRA = 82.7) and CMJ height (MD = 3.33 [95%CI:2.15 to 4.52], P < 0.01, SUCRA = 65.7), while the conventional meta-analysis suggested that OPL might be the most effective for reducing 10 m sprint time (MD = -1.47 [95%CI: -2.68 to -0.26] and 30 m sprint time (SMD = -2.06 [95%CI: -3.40 to -0.72]). The effects of other interventions such as RT, HIIT, and JT were also significant, but the effects were relatively small. Subgroup analyses suggest that this effect may be most pronounced in younger athletes, with diminishing returns observed in older adolescents.

Conclusion:

Combining resistance and plyometric training is likely to be a highly effective strategy to optimize limb explosive power development in youth football players within the training parameters examined. The findings suggest that coaches could consider incorporating CT and OPL into their programs to enhance both sprinting and jumping capabilities. Future research may need to explore the long-term impacts and physiological mechanisms underlying these training effects.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251249378, Identifier CRD420251249378.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung leistungsbezogener Schwellenwerte für die Asymmetrie zwischen den Gliedmaßen im Eisschnelllauf: ein CART-Analyseansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097435</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097435</guid>
      <author>Jin, Z.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Yang, C.</author>
      <author>Diao, Y.</author>
      <author>Yan, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drop jump</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jin, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Long-term specialized training can lead to increased inter-limb asymmetry in speed skaters. While excessive inter-limb asymmetry may impair athletic performance, its impact on different skating phases and the corresponding thresholds remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between lower limb strength asymmetry and split skating times, and to identify corresponding asymmetry thresholds using a data-driven Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis. Thirty-nine adolescent male speed skaters (age: 16.85 ± 0.81 years, height: 177.45 ± 4.26 cm, body mass: 66.03 ± 5.60 kg) underwent inter-limb asymmetry assessments based on single-leg vertical drop jump (SVDJ) and single-leg lateral squat jump (SLSJ) tasks. Skating performance was evaluated via a 500 m time trial, where split times for the start (20 m), straight (100 m), and curve phases (110-200 m), as well as the total time were recorded. Results showed that SVDJ jump height asymmetry explained 19.70% of the variance in 20 m start time (F(1, 37) = 9.07, p = 0.005). Moreover, in conjunction with SLSJ performance asymmetry, it explained 20.95%-24.65% of the variance in 100 m straight time (Best Lambda = 0.04, root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.27) and 500 m total time (Best Lambda = 0.12, RMSE = 1.07). The CART analysis identified asymmetry in SVDJ jump height and SLSJ take-off velocity as the optimal variables (defined by the lowest RMSE) for distinguishing skating performance, with thresholds of 12.07% (RMSE = 0.15) and 10.26% (RMSE = 0.49), respectively. Independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences in split skating time between the high- and low-asymmetry groups defined by these thresholds (p < 0.01, Hedges` g = 1.10-1.44). Exceeding asymmetry thresholds for SVDJ jump height and SLSJ take-off velocity may negatively affect start, straight and 500 m total skating times in adolescent male speed skaters. This inter-limb asymmetry threshold classification method may serve as a reference for performance evaluation in other sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Atemmuskeltrainings auf die Schwimmleistung, die Atemmuskelfunktion und die Lungenfunktion von Leistungsschwimmern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097436</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097436</guid>
      <author>Chen, Y.</author>
      <author>Yi, Q.</author>
      <author>Meng, K.</author>
      <author>Tao, K.</author>
      <author>Qin, S.</author>
      <author>Yue, Y.</author>
      <author>Bao, D.</author>
      <author>Jiang, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lunge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Atemmuskulatur</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yi, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meng, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tao, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qin, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yue, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bao, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Competitive swimming imposes unique physiological demands on the respiratory system. While respiratory muscle training (RMT) is proposed to optimize respiratory function and athletic performance, its efficacy in competitive swimmers remains inconsistent.

Objectives:

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of RMT on respiratory muscle function, pulmonary function, and swimming performance in competitive swimmers.

Methods:

Eight databases were searched from inception to 26 September 2025. Inclusion criteria were: (1) RMT interventions (inspiratory, expiratory, or combined) lasting =4 weeks; (2) participants were elite or high-level competitive swimmers; (3) control groups received sham RMT or standard training; and (4) outcomes included swimming performance, respiratory muscle strength, or pulmonary function. Methodological quality was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2.0 and the GRADE framework.

Results:

A total of 14 studies involving 375 competitive swimmers were included. The meta-analysis indicated that RMT significantly improved maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (SMD = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.29 to 1.01, p = 0.001) and certain dynamic pulmonary function parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1], SMD = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.72, p = 0.001; forced inspiratory volume in the 1st second [FIV1], SMD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.79, p = 0.03), as well as aerobic swimming performance (SMD = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.03 to 2.00, p = 0.04). In contrast, RMT did not significantly improve maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) (SMD = 0.16, 95% CI: -0.14 to 0.46, p = 0.30), other pulmonary function outcomes (forced vital capacity [FVC], maximal voluntary ventilation [MVV]), or sprint and middle-distance swimming performance (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m freestyle times, p > 0.05).

Conclusion:

RMT effectively enhances respiratory muscle strength and dynamic lung function in competitive swimmers across diverse levels, particularly with combined RMT demonstrating superior efficacy over IMT alone. Regarding athletic outcomes, RMT shows limited efficacy in enhancing short-distance swimming performance, while it exerts a significant positive impact on aerobic performance; however, its potential benefits require cautious interpretation due to high inter-study heterogeneity. This study offers updated insights into RMT`s role in aquatic conditioning, emphasizing the need for future load-matched trials to isolate its independent effects.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024503624, identifier CRD42024503624.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen visuellen Fähigkeiten und sportspezifischer Leistung bei Mannschaftssportlern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097437</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097437</guid>
      <author>Yang, M.</author>
      <author>Guo, Y.</author>
      <author>Yang, F.</author>
      <author>Zhao, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sinnesfunktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>visuell</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Visual skills are increasingly recognized as key contributors to performance in team sports, yet the strength and consistency of their associations with sport-specific outcomes remain uncertain. To address this gap, the present review systematically synthesized empirical evidence examining how different domains of visual skill relate to sport-specific performance among team-sport athletes.

Methods:

PubMed, Web of Science™, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases were systematically searched from inception to October 2025 to identify studies relating visual skills to sport-specific performance in team-sport athletes. Risk of bias was conducted using a modified and validated tool for observational and correlational studies, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach.

Results:

Of 4,118 records identified, 22 studies (n = 1,113, male = 954, female = 159) were included, encompassing basketball, soccer, baseball, volleyball, handball, and other team sports. The relationship between multiple object tracking and sport-specific performance was large (r = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.30-0.71; p = 0.00), while visual attention (r = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.16-0.53; p = 0.00), and visual search (r = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.16-0.48; p = 0.00), demonstrated moderate associations. Simple reaction time (r = -0.31; 95% CI: -0.42 to -0.19; p = 0.00) and choice reaction time (r = -0.37; 95% CI: -0.58 to -0.11; p = 0.01) showed moderate negative correlations with performance, indicating faster reaction speeds were associated with better performance. Visual working memory, eye-hand coordination, and inhibitory control exhibited small effect sizes. In contrast, depth perception, the only visual-perceptual skill analyzed, showed trivial and non-significant associations (r = 0.09; 95% CI: -0.20-0.36; p = 0.56).

