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    <title>Results for Ma, S.</title>
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    <item>
      <title>A246: Epidemiologische Merkmale von Verletzungen bei chinesischen Ruderern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098096</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098096</guid>
      <author>Ma, H.</author>
      <author>Deng, Y.</author>
      <author>Mu, Z.</author>
      <author>Zhou, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adoleszenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deng, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To develop a prevention program for rowing-related injuries, it is crucial to study the epidemiological characteristics of injury among Chinese rowing athletes. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and incidence of injuries among Chinese rowing athletes aged 12-24. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 207 rowing athletes using a rowing-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire survey asked for basic parameters, including sex, age, height, weight, rowing experience, training hours per day, training days per week, warm-up, and injuries associated with rowing over the past year. Injury rates per 1000 training hours and per 1000 training sessions were calculated. A total of 131 injuries were reported. The overall injury was 38.2% (male: 31.3%, female: 55.0%). The lower back was the most commonly injured site, accounting for 39.7%, followed by the knee (20.6%) and the shoulder (9.9%). Injury rate per 1000 training hours and per 1000 training sessions were 0.46 (95% CI: 0.38-0.54) and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.79-2.53), respectively. Among male rowing athletes, the injury rate per 1,000 hours was 0.35 injuries (95% CI: 0.239-0.461) for the =18 years group and 0.41 cases (95% CI: 0.26-0.55) for the >18 years group. The injury rate per 1,000 sessions was 1.43 injuries (95% CI: 0.98-1.89) for the =18 years group and 2.48 injuries (95% CI: 1.61-3.35) for the >18 years group. Among female rowing athletes, the injury rate per 1,000 hours was 0.42 injuries (95% CI: 0.28-0.57) for the =18 years group and 1.37 injuries (95% CI: 0.87-1.86) for the >18 years group. The injury rate per 1,000 sessions was 1.83 injuries (95% CI: 1.20-2.45) for the =18 years group and 7.85 injuries (95% CI: 4.99-10.70) for the >18 years group. Conclusions/Discussion: Among Chinese rowing athletes, lower back injuries were the most common, followed by knee injuries. Female athletes, especially those over 18 years old, were more susceptible to rowing-related injuries. As a retrospective study, it relies on the accuracy of the information provided by the athletes, which introduces a source of recall bias; furthermore, the smaller sample size of females over 18 years of age may lead to an overestimation of injury incidence. Future research should conduct prospective studies, controlling the sample size to ensure that the number of participants in each group is approximately equal. These findings have the potential to help precisely target the most at-risk sites and the athletes most vulnerable to injury.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des Führungsverhaltens von Trainern auf das prosoziale Verhalten von Sportlern: Die vermittelnde Rolle von Zielorientierung und moralischer Distanzierung im Sport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098116</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098116</guid>
      <author>Bu, X.</author>
      <author>Huang, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, S.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Kang, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Moral</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainer-Sportler-Beziehung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Führungsverhalten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Zielorientierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To investigate the impact of coach leadership behavior on athletes` prosocial behavior in sports, as well as the mediating role of goal orientation and moral disengagement in it, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 1239 athletes. The results showed that democratic leadership behavior has significant positive and negative effects on athletes` prosocial behavior and antisocial behavior in sports, respectively; Authoritarian leadership behavior has significant negative and positive impact on athletes` prosocial behavior and anti social behavior in sports, respectively; Both democratic leadership behavior and authoritarian leadership behavior can have a significant indirect impact on prosocial behavior and antisocial behavior in sports through the mediating effect of goal orientation and moral disengagement. Specific mediating paths include independent mediating paths of self-orientation, task orientation, and moral disengagement in sports, and chain mediating paths of self-orientation and moral disengagement in sports. In the future, coaches can enhance democratic leadership, reduce authoritarian leadership behavior, adjust athletes` goal orientations, and lower moral disengagement levels, thereby suppressing antisocial behavior and promoting prosocial behavior in sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Statistische parametrische Kartierungsanalyse der Unterschiede in der Koordination und Variabilität der Gelenke der oberen Extremitäten während der Abwärtsphase des Golfschwungs</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098138</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098138</guid>
      <author>Xiao, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhang, T.</author>
      <author>Huang, R.</author>
      <author>Ma, Y.</author>
      <author>Zheng, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftakt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:

The aim of this study was to use statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to investigate differences in upper-body joint coordination and variability between golfers with low and high handicaps during the downswing phase.

Methods:

Fourteen right-handed male golfers each from the low and high handicap groups were recruited. Kinematic data were collected by Vicon 3D motion capture system. Visual3D software calculated joint angles and angular velocities. Customized Matlab scripts computed joint coordination and variability curves. SPM-based independent samples t-tests analyzed differences in upper limb joint coordination and variability during the downswing phase between groups.

Results:

In joint coordination, the low and high handicap groups differed in two couplings. In the left elbow (sagittal plane)-left wrist (sagittal plane) coupling, the low handicap group exhibited left elbow dominance, whereas the high handicap group showed left wrist dominance (p < 0.001). In the left shoulder joint (frontal plane)-left wrist joint (frontal plane) coupling, the low handicap group exhibited left shoulder dominance, whereas the high handicap group showed left wrist dominance (p < 0.001). Both findings remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. A between-group difference in coordination variability was observed only at the uncorrected level and did not remain significant after Bonferroni correction.

Conclusions:

(1) Regarding joint coordination, the high handicap group exhibited earlier wrist engagement in the early downswing and a more pronounced tendency toward inverse motion between adjacent joints. (2) Regarding coordination variability, the high handicap group showed lower variability in elbow-wrist joint coupling during a brief interval at the end of the downswing. However, as this result was no longer significant after Bonferroni correction, it should be interpreted cautiously as a preliminary finding.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des einseitigen Trainings auf die schnelle Kraftentwicklung bei Sportlern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097757</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097757</guid>
      <author>Zhuang, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Ma, L.</author>
      <author>Han, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>unilateral</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhuang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Han, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Unilateral training has been increasingly applied in athletic conditioning; however, its effects on rate of force development (RFD) remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of unilateral training on RFD in athletes.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted across major electronic databases to identify studies examining the effects of unilateral training on RFD. Eligible studies were included based on predefined criteria, and a meta-analysis was performed to quantify the overall effects.

Results:
The findings indicated that unilateral training produced significant improvements in RFD among athletes, although the magnitude of effects varied depending on training protocols and participant characteristics

Discussion:
Unilateral training appears to be an effective strategy for enhancing RFD in athletes. These findings provide practical implications for strength and conditioning programs, while highlighting the need for further research to clarify optimal training parameters.

Systematic Review Registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD420251030088.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der akuten Auswirkungen von Krafttraining, plyometrischem Training und komplexem Training auf die postaktivierende Leistungssteigerung bei Spitzenschwimmern: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097433</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097433</guid>
      <author>Ma, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, C.</author>
      <author>Gao, T.</author>
      <author>Zhao, Z.</author>
      <author>Zheng, X.</author>
      <author>Liao, T.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y. T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liao, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y. T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:

Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is an emerging strategy for optimizing pre-competition warm-up in elite swimming. However, substantial heterogeneity exists across studies due to inconsistent load standardization methodologies.

Objective:

This randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the acute effects of three PAPE training modalities, heavy resistance training (HRT), plyometric training (PLY), and complex training (COM), on swim start performance and lower body power in elite swimmers, utilizing session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) for load equalization.

Methods:

Forty-seven first-class swimmers (mean age 21.21 ± 0.69 years; training experience 8.08 ± 0.91 years) were randomly allocated to control (n = 11), heavy resistance training (n = 11), plyometric training (n = 12), or complex training (n = 13) groups. All interventions were standardized to achieve equivalent session rating of perceived exertion-time load (sRPE-TL) of 70-80 arbitrary units. The primary outcome was 15-m swim start time (T15m). Secondary outcomes included force platform variables (peak horizontal force, average propulsive force, propulsive impulse, take-off velocity) and land-based power measures (countermovement jump height and peak power). Performance assessments were conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 min post-intervention across four separate testing sessions. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen`s d for within-group pre-post comparisons.

Results:

Mixed-model ANOVA revealed significant group × time interactions for T15m (F (3,43) = 2.339, P = 0.024, n2p = 0.14), peak horizontal force (F (3,43) = 19.407, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.58), average propulsive force (F (3,43) = 7.005, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.33), propulsive impulse (F (3,43) = 21.777, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.60), take-off velocity (F (3,43) = 23.148, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.62), CMJ height (F (3,43) = 2.884, P = 0.032, n2p = 0.17), and peak power (F (3,43) = 10.188, P < 0.001, n2p = 0.42). COM induced the largest improvements compared to CON, with T15m decresing by 3.00% (ES = 1.79, P < 0.001), peak horizontal force increasing by 5.14% (ES = 4.95, P < 0.001), average propulsive force by 8.48% (ES = 1.71, P < 0.001), propulsive impulse by 8.57% (ES = 3.46, P < 0.001), and take-off velocity by 6.41% (ES = 3.06, P < 0.001). Distinct temporal profiles emerged: PLY peaked at 6 min, HRT sustained effects through 12 min, while COM demonstrated optimal windows at 9-12 min sRPE-TL standardization successfully eliminated between-group load variability (CV < 8%, F (2,33) = 1.23, P = 0.297).

Conclusion:

