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    <item>
      <title>Ernährung im Sport: eine Chance, Leistung, Nachhaltigkeit und Präventivmedizin in Einklang zu bringen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097781</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097781</guid>
      <author>Del Grosso, F.</author>
      <author>Turco, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Del Grosso, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turco, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article explores the complex interaction between sport, nutrition and sustainable foods, emphasizing how a diet based on principles of sustainability can support athletic performance, promote rapid post-training recovery and contribute to injury prevention. In addition, the long-term impact of these nutritional choices on athletes` health and the environment is analysed, offering an integrated view that connects the well-being of the individuals with the global health. Through a critical review of existing scientific literature, as well as through the examination of case studies and experimental research, this work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of a sustainable diet for athletes. In particular, it highlights how specific dietary choices can, on one hand, optimize physical performance and, on the other hand, contribute to a more ethical and responsible lifestyle, in line with the growing demand for global sustainability. We also focused on how dentists, particularly those specialized in sport, also play a fundamental role in early diagnosis and in educating and guiding the most correct choices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Mundflora und ihr Einfluss auf die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit und die allgemeine Gesundheit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097782</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097782</guid>
      <author>Engels-Deutsch, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entzündung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Mund</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Engels-Deutsch, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In the specific conditions of elite sport, eating habits, stress and intense physical activity influence the parameters of a normal oral bacterial flora. The diseases linked to these disturbances are generally caries and periodontal diseases, which combine to destroy teeth and periodontium. As these diseases progress, bacteria can colonize distant organs via the bloodstream from the sites of dental colonization and increase the levels of circulating inflammatory markers. These conditions influence the biological parameters necessary for well-being and performance. The aim of this review is to update knowledge on how oral dysbiosis can lead, for example, to musculotendinous injuries, and to highlight the importance of diagnosis during the dental examination and prevention messages for athletes. In sports medicine, particular attention needs to be focused on the oral condition of the athlete, to detect the sometimes-silent dental affections responsible for injury and under-performances.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungsmerkmale bei Elite-Badmintonspielern: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097783</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097783</guid>
      <author>Shaharudin, M. I.</author>
      <author>Muhamed, A. M. C.</author>
      <author>Yusof, H. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Badminton</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stützgewebe</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shaharudin, M. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muhamed, A. M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yusof, H. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Badminton is a fast-paced sport that requires a high level of skill. Despite its non-contact nature, badminton can still result in injuries. This review aimed to identify the characteristics of musculoskeletal injuries in elite badminton players. A systematic search was conducted through the electronic bibliographic databases between 2013 and 2025. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines, registered in PROSPERO, and article quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. A total of 11 eligible articles were included. Over 45% of elite badminton players have been injured in the past year. The most common location of injuries was at the lower extremity (54-71%), followed by the upper extremity (30-46%); tendinopathy (6-70%) and sprain (10-32%) are the most common types of injury. Identifying the characteristics of injuries in elite badminton players can provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals to develop effective injury prevention strategies for athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten und Gehirnerschütterungen sind im College-Frauen-Eishockey am häufigsten: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097422</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097422</guid>
      <author>Laaksonen, J.</author>
      <author>Pakarinen, O.</author>
      <author>Vaajala, M.</author>
      <author>Liukkonen, R.</author>
      <author>Kuitunen, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laaksonen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pakarinen, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vaajala, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liukkonen, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuitunen, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives 
This review aimed to provide a pooled estimate of injury incidence and epidemiology in women`s ice hockey.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus in August 2024, including only reports published in English. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, and the PRISMA checklist was used. Observational studies reporting injury incidence in women`s ice hockey based on exposure time were included. Reviews, editorials and commentaries were excluded. A random-effects model calculated pooled injury incidences per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs), with separate analyses for games, practices, injury locations and types. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies.

Results
Of 510 records screened, 18 reports conducted in North America were included, with six reports contributing to the analysis. These reports reported a total of 3365 injuries and 719 010 AEs, yielding an overall injury incidence of 5.21 injuries per 1000 AEs. Injury rates were higher during games (10.10 per 1000 AEs) compared with practices (3.11 per 1000 AEs). Lower limb injuries were the most frequent (0.57 per 1000 AEs), while concussions or traumatic brain injuries were the most common injury types (0.54 per 1000 AEs).

Conclusion 
The overall injury incidence in collegiate-level women`s ice hockey is considerable, with lower limb injuries being the most common injury location and concussions the most frequent injury type. This review establishes a baseline for injury patterns in women`s collegiate ice hockey prior to the potential legalisation of body checking in all levels of women`s ice hockey, offering valuable insights for future research and the development of targeted injury prevention strategies.

PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024590497]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine vergleichende Analyse des Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (SMHAT-1) bei olympischen und paralympischen Athleten im Kinder- und Erwachsenenalter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097423</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097423</guid>
      <author>Triplett, A. N.</author>
      <author>Anderson, T.</author>
      <author>Post, E. G.</author>
      <author>Bartley, J.</author>
      <author>Shilt, J. S.</author>
      <author>Dugan, E. L.</author>
      <author>Donaldson, A.</author>
      <author>Finnoff, J.</author>
      <author>Adams, W. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>psychischer Prozess</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angst</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Triplett, A. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anderson, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Post, E. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartley, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shilt, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dugan, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donaldson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Finnoff, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adams, W. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective 
To determine if paediatric athletes exhibit differences in positive screenings on the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (SMHAT-1) compared with adults.