Conclusion:

Visual-cognitive skills appear to show stronger links with team-sport performance, whereas basic perceptual skills contribute little. Evidence quality remains limited, and more robust, ecologically valid studies are needed to clarify causality and guide training applications.

Systematic Review Registration:

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251171665, identifier CRD420251171665.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Skalierungsfaktor zwischen Sprunghöhe und Bodenkontaktzeit bei Drop-Jumps: Eine lineare Beziehung auf individueller Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097439</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097439</guid>
      <author>Boccia, G.</author>
      <author>Serranò, S.</author>
      <author>Bonelli, B.</author>
      <author>La Torre, A.</author>
      <author>Pavei, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sprunghöhe</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bodenkontaktzeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Drop jump</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Boccia, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serranò, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonelli, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>La Torre, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pavei, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The extent to which jump height scales with changes in ground contact time (GCT) remains unknown. Establishing this relationship would enable more accurate comparisons of rebounds with different GCTs. Currently, to reliably compare reactive strength index (RSI) values, it is necessary to consider only those with similar contact time parameters. Elite young track and field athletes performed drop jumps from a 40 cm box under 3 distinct instructional conditions: (a) trade-off strategy—minimizing GCT while maximizing jump height; (b) maximizing jump height; (c) minimizing GCT. A hierarchical linear regression model was applied, with GCT and sex (male/female) as independent variables and jump height as the dependent variable. Compared with the trade-off condition, focusing on short GCT led to a 21-millisecond reduction in GCT (p < 0.0001) but also a 5.9-cm decrease in jump height (p < 0.0001). Conversely, prioritizing jump height increased jump height by 4.8 cm (p < 0.0001) but prolonged GCT by 49 milliseconds (p < 0.0001). However, RSI remained unaffected by instructions (p = 0.567). A significant main effect of GCT on jump height was observed (ß = 0.154; p < 0.00001). The full model, incorporating random and fixed effects, accounted for 94% of the variance in jump height. At the individual level, our findings confirm a linear relationship between GCT and jump height. This relationship underscores the importance of considering the GCT-jump height trade-off when assessing drop jump performance and highlights the need for evaluations across various GCT ranges rather than relying solely on 1 jump strategy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der nächtliche Schlaf steht in Zusammenhang mit der Leistung beim Vertikalsprung am nächsten Tag bei College-Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097440</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097440</guid>
      <author>Hummel, J. W.</author>
      <author>Miltenberger, M. M.</author>
      <author>Hummer, E. T.</author>
      <author>Spaeth, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sprunghöhe</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>NCAA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hummel, J. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miltenberger, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hummer, E. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spaeth, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the relationship between nocturnal sleep and next-day vertical jump performance in NCAA Division I male football athletes. We hypothesized that longer sleep would be associated with better vertical jump performance and explored potential mediators of the relationship, including peak concentric force (N), peak concentric velocity (m·s-1), and countermovement depth (cm). A total of 174 athletes provided 4,049 instances of nocturnal sleep data (measured through photoplethysmography-based smart ring that was worn 5 nights/week) and next-day vertical jump performance. Each week, as part of routine team operations, athletes performed 3 vertical jumps in succession on a force plate and athletic staff calculated maximum and average jump height. A within-subject linear mixed-effects model assessed the relationship between sleep and vertical jump performance, and mediation analysis explored how sleep influenced vertical jump ability. Nocturnal sleep duration averaged 6.2 ± 1.1 hours per night, maximal jump height averaged 41.8 ± 7.8 cm, and average jump height averaged 40.2 ± 7.7 cm. Longer nocturnal sleep duration associated with better next-day vertical jump performance (maximal jump height: SE = 0.062, t = 3.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.07-0.31], p = 0.002; average jump height: SE = 0.063, t = 4.41, 95% CI [0.15-0.40], p < 0.001). Countermovement depth significantly mediated the relationship between sleep and maximal jump performance (ß = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.25 to -0.13], p < 0.001), whereas peak concentric force and peak concentric velocity did not. These findings highlight the importance of prioritizing sufficient nocturnal sleep for optimizing anaerobic performance. Athletic staff should promote sleep hygiene to prevent sleep restriction in student athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung der Kriterien zur Talentidentifikation im Fußball: eine systematische Übersicht aus globaler Perspektive (1976-2024)</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097488</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097488</guid>
      <author>Gong, Y.</author>
      <author>Jiang, W.</author>
      <author>Li, Y.</author>
      <author>He, J.</author>
      <author>Zhang, W.</author>
      <author>Li, W.</author>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Luo, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gong, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luo, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

This systematic review synthesizes the evolution of indicators used in global soccer talent identification (TID) between 1976 and 2024, with particular emphasis on how technological innovation, policy frameworks, and cultural contexts have shaped selection systems. In the context of accelerating globalization, TID criteria have progressively shifted from predominantly subjective, experience-based judgments to multidimensional and integrative evaluation models.

Methods:

A systematic review of empirical research published from 1976 to 2024 was conducted. Thirty-eight empirical studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria were synthesized to map historical shifts in TID indicators and to develop an evolutionary framework describing changes in identification practices over time.

Results:

The reviewed evidence supports a three-stage progression in soccer TID indicator development. The early stage (1976-1999) was dominated by anthropometric measures and basic physical fitness assessments. The developmental stage (2000-2015) featured the integration of technical performance metrics with physiological testing, reflecting expanding methodological capacity and sport-science uptake. The active stage (2016-2024) was characterized by multidimensional integration, with increased incorporation of psychological attributes and social adaptability alongside physical, technical, and physiological domains. Across stages, technological advancement and intensifying global competition emerged as major drivers of indicator expansion and methodological refinement. Tools such as wearable sensor systems, GPS tracking, and multidimensional assessment frameworks broadened the scope of quantifiable indicators and promoted more standardized evaluation workflows. Europe has been particularly influential in advancing standardization and disseminating related practices internationally. However, the review also demonstrates persistent regional differentiation: European systems generally emphasize data-driven precision and procedural standardization, whereas South American and African contexts more often prioritize the detection of latent potential and context-dependent performance under game-like conditions.

Discussion:

Global soccer TID indicators have evolved toward increasingly comprehensive, technology-enabled assessment systems, yet the trajectory of development remains shaped by regional philosophies of talent and contextual constraints. The findings underscore that effective TID systems should balance standardization with contextual sensitivity, integrating robust measurement with an appreciation of culturally embedded selection logics and ecologically valid performance demands.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Perzeptuell-kognitive Fähigkeiten in der Talentförderung: Eine Umfrage unter Akademie- Fußballtrainern im Vereinigten Königreich</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097489</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097489</guid>
      <author>Triggs, A. O.</author>
      <author>Causer, J.</author>
      <author>McRobert, A. P.</author>
      <author>Reeves, M. J.</author>
      <author>Andrew, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Perspektive</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Triggs, A. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Causer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McRobert, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reeves, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrew, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Perceptual-cognitive skills (PCS) are a strong predictor of future expert performance in football. Theoretical and practical knowledge of PCS are important to inform (de)selection and development decisions. Despite their relevance to player development, limited research has explored how coaches working in talent development environments conceptualise and assess PCS in practice. This study aimed to critically examine perceptions of and engagement with PCS identification and assessment among UK academy coaches.