Under sRPE-TL-standardized conditions, complex training elicited greater PAPE responses, with distinct optimal time windows among modalities (PLY: 6 min; HRT: 12 min; COM: 9-12 min), supporting individualized pre-race warm-up programming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Automatische Schätzung des Ballbesitzes im Fußball durch verbesserte YOLOv8-Erkennung und DBSCAN-basierte Teamklassifizierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097052</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097052</guid>
      <author>Guo, R.</author>
      <author>Zeng, Y.</author>
      <author>Deng, R.</author>
      <author>Lei, Y.</author>
      <author>Che, Y.</author>
      <author>Yu, L.</author>
      <author>Zhang, J.</author>
      <author>Xu, X.</author>
      <author>Ma, Z.</author>
      <author>Zhang, J.</author>
      <author>Yang, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ballbesitz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>deep learning</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Guo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zeng, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deng, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lei, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Che, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Recent developments in computer vision have significantly enhanced the automation and objectivity of sports analytics. This paper proposes a novel deep learning-based framework for estimating football possession directly from broadcast video, eliminating the reliance on manual annotations or event-based data that are often labor-intensive, subjective, and temporally coarse. The framework incorporates two structurally improved object detection models: YOLOv8-P2S3A for football detection and YOLOv8-HWD3A for player detection. These models demonstrate superior accuracy compared to baseline detectors, achieving 79.4% and 71.1% validation average precision, respectively, while maintaining low computational latency. Team identification is accomplished through unsupervised DBSCAN clustering on jersey color features, enabling robust and label-free team assignment across diverse match scenarios. Object trajectories are maintained via the Norfair multi-object tracking algorithm, and a temporally aware refinement module ensures accurate estimation of ball possession durations. Extensive experiments were conducted on a dataset comprising 20 full-match Video clips. The proposed system achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.87 in possession estimation, outperforming all evaluated baselines, including YOLOv10n (RMSE: 5.12) and YOLOv11 (RMSE: 5.17), with a substantial improvement over YOLOv6n (RMSE: 12.73). These results substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in enhancing the precision, efficiency, and automation of football analytics, offering practical value for coaches, analysts, and sports scientists in professional settings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kalman-basierte gemeinsame Analyse von IMU- und Plantardruckdaten während des Eisschnelllauf-Slideboard-Trainings</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097026</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097026</guid>
      <author>Wang, H.</author>
      <author>Zong, L.</author>
      <author>Ma, G.</author>
      <author>Zong, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Plantardruck</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zong, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zong, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Efficient monitoring of lower-limb coordination is important for understanding movement characteristics during off-ice speed-skating training. This study aimed to develop an analytical framework to characterize the kinematic-kinetic coupling of the lower limbs during slideboard skating tasks using wearable sensors. Eight national-level junior speed skaters performed standardized simulated skating movements on a slideboard while wearing sixteen six-axis inertial measurement units (IMUs) and Pedar-X in-shoe plantar-pressure insoles. Joint-angle trajectories and plantar-pressure signals were temporally synchronized and preprocessed using a Kalman-based multimodal state-estimation approach. Third-order polynomial regression models were applied to examine the nonlinear relationships between hip-knee joint angles and plantar loading across four distinct movement phases. The results demonstrated consistent coupling patterns between angular displacement and peak plantar pressure across phases (R2 = 0.72-0.84, p < 0.01), indicating coordinated behavior between joint kinematics and plantar kinetics during simulated skating movements. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a Kalman-based joint analysis framework for fine-grained assessment of lower-limb coordination in slideboard speed-skating training and provide a methodological basis for future investigations using wearable sensor systems.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Validität und Zuverlässigkeit der Kraftmessplatten und des linearen Positionsgebers bei der Messung der Countermovementtiefe und -geschwindigkeit während des Countermovement-Sprungs</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096998</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096998</guid>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Ma, W.</author>
      <author>Zhang, L.</author>
      <author>Zhu, W.</author>
      <author>Xie, Q.</author>
      <author>Sun, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kraftplattform</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xie, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Countermovement jump (CMJ) is a key test for evaluating lower-limb neuromuscular function, and accurate measurement of countermovement depth (CMD) and countermovement velocity (CMV) is critical for determining optimal performance. However, the measurement validity and reliability of CMD and CMV—particularly when obtained from force plates (FP) and linear position transducers (LPT)—have remained uncertain. This study determined the validity and reliability of FP and LPT for measuring CMD and CMV. Twenty-eight male recreational athletes performed the CMJ test, and the variables were synchronously acquired by Motion Capture (MC), FP, and LPT. The test was divided into two sessions, with participants completing three maximal effort CMJs per session, and the second session occurred more than 48 h after the first. The reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the validity was evaluated with linear Pearson`s correlation coefficient (r), one-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and Bland-Altman plots. The reliability results for FP and LPT indicated good to excellent (ICC = 0.809-0.900). Compared with MC, the FP showed a high to very high correlation (r = 0.894-0.937), and the LPT showed a high correlation (r = 0.721-0.726). When precise quantification of CMD/CMV is required, FP should be preferred. If only an LPT is available, it is best used for within-athlete longitudinal monitoring with a consistent setup, and cross-device comparisons should be avoided.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine Studie zur Griffkraft von Skihandschuhen mit Merkmalsdatenfusion auf Basis von GWO-BPNN-Deep-Learning</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097008</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097008</guid>
      <author>Ma, X.</author>
      <author>Gao, X.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Gao, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griffkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Griff</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>deep learning</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Handschuh</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>neuronale Netze</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To investigate the characteristic pressure distribution patterns when gripping ski poles during skiing, this study addresses the challenges of measuring grip force on the complex curved surfaces of ski poles. A dataset of experimental samples was established, and grip force data were extracted using deep neural network (DNN) training. To reduce errors caused by dynamic force distribution and domain shifts due to varying hand postures, a hybrid method combining deep neural networks with the bio-inspired Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm was proposed. This approach enables the fusion of hand-related feature data, facilitating the development of a high-precision grip force prediction model for skiing. A multi-point flexible array sensor was selected to detect force at key contact points. Through system calibration, grip force data were collected and used to construct a comprehensive database. A backpropagation (BP) neural network was then developed to process the sensor data at these characteristic points using deep learning techniques. The data fusion model was trained and further optimized through the GWO-BPNN (Gray Wolf Optimizer-backpropagation neural network) algorithm, which focuses on correcting and classifying force data based on dominant force-bearing units. Experimental results show that the optimized model achieves a relative error of less than 2% compared to calibration experiments, significantly improving the accuracy of flexible sensor applications. This model has been successfully applied to the development of intelligent skiing gloves, offering a scientific foundation for performance guidance and evaluation in skiing sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kausale Wirkungsanalyse der Serviceleistung unter Verwendung von doppeltem maschinellem Lernen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096607</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096607</guid>
      <author>Ma, J.</author>
      <author>Zou, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftakt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zou, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Serving performance is widely recognized as a critical factor influencing match outcomes in professional tennis. To evaluate its contribution to winning probability, this study analyzes ATP men`s singles matches (2013-2024) and estimates the causal effects of four serve-related indicators: ace rate, first serve win rate, first serve in rate, and double fault rate.Results indicate that the ace rate shows a modest positive causal association rather than a uniformly negative one, while first serve win rate and first serve in rate exhibit context-dependent but statistically small impacts, and the double fault rate effects remain limited.These effects, although moderate in magnitude, remain statistically robust across multiple model specifications.The findings highlight the importance of adapting serve strategies across surfaces, ranking groups, and tournament levels.This study focuses exclusively on ATP men`s singles data, and future research should validate these causal relationships in WTA and mixed competitions to enhance generalizability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des TRX-Suspensionstrainings im Vergleich zum traditionellen Gleichgewichtstraining auf die Gleichgewichtsleistung bei Elite-Surfern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096513</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096513</guid>
      <author>Wang, Z.</author>
      <author>Ma, Y.</author>
      <author>Huang, Q.</author>
      <author>Guo, Z.</author>
      <author>Jia, M.</author>
      <author>Zheng, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Surfen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jia, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
Traditional balance training (TB) may have certain limitations in replicating surfing`s unstable conditions, which may somewhat restrict its sport-specific efficacy. Total Resistance Exercise (TRX) suspension training uses controllable instability to better enhance key balance abilities. This study compared TRX and TB effects on static, dynamic, and surfing-specific balance in elite surfers, and explored correlations between these dimensions to inform targeted training.

Methods
32 surfers from the current Chinese National Surfing Team were randomized to TRX or TB groups (n = 16 each). Both groups completed 30-minute training sessions ×3/week for 8 weeks. Static balance (eyes-closed single-leg stand), dynamic balance (Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), Linear travel deviation test), and surfing-specific balance (Indo board lateral squat) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Pearson correlations examined relationships between balance dimensions.

Results
(1) Both methods improved static balance (p < 0.01), but TRX group exhibited greater improvements (p < 0.001). (2) Dynamic balance improved significantly in both groups (p < 0.01), but TRX outperformed TB (SEBT: p = 0.034 for left leg, p = 0.043 for right leg; Linear travel deviation: p = 0.000). (3) Surfing-specific balance improved significantly in both groups (p < 0.01), with TRX superior to TB (p < 0.01); (4) Surfing-specific balance changes correlated significantly with static balance (moderate positive: r = + 0.487 for left leg, r = + 0.457 for right leg), multidirectional dynamic balance (weak positive: r = + 0.395 for left leg, r = + 0.363 for right leg), and directional control (moderate negative: r=-0.515).

Conclusion
TRX suspension training is more effective than TB in enhancing static, dynamic, and surfing-specific balance in elite surfers. Thus, TRX suspension training can serve as a preferred sport-specific training method for improving balance ability in elite surfers, providing practical support for them to cope with complex wave conditions in competitions and enhance competitive performance. TRX suspension training can be integrated into elite surfers` programs, aiding injury prevention and competitive performance optimization. Correlations support a hierarchical model where static balance provides a foundation, dynamic balance enables adaptation, and directional control reflects surfing`s uniqueness—findings that inform scientific design of surfing-specific training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Antioxidantien auf trainingsbedingten oxidativen Stress und Muskelschäden bei Sportlern: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096498</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096498</guid>
      <author>Chen, J.</author>
      <author>Ding, J.</author>
      <author>Han C.</author>
      <author>Liu, Q.</author>
      <author>Wang, L.</author>
      <author>Ma, W.</author>
      <author>Liang, Z.</author>
      <author>Li, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antioxidans</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>oxidativer Stress</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ding, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Han C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage are key factors affecting athletes` performance and recovery. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effects of different antioxidants on post-exercise muscle damage and oxidative stress in athletes, providing evidence-based support for the development of effective exercise nutrition strategies.

Methods
This meta-analysis strictly followed the PRISMA guidelines. It systematically retrieved the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of antioxidants on post-exercise muscle damage and oxidative stress in athletes. Primary outcomes encompassed total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and lactate (LA). Secondary outcomes were interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK), and nitrates (NOx). Effect sizes were combined via standardized mean difference (SMD). Heterogeneity tests, sensitivity analyses, and subgroup analyses were performed, as well as publication bias evaluations.

Results
Twenty-six RCTs involving 505 athletes were incorporated. The overall analysis indicated that antioxidant supplementation significantly decreased post-exercise LA (SMD: -1.25; 95% CI: -2.06, -0.43; I²=81.7%, p < 0.001) and CK (SMD: -1.88; 95% CI: -2.98, -0.78; I²=86.2%, p < 0.001) levels in athletes. However, the overall effects for TAS, TBARS, SOD, GPx, NOx, IL-6, and MDA exhibited no statistical significance. All outcomes, whether showing significant or nonsignificant effects, demonstrated varying degrees of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses revealed that region, sex distribution, study type, and athletes` professional level were important sources of heterogeneity for indicators like LA and SOD. Funnel plot analysis for publication bias revealed no significant asymmetry. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of major results.