Methods 
Team USA Olympic and Paralympic paediatric athletes =21 years (n=589; 58.8% female; age=19.5±1.7 years) completed the SMHAT-1 between January 2021 and September 2024. A comparative sample of Team USA adult athletes (n=493, 54.2% female; age=27.3±4.9 years) matched for sex and sport was randomly sampled, and the percentage of athletes with a positive screening on each questionnaire was calculated. ?2 analysis compared the proportion of positive screenings between paediatric and adult samples. Piecewise linear regression assessed the association between age and total questionnaire scores.

Results 
The proportion of positive screenings was lower for paediatric athletes for the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption (AUDIT-C) (x2(1)=21.2, p<0.001) and Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) (x2(1)=4.47, p=0.034). Increasing age of paediatric athletes was associated with higher AUDIT-C (ß=0.41, p<0.001) and APSQ scores (ß=0.35, p<0.001); however, a negative deviation was observed in AUDIT-C (ß=-0.44, p<0.001) and APSQ scores (ß=-0.38, p=0.002) among adults. Further, increasing age of paediatric athletes was associated with increased General Anxiety Disorder-7 (ß=0.14, p=0.045) and ASSQ (ß=0.12, p=0.029) scores; however, there was no significant deviation from this age trend in adults for either score (p>0.05).

Conclusion 
Paediatric athletes produce a similar proportion of positive screenings to adults on subcomponents of the SMHAT-1, but they show a lower proportion of positive screenings for alcohol misuse and psychological strain. The changes in SMHAT-1 subcomponent scores among paediatric athletes warrant continued exploration to determine how the interaction of psychosocial development and elite sport may impact mental health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Konzept der "Spielbelastung" im Profifußball: Komplexitäten und Überlegungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097424</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097424</guid>
      <author>Dixon, B.</author>
      <author>Alexander, J.</author>
      <author>Harper, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dixon, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alexander, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harper, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The differentiation between training load and match load is an important consideration in applied practice, with the match load construct being used in athlete monitoring to inform training prescription and return to play decision-making post-rehabilitation. The term `match load` lacks a clear definition, and its complexity requires greater recognition. We propose a practical, conceptual framework for match load and influential contextual factors to consider within professional football that may impact a player`s match load. The aim of the article is to provide practitioners with definitions of match load categories and to guide future research that may help enhance the measurement and management of load to inform training and rehabilitation processes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rückkehr zum Klettern nach einer Verletzung des Bewegungsapparats: Ein Protokoll für ein Scoping-Review zu Rehabilitationsinhalten, Ergebnismaßen und Kriterien für die Rückkehr zum Sport bei Kletterern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097425</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097425</guid>
      <author>Ehiogu, U.</author>
      <author>Wells, G.</author>
      <author>Jones, G.</author>
      <author>Buckthorpe, M.</author>
      <author>Patterson, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ehiogu, U.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wells, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buckthorpe, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patterson, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Climbing is an Olympic sport featuring three disciplines: lead climbing, speed climbing and bouldering. The injury burden associated with climbing has been well documented. However, the content of rehabilitation programmes, the outcome measures and the return-to-sport (RTS) criteria after injury are sparse. This review will map the content of rehabilitation programmes, examine outcome measures to inform rehabilitation and RTS using a COSMIN-aligned approach, and identify objective and subjective criteria used for return to climbing after musculoskeletal injury (MSKI). The methodological framework of Arksey and O`Malley will be applied for this scoping review. A systematic review of four online databases and a manual search of reference lists of identified articles will be used to identify relevant papers. Given the limited empirical literature on this topic, both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources written in English will be used. Sources reporting rehabilitation, recovery, outcome measures in injured and uninjured climbers and RTS/return to climbing criteria after MSKI will be included. All climbers (elite, professional and/or recreational) of any age and sex will be included. Statistical analysis of agreement between reviewers at each stage of the review will be undertaken. This review will inform future research on the rehabilitation content after MSKI. It will also aid in designing sports-specific testing batteries and in return-to-climbing decision-making criteria. The result of this review will be relevant to clinicians, performance staff and researchers and will be disseminated through publications and presentations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Entwicklung einer sicheren, standardisierten und interoperablen Überwachungsplattform für Daten zu wettkampfbedingten Verletzungen und Erkrankungen im Rahmen der UCI-Weltmeisterschaft im Straßenradrennen der Männer und Frauen: ein Studienprotokoll</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097426</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097426</guid>
      <author>Fallon, T.</author>
      <author>Decorte, R.</author>
      <author>Verstockt, S.</author>
      <author>Palmer, D.</author>
      <author>Bigard, X.</author>
      <author>Heron, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fallon, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Decorte, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verstockt, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Palmer, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bigard, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heron, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background 
Professional road cycling is associated with a high incidence of traumatic injuries. Despite these risks, current injury data-collection methods lack consistency and standardisation, thereby limiting meaningful surveillance and prevention efforts.