Methods:

An online survey collected data from 63 academy coaches regarding their understanding and identification of PCS within the age groups they coach.

Results:

Data indicated agreement between coaches PCS definitions and their importance in player development. However, variations in coaches` familiarity, confidence, and frequency of PCS identification, alongside differing views on the importance of specific PCS point to potential knowledge and practice gaps.

Discussion:

Further research is needed to understand and develop interventions that support coaches in enhancing PCS identification and assessment within this overlooked area of player development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Bewunderung bei der Vorbeugung von Burnout bei Sportlern: eine emotionale Perspektive</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097490</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097490</guid>
      <author>Xu, W.</author>
      <author>Tian, S.</author>
      <author>Song, T.</author>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Pan, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adoleszenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xu, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tian, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pan, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Athlete burnout presents a significant challenge for adolescent athletes, with profound implications for their mental health and career progression. This study employs an emotional perspective to examine the relationships between admiration, positive affect, negative affect, and athlete burnout, aiming to identify effective strategies for mitigating burnout among this population.

Methods:

The study utilized the "Admiration Scale", the "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule" and the "Athlete Burnout Questionnaire" to collect data. A total of 1,544 adolescent athletes participated in the study. The collected data were analyzed using three parallel mediation models within the Process macro of SPSS software to elucidate the relationship between admiration and each dimension of athlete burnout, as well as to examine the mediating roles of positive affect and negative affect in this relationship.

Results:

Admiration had a significant negative relationship with athlete burnout. There were significant differences in the reduced sense of achievement and devaluation of sports practice among the adolescent athletes who took different objects as models of admiration. Positive affect and negative affect indirectly associate the relationship between admiration and athlete burnout (physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of achievement, devaluation of sports practice). Furthermore, the mediating effect of positive affect was stronger than that of negative affect in all three models.

Conclusions:

Admiration may serve a role in managing symptoms of burnout in the adolescent athlete, and that this effect occurs through the effect on positive affect and negative affect.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle des Trainers bei der Beurteilung und Auswahl von 3×3-Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097491</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097491</guid>
      <author>Cermak, N.</author>
      <author>Koopmann, T.</author>
      <author>Siebert, L.</author>
      <author>Schorer, J.</author>
      <author>Zentgraf, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Perspektive</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cermak, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koopmann, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siebert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schorer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zentgraf, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although recent studies recommend making multidimensional selection decisions based on subjective and objective data, in practical settings coaches often decide subjectively. When trying to understand coaches' selection decisions, it is important to regard different theories of decision-making when analyzing predictors. Thus, this study examined predictors for selection decisions by comparing approaches of the theory of both unbounded (logistic regression) and bounded rationality (fast-and-frugal tree, FFTree). Accordingly, this study's aim was twofold: (1) investigate talent aspects in 3 × 3 basketball, and (2) compare different statistical approaches to this investigation. Regarding the underlying process of selection decisions, analyses focused on interrater agreement of subjective assessments and the relevance of different talent aspects. A total of 46 3 × 3 basketball players (female n = 23, age range: 15.8-18.6 years) were assessed during the final stage of the German national selection system. Data included motor performance tests, anthropometrics, and coaches' subjective assessments of technical, tactical, and psychological parameters, as well as ratings of the relevance of different talent aspects. Variables were first reduced and then analyzed using logistic regression and FFTree. Interrater reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and graphical analyses examined talent aspects relevance. Both logistic regression (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.70) and FFTree indicated that the subjective assessments component was the most important predictor for selection. The ICC revealed poor to moderate consistency between coaches (female players = 0.38; male players = 0.51). Graphical comparisons and descriptive statistics suggest differences between national and regional coaches in their assessments of the relevance of different talent aspects such as current performance. Although logistic regression and FFTree yielded similar main results, FFTree visualized and identified a prioritization between cues. Therefore, FFTrees are considered as an appropriate method for future studies on selection decisions, as they reflect decision-making under limited information and time pressure present in selection settings. Player selection in 3 × 3 basketball appears highly subjective, as indicated by low interrater reliability between coaches. To enhance quality and transparency, selection decisions should be made by a team of coaches based on clearer, shared criteria and be supported by actuarial approaches such as FFTrees.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Weltweite Untersuchung zur psychischen Gesundheit von Sportlern: Interkulturelle Validität des Fragebogens zur psychischen Belastung von Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097492</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097492</guid>
      <author>Dragoiu, T.-S.</author>
      <author>Furtunescu, F. L.</author>
      <author>Caramoci, A.</author>
      <author>Stancu-Smaranda, A. M.</author>
      <author>Runswick, O. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Screening</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dragoiu, T.-S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Furtunescu, F. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Caramoci, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stancu-Smaranda, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Runswick, O. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Mental health screening is important across sports cultures, yet recommended tools primarily exist in English. Several translations of the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool-1 have been published and supported by validation studies; however, it is the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) score that determines whether athletes should continue with the screening process.

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate the validity of the Romanian APSQ within a representative population and examined the associations between the APSQ score and a range of well-being measures.

Methods:

206 Romanian-speaking elite athletes from Romania`s national and Olympic teams completed an online questionnaire that included demographic and relevant questions, followed by the APSQ-Ro, the second step of SMHAT-1, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index.

Results:

The APSQ-Ro demonstrated good internal consistency, suitable parameters for factorial analysis, a one-factor model with acceptable fit indices, and significant divergent validity with the WHO-5. The APSQ cut-off demonstrated a good sensitivity for depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, though with low specificity for all mental health problems assessed during SMHAT`s second step. When analysing the range of APSQ values, good diagnostic ability (as measured by the area under the curve values) was detected for anxiety and depression. In contrast, poor overall AUC values and AUC at threshold were both identified for drug use and disordered eating.

Conclusion:

The limited diagnostic capacity for certain problems and the non-significant correlation between the explored variables may be attributed to several factors, including cultural influences.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich zwischen den geplanten und den tatsächlichen äußeren Belastungen während des Trainings in einer professionellen Herren-Basketballmannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097493</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097493</guid>
      <author>Scanlan, A. T.</author>
      <author>Smith, C.</author>
      <author>Shirley, S.</author>
      <author>Bartlett, R.</author>
      <author>Elsworthy, N.</author>
      <author>Zhang, S.</author>
      <author>Ferioli, D.</author>
      <author>Ibáñez, S. J.</author>
      <author>Guy, J. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scanlan, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shirley, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartlett, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elsworthy, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferioli, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ibáñez, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guy, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:

Comparisons between the training loads encountered by players to those planned by coaches using external load metrics are largely absent in the team sport literature. Consequently, this exploratory, observational study compared the planned and actual external loads during training sessions in a professional, male basketball team, overall and separately according to key factors.

