A sprint-trained, endurance-trained, and untrained group of cyclists were compared on a number of physiological measures. Implication. It is not new to advocate that sprint training is a necessary ingredient for advancing performances. However, the way correct sprint training should be conducted has not been clearly delineated until recently. Specific programs need to be prepared to produce specific training effects. In general, the following parameters need to be followed: - the rest interval between repetitions should be more than one minute; - the distance of the repetition should be 100 m or less; - the effort level should develop a heart rate that is in excess of 170 bpm; and - the speed of the swims should be as fast as possible for races over very short distances (100 m or less), but at race pace for longer distances. Sprint training adaptations detrain rapidly with inactivity or pure endurance training. Research produced elsewhere suggests that some pace-specific sprint training should be conducted daily when sprinting capacities need to be maintained. This should not worry a coach because anaerobic and aerobic capacities can be trained in the same training session. Both capacities can be developed independently. Programming joint development allows a greater variety of training stimuli to be included in each session. (The complete Swimming Science Journal no longer is available online as a free web site. The entire SSJ will always be available on compact disk through Sports Science Associates. It continues to be updated with all the elements that were originally included.)