Conclusions
The current study suggests that antioxidant supplementation can effectively reduce post-exercise LA and CK levels in athletes. This reduction may help promote fatigue recovery and alleviate muscle damage. However, the overall effects of antioxidant supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and other oxidative stress are unclear and are modulated by factors such as region, sex, professional level, and study design. Future research should concentrate on individual differences and more refined intervention regimens to optimize antioxidant use in exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss technischer Leistungsindikatoren auf die Ergebnisse der chinesischen Fußball-Superliga in verschiedenen Phasen der Saison - basierend auf Daten aus den Spielzeiten 2010-2019</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096438</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4096438</guid>
      <author>Ma, X.</author>
      <author>Li, X.</author>
      <author>Quan, T.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <author>Liu, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>KPI</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>data mining</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Regressionsanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quan, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study explored the different influences of technical indicators on match results in different stages of football league play. Sample data from 2400 Chinese Super League matches during 2010-2019 were divided into three season stages according to round sequence: the early stage (1-10 rounds), the middle stage (11-20 rounds), and the late stage (21-30 rounds). A two-way, fixed-effect ordered logit model was then constructed and used, together with Fisher`s combination test, to compare regression results. The study results showed that: (1) when controlling for other variables, as the league progresses, an increase in goals will gradually increase the possibility of better match results, and this increase shows significant differences between the early and late stages (p < 0.05). The possibility of better match results by an extra goal is 0.075 times higher in the late stage than the early stage. (2) While maintaining all control variables, as the season progresses, the increase in red card penalties will gradually multiply the probability of worse match outcomes, and this increase is also significantly different between the early and middle stages and between the early and late stages (p < 0.05). The possibility of worse match outcomes due to the presence of an extra red card is 0.377 times higher in the middle stage and 0.476 times higher in the late stage than the early stage.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse von Elitefußballspielern aus der Perspektive des "Squad-League Networks": Eine Fallstudie der FIFA-Weltmeisterschaften von 1950 bis 2022</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095932</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095932</guid>
      <author>Yang, C.</author>
      <author>Ma, R.</author>
      <author>Exel, J.</author>
      <author>Pyta, W.</author>
      <author>Lames, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>national</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Exel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyta, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lames, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study introduces the "Squad-League Networks" (SLN) methodology to explore the globalization of elite football player mobility between national teams and domestic leagues from 1950 to 2022. By constructing longitudinal networks based on FIFA World Cup data, the research aims to uncover global trends and structural patterns in player movements, with a particular focus on recent decades. The dataset includes elite players who participated in each World Cup tournament, capturing their affiliations with both squads and leagues. The analysis reveals a growing trend of globalization, with player flows increasingly extending beyond traditional North-South routes to more diverse and multidirectional pathways. Notably, a Matthew effect emerges: leagues with higher initial attractiveness continue to draw more elite players, leading to concentrated mobility and reinforcing existing hierarchies. These findings highlight the dynamic and uneven nature of global football labour markets. The study offers new insights for sports managers and policymakers, suggesting that understanding these mobility patterns can help strengthen the competitiveness of domestic leagues and guide policy responses to the challenges and opportunities posed by globalization in football. By integrating network analysis with historical data, the SLN approach provides a novel lens for examining long-term transformations in elite player distribution worldwide.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Trainingsprogrammen auf die Leistung gesunder Badmintonspieler: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095838</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095838</guid>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Xue, W.</author>
      <author>Soh, K. G.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <author>Xu, F.</author>
      <author>Sun, M.</author>
      <author>li, J.</author>
      <author>Shi, X.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xue, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soh, K. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>li, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shi, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Research background
Despite the abundance of common physical training programs designed for healthy badminton players, there is a significant gap in comprehensive studies evaluating their impact on player performance.

Research purpose
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of common physical training programs on performance outcomes of healthy badminton players.

Method
To address this gap, a meticulous search was conducted across several databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost, up until January 2024, leading to the selection of relevant articles for a systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis using Review Manager (version 6) software.

Result
The review incorporated 370 participants from 15 studies, with 12 studies qualifying for the meta-analysis. These studies commonly implemented exercise interventions ranging from 4 to 10 weeks, with participants undergoing 2 to 3 sessions weekly. The meta-analysis results showed that VO2max data indicated significantly improved performance in the experimental group (EG) (SMDb = 1.27; P = 0.0001; I2 = 0.0%) with low heterogeneity. Agility data also demonstrated significantly improved performance in the EG (SMDb = -0.61; P = 0.01; I2 = 13%) with low heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis of balance performance revealed significant improvements with different physical training programs: balance related training (effect size 5.63, p < 0.001, I2 = 35%), pilates training (effect size 2.25, p < 0.001, I2 = 78%), and core training (effect size 6.82, p < 0.001, I2 = 33%).

Conclusion
This review found that high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training both improve VO2max in badminton players. High-intensity interval training, core training, strength and resistance training, and Pilates all enhance agility. Core training and lower limb resistance training help improve power. Balance training, core training, Pilates, and balance enhancement exercises contribute to better balance. Additionally, balance training improves the reactive strength index, while core training enhances smash performance. The meta-analysis indicates that current studies are more effective than traditional exercises in improving VO2max, agility, and balance. Nonetheless, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to more accurately identify effective training interventions for improving performance in healthy badminton players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen des plyometrischen Trainings auf die Sprungleistung von Sportlern: eine systematische Überprüfung und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095811</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095811</guid>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Soh, K. G.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <author>Xu, Y.</author>
      <author>Tu, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soh, K. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Jump performance is essential in sports and relies on explosive power. Plyometric training (PT) specifically targets explosive power, while routine training (RT) focuses on general strength or sport-specific skills. Although many studies have shown that PT improves jump performance, few have directly compared PT and RT across different jump types. This study aims to address this gap.

Objective: This study compares the effectiveness of plyometric and regular training on enhancing jump performance in healthy athletes.

Method: Five electronic databases (PubMed, ERIC, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Scopus) were comprehensively searched for relevant studies. Review Manager software was used for statistical analyses. The quality of included studies and risk of bias were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool by two independent reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus. Forest plots and subgroup analyses were conducted for metrics with a sample size of three or more. Heterogeneity was assessed by using the I2 statistic (25% for low, 50% for moderate, and 75% for high). A random-effects model was used for high heterogeneity and a fixed-effects model for low heterogeneity. Estimates were reported with confidence intervals, and significance was set at a = 0.05.

Results: The meta-analysis showed that plyometric training significantly improved counter movement jump performance compared to routine training (SMD = 1.99, 95% CI [1.50, 2.48], p < 0.001, I2 = 0%). For squat jump, there was no significant difference between the two training methods (SMD = 0.96, 95% CI [-0.10, 2.02], p = 0.07, I2 = 0%). Vertical jump performance also showed no significant difference (SMD = 2.90, 95% CI [-0.50, 6.30], p = 0.09, I2 = 63%). Subgroup analysis of vertical jump performance indicated low heterogeneity for female subjects (I2 = 0%) and high heterogeneity for male subjects (I2 = 71%), primarily due to the inclusion of one outlier study. Excluding this study reduced the heterogeneity to 5% (SMD = 3.20, 95% CI [1.80, 4.60], p < 0.001).

Conclusion: This study shows that plyometric training significantly improves counter movement jump performance compared to routine training. However, there is no significant difference between the two training methods in squat jump and vertical jump performance. This study demonstrates that plyometric training significantly enhances counter movement jump performance, while showing no superior effects on squat jump and vertical jump performance compared with routine training.

Systematic Review Registration: https://www.10.37766/inplasy2024.6.0107.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifizierung von Muskelermüdung in den unteren Gliedmaßen bei Basketballspielern anhand von sEMG-Signalen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095813</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095813</guid>
      <author>Ma, X.</author>
      <author>Chen, S.</author>
      <author>Li, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Muscle fatigue is an inevitable physiological phenomenon during exercise, which not only leads to a decline in athletic performance but also increases the risk of sports injuries. Therefore, effectively identifying an athlete`s muscle fatigue states is of critical importance. This study used the Transformer model to investigate the identification of lower limb muscle fatigue states in basketball players based on surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. The lower limb sEMG signals of 15 basketball players were collected during the experimental process, and the three muscles with higher contribution were selected by combining the muscle synergy analysis method, and then 8 types of feature signals were extracted and fused. The results showed that the Transformer fatigue recognition model based on fused features outperformed the single-feature model in all evaluation metrics. The classification accuracies of the three muscles were 94.28% ± 3.25%, 93.36% ± 3.87% and 94.11% ± 3.28% under the fusion-feature-based condition, respectively. In this paper, LSTM and XGBoost were selected as the comparison models, and the results showed that Transformer significantly outperforms the comparison models in all evaluation metrics, exhibiting stronger robustness and generalization ability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Kühlung des Halses bietet ergogene Vorteile nach Hitzeakklimatisierung während des Trainings in der Hitze</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095757</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095757</guid>
      <author>Zhang, G.</author>
      <author>Xin, G.</author>
      <author>Li, H.</author>
      <author>Ma, P.</author>
      <author>Wang, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hals</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stress</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klima</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thermoregulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kühlung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hitze</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nacken</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xin, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Both heat acclimation and neck cooling have been shown to alleviate heat stress and may help maintain exercise performance in the heat. However, no previous research has been determined their combined effects on thermal perception and physiological responses during exercise in the heat.

Objective: To determine the effects of neck cooling applied before and after heat acclimation on physiological responses, thermal perceptions, and time to exhaustion exercise performance in the heat.

Methods: Fourteen non-heat acclimated men completed a randomized crossover design, involving 10 consecutive days of heat acclimation exercise (HAE) in a controlled heat chamber (35 °C, 30%RH). Participants performed four time-to-exhaustion tests (TTE) with neck cooling (NC) or without (CON) before (Pre-NC and Pre-CON) and after HAE (Post-NC and Post-CON). The TTE test comprised an initial 30 min incremental phase (starting at 50%VO2max, increasing 5% every 5 min) followed by a constant workload phase at 70%VO2max until volitional exhaustion. Temperature from tympanic membrane (Ttym) and neck (Tneck), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal comfort (TC), thermal acceptability (TA), and thermal sensation (TS) were recorded at 5 min interval.

Results: Following 10 days of HAE, participants exhibited a significant increase in local sweat rate (p = 0.002), and reductions in sweat sodium concentration (p = 0.04) and HR (p = 0.02). TTE performance exhibited significant main effects for both cooling (p = 0.003) and HAE (p = 0.002), while the interaction effect approached significance (p = 0.069). Comparing to the Pre-CON trial, the Post-NC had a significantly greater percentage improvement in TTE (17.3% ± 13.5%) than Pre-NC (3.4% ± 9.9%, p = 0.01) and Post-CON (4.9% ± 13.0%, p = 0.03). Moreover, thermal perception measures revealed significant main effects of cooling (TC: p = 0.01; TS: p < 0.001; TA: p = 0.003) and significant interaction effects (TC: p = 0.036; TS: p = 0.004; TA: p = 0.048), with the Post-NC exhibiting significantly improved TC and reduced TS compared to other groups.