Methods:

The planned load was determined by an experienced head coach, while the actual load was measured in 23 players during 138 training sessions across two seasons using microsensor technology. Planned and actual load data were determined using key variables including accumulated PlayerLoadTM (PL) in arbitrary units (AU), relative PL (AU·min-1), and duration (min). Sessions were categorized according to key factors including season (2022-2023 and 2023-2024), intended difficulty (low: PL = < 375 AU; medium: PL = 375-475 AU; and high: PL = >475 AU), number of days before a game that training was conducted (1 day before games, 2 days before games, and three or more days before games), season phase (pre-season and in-season), and venue of the upcoming game (home and away). Paired t-tests, Cohen's dz effect sizes, and Bland-Altman analyses were used to compare planned and actual external loads overall across all sessions combined and for each category within each factor.

Results:

A lower accumulated PL was encountered in sessions compared to that planned (401 ± 81 AU vs. 422 ± 72 AU, p < 0.001, small effect). This effect was predominantly attributed to a reduced session intensity being encountered compared to that planned (5.97 ± 0.91 AU·min-1 vs. 6.13 ± 0.84 AU·min-1, p = 0.02, small effect) given session duration was relatively consistent (67.7 ± 11.4 min vs. 69.2 ± 9.5 min, p > 0.05, trivial effect). Considering key factors, a reduced accumulated PL encountered in training compared to that planned was most strongly apparent in the second season monitored, in sessions planned to elicit high loads, and in sessions conducted on the day before games (p < 0.001, moderate effects).

Discussion:

Our findings highlight the extent of misalignment between planned and actual external training loads within different contexts for a specific approach adopted in the monitored team. Accordingly, end-users can interpret this level of agreement in line with their own standards, and utilize the recommendations we provide to strengthen this agreement further.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Die Wirkung einer Intervention zur Schaffung eines motivierenden Mikroklimas durch den Trainer im Schwimmsport: eine Evaluation unter Verwendung gemischter Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097494</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097494</guid>
      <author>Moulds, K.</author>
      <author>Abbott, S.</author>
      <author>Cobley, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weiterbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Sportler-Beziehung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moulds, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abbott, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cobley, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Theoretically informed by bio-ecological theory, research on coach-created motivational climates, and concerns regarding youth sport dropout in swimming, this study aimed to (1) develop and implement a motivational climate coach intervention for swimming coach development; and (2) evaluate intervention effects via swimmer and coach mixed-methods assessment. A quasi-experimental, repeated-measures, mixed-methods intervention was implemented over a 12-week period. Accredited Australian swimming coaches (N=19) from 19 clubs participated, with coaches alternately allocated into intervention or control groups. To determine pre-post intervention effects, affiliated swimmers (n=112 intervention; n=97 control)—not informed of coach grouping—completed the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) at two timepoints (pre- and post-intervention follow-up). Meanwhile, coaches self-evaluated their coaching behaviours using the EDMCQ at similar time points. Findings indicated that, relative to controls, swimmers connected with intervention coaches reported higher empowering and lower disempowering coaching behaviours post-intervention, after adjusting for baseline ratings, with medium effect sizes. A greater empowerment gain was apparent among swimmers who rated their coach lower at baseline. Contrastingly, no pre-post changes were apparent in coach self-ratings. Qualitative interviews with intervention coaches identified perceived intervention benefits (e.g., communication styles) and impact on coaching behaviours. Findings suggested that coach motivational climate training could benefit knowledge and behavioural strategies for improving the youth sport experience and identified future research recommendations. Whether improved coaching climates can translate into broader impact on youth sport outcomes remains uncertain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Auswirkungen von Blended Learning auf die körperliche Fitness und die Basketballfähigkeiten männlicher Hochschulstudenten: eine cluster-randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097495</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097495</guid>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Liu, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blended learning</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

University represents a critical period for the cultivation of health behaviors, self-efficacy, and psychosocial development. It affects how well students do in their studies, their day-to-day life, and where they're headed in the future. However, in recent years, the physical fitness levels of Chinese university students have declined. This study investigated, through a 12-week intervention, whether a blended learning method could improve the physical fitness and basketball skills of male university students in China.

Methods:

A total of 69 male first-year students from Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (mean age = 18.6 ± 0.7 years; range = 18-20 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (blended learning) or a control group (traditional learning) using a cluster randomized controlled trial design. The experimental group engaged in a blended learning approach, which integrated several key components. The approach included pre-class MOOC-based instructional videos, in-class differentiated skill training, and post-class online quizzes with reflective tasks. Meanwhile, the control group followed a traditional teacher-centered model. Fitness measures included body mass index (BMI), vital capacity, pull-ups, standing long jump, 50-meter sprint, and 1,000-meter run, while basketball skills were evaluated through set shot and half-court dribbling-and-shooting test. All data were analyzed with SPSS 27.0, with the significance level set at p < 0.05.

Results:

Following the 12-week intervention, both learning approaches significantly enhanced overall physical fitness. Significant differences between groups favoring the experimental group were observed in pull-ups (p < 0.001, d = 2.03) and standing long jump (p < 0.001, d = 1.04). In contrast, no significant difference was found for the 1,000-meter run (p = 0.597). Notably, the experimental group showed a greater reduction in BMI (d = -0.54) and greater improvement in 50-meter sprint times (d = -0.30) compared to the control group. In basketball skills, the experimental group surpassed the control group with large effect sizes for both the set shot (d = 1.63) and half-court dribbling and shooting (d = 1.55).

Conclusion:

The 12-week blended learning approach enhanced the overall physical fitness of university students. Furthermore, this approach was highly effective in promoting the development of basketball skills. However, the approach showed limited effects on BMI and sprint outcomes, suggesting that blended learning may require enhanced explosive training components to address these fitness dimensions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Mentale Bildvorstellung und Leistung bei Sportlern in den Disziplinen Aerobic, Kunstturnen, Akrobatik, Trampolinturnen und Tumbling sowie rhythmische Sportgymnastik: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097496</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097496</guid>
      <author>Yang, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akrobatik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trampolinturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmische Sportgymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vorstellung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Imagery</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:

To identify and synthesize evidence on mental imagery (and imagery-based methods) in competitive gymnasts, evaluate effects on performance and relevant psychological/psychophysiological correlates, and appraise methodological quality and important intervention features.

Methods:

PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched. Eligible studies included competitive gymnasts from any FIG discipline examining imagery as an intervention/exposure or as an imagery construct associated with performance-relevant outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for randomized studies and ROBINS-I for non-randomized/observational. Results were synthesized narratively by study design, imagery approach, and outcome domain.

Results:

Searches yielded 393 records; 258 unique records were screened; 46 full texts were assessed; and 16 studies were included. Interventions varied (script-based imagery, PETTLEP-informed imagery, video observation plus imagery, and multi-component psychological skills training). Several controlled/quasi-controlled studies reported improved gymnastics-related performance outcomes (judged skill execution or sport-specific performance indices) with imagery-based approaches, whereas others found no performance benefit despite improvements in psychological variables (e.g., self-confidence). Effects appeared moderated by expertise level, sequencing/dose, and outcome choice. Across RoB 2 studies, 0/8 (0%) were overall low risk, 4/8 (50%) had some concerns, and 4/8 (50%) were high risk, with the most frequent domain drivers being randomization process, outcome measurement, and selective reporting. Across ROBINS-I studies, 2/8 (25%) were moderate, 5/8 (62.5%) serious, and 1/8 (12.5%) critical, driven mainly by confounding, then outcome measurement and selective reporting.

Conclusion:

Imagery is a potentially useful adjunct to gymnastics training, but effects are inconsistent and implementation- and athlete-dependent. Higher-quality, transparently reported trials using standardized, competition-relevant outcomes are needed.

Systematic review registration:

Open Science Framework (osf/io/a9tj6; Date: 25/01/2026).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Computertechnologie bei der Bewegungserfassung von Basketballwürfen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097497</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097497</guid>
      <author>Cheng, W.</author>
      <author>Yu, Z.</author>
      <author>Cheng, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bildanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Algorithmus</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[With the rapid development of modern science and technology, with the gradual maturity of computer-aided training system, it has also been applied in sports training, and has achieved good results. The application of new technology can not only clearly see the mastery of sports technical skills and the training level of athletes, but also provide a more systematic basis for the next training plan of trainer system, and provide a set of scientific and reliable guidance for the development of athletes ` sports potential. However, in complex scenes, there are some problems, such as occlusion object interference, which affect the tracking accuracy of target action. To address this problem, a basketball shooting action tracking method for complex scenes is proposed. The method first integrates the imaging system into a trackable invariant feature-fusion framework, allowing motion information in complex environments to be extracted more reliably. Through the visual measurement system, the motion of the target in the scene is detected, and the spatial node corresponding to the detected action is treated as the initial tracking point. An ant colony algorithm is then employed to construct an ant-colony tracking model, enabling robust tracking of the basketball shot-release motion under complex scene conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves strong tracking performance, with high accuracy, reduced tracking deviation, and improved preservation of motion details.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schlafmangel und dessen Zusammenhang mit der Schleimhautimmunität und Symptomen der oberen Atemwege bei Spitzenschwimmern: Eine Längsschnittstudie im Vorfeld der Commonwealth Games</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097498</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097498</guid>
      <author>Baker, L. H.</author>
      <author>Desai, T.</author>
      <author>Sinclair, J.</author>
      <author>Wells, A. V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Qualität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Commonwealth-Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Baker, L. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Desai, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sinclair, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wells, A. V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives

To monitor sleep patterns of elite swimmers and explore sleep as a potential risk factor for upper respiratory symptoms (URS) alongside salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in elite swimmers, over an 8-month competitive season.

Design

Secondary analysis of an 8-month longitudinal study in elite international swimmers leading into either the Commonwealth Games 2018 or Swim Cup Eindhoven.

Methods

Fourteen elite swimmers (age ± SD = 19.9 ± 0.8 years, height = 178.9 ± 6.3 cm, and mass = 75.0 ± 7.7 kg) were recruited. Self-reported sleep quality, URS data and salivary IgA was obtained weekly on a standardised day. Quantitative sleep parameters were measured using wrist-worn actigraphy four times for two-week bouts; during low, moderate, high training loads and once leading into competition.

Results

Swimmers waking fatigued was positively associated with frequency (p < 0.001) and severity (p < 0.001) of URS, plus negatively associated with salivary IgA (p = 0.035). Perception of meeting 7-9 hour national sleep recommendations was positively associated with URS frequency (p < 0.001) and severity (p = 0.001). Average sleep duration was 06:30 hrs: mins and reduced significantly during high training loads (p = 0.001) and early morning training (5:00 hrs: mins, p = 0.001). Average sleep efficiency was 81% over the 8-month period.