Conclusion: Neck cooling provides ergogenic effects in thermal perceptions and extends a greater improvement in time to exhaustion performance when applied after heat acclimation. These findings suggest that individuals should achieve physiological adaptation to the heat before neck cooling is introduced for perceptual or performance benefits.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimentelle Erforschung der künstlichen Intelligenz und der ADAMS-Simulationstechnologie beim Unterrichten des vertikalen Reifenwurfs in der rhythmischen Sportgymnastik</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095519</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095519</guid>
      <author>Ren, Q.</author>
      <author>Ma, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmische Sportgymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Flugphase</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ren, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Currently, rhythmic gymnastics teaching mainly focuses on traditional techniques and cannot break through issues such as blind spots in the coordination training between apparatus and body. In the academic field, research results are still dominated by single aspects such as new rules and event analysis. ADAMS technology can provide an innovative path to solve the above problems in rhythmic gymnastics teaching and scientific research. Based on the analysis of the advantages of ADAMS simulation technology and the theoretical basis for artificial intelligence technology to adapt to educational paradigms, this paper first uses ADAMS software to model the rhythmic gymnastics hoop through steps including model import, material definition, constraint relationship establishment, driving and force application, and simulation setting. It then conducts simulation of the vertical hoop thrown upward at two different angles (30 degrees and 45 degrees) and makes a comparative analysis of the counterclockwise and clockwise rotations of the vertical hoop thrown upward at the same angle. Furthermore, it carries out teaching experiments to explore the practical application of artificial intelligence technology in the teaching of upward throwing of the vertical hoop in rhythmic gymnastics, and draws the following conclusions: (1) The choice of projection angle has a differential impact on movement efficiency: a 30° projection angle is more suitable for basic standardized training due to its stable trajectory and moderate displacement, while a 45° projection angle is more conducive to enhancing artistic expression by virtue of its advantage in air retention. (2) Rotation direction has a significant impact on technical efficiency: clockwise rotation strengthens the spatiotemporal consistency of apparatus throwing and catching, while counterclockwise rotation optimizes the fluency of movement connection. Combined training can meet the requirements for innovative scoring. (3) ADAMS technology significantly improves teaching effectiveness through accurate trajectory prediction and mechanical analysis. Experimental data confirm that it is superior to traditional teaching methods in terms of skill mastery, interest stimulation, and satisfaction. It is suggested that efforts should be made to construct an intelligent teaching closed-loop system based on ADAMS technology and promote a dual-track model of "scientific quantification-artistic expression", which is conducive to the scientific and intelligent development of physical education and art courses in colleges and universities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vierwöchige Hitzeakklimatisierung senkt die Kohlenhydratverbrennung von trainierten Läufern bei submaximaler Belastung in der Hitze</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094587</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094587</guid>
      <author>Xu, Y.</author>
      <author>Ye, C.</author>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Gao, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akklimatisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hitze</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ye, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study examined the effect of 4 weeks of heat acclimation (HA, 39°C = target Tc < 40°C) on aerobic capacity in middle-and-long distance runners, with a focus on metabolic adaptation.

Methods: Eighteen male middle- and long-distance runners were randomized into exercise group (C group, n = 9) or heat acclimation group (HA, n = 9). The runners in the C group performed regular exercise training in a thermoneutral environment (20°C < wet bulb globe temperature =25°C), whereas the runners in the HA group underwent four-week heat acclimation (39°C = target coer temperature <40°C), 5 days a week, once a day, for a total of 20 sessions over 4 weeks.

Results: After 4 weeks of interventions, the core temperature after incremental treadmill test in the HA group (38.2°C ± 0.1°C vs. 38.6°C ± 0.1°C, p = 0.045) was significantly lower than that in the C group. The 4-week HA decreased the 0.4°C core temperature. The VO2 (44.7 ± 1.6 vs. 43 ± 2.9 mL/min/kg, p = 0.008) and velocity (12.9 ± 0.7 vs. 12.4 ± 0.9 km/h, p = 0.02) at the first ventilation threshold and the VO2 (55.9 ± 2.3 vs. 53.9 ± 3.1 mL/min/kg, p = 0.03) at second ventilation threshold increased compared with those in the C group. The carbohydrate oxidation (2.5 ± 0.1 vs. 3.1 ± 0.2 g/min, p = 0.01) at 75% VO2max and 85% VO2max exercise (3.4 ± 0.1 vs. 4 ± 0.2 g/min, p = 0.02) in the HA group decreased compared with that in the C group.

Conclusion: Four-week heat acclimation reduced carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise in the heat, indicating improved muscle glycogen utilization efficiency, which supports the enhancement of ventilatory thresholds and thermoregulatory adaptation, thereby improving aerobic capacity in the heat.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wöchentliches Sprung-Intervalltraining verbessert effektiv die aerobe, anaerobe und Sprungleistung im Aerobicturnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095134</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095134</guid>
      <author>Ma, D.</author>
      <author>Wang, K.</author>
      <author>Silva, R. M.</author>
      <author>Xu, Q.</author>
      <author>Zhao, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Aerobic</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to compare the impact of varying weekly frequencies of jumping interval training (JIT) on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, as well as jumping abilities of youth female athletes specialized in aerobic gymnastics. A randomized controlled study design was conducted spanning 8-week duration, involving 69 youth female athletes (16.3 ± 1.2 years) specialized in aerobic gymnastics. Participants were allocated into two experimental groups: JITw1 (comprising individuals subjected to JIT once a week), and JITw2 (encompassing individuals undergoing JIT twice a week), alongside a control group. Prior to and post the intervention period, athletes underwent evaluations of their performance through the countermovement jump test (CMJ), a specialized anaerobic assessment personalized for aerobic gymnasts (SAGAT), and a 20-m multistage fitness test. A mixed ANOVA was conducted for statistical analysis. Significant time (baseline and post-intervention) x group (JITw1, JITw2 and control) interactions were found in the SAGAT (p < 0.001), the CMJ (p < 0.001) and the 20-m multistage fitness test (p < 0.001). Post-intervention analysis revealed significantly lower scores in the SAGAT for the control group compared to the JITw2 group (p = 0.003). Significantly higher scores were observed for the JITw2 group in the CMJ test compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Significantly lower scores in the 20-m multistage fitness test were found in the control group compared to the JITw2 and JITw1 groups (both p < 0.001). As conclusion, while additional JIT training once a week may suit for minimal effective training and positive adaptations, training twice a week is advisable when significant improvements are desired.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Physiologische und körperliche Eigenschaften von BMX-Freestyle-Athleten: eine vorläufige Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094873</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094873</guid>
      <author>Liang, W.</author>
      <author>Hou, Y.</author>
      <author>Liu, C.</author>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Zong, Y.</author>
      <author>Yan, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>BMX</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konstitution</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Freestyle</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hou, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zong, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BMX Freestyle, a newly recognized Olympic discipline, demands athletes perform intricate, high-intensity maneuvers during 60-s competitive runs. Despite the sport`s rapid evolution, there is a notable scarcity of scientific investigation into the distinct physiological and physical attributes of its athletes. This preliminary review synthesizes the extant literature to delineate the key physiological and physical characteristics of BMX Freestyle athletes and to identify pressing directions for future research. Elite male athletes typically present with lower body fat percentages, contributing to an advantageous power-to-weight ratio. Physiologically, these athletes demonstrate substantial anaerobic power, crucial for executing aerial maneuvers and complex rotational skills. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is typically moderate, likely facilitating inter-competition recovery and the capacity to sustain demanding training regimens. Musculoskeletally, athletes require high lower-limb explosive power for jump amplitude, significant upper-body strength for bike control and landing impact attenuation, and robust core musculature for executing complex aerial rotations. Furthermore, highly developed neuromuscular control, including dynamic balance, precise muscle activation patterns, and coordination, is foundational for performing advanced skills. This synthesis provides an evidence-based framework for optimizing training protocols focused on explosive power and eccentric strength, developing quantitative talent identification models, and implementing targeted injury prevention strategies that address the unique demands of the human-bicycle interface. Future research should focus on validating these applications and investigating the characteristics of female competitors to advance athlete health and performance in this evolving Olympic sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen der isokinetischen Muskelkraft im Knie und der Höhe des Gegenbewegungssprungs bei männlichen Spitzenturnern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095120</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4095120</guid>
      <author>Ma, Y.</author>
      <author>Zhou, Z.</author>
      <author>Jin, R.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Chen, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>isokinetisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Höhe</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>konzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: This study quantifies the isokinetic knee strength of elite male gymnasts and examines the relationship between concentric extensor strength, limb asymmetry, and countermovement jump (CMJ) height.

Methods: A total of 18 elite male gymnasts participated in isokinetic strength testing, assessing concentric and eccentric actions during both extension and flexion of the knee at joint angular velocities of 60°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s. Relative peak torque (RPT) of the knee flexors and extensors, the functional eccentric hamstring/concentric quadriceps (Hecc/Qcon) ratio, and the inter-limb asymmetries were analyzed. CMJ height was assessed using a contact mat, and the relationship between concentric extensor RPT and limb asymmetries with CMJ height was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients analysis.

Results: At an angular velocity of 180°/s, both an abnormal limb asymmetries in the concentric extensors was observed and the strongest negative correlation with CMJ height (r = -0.638, p < 0.05) was found. At an angular velocity of 240°/s, knee extensor strength demonstrated the strongest correlation with CMJ height (r = 0.962, P < 0.001).

Discussion: Therefore, we recommend that gymnasts conduct regular isokinetic strength assessments, particularly focusing on concentric knee extensor strength and limb asymmetries, as they exhibit moderate to high correlations with CMJ height.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Getränkespezifische Modulation von Entzündungsbiomarkern im Urin nach Ausdauerlauf bei trainierten Männern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094504</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094504</guid>
      <author>Suzuki, K.</author>
      <author>Kanda, K.</author>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Urin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entzündung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dehydration</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Suzuki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kanda, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The differential effects of post-exercise rehydration beverages on inflammatory processes and organ protection remain incompletely characterized. This study investigated how beverages with distinct compositions influence urinary biomarkers following endurance exercise. 

Methods: In a randomized crossover design, eight trained male runners performed 6000 m pace running followed by consumption of 500 mL of either: water (Drink 1), hypotonic sports drink (Drink 2, 200 mOsm/L), oral rehydration solution (Drink 3, 270 mOsm/L), or modified hypotonic formulation (Drink 4, 200 mOsm/L). After 60 min, participants completed a 1000 m time trial. Urine samples were collected at baseline, post-6000 m, and post-1000 m for analysis of biochemical parameters and inflammatory cytokines. 

Results: No significant differences in 1000 m performance were observed between trials. Drink 3 significantly reduced creatinine and uric acid excretion compared to other beverages (p < 0.05), suggesting decreased waste product elimination. Creatinine-corrected intestinal fatty acid-binding protein values were lower with Drinks 2 and 3, indicating potential intestinal protection. Notably, Drink 4 showed modest but significant enhancement of IL-4 excretion (p < 0.05, np2 = 0.347), demonstrating beverage-specific modulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines with moderate effect sizes. 

Conclusions: Different beverage formulations exert distinct effects on waste product elimination, intestinal organ damage markers, and inflammatory cytokine profiles. These findings suggest that beverage selection should be tailored to specific recovery priorities and training contexts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Technische Leistung in der englischen Premier League - der Einfluss von Mannschaftsqualität und Spielort</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094351</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094351</guid>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zuschauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Premiere League</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Heimspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Heimvorteil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to compare the technical performance metrics of top- and bottom-tier English Premier League teams, examine the effect of match location on these metrics, and identify the statistically significant factors of winning. A total of 266 match observations were analysed via Mann-Whitney U tests and binary logistic regression. Top-tier teams had higher numbers in Shot, Shot on Target, Successful Take-On, Tackle Attacking 3rd, Pass Completed, Through Ball, Long Pass Completed, and Cross. Bottom-tier teams, on the other hand, recorded more Shot on Target Against, Clearance, Blocked Shot, Tackle Defensive 3rd, Yellow Card, Long Pass Completed %, and Aerial Duel Won. Generally, teams had increased offensive outputs in home games, while playing away primarily influenced defensive actions. For top-tier teams, each additional Aerial Duel Won and Shot on Target increased winning odds by 35% and 65%, respectively. Cross, Tackle Attacking 3rd, and Shot on Target Against decreased these odds by 30%, 43%, and 45%, respectively. Among bottom-tier teams, each event of Clearance increased odds of winning by 13%, while Shot on Target Against decreased them by 37%. These findings can be useful to coaches and performance analysts for evaluating and improving team performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Trainings von Geschwindigkeit, Agilität und Schnelligkeit auf die sportliche Leistung: eine systematische Übersicht und Meta-Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094140</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094140</guid>
      <author>Sun, M.</author>
      <author>Soh, K. G.</author>
      <author>Cao, S.</author>
      <author>Yaacob, A. B.</author>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Ding, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sun, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soh, K. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cao, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yaacob, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ding, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of SAQ training on sprint, change-of-direction, and jump performance in soccer players. However, further research is needed to assess its broader impact on different athletic populations and performance metrics. This study aims to expand the existing evidence by incorporating a wider range of outcomes and providing a more comprehensive analysis of SAQ training effects.