Conclusions

Perceived fatigue on waking was significantly associated with both frequency and severity of URS, and inversely associated with mucosal immunity (salivary IgA), providing novel insight into the relationship between sleep, fatigue and illness in this cohort. Although causality cannot be established, the high prevalence of inadequate sleep shown in elite swimmers highlights the importance of individual sleep monitoring to support recovery and inform strategies aimed at illness prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vertikalsprung und isometrische Kraft bei professionellen Basketballspielerinnen: Vergleich zwischen Stammspielerinnen und Nicht-Stammspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097499</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097499</guid>
      <author>Nieto-Acevedo, R.</author>
      <author>García-Sánchez, C.</author>
      <author>Cañadas-Garcia, E.</author>
      <author>Romero-Moraleda, B.</author>
      <author>Marquina Nieto, M.</author>
      <author>Cabarkapa, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nieto-Acevedo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Sánchez, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cañadas-Garcia, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romero-Moraleda, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marquina Nieto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabarkapa, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined whether differences in countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) force-time metrics exist between starters and non-starters in professional female basketball players. Twenty-two athletes (7 starters, 15 non-starters) competing in the first Spanish basketball league completed CMJ and IMTP testing using dual force plate system. CMJ variables included jump height, peak and mean braking and propulsive force, time-to-takeoff, and net impulse. IMTP variables included peak force and rate of force development (RFD) at 0-100 and 0-250 ms. Independent t-tests and Hedges` g effect sizes were used to assess between-group differences. No statistically significant differences were observed between starters and non-starters for any CMJ or IMTP force-time metrics of interest (p > 0.05). Both groups displayed similar values in jump height, force production, and RFD, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate (g = 0.04-0.49). However, starters were significantly older than non-starters (p = 0.018), while no differences were found in body mass and height (p > 0.05). Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that, at the professional level of play, CMJ and IMTP performance characteristics are not capable of distinguishing starters from non-starters in women`s basketball. Starting status may be shaped more by competitive experience, technical proficiency, and tactical awareness. Although monitoring neuromuscular performance remains valuable, player selection and role differentiation appear to depend more on skill execution and contextual game demands than on strength characteristics alone.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mittelstreckenläufer auf nationalem Niveau halten ihre Laufleistung im 1500-Meter-Zeitlauf an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen aufrecht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097416</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097416</guid>
      <author>Birdsey, L. P.</author>
      <author>Brown, S.</author>
      <author>Dos`Santos, T.</author>
      <author>Evans, D.</author>
      <author>Runacres, A.</author>
      <author>Weston, M.</author>
      <author>Field, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laufband</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Birdsey, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brown, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dos`Santos, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Evans, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Runacres, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weston, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Field, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To examine how middle-distance athletes maintain self-paced time trial performance on successive days, 12 national-standard middle-distance specialists performed two self-paced 1500 m time trials on successive days. Following baseline assessment and familiarisation trials, participants (10 male, 2 female, mean age ± SD: 27 ± 7 years, mass: 66 ± 8 kg, height: 1.80 ± 0.08 m, season best 1500 m time: 243.9 ± 18.4 s) performed two 1500 m time trials separated by 24 h on an instrumented treadmill. Internal (respiratory exchange ratio; RER, oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, session and differential ratings of perceived exertion) and external (speed and time) measures quantified exercise intensity. Step length and frequency were collected from integrated force transducers (1000 Hz). All variables were log transformed before analysis with mixed linear models. The uncertainty (90% confidence interval) of our between-trial differences (trial 2 vs. trial 1) for all measures other than peak and mean RER were equivalent to previously reported measurement errors. Additionally, athletes were ~2.5 times more likely to perceive greater exertion for time trial two, but with considerable uncertainty around the estimates. National-standard middle-distance specialists maintain 1500 m time trial running performance on successive days without the use of any structured recovery interventions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stimmt die Absicht mit dem Ergebnis überein: Abstimmung der Entwicklungsziele auf die Trainingsbelastung im Jugendbasketball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097417</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097417</guid>
      <author>Lever, J. R.</author>
      <author>Duffield, R.</author>
      <author>Murray, A.</author>
      <author>Bill, H. A.</author>
      <author>Bartlett, J. D.</author>
      <author>Fullagar, H. H. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ziel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lever, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duffield, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bill, H. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartlett, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fullagar, H. H. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the alignment between external training load metrics and coach-prescribed development goals in an elite youth basketball setting. External training load data from training drills were collected over two years from 25 elite male youth basketball players in a full-time residential academy. At the start of each term, coaches developed and assigned individual developmental goals (IDGs) for each player. Using inductive thematic analysis, these IDGs were retrospectively grouped into four overarching development goal categories (defensive, offensive, skill, and physical) and 16 specific goal types (e.g., cutting, shooting, and load tolerance). Separately, external load metrics were recorded during all on-court training sessions using Catapult Vector S7 devices. To align IDGs with external load metrics, two multinomial logistic regression models were developed to classify (1) development goal category and (2) specific goal type (SGT) using per-minute external load metrics. Both models achieved 66% classification accuracy (Kappa = 0.60). Key predictors, such as high-intensity deceleration counts, vertical PlayerLoad, and high-speed running distances, were retained in both models following stepwise selection. Model performance was strong, with large reductions in AIC (Delta AIC = 1224.1 and 2540.7, respectively), demonstrating that coach-assigned IDGs were associated with distinct external load profiles. Additionally, accumulated training time differed significantly across specific goal types, reflecting systematic variation in emphasis across the season. These findings demonstrate that external training load metrics reflect the structure of coach-assigned development goals, offering a data-driven framework to evaluate alignment between training design and physical demands in youth basketball.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss von chronologischem Alter, anthropometrischen Merkmalen und biologischer Reife auf die exzentrische Kniegelenksbeugekraft bei der Nordic-Hamstring-Übung bei internationalen Nachwuchsfußballerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097418</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097418</guid>
      <author>Hickey, J. T.</author>
      <author>Lundberg, T. R.</author>
      <author>Sweeney, C.</author>
      <author>MacNamara, Á.</author>
      <author>Sweeney, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nordic hamstring exercise</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>U15</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>U16</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hickey, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lundberg, T. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sweeney, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>MacNamara, Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sweeney, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to investigate the influence of chronological age, anthropometric characteristics and biological maturity on eccentric knee flexion strength during the Nordic hamstring exercise in female international youth soccer players. We included 50 under-15-year-old (chronological age = 14.1 ± 0.4 years) and 31 under-16-year-old (chronological age = 15.0 ± 0.5 years) female international youth soccer players as participants in this study. We measured each participant's body mass, height and biological maturity expressed as the percentage of predicted adult height (PAH%). Each participant performed three maximal effort repetitions of the Nordic hamstring exercise on a field-based testing device (NordBord, VALD Performance, Brisbane, Australia) to measure their eccentric knee flexion strength. We used linear regression to investigate individual associations between eccentric knee flexion strength and each predictor variable (body mass, height, chronological age and PAH%). In addition, a partial least squares (PLS) regression model was developed to predict the average eccentric knee flexion strength. Eccentric knee flexion strength had statistically significant associations with body mass (p < 0.01 and R2 = 0.34), PAH% (p < 0.01 and R2 = 0.18) and chronological age (p = 0.03 and R2 = 0.06) but not with height (p = 0.11 and R2 = 0.03). The 2-component PLS model explained 36% of variance in eccentric knee flexion strength, with body mass and PAH% the most influential predictors. Body mass and biological maturation status should be considered when interpreting eccentric knee flexion strength testing results during the Nordic hamstring exercise in female youth soccer players as these factors appear more influential than chronological age or height in determining test performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittuntersuchung zur körperlichen Fitness bei jungen Fußballspielern: eine bayesianische Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097419</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097419</guid>
      <author>Berger, A. G.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, H. M.</author>
      <author>Cardoso, M. F. S.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, J.</author>
      <author>Delavald, V. A.</author>
      <author>Pinto, R. S.</author>
      <author>Leonardi, T. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklungsstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Berger, A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, M. F. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delavald, V. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pinto, R. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leonardi, T. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated developmental changes in body size and physical fitness parameters in 76 young football players (12.22 ± 1.20 years; CI: 10.59-15.04 years) from a Brazilian club across 20 months. Players performed jumping, agility, intermittent endurance, and sprint tests. A Bayesian multilevel regression modeling approach was used to analyze performance relative to both chronological age (CA) and age at peak height velocity (PHV). The results indicate that stature and body mass increased non-linearly, while skinfold measurements remained stable across the period investigated. Physical fitness performance aligned more consistently with age at PHV than CA, and Bayesian models accounting for age at PHV exhibit greater homogeneity. These findings emphasize the importance of considering biological maturation when interpreting body size and performance changes in young football players. Considering both CA and age at PHV helps select more suitable training strategies throughout the long-term development process and enhances fairness while reducing the risk of overlooking potential talents in the athlete selection process.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein auf maschinellem Lernen basierendes Modell zur umfassenden Bewertung und Einstufung von Skilangläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097420</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097420</guid>
      <author>Chen, Q.</author>
      <author>Liu, Z.</author>
      <author>He, D.</author>
      <author>Tang, Y.</author>
      <author>Gao, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Aufmerksamkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This paper presents a novel machine learning-based model for evaluating and categorizing cross-country skiers into five distinct levels. The model integrates Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP), Attention mechanisms, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) to comprehensively assess athletes based on three key categories of evaluation metrics: physical condition, psychological status, and professional skills assessment indicators. Each category of metrics is processed by separate MLP models to extract high-level feature representations. The extracted features from the MLP models are dynamically weighted and fused using an Attention mechanism, creating a comprehensive feature vector that reflects the overall potential of the athlete. This feature vector is then used as input to an SVM model for final categorization into one of the five skill levels. We employ a dataset of 1,000 athletes from professional training centers across Europe, North America, and East Asia. These athletes, balanced by gender(50% male, 50% female), age(18-35 years), and experience(1-15 years), 19 provide a diverse basis for model evaluation. Experimental results show that our model achieves an F1 score of 0.9306, representing an absolute improvement of over 0.10 compared to the best baseline method. The dynamic feature weighting and fusion capabilities of the Attention mechanism enable a more nuanced and precise aggregation of information from diverse metric categories, leading to more accurate and reliable athlete classification. Meanwhile, we have also proven through experiments that our model is superior to manual grading and more scientific.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorhersage der subjektiven Ermüdung bei Profifußballern: Ein datengestützter Ansatz zur Optimierung der Trainingsvorbereitung auf das Spiel</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097421</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097421</guid>
      <author>Simonelli, C.</author>
      <author>Trecroci, A.</author>
      <author>Formenti, D.</author>
      <author>Rossi, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Simonelli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trecroci, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Formenti, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rossi, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In soccer, predicting players` fatigue experienced immediately before a training session or match can help design training programs and optimize performance. This study aimed to identify the most important predictors of daily and match-day fatigue in six Italian professional soccer teams during a competitive season using a framework of big data analytics. Every morning, the players rated fatigue, sleep quality, muscle soreness, stress, and mood. After each training session or match, the session Rating of Perceived Exertion was obtained and multiplied by duration to calculate the training load (TL). A framework of four machine learning models (Decision Tree classifier, XGBoost classifier, Random Forest Classifier, and Logistic regression) was trained and tested on 30.211 examples (one full season of six teams) to assess their ability to predict the players` match-day fatigue. The machine learning models accurately predicted the players` subjective fatigue (models` range accuracy 70-82%). Specifically, in the prediction of match-day fatigue, stress, and mood of the previous day were the most influential factors. Mediation analysis unveils the relationship between TL of the day before the match and the perception of match-day fatigue, also mediated by mood and muscle soreness. Sport scientists and coaches can apply this framework to simulate the effects of different training programs, thus maximizing players` readiness and mitigating potential drops in performance associated with match-day fatigue in a real-world scenario.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten und Gehirnerschütterungen sind im College-Frauen-Eishockey am häufigsten: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097422</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097422</guid>
      <author>Laaksonen, J.</author>
      <author>Pakarinen, O.</author>
      <author>Vaajala, M.</author>
      <author>Liukkonen, R.</author>
      <author>Kuitunen, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laaksonen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pakarinen, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaajala, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liukkonen, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuitunen, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives 
This review aimed to provide a pooled estimate of injury incidence and epidemiology in women`s ice hockey.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus in August 2024, including only reports published in English. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, and the PRISMA checklist was used. Observational studies reporting injury incidence in women`s ice hockey based on exposure time were included. Reviews, editorials and commentaries were excluded. A random-effects model calculated pooled injury incidences per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs), with separate analyses for games, practices, injury locations and types. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies.

Results
Of 510 records screened, 18 reports conducted in North America were included, with six reports contributing to the analysis. These reports reported a total of 3365 injuries and 719 010 AEs, yielding an overall injury incidence of 5.21 injuries per 1000 AEs. Injury rates were higher during games (10.10 per 1000 AEs) compared with practices (3.11 per 1000 AEs). Lower limb injuries were the most frequent (0.57 per 1000 AEs), while concussions or traumatic brain injuries were the most common injury types (0.54 per 1000 AEs).

Conclusion 
The overall injury incidence in collegiate-level women`s ice hockey is considerable, with lower limb injuries being the most common injury location and concussions the most frequent injury type. This review establishes a baseline for injury patterns in women`s collegiate ice hockey prior to the potential legalisation of body checking in all levels of women`s ice hockey, offering valuable insights for future research and the development of targeted injury prevention strategies.

PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024590497]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine vergleichende Analyse des Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (SMHAT-1) bei olympischen und paralympischen Athleten im Kinder- und Erwachsenenalter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097423</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097423</guid>
      <author>Triplett, A. N.</author>
      <author>Anderson, T.</author>
      <author>Post, E. G.</author>
      <author>Bartley, J.</author>
      <author>Shilt, J. S.</author>
      <author>Dugan, E. L.</author>
      <author>Donaldson, A.</author>
      <author>Finnoff, J.</author>
      <author>Adams, W. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>psychischer Prozess</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Triplett, A. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anderson, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Post, E. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartley, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shilt, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dugan, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donaldson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Finnoff, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adams, W. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective 
To determine if paediatric athletes exhibit differences in positive screenings on the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (SMHAT-1) compared with adults.

Methods 
Team USA Olympic and Paralympic paediatric athletes =21 years (n=589; 58.8% female; age=19.5±1.7 years) completed the SMHAT-1 between January 2021 and September 2024. A comparative sample of Team USA adult athletes (n=493, 54.2% female; age=27.3±4.9 years) matched for sex and sport was randomly sampled, and the percentage of athletes with a positive screening on each questionnaire was calculated. ?2 analysis compared the proportion of positive screenings between paediatric and adult samples. Piecewise linear regression assessed the association between age and total questionnaire scores.

Results 
The proportion of positive screenings was lower for paediatric athletes for the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption (AUDIT-C) (x2(1)=21.2, p<0.001) and Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) (x2(1)=4.47, p=0.034). Increasing age of paediatric athletes was associated with higher AUDIT-C (ß=0.41, p<0.001) and APSQ scores (ß=0.35, p<0.001); however, a negative deviation was observed in AUDIT-C (ß=-0.44, p<0.001) and APSQ scores (ß=-0.38, p=0.002) among adults. Further, increasing age of paediatric athletes was associated with increased General Anxiety Disorder-7 (ß=0.14, p=0.045) and ASSQ (ß=0.12, p=0.029) scores; however, there was no significant deviation from this age trend in adults for either score (p>0.05).

Conclusion 
Paediatric athletes produce a similar proportion of positive screenings to adults on subcomponents of the SMHAT-1, but they show a lower proportion of positive screenings for alcohol misuse and psychological strain. The changes in SMHAT-1 subcomponent scores among paediatric athletes warrant continued exploration to determine how the interaction of psychosocial development and elite sport may impact mental health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Konzept der "Spielbelastung" im Profifußball: Komplexitäten und Überlegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097424</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097424</guid>
      <author>Dixon, B.</author>
      <author>Alexander, J.</author>
      <author>Harper, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dixon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alexander, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harper, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The differentiation between training load and match load is an important consideration in applied practice, with the match load construct being used in athlete monitoring to inform training prescription and return to play decision-making post-rehabilitation. The term `match load` lacks a clear definition, and its complexity requires greater recognition. We propose a practical, conceptual framework for match load and influential contextual factors to consider within professional football that may impact a player`s match load. The aim of the article is to provide practitioners with definitions of match load categories and to guide future research that may help enhance the measurement and management of load to inform training and rehabilitation processes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rückkehr zum Klettern nach einer Verletzung des Bewegungsapparats: Ein Protokoll für ein Scoping-Review zu Rehabilitationsinhalten, Ergebnismaßen und Kriterien für die Rückkehr zum Sport bei Kletterern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097425</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097425</guid>
      <author>Ehiogu, U.</author>
      <author>Wells, G.</author>
      <author>Jones, G.</author>
      <author>Buckthorpe, M.</author>
      <author>Patterson, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ehiogu, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wells, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buckthorpe, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patterson, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Climbing is an Olympic sport featuring three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. The injury burden associated with climbing has been well documented. However, the content of rehabilitation programmes, the outcome measures and the return-to-sport (RTS) criteria after injury are sparse. This review will map the content of rehabilitation programmes, examine outcome measures to inform rehabilitation and RTS using a COSMIN-aligned approach, and identify objective and subjective criteria used for return to climbing after musculoskeletal injury (MSKI). The methodological framework of Arksey and O`Malley will be applied for this scoping review. A systematic review of four online databases and a manual search of reference lists of identified articles will be used to identify relevant papers. Given the limited empirical literature on this topic, both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources written in English will be used. Sources reporting rehabilitation, recovery, outcome measures in injured and uninjured climbers and RTS/return to climbing criteria after MSKI will be included. All climbers (elite, professional and/or recreational) of any age and sex will be included. Statistical analysis of agreement between reviewers at each stage of the review will be undertaken. This review will inform future research on the rehabilitation content after MSKI. It will also aid in designing sports-specific testing batteries and in return-to-climbing decision-making criteria. The result of this review will be relevant to clinicians, performance staff and researchers and will be disseminated through publications and presentations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer sicheren, standardisierten und interoperablen Überwachungsplattform für Daten zu wettkampfbedingten Verletzungen und Erkrankungen im Rahmen der UCI-Weltmeisterschaft im Straßenradrennen der Männer und Frauen: ein Studienprotokoll</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097426</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097426</guid>
      <author>Fallon, T.</author>
      <author>Decorte, R.</author>
      <author>Verstockt, S.</author>
      <author>Palmer, D.</author>
      <author>Bigard, X.</author>
      <author>Heron, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fallon, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Decorte, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verstockt, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Palmer, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bigard, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heron, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background 
Professional road cycling is associated with a high incidence of traumatic injuries. Despite these risks, current injury data-collection methods lack consistency and standardisation, thereby limiting meaningful surveillance and prevention efforts.