Methods
A thorough search of databases, including Web of Science Core, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and SCOPUS, was conducted, with data up to July 2024. The PEDro scale assessed study quality and RevMan 5.3 evaluated bias risk. Effect sizes (ES) were calculated from means and standard deviations, with heterogeneity assessed using the I² statistic. Publication bias was evaluated using an extended Egger test.

Results
Eleven RCTs involving 499 healthy athletes from sports such as soccer, basketball, tennis, and handball met the inclusion criteria. The SAQ interventions lasted between 4 and 12 weeks, with a frequency of two to three sessions per week. The analysis revealed significant improvements in 5-meter sprint (ES = 0.63, p < 0.01), 20-meter sprint (ES = 0.49, p < 0.01), 30-meter sprint (ES = 0.55, p = 0.015), change of direction (COD) performance (ES = 0.39, p < 0.01), reaction time (ES = 0.52, p = 0.01), lower limb power (ES = 0.96, p < 0.01), and flexibility (ES = 0.57, p < 0.01), with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Subgroup analysis indicated that only session duration had a near-significant effect on COD performance (= 60 min: ES = 0.58; >60 min: ES = 0.24; p = 0.059).

Conclusions
SAQ training effectively enhances sprint performance, COD ability, reaction time, lower limb strength, and flexibility, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. The findings suggest that shorter training durations (= 60 min) may be more beneficial for improving COD performance, although this effect did not reach statistical significance. Further trials are recommended to determine the optimal training dosage, along with high-quality studies covering a broader range of sports, particularly in athletes aged 14 to 18.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forschung über den Einfluss der Wurfwahl auf die neuromuskulären Kontrollstrategien beim Basketballspielen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094163</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094163</guid>
      <author>Zhou, Q.</author>
      <author>Wu, S.</author>
      <author>Zhang, J.</author>
      <author>Pan, Z.</author>
      <author>Kang, Z.</author>
      <author>Ma, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wu, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pan, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of shot selection on the muscle coordination characteristics during basketball shooting. 
Methods: A three-dimensional motion capture system, force platform, and wireless surface electromyography (sEMG) were used to simultaneously collect shooting data from 14 elite basketball players. An inverse mapping model of sEMG signals and spinal a-motor neuron pool activity was developed based on the Debra muscle segment distribution theory. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and K-means clustering were used to extract muscle coordination features. 
Results: (1) Significant differences in spinal segment activation timing and amplitude were observed between stationary and jump shots at different distances. In close-range stationary shots, the C5-S3 segments showed higher activation during the TP phase and lower activation during the RP phase. For mid-range shots, the C6-S3 segments exhibited greater activation during the TP phase. In long-range shots, the C7-S3 segments showed higher activation during the TP phase, whereas the L3-S3 segments showed lower activation during the RP phase (p < 0.01). (2) The spatiotemporal structure of muscle coordination modules differed significantly between stationary and jump shots. In terms of spatiotemporal structure, the second and third coordination groups showed stronger activation during the RP phase (p < 0.01). Significant differences in muscle activation levels were also observed between the coordination modules within each group in the spatial structure. 
Conclusion: Shot selection plays a significant role in shaping neuromuscular control strategies during basketball shooting. Targeted training should focus on addressing the athlete`s specific shooting weaknesses. For stationary shots, the emphasis should be on enhancing lower limb stability, while for jump shots, attention should be directed toward improving core stability and upper limb coordination.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Messung der Kinematik der unteren Gliedmaßen beim Gehen: am Körper getragene Sensoren erreichen eine vergleichbare Zuverlässigkeit wie Bewegungserfassungssysteme und Smartphone-Kameras</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094066</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4094066</guid>
      <author>Ma, P.</author>
      <author>Bian, Q.</author>
      <author>Kim, J. M.</author>
      <author>Alsayed, K.</author>
      <author>Ding, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bian, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kim, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alsayed, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ding, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Marker-based, IMU-based (6-axis IMU), and smartphone-based (OpenCap) motion capture methods are commonly used for motion analysis. The accuracy and reliability of these methods are crucial for applications in rehabilitation and sports training. This study compares the accuracy and inter-operator reliability of inverse kinematics (IK) solutions obtained from these methods, aiming to assist researchers in selecting the most appropriate system. For most lower limb inverse kinematics during walking motion, the IMU-based method and OpenCap show comparable accuracy to marker-based methods. The IMU-based method demonstrates higher accuracy in knee angle (5.74 ± 0.80 versus 7.36 ± 3.14 deg, with p = 0.020) and ankle angle (7.47 ± 3.91 versus 8.20 ± 3.00 deg, with p = 0.011), while OpenCap shows higher accuracy than IMU in pelvis tilt (5.49 ± 2.22 versus 4.28 ± 1.47 deg, with p = 0.013), hip adduction (6.10 ± 1.35 versus 4.06 ± 0.78 deg, with p = 0.019) and hip rotation (6.09 ± 1.74 versus 4.82 ± 2.30 deg, with p = 0.009). The inter-operator reliability of the marker-based method and the IMU-based method shows no significant differences in most motions except for hip adduction (evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient-ICC, 0.910 versus 0.511, with p = 0.016). In conclusion, for measuring lower-limb kinematics, wearable sensors (6-axis IMUs) achieve comparable accuracy and reliability to the gold standard, marker-based motion capture method, with lower equipment requirements and fewer movement constraints during data acquisition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Verwendung von K-means clustering für die Organisation von Trainingsgruppen im Australian Football</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4092760</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4092760</guid>
      <author>Wing, C.</author>
      <author>Hart, N. H.</author>
      <author>Fu, S. C.</author>
      <author>Nosaka, K.</author>
      <author>Ma`ayah, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Australian Football</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wing, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hart, N. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fu, S. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nosaka, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma`ayah, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the potential use of k-means clustering for organising training groups in Australian Football (AF) based upon match performance data. Global positioning system (e.g., distance per minute) and technical action (e.g., kicks) data were collected on 38 AF players from 22 matches during the 2021 season. Each player was assigned their season average for all metrics, as well as their primary playing position (the position they occupied the most during the season). Following the application of the elbow method, the data was grouped into four clusters; cluster one could be defined as the low technical action players, cluster two as the low physical output players, cluster three as the high technical action players, and cluster four as the high physical output players. The results of the k-means clustering revealed that each group had unique match performance characteristics compared to each other. The clustering revealed that the majority of players within each cluster shared common playing positions, similar to traditional AF groupings. However, it was also able to highlight that some players were grouped away from their traditional positions based upon their match performance data, indicating that they may require an alternative training stimulus to successfully prepare for competitive matches. Training recommendations for each of the four groups are provided. The study indicated that k-means clustering could provide a useful additional tool for the organisation of training groups within AF populations, and potentially for other similar team sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Korrelation zwischen Gewichtsklassen und den von siegreichen Mixed-Martial-Arts-Athleten angewandten Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4092931</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4092931</guid>
      <author>Ma, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kampfsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>MMA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study analyzes the correlation between weight divisions and the methods used by 174 top-ranking Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) elite athletes to victory, thus providing valuable information to help coaches and athletes formulate their training plans and competition strategies. It uses descriptive statistical analysis to present essential data in answer to a number of research questions. A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to test the difference between male and female athletes within the same weight divisions, with a Kruskal-Wallis test revealing differences among weight divisions for each sex. Spearman`s correlation and Linear Regression tests were then used to analyze the relationship between these weight divisions and the methods used by winning athletes. The results indicated the following ratios for success: Knockout (KO)/Technical Knockout (TKO) (40.21%±22.27), Decision (36.78%±20.88), and Submission (23.01%±18.36). Spearman`s rho bivariate correlation test showed that the weight divisions for male athletes had a positive correlation with KO/TKO and a negative correlation with Decision and Submission regarding the methods leading to their success. However, there was no correlation between weight divisions for female athletes and their winning methods. Linear regression test results indicated linear correlations between the independent and dependent variables and created regression models for the correlation between the weight divisions of male athletes and their methods. The present study aims to provide coaches and athletes with valuable reference points concerning weight divisions and victory, thus enabling them to optimize training plans and competition strategies and change weight divisions to secure competitive advantages. Sports fans would also be able to make more logical predictions concerning the possible victory methods of their favorite athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tischtennis-Trainingssystem basierend auf einem multimodalen großen Sprachmodell mit einer Tischtennis-Wissensdatenbank</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091940</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091940</guid>
      <author>Ma, W.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Yi, Q.</author>
      <author>Liu, X.</author>
      <author>Xing, W.</author>
      <author>Zhao, R.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <author>Li, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tischtennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Computer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yi, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xing, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Table tennis is one of the most popular sports in the world, and it plays a positive role in the overall development of people`s physical and mental health. This study develops an AI table tennis coaching system using a Multimodal Large Language Model with a table tennis knowledge base, aiming to provide precise training guidance and match strategies for table tennis beginners. 

Method: By using visual recognition technology, motion capture technology, and advanced multimodal large language models with a comprehensive professional table tennis knowledge base, the system accurately identifies common errors made by beginners and provides targeted training guidance. 

Result: The AI Table Tennis Coaching System demonstrates high accuracy in identifying mistakes made by beginner players, particularly in recognizing arm-related errors and racket-related errors, with accuracies reaching 73% and 82% respectively. 