Aim 
To describe the development of a secure, centralised injury surveillance system for elite cycling that enables standardised data collection, contextual integration and long-term injury tracking while ensuring compliance with ethical and data protection standards.

Methods 
The system integrates an incident-activated Qualtrics-based injury reporting platform (hosted at Queen`s University Belfast) used by team medical staff and accessed via (or) within a secure, access-controlled server infrastructure hosted at IDLab, Ghent University. The database is protected by role-based authentication, encrypted data transmission and application programming interface-based access controls. Race footage and contextual data (eg, weather including ambient temperature, terrain) will be linked to medical reports to improve understanding of injury mechanisms.

Ethics and governance 
The system is designed to comply with the General Data Protection Regulation. Data pseudonymisation, consent protocols and ethics are built into the design. All access is logged, monitored and restricted to authorised users only.

Expected outcomes 
The project is expected to improve the quality and completeness of injury data in professional road cycling, facilitate epidemiological research, inform the development and evaluation of injury prevention strategies and support international policy development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungs- und Gesundheitsregister im deutschen Profifußball - Grundlage für Zusammenarbeit und Verbesserungen im medizinischen Mannschaftsservice</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097557</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097557</guid>
      <author>Szymski, D.</author>
      <author>Huber, L.</author>
      <author>Weber, J.</author>
      <author>Brunner, M.</author>
      <author>Memmel, C.</author>
      <author>Alt, V.</author>
      <author>Krutsch, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenerfassung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Szymski, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huber, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunner, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Memmel, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alt, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krutsch, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Injury and health registries have become essential tools in all disciplines of sports medicine, particularly in professional football, where player health, availability, and performance are closely linked. These registries serve as a foundation for understanding injury patterns, identifying risk factors, and guiding evidence-based prevention strategies. Drawing from established models such as the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) Injury Surveillance Program, OSTRC (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center) Health Monitoring programme in Norway and the UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) Injury Study, registries allow for large-scale epidemiological analysis and foster collaboration among medical professionals.

In Germany, various registry initiatives have emerged in recent years, including media-based surveillance systems, sport-specific injury databases, and a dedicated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) registry. These have yielded valuable insights into injury burden, return-to-play timelines, and long-term career impacts, especially in high-risk populations such as amateur athletes.

The newly introduced `Bundesliga Registry` in Germany`s top professional leagues represents a significant step forward, offering real-time, physician-led data collection and fostering interdisciplinary discussion on injury management. Beyond data analysis, these registries serve as a platform for shared learning and the development of medical guidelines tailored to football-specific challenges. By directly involving team doctors and physiotherapists in the review processes, registry systems help ensure that medical strategies remain both practical and collaborative.

As the landscape of football medicine continues to evolve, injury and health registries will play an increasingly central role in optimizing player care, enhancing prevention, and ultimately supporting the long-term sustainability of the sport. Purpose of this narrative review is therefore to summarize advantages of registers in sports but also to discuss its limitations. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sportmotorische Leistungstests und ihr prognostischer Wert im Jugendalter - ein Studienprotokoll</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097560</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097560</guid>
      <author>Welsch, G.</author>
      <author>Keller, M.</author>
      <author>Kurz, E.</author>
      <author>Belau, H. M.</author>
      <author>Iken, P.</author>
      <author>Lahmann-Lammert, L.</author>
      <author>Schultz, L.</author>
      <author>Lewandowsky, G. C.</author>
      <author>Glismann, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Welsch, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Keller, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kurz, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Belau, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iken, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lahmann-Lammert, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schultz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lewandowsky, G. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Glismann, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Objectives: The study aims to identify modifiable risk factors for injuries and overuse complaints in youth athletes by applying a structured physical performance test battery. The goal is to support the development of sport-specific prevention strategies.

Methods: This is a prospective, multi-cohort study involving youth athletes aged 11-17 years across four sports: soccer, field hockey, tennis, and golf. The test battery evaluates, mobility, balance, motor control, core stability, jump performance, strength and endurance. Injuries are recorded quarterly over two years using standardized questionnaires, with additional functional and subjective scales assessed at baseline and during follow-up. Test selection was based on clinical relevance, feasibility, and minimal equipment requirements. A standardized examiner training and SOP ensured reproducibility.

Key Results: As of July 2025, 644 athletes have completed baseline testing, including 285 soccer players, 263 hockey players, 58 tennis players, and 38 golfers. Retesting has been conducted on 177 participants. Data analysis will investigate correlations between test results, injury occurrence, and individual parameters such as peak height velocity, activity level, and limb dominance.

Conclusion: The study addresses a research gap in injury prevention for youth athletes. The simple, time-efficient, and widely applicable test battery may enable early identification of injury risks and support the development of long-term, evidence-based prevention strategies in youth sports. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kernspinresonanz-Therapie als Bestandteil einer Kombinationstherapie im Profifußball - Einjahresergebnisse, eine Fallserie</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005732.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 10:37:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097565</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097565</guid>
      <author>Schreiner, A. J.</author>
      <author>Mulholland, K.</author>
      <author>Evans, R.</author>
      <author>Welsch, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schreiner, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mulholland, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Evans, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Welsch, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Summary

Objectives: To assess the feasibility, safety, and preliminary subjective and clinical benefit of integrating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Therapy (NMRT; MBST®) into a multimodal treatment and rehabilitation protocol in musculoskeletal injuries in elite-level football players.
Methods: A retrospective extended case series was conducted at Hamburger Sport-Verein (HSV) during the 2024-25 season. Thirteen male first-team footballers (aged19-29) sustaining various acute/chronic muscle, tendon, ligament, and bone injuries were treated in addition to standard-of-care rehabilitation (combination therapy) with daily 60-minute NMRT sessions (7-10 x). Subjective and overall clinical results, re-injury occurrence, safety profile and adverse events were collected over 12months. Injury prevalence and incidence in elite European football were contextualized using established data sources.
Key Results: In the HSV case series, all 13 players achieved timely and sustained return to full training and matches, with zero re-injuries and no reported side effects. NMRT was well tolerated and easily integrated into existing physiotherapy and recovery routines.
Conclusions: Combination therapy is the cornerstone of treating elite athletes, who require a multifaceted approach to treatment that addresses their unique needs and ensures they receive the best possible care. Combining NMRT with standard multimodal therapy appears to be a safe, well-accepted, and potentially effective adjunct in sustainable rehabilitation of typical elite football injuries. While promising in this single-club case reports, controlled trials are essential to quantify NMRT`s additive benefit and establish standardized treatment protocols in sports medicine. Autorreferat]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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