Conclusion: The system operates at low costs, is easy to deploy, and offers a high cost-performance ratio, providing effective technological support for table tennis teaching and training. The AI table tennis coaching system is expected to play a significant role in enhancing training efficiency, promoting athlete skill improvement, and popularizing the sport. Future research will focus on improving the accuracy of footwork recognition in AI table tennis coaching systems and expanding their capability to provide training guidance for high-level athletes, thereby promoting the overall advancement of table tennis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vorhersage der pulmonalen Sauerstoffaufnahme aus der Muskelsauerstoffaufnahme beim Radfahren durch maschinelles Lernen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091506</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091506</guid>
      <author>Li, N.</author>
      <author>Hu, W.</author>
      <author>Ma, Y.</author>
      <author>Xiang, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mathematisch-logisches Modell</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hu, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xiang, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to test whether a machine learning model can accurately predict VO2 across different exercise intensities by combining muscle oxygen (MO2) with heart rate (HR). Twenty young highly trained athletes performed the following tests: a ramp incremental exercise, three submaximal constant intensity exercises, and three severe intensity exhaustive exercises. A Machine Learning model was trained to predict VO2, with model inputs including heart rate, MO2 in the left (LM) and right legs (RM). All models demonstrated equivalent results, with the accuracy of predicting VO2 at different exercise intensities varying among different models. The LM+RM+HR model performed the best across all intensities, with low bias in predicted VO2 for all intensity exercises (0.08 ml/kg/min, 95% limits of agreement: -5.64 to 5.81), and a very strong correlation (r = 0.94, p < 0.001) with measured VO2. Furthermore, the accuracy of predicting VO2 using LM+HR or RM+HR was higher than using LM+RM, and higher than the accuracy of predicting VO2 using LM, RM, or HR alone. This study demonstrates the potential of a machine learning model combining MO2 and HR to predict VO2 with minimal bias, achieving accurate predictions of VO2 for different intensity levels of exercise.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ergebnisse des Kopfballspiels bei der FIFA Frauen-Weltmeisterschaft Frankreich 2019™</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091300</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091300</guid>
      <author>Georgieva, J.</author>
      <author>Peek, K.</author>
      <author>Smith, A.</author>
      <author>Lavender, A. P.</author>
      <author>Serner, A.</author>
      <author>Arnold, E. J.</author>
      <author>Fitzgerald, M.</author>
      <author>Ma`ayah, F.</author>
      <author>Campbell, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kopfball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Georgieva, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peek, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavender, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serner, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arnold, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma`ayah, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study evaluated the performance outcomes of headers during the FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019™. Video analysis was used to code performance outcomes of headers (uncontested and contested) and their descriptors (e.g., playing position, match situation, field location, and the distance the ball travelled). Descriptive statistics, and odds ratios (ORs) (odds of a successful outcome) are reported for headers based on their descriptors. Less than half of all headers resulted in a successful outcome, with headers observed to result in a turnover of possession 53% of the time (uncontested: 51%, contested: 57%). Headed goal conversion rates ranged from 0-38% across countries/teams (mean: 13%), with variability in the frequency of headed shots (range n = 1-22). Headed shots were most efficient from free kicks with 24% of shots resulting in a goal. Odds of a successful heading outcome was lowest from long balls (>20 m) in all areas of the pitch. Uncontested headers had greater odds of a successful heading outcome than contested headers from corner kicks (OR: 2.33, p = 0.004) and free play (OR: 1.30, p = 0.001), but had lower odds of success from goal kicks (OR: 0.62, p = 0.017). Central defensive midfielders (OR: 1.45, p = 0.002) and centrebacks (OR: 1.25, p = <0.001) had significantly greater odds of successful heading outcomes, and strikers (uncontested) (OR: 0.82, p = 0.043) and wingers (contested) (OR: 0.72, p = 0.041) had the lowest. The findings of the current study suggest that heading commonly results in lost possession, particularly from long balls. These findings may help to guide future heading coaching frameworks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Wirkung von Virtual-Reality-Technologie im Tischtennisunterricht: eine kontrollierte Multizenterstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091137</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4091137</guid>
      <author>Ma, T.</author>
      <author>Du, W.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tischtennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Unterricht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kinder- und Jugendsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>virtuelle Realität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Du, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) technology in table tennis education compared to traditional training methods. A 12-week randomized controlled trial was conducted with 120 participants divided equally between VR and traditional training groups. Performance metrics, learning motivation, and satisfaction were assessed at regular intervals. Results demonstrated significant advantages of VR training, with the VR group showing superior improvements in serve accuracy (23.5% vs. 15.8%, p < 0.001), rally endurance (an increase of 8.2 vs. 5.7 shots, p < 0.01), and overall skill scores (18.7 vs. 13.2 points improvement, p < 0.001). The VR group also exhibited higher increases in learning motivation (23.5% vs. 12.8%, p < 0.001) and satisfaction (31.5% vs. 18.7%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed particular benefits for novice players and younger participants. These findings suggest that VR technology offers a promising approach to enhance table tennis education, potentially revolutionizing sports training methodologies. Future research should focus on long-term skill retention and the optimization of VR training protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Quantilsregression für die Rennzeit bei Standard-Distanztriathlons</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4090945</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4090945</guid>
      <author>Zhao, J.</author>
      <author>Ma, Y.</author>
      <author>Hu, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Berechnung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Umwelt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Regression</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hu, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
This study aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of split times on overall performance in standard distance triathlon events. It also examines how environmental factors such as water type, temperature, and altitude affect overall race outcomes.

Methods
Quantile regression was employed to analyze the race records of 1,580 triathletes participating in 46 standard distance events in China.

Results
Swim time significantly influences race performance among the top 50% of elite athletes (p < 0.05). For slower elite athletes, bike time is more critical. Temperature has a positive effect on race times, while altitude also shows a significant positive impact, with race times decreasing as altitude increases (up to 1,600 meters in this study`s dataset). River water enhances race times compared to still water, whereas sea water generally slows athletes down.

Conclusion
The influence of split times and environmental factors on overall race rime varies according to the athletes` performance levels. To optimize results, training plans and race strategies should be tailored to each athlete`s capabilities. Additionally, understanding and adapting to environmental conditions in advance is crucial.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen unvorhergesehener Aufgaben auf die seitliche Schnittstabilität der unteren Extremität bei patellofemoralem Schmerzsyndrom</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4090351</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4090351</guid>
      <author>Ma, Y.</author>
      <author>Quan, W.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <author>Baker, J.S.</author>
      <author>Gao, Z.</author>
      <author>Gu, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Patellasehne</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Quan, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baker, J.S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain encountered in the outpatient setting. The purpose of this study was to compare the lower limb biomechanical differences during anticipated and unanticipated side-cutting in athletes with PFPS. Methods: Fifteen male basketball players diagnosed with PFPS were enrolled in the study. Participants executed both anticipated and unanticipated 45-degree side-cutting tasks. Motion analysis systems, force plates, and electromyography (EMG) were used to assess the lower limb joint angles, joint moments, joint stiffness, and patellofemoral joint contact forces. Analyzed biomechanical data were used to compare the differences between the two circumstances. Results: Unanticipated side-cutting resulted in significantly increased ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion angles, knee abduction and internal rotation angles, and hip abduction angles, as well as heightened knee adduction moments. Additionally, patellofemoral joint contact forces and stress increased, while contact area decreased during unanticipated tasks. Conclusions: Unanticipated movement raises the demands for joint stability and neuromuscular control, increasing injury risks in athletes with PFPS. These findings have practical implications for developing targeted rehabilitation programs and injury prevention strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aktuelle Anwendungen der virtuellen Realität im Basketballtraining: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4089746</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4089746</guid>
      <author>Chan, C. H. M.</author>
      <author>Ma, M. K. I.</author>
      <author>Chan, T. K.</author>
      <author>Yeung, L. T.</author>
      <author>Chan, Y. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>virtuelle Realität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chan, C. H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, M. K. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chan, T. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yeung, L. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chan, Y. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The application of virtual reality has shown potential in many endurance or aerobic sports. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews on the application of virtual reality in skill-based sports such as basketball. This systematic review aims to comprehensively review the existing approaches of virtual reality application in basketball training specifically and discuss their respective effectiveness in improving basketball performances. This systematic review also aims to explore if virtual reality is useful in basketball training and the most optimal way to incorporate virtual reality into basketball training. Scopus and PubMed are the only databases searched. The results were screened to identify relevant, original studies that directly applied virtual reality technology to basketball training for improving performance. Thirty-three articles are identified and included in this systematic review. The studies identified mainly focus on three different areas of basketball training, namely tactical training, shooting training, and ankle stability training, as well as the technicalities of application in basketball training. The findings reveal that virtual reality can be superior to the conventional training or real-life basketball training. The main benefits of virtual reality training include increased motivation and the access to training remotely. Optimal ways of introducing virtual reality training to basketball training as well as recommendations for coaches and future directions for researchers are also suggested.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Erfolgserlebnisse eines Weltmeistertrainers im Gerätturnen: eine Interviewanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4089397</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4089397</guid>
      <author>Liu, X.</author>
      <author>Weng, X.</author>
      <author>Qin, H.</author>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Wang, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weng, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qin, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives: The role of a coach in enhancing athletes` performance and achieving success is well-documented across numerous studies. However, the strategies employed by Chinese coaches in developing world champion gymnasts remain under explored.

Methods: This research involved a single case study focusing on a coach from the Chinese National Men`s Gymnastics Team, credited with nurturing eight world champion gymnasts.

Results: The inductive content analysis leads to that 6 subthemes, "international perspective and collaborative ability," "ability to control and regulate training loads," "identifying athletes` needs and transforming them into motivation," "goal setting aligned with athletes` abilities," "adopting authoritative democratic coaching style," and "establishing hierarchical-style friendship", and 3 themes, "training management and planning," "motivation and goal setting," and "interpersonal communication" are manifested. An overarching theme "the successful experience of gymnastics world champion coach," is derived from the analysis.

Conclusion: This research bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, offering valuable insights into the successful experiences of gymnastics world champion coaches. The findings have the potential to influence coaching methodologies globally, fostering the development of resilient, motivated, and high-performing athletes. Future research should focus on sport-specific studies, longitudinal analyses, and cross-cultural comparisons to further advance the field of sports coaching and validate the effectiveness of these innovative coaching strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verwendung eines mit Sensoren ausgestatteten Baseballs zur Ermittlung von Fingereigenschaften, die mit der Spinrate und der Wurfgeschwindigkeit von Werfern zusammenhängen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4089125</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4089125</guid>
      <author>Yeh, M.-C.</author>
      <author>Yang, W.-W.</author>
      <author>Hung, Y.-H.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.-C.</author>
      <author>Kung, J.-T.</author>
      <author>Ma, H.-P.</author>
      <author>Liu, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ball</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Pitcher</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Spin</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yeh, M.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, W.-W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hung, Y.-H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kung, J.-T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, H.-P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Previous investigations have shown a positive relationship between baseball pitching velocity and the kinetic chain involved in pitching motion. However, no study has examined the influence of finger characteristics on pitching velocity and rate of spin via a sensor-embedded baseball. Methods: Twenty-one pitchers volunteered and were recruited for this study. An experimental baseball embedded with a force sensor and an inertial measurement unit was designed for pitching performance measurement. Finger length and strength were measured as dependent variables. Spin rate and velocity were independent variables. Pearson product-moment correlations (r) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) determined the relationship between finger characteristics and pitching performance. Results: Finger length discrepancy, two-point pinch strength, index finger RFD (rate of force development), middle finger impulse, and force discrepancy had significant correlations with spin rate (r = 0.500~0.576, p = 0.05). Finger length discrepancy, two-point pinch, three-point pinch strength, index and middle finger RFD, middle finger impulse, and force combination had significant correlations with fastball pitching velocity (r = 0.491~0.584, p = 0.05). Conclusions: Finger length discrepancy, finger pinch strength, and pitching finger force including maximal force and RFD may be factors that impact fastball spin rate and fastball pitching velocity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Rumpfkrafttrainings auf die Leistung von Badmintonspielern: Eine systematische Überprüfung und Meta-Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4088833</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4088833</guid>
      <author>Ma, S.</author>
      <author>Soh, K. G.</author>
      <author>Japar, S. B.</author>
      <author>Liu, C.</author>
      <author>Luo, S.</author>
      <author>Mai, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, X.</author>
      <author>Zhai, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soh, K. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Japar, S. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mai, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhai, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Core strength training (CST) has been shown to improve performance in several sports disciplines. CST is recognized as one of the crucial elements that enhance athletic performance, particularly impacting badminton skills. Despite its popularity as a strength training method among badminton players, there is a lack of comprehensive studies examining the effectiveness of CST on the performance of these athletes.

Objective
This study aims to ascertain CST`s effects on badminton players` performance.

Method
This study followed PRISMA principles and conducted comprehensive searches in well-known academic databases (SCOPUS, Pubmed, CNKI, Web of Science, Core Collection, and EBSCOhost) up to August 2023. The inclusive criteria were established using the PICOS framework. Following their inclusion based on PICOS criteria, the selected studies underwent literature review and meta-analysis. The methodological quality of the assessments was evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration`s risk of bias tools bias risk tools and recommendations for a graded assessment, development, and evaluation.

Results
The analysis included participants aged 10-19 years from 13 studies of moderate quality, totaling 208 individuals. The CST intervention s lasted between 4 to 16 weeks, with a frequency of 1 to 4 sessions per week and each session lasting 20 to 120 minutes. Sample sizes across these studies ranged from 8 to 34 participants. According to the meta-analysis, CST significantly influenced badminton performance, particularly in areas of explosive power (ES = 0.03 P = 0.04), front-court skill (ES = 2.53, P = 0.003), and back-court skill (ES = 2.33, P = 0.002).

Conclusion
CST enhances badminton players` fitness (strength, power, balance, and stability), in situ (front/back-court) skills, and movement position hitting. However, its effects on speed, endurance, agility, flexibility, and coordination are unclear, revealing a research gap. The precise benefits of CST, especially on flexibility and specific hitting skills (smashes, clears, drives, net shots, crosscourt, push, and lift shots), need more investigation. Additionally, research on CST`s impact on female athletes is significantly lacking.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bildgebende Verfahren zur Dispersion und Dichte der Neuritenorientierung zeigen Anomalien der weißen Substanz und der glymphatischen Funktion bei aktiven jungen Boxern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4088570</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4088570</guid>
      <author>Huang, W.</author>
      <author>Ma, L.</author>
      <author>Yan, J.</author>
      <author>Hu, W.</author>
      <author>Liu, G.</author>
      <author>Wang, R.</author>
      <author>Zhang, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Boxen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hu, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The neurological effects and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of sports-related concussion (SRC) in active young boxers remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the impairment of white matter microstructure and assess changes in glymphatic function following SRC by utilizing neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) on young boxers who have sustained SRC. A total of 60 young participants were recruited, including 30 boxers diagnosed with SRC and 30 healthy individuals engaging in regular exercise. The assessment of whole-brain white matter damage was conducted using diffusion metrics, while the evaluation of glymphatic function was performed through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index. A two-sample t-test was utilized to examine group differences in DTI and NODDI metrics. Spearman correlation and generalized linear mixed models were employed to investigate the relationship between clinical assessments of SRC and NODDI measurements. Significant alterations were observed in DTI and NODDI metrics among young boxers with SRC. Additionally, the DTI-ALPS index in the SRC group exhibited a significantly higher value than that of the control group (left side: 1.58 vs. 1.48, PFDR = 0.009; right side: 1.61 vs. 1.51, PFDR = 0.02). Moreover, it was observed that the DTI-ALPS index correlated with poorer cognitive test results among boxers in this study population. Repetitive SRC in active young boxers is associated with diffuse white matter injury and glymphatic dysfunction, highlighting the detrimental impact on brain health. These findings highlight the importance of long-term monitoring of the neurological health of boxers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistung und Rückkehr zum Spiel nach einer Operation des Thoracic-Outlet-Syndroms bei professionellen Baseballspielern: Eine abgestimmte Kohortenanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4088060</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4088060</guid>
      <author>Chauhan, A.</author>
      <author>Chalmers, P. N.</author>
      <author>Erickson, B. J.</author>
      <author>Thompson, R.</author>
      <author>Pearl, G. J.</author>
      <author>Romeo, A. A.</author>
      <author>Hoenecke, H. R.</author>
      <author>Ma, K.</author>
      <author>Tenner, Z.</author>
      <author>Fronek, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thorax</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Chirurgie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Genetik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chauhan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chalmers, P. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erickson, B. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pearl, G. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romeo, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoenecke, H. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tenner, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fronek, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) remains a rare diagnosis but is being recognized as a cause of upper extremity dysfunction in professional baseball players.

Purpose/Hypothesis
The purpose was to determine performance and return-to-play (RTP) outcomes in professional baseball players after surgical treatment of TOS. The hypothesis was that there would be a high RTP rate in professional baseball players after TOS surgery with no statistical differences in performance between pitchers who had TOS surgery and matched controls.

Study Design
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods
All professional baseball players who underwent surgical treatment of TOS between 2010 and 2017 were identified using the Major League Baseball Health and Injury Tracking System database. Demographic and performance data (before and after surgery) for each player were recorded. Performance variables were then compared between players who underwent TOS surgery and matched controls. The matching criteria were no history of previous surgeries on affected arm, age at time of surgery, throwing side, level of play (Major or Minor League Baseball), and years of experience playing professional baseball.

Results
Overall, 52 players underwent surgery for TOS, of whom 46 (88%) were pitchers. The type of TOS was neurogenic in 69% and venous in 29%. One player had arterial TOS. After TOS surgery, 79% of players returned to play at the same or higher level (RTSP) by 9.5 months and played =3 years after surgery. No differences were found in RTSP rate based on the type of TOS. No statistical difference was found in RTP rates between major and minor league players. Pitchers had a 76% RTSP, which was similar to the natural attrition for control pitchers (P = .874). After TOS surgery, pitchers saw a decline in several performance metrics, but these declines were not different from those of control pitchers, indicating that the decline in performance after TOS surgery was no faster than is seen in healthy professional pitchers as they age.

Conclusion
The rate of RTSP after surgery for TOS in professional baseball players was 79%. There was no difference in RTP based in the type of TOS. Pitchers who underwent surgery for TOS had no significant differences in pitching performance metrics after surgery compared with matched controls.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende Analyse der Diagonalschritttechnik beim Skilanglauf auf Rollen und auf der Loipe bei jugendlichen Skilangläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087984</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087984</guid>
      <author>Ma, M.</author>
      <author>Zhao, S.</author>
      <author>Long, T.</author>
      <author>Song, Q.</author>
      <author>Holmberg, H. -C.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollski</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Long, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmberg, H. -C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Roller skiing is one primary form of training method as it is an off-snow equivalent to cross-country (XC) skiing during the dry land preseason training, but the results could only be applied to on-snow skiing with appropriate caution. The aim of this present study was to investigate the similarities and differences in roller skiing and on-snow skiing with the diagonal stride (DS) technique. Six youth (age: 14.3 ± 2.9 years) skiers participated in this study. Two high-definition video camcorders and FastMove 3D Motion 2.23.3.3101 were used to obtain the three-dimensional kinematic data. The cycle characteristics and joint angle ROM of the DS technique while skiing on different surfaces were similar. Almost all joint angle-time curves that were obtained from roller skiing showed a moderate-to-high degree of similarity to the angle-time curves obtained from on-snow skiing, except the hip adduction-abduction angle. The differences between roller skiing and on-snow skiing were mainly found in the body and calf anteversion angles, and the joint angles at critical instants. DS roller skiing can simulate DS on-snow skiing to a large extent in youth athletes. The hip movement, knee flexion, and calf anteversion at ski/roller ski touchdown and take-off, pole inclination at pole touchdown, body anteversion angle, and trunk anteversion angle at pole touchdown were the points that required caution when transferring preseason practice roller skiing to on-snow skiing.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Biomechanische Analyse der Asymmetrie der unteren Extremitäten bei chinesischen Eisschnelllauf-Nationalmannschaftsathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087763</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087763</guid>
      <author>Shu, Y.</author>
      <author>Liang, Z.</author>
      <author>Ma, M.</author>
      <author>Feng, J.</author>
      <author>Wei, X.</author>
      <author>Song, Q.</author>
      <author>Chen, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feng, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wei, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective  To investigate the performance of bilateral asymmetry in speed skaters using conventional asymmetry testing methods and skating training device to simulate speed skating bend stance.

Methods  11 national speed skaters ranked by the best 5,000 m performance participated in the SJ test, single-leg side stirrups and continuous single-leg side stirrups. All tests were conducted on the single and bilateral sides of athletes, respectively.

Results  The increase in bilateral asymmetry was associated with the decrease of the dominant lower-limb (left leg) movement performance. As the number of push-offs increased, the correlation between specific athletic level and the dominant lower-limb decreased, while the correlation with the non-dominant lower-limb (right leg) increased.

Conclusion  Muscle strength in the dominant lower-limb is the main factor affecting the performance of speed skaters and bilateral asymmetry. As the number of push-offs by the skaters increased, the impact on the non-dominant side gradually increases. Furthermore, the influence of the non-dominant side increased with the increasing frequency of push-off. It is suggested that athletes can enhance lower-limb muscle strength and reduce bilateral asymmetry by the single-side training of push-off technique imitation drills.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wirksamkeit von Multikomponenten-Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des Verletzungsrisikos bei Eis- und Schneesportlern - eine systematische Überprüfung und Meta-Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087132</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087132</guid>
      <author>Fan, Z.</author>
      <author>Min, L.</author>
      <author>He, W.</author>
      <author>Yang, Y.</author>
      <author>Ma, W.</author>
      <author>Yao, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wintersport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Intervention</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fan, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Min, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yao, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Ice and snow sports, inherently high-risk due to their physically demanding nature, pose significant challenges in terms of participant safety. These activities increase the likelihood of injuries, largely due to reduced bodily agility and responsiveness in cold, often unpredictable winter environments. The critical need for effective injury prevention in these sports is emphasized by the considerable impact injuries have on the health of participants, alongside the economic and social costs associated with medical and rehabilitative care. Consequently, the development and implementation of cost-effective injury prevention strategies are vital. Such strategies, when well-executed, can substantially reduce both the frequency and severity of injuries, thereby significantly enhancing the safety and long-term viability of these challenging sports.

Objective: The study's objective is to rigorously assess and statistically substantiate the efficacy of diverse injury prevention strategies in ice and snow sports, aiming to bolster future safety measures with solid empirical evidence.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: The overarching aim of this research was to meticulously aggregate and scrutinize a broad spectrum of scholarly literature, focusing on the quantifiable efficacy of diverse, multi-component intervention strategies in mitigating injury incidences within the realm of ice and snow sports. This endeavor entailed an exhaustive extraction of data from esteemed academic databases, encompassing publications up to September 30, 2023. In pursuit of methodological excellence and analytical rigor, the study employed advanced bias assessment methodologies, notably AMSTAR 2 and the GRADE approach, alongside sophisticated random-effects statistical modeling. This comprehensive approach was designed to ensure the utmost validity, reliability, and scholarly integrity of the study's findings.

Results: The study analyzed 15 papers including 9 randomized controlled trials, 3 case-control, and 3 cohort studies with 26,123 participants and 4,382 injuries. Findings showed a significant reduction in injury rates through various interventions: overall injury prevention (RR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.42-0.63), educational training (RR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.34-0.73), educational videos (RR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.34-0.81), protective equipment (RR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.46-0.87), and policy changes (RR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.16-0.49). Subgroup analysis revealed potential heterogeneity in compliance (p = 0.347). Compared to controls, multi-component interventions effectively reduced injury rates.

Conclusion: This study's findings substantiate the pronounced efficacy of multi-component interventions in diminishing injury occurrences in ice and snow sports, underscoring the imperative for future scholarly endeavors to engage in diverse, high-caliber experimental research. This approach is crucial to generate more reliable evidence, thereby informing and refining practical, evidence-based injury prevention strategies. 

(Achtung: Artikel noch nicht peer-reviewed!)]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Big-Five-Persönlichkeit und geistiges Abschweifen bei Sportlern: Vermittlerrolle von Angstgefühlen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087199</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4087199</guid>
      <author>Li, Y.</author>
      <author>Ma, J.</author>
      <author>Xi, Y.</author>
      <author>Li, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>psychische Eigenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective: Mind wandering is a common phenomenon among athletes during training and competition, and can lead to poor performance. We attempt to clarify which personality type is more prone to mind wandering and the role of trait anxiety between them.

Methods: Six hundred and eighty-one athletes participated in this cross sectional study. Participants completed the Athlete Mind Wandering Scale, The Chinese adjectives scale of Big-Five factor personality short scale version and Pre-Competition Emotion Scale-Trait questionnaires. The survey data was tested for common method biases, Pearson correlation analysis, and structural equation model by SPSS 25.0 and Mplus 7.0.

Results: Common method biases can be accepted in this study. (1) Athletes' neuroticism was significantly and positively correlated with trait anxiety and mind wandering, respectively, athletes' extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were significantly and negatively correlated with trait anxiety and mind wandering respectively; the athletes' trait anxiety was significantly and positively correlated with mind wandering; (2) By constructing mediating models, the direct effects of athletes' extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness on mind wandering were insignificant. The mediating effect of athletes' trait anxiety between the five personalities and mind wandering was significant.

Conclusion: Trait anxiety in athletes plays a fully mediating role between the relationship of personality and mind wandering. Athletes' extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness can all have an impact on mind wandering through the mediating role of trait anxiety. Athletes can use the mediating role of trait anxiety to intervene the frequency of mind wandering.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profils bei Balletttänzerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2020 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086844</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086844</guid>
      <author>Escobar Álvarez, J.A.</author>
      <author>Reyes, P.J.</author>
      <author>Pérez Sousa, M.Á.</author>
      <author>Conceição, F.</author>
      <author>Fuentes García, J.P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tanz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ballett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>konditionelle Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profil</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Escobar Álvarez, J.A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reyes, P.J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pérez Sousa, M.Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceição, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fuentes García, J.P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Jumping ability has been identified as one of the best predictors of dance performance. The latest findings in strength and conditioning research suggest that the relationship between force and velocity mechanical capabilities, known as the force-velocity profile, is a relevant parameter for the assessment of jumping ability. In addition, previous investigations have suggested the existence of an optimal force-velocity profile for each individual that maximizes jump performance. Given the abundance of ballistic actions in ballet (e.g., jumps and changes of direction), quantification of the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile could be beneficial for dancers as a guide to specific training regimens that can result in improvement of either maximal force or velocity capabilities. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile during jumping in different company ranks of ballet dancers. Eighty-seven female professional ballet dancers (age: 18.94 ± 1.32 years; height: 164.41 ± 8.20 cm; weight: 56.3 ± 5.86 kg) showed high force deficits (> 40%) or low force deficits (10% to 40%) regardless of their company rank. Our results suggest that dance training mainly develops velocity capabilities, and due to the high number of dramatic elevations that dance performance requires, supplemental individualized force training may be beneficial for dancers. The individualization of training programs addressed to the direction of each individuals imbalance (high force or low force) could help dancers and their teachers to improve jump height and therefore dance performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Häufigkeit und Merkmale von Kopfbällen bei der FIFA Frauen-Weltmeisterschaft 2019™</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086812</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086812</guid>
      <author>Georgieva, J.</author>
      <author>Arnold, E. J.</author>
      <author>Peek, K.</author>
      <author>Smith, A.</author>
      <author>Lavender, A. P.</author>
      <author>Serner, A.</author>
      <author>Fitzgerald, M.</author>
      <author>Ma'ayah, F.</author>
      <author>Campbell, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2019</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kopfball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Georgieva, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arnold, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peek, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavender, A. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serner, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fitzgerald, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ma'ayah, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campbell, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: To quantify the incidence and characteristics of purposeful heading and other head impacts in professional women`s football at the 2019 FIFA Women`s World Cup™.
Methods: This cross-sectional cohort study analysed purposeful headers (uncontested and contested) and their characteristics (e.g. playing position, match situation, field location, and distance ball travelled), and other head impact events using video analysis. Total headers and head impact events, and incidence rate (IR) per 1000 match-hours were calculated for countries, positions, and other characteristics, such as location on the pitch.
Results: Purposeful headers accounted for 76% of all coded events (uncontested: 71%; contested: 29%), followed by attempted headers (21%), unintentional ball-head impacts (2%), and other head impacts (1%). Headers ranged from 0 to 22 per player, per match with a mean of 4.8 [±1.2]. Of all field positions, centrebacks had the highest heading rates and wingers the lowest. Strikers performed significantly more contested headers than any other position, and significantly less uncontested headers. Most headers occurred in the middle third (48%), from free game play (72%) and from long balls (>20 m) (68%).
Conclusion: The findings of this study could assist the development of player heading risk profiles, sex-specific heading guidelines, and coaching practices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine explorative Studie über die räumliche Aufteilung von Passnetzwerken auf Fußballplätzen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086021</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086021</guid>
      <author>Ma, R.</author>
      <author>Cui, Y.</author>
      <author>Deng, K.</author>
      <author>Exel, J.</author>
      <author>Baca, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielfeld</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cui, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deng, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Exel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baca, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The integration of network science into the analysis of football passing performance has recently attracted extensive research interest. Compared to player passing networks, pitch passing networks, which describe zonal information and general attacking profile of a team, have received comparatively less attention. Therefore, this exploratory study focused on determining the optimal spatial divisions of the football pitch passing networks and on examining the most prominent network metrics within such networks regarding zone importance. METHODS: A dataset consisting of spatiotemporal records of 1,665,510 passes of 1,941 matches from the 2017/2018 season of the top five European Leagues, 2018 World Cup and UEFA Euro 2016 was used. The pitch passing networks were constructed by dividing the field into K equal areas (nodes), with K scales ranging from coarsest (1×2) to finest (20×20). Edges were respectively weighted by the numbers of passes between two nodes. Subsequently, two criteria were applied for determining the division scale: i. the extent of how much passing information was retained (L*N, the ratio of the total links (L) to the total successful passes (N) and ii. the heterogeneity of nodes degree (representing whether passes are evenly distributed under a certain network scale). Kendalls Rank Correlation Coefficient (*) was used to analyze the association between the ranking of zone importance (based on four key passing events: smart pass, forward pass, assist, key pass) and the following network metrics: degree centrality, clustering coefficient, neighbor degree, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and eigenvector centrality. RESULTS: It was shown that the division scales of 24, 50, 100 and 400 contained 81.3%, 90.9%, 95.3%, and 98.9% of all pass information. In addition, no obvious difference in the heterogeneity of node degree was shown between different scales. Regarding the relationship of the ranking of the zone importance at four scales with network metrics, degree centrality, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality and closeness centrality showed strong correlations (*_ave(SD)) of 0.77 (0.121), 0.77 (0.108), 0.75 (0.117) and 0.71 (0.116) respectively, while neighbor degree and clustering coefficient showed trivial correlations of 0.36 (0.234) and 0.18 (0.456). CONCLUSION: The study indicated that scale divisions from K=24 retains largely the passing information, and the heterogeneity may not be a criterion in deciding optimal scales. Also, areas with higher centrality values contained a greater number of key passing events, which proves the prominence of these areas and potentially aids in future assessments of team passing styles. Nonetheless, it should also be acknowledged that the suitable scale for pitch passing networks may differ depending on analysis purposes. While this study focuses on the micro-level of networks, future research could explore improvements at the meso and marco levels with subgroups or entire networks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende Analyse der Diagonalschritttechnik beim Skilanglauf und Rollerskilauf bei Nachwuchslangläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 02:01:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086247</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4086247</guid>
      <author>Ma, M.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <author>Long, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Diagonalschritt</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Skiroller</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ma, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Long, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: To investigate the similarities and differences of the Diagonal Stride (DS) technique during on-snow and roller-skiing in junior cross-country skiers by three-dimensional video analysis. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the design of DS technique training and supplementary training for junior athletes on land. METHODS: Six junior cross-country skiers participated in the experiment. The kinematic data of the DS technique on snow and land were obtained by three-dimensional video analysis. Two cameras were placed on the left and right sides of the test ramp. The Angle between the main optical axis is about 80°, the shooting frequency is 60fps, and the shutter speed is 1/500s. Athletes techniques were obtained using automatic recognition techniques and Direct Linear Transfor*mation(DLT) methods. The coefficient of multiple correlations (CMCs) and one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM1d) were used to evaluate the similarity and difference in angle-time curves for each stage of the DS technique for on-snow and roller-skiing. Paired sample T-test was used to compare the cycle characteristics, range of motion at each stage, and the angle at each moment of DS technique between on-snow and roller-skiing. RESULTS: No significant difference in roller-skiing cycle characteristics compared to on-snow in DS technique. The hip flexion and extension angles are highly similar and the body anteversion angle, trunk anteversion angle, calf anteversion angle, and the vertical movement range of the center of the mass showed moderate similarity in the landing stage and the swing stage; The adduction and abduction angle of the hip joint showed low similarity in the swing stage, the body anteversion angle and calf anteversion angle are smaller on roller-skiing and the anteversion angle is smaller on roller taking off. The flexion and extension angle of the shoulder joint, the adduction angle of the shoulder joint, the flexion and extension angle of the elbow joint, the angle of pole-ground, and the vertical movement range of the center of mass show high similarity in the poles-support stage and the back-swing stage; The body anteversion angle in the poles-support stage and the trunk anteversion angle in the back-swinging stage are moderately similar; The range of flexion and extension of the shoulder joint is small in the back-swinging stage, and the body anteversion angle and trunk anteversion angle are small at poles landing and taking off. CONCLUSION: Higher similarity of upper limb movements, the moderate similarity of lower limb movements between on-snow and roller-skiing with DS technique, and the movement range of the DS technique on land are small. Junior athletes should imitate fast kick in the kick zone of the ski when training DS technique on the roller, and increase the explosive power of the lower extremity, especially the explosive power of plantarflexion, as well as upper extremity extensor strength.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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