Aim 
To describe the development of a secure, centralised injury surveillance system for elite cycling that enables standardised data collection, contextual integration and long-term injury tracking while ensuring compliance with ethical and data protection standards.

Methods 
The system integrates an incident-activated Qualtrics-based injury reporting platform (hosted at Queen`s University Belfast) used by team medical staff and accessed via (or) within a secure, access-controlled server infrastructure hosted at IDLab, Ghent University. The database is protected by role-based authentication, encrypted data transmission and application programming interface-based access controls. Race footage and contextual data (eg, weather including ambient temperature, terrain) will be linked to medical reports to improve understanding of injury mechanisms.

Ethics and governance 
The system is designed to comply with the General Data Protection Regulation. Data pseudonymisation, consent protocols and ethics are built into the design. All access is logged, monitored and restricted to authorised users only.

Expected outcomes 
The project is expected to improve the quality and completeness of injury data in professional road cycling, facilitate epidemiological research, inform the development and evaluation of injury prevention strategies and support international policy development.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesamtenergieverbrauch und Nahrungsaufnahme von männlichen Profifußballern in der Vorsaison: Eine Doppelmarker-Wasser-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097427</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097427</guid>
      <author>Jenkinson, A.</author>
      <author>Jones, B.</author>
      <author>Chesson, L.</author>
      <author>Wilson, L.</author>
      <author>Price, R.</author>
      <author>Hambly, C.</author>
      <author>Speakman, J. R.</author>
      <author>Costello, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Makronährstoff</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jenkinson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chesson, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilson, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Price, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hambly, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Speakman, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Costello, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Limited data exist describing how professional footballers meet their energy requirements during pre-season, a phase characterised by increased training volume and a progressive shift from general conditioning to football-specific preparation. This study quantified total, resting, and activity energy expenditure (AEE), diet-induced thermogenesis, water turnover, and dietary intake in six professional male soccer players (age: 25 ± 1 year; height: 182.5 ± 10.1 cm; body mass: 77.8 ± 8.2 kg). Players were studied across 14 consecutive days, representing training-only and training-plus-match microcycles. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using doubly labelled water, resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry and dietary intake using the remote food photography method. Fourteen-day mean TEE, REE, AEE and water turnover were 13.25 ± 1.31 MJ·day-1, 7.96 ± 0.89 MJ·day-1, 4.20 ± 1.03 MJ·day-1, 5.16 ± 0.66 L·day-1, respectively. Physical activity level was 1.67 ± 0.16 AU. Energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes were 10.95 ± 1.52 MJ·day-1, 2.8 ± 0.6 g·kg-1·day-1, 2.2 ± 0.4 g·kg-1·day-1, and 1.5 ± 0.4 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively. Total energy expenditure was not significantly different between training-only and training-plus-match microcycles (+1.89 ± 1.98 MJ·day-1; ES = 0.95 ± 1.08; p = 0.100). No significant differences were observed in energy or macronutrient intake across weekly microcycles (p > 0.068) or between days (p > 0.144). Players did not achieve energy balance or align dietary intake with day-to-day training demands, suggesting limited nutrition periodisation during pre-season. These findings highlight the need for practitioners to implement strategies supporting fuelling, recovery and adaptation during this critical phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title> Untersuchung des Einflusses von Anweisungen zur Blickrichtung auf die Stabilisierung bei der Landung im Gerätturnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097428</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097428</guid>
      <author>Pavlasová, K.</author>
      <author>Bizovská, L.</author>
      <author>Rupcík, L.</author>
      <author>Farana, R.</author>
      <author>Janura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blickverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pavlasová, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bizovská, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rupcík, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farana, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Janura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to assess the effect of gaze direction instruction on postural stabilisation and muscle activity during landings after various motor tasks in artistic gymnastics. Eighteen female gymnasts (aged 14.0 ± 2.7 years) performed four different landing tasks: drop landing, backward somersault, forward somersault (SF) and a backward acrobatic series (AS). Gaze was directed either downward or straight ahead during landings. Muscle activity was recorded from six lower limb muscles and postural stabilisation was assessed using dynamic stability indices and time to stabilisation. Results showed a significant effect of motor task on muscle activity and stabilisation, with AS and SF presenting higher stabilisation demands. Gaze direction instruction had limited influence on muscle activation patterns and stabilisation, with limited manifestation in dynamic stability indices. Interactions between gaze and motor task were significant only for sagittal dynamic stability in longer time intervals. These findings suggest that motor task complexity primarily governs landing stabilisation, whereas gaze direction plays a minor role in lower limb muscle activity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risikofaktoren für durch Tacklings verursachte Kopfverletzungen (HIA) in der National Rugby League: Beeinflusst die Ausweichtechnik des Ballträgers oder die Kopfhaltung des Tacklers das HIA-Risiko?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097429</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097429</guid>
      <author>Carlton-Greaves, S.</author>
      <author>Edwards, S.</author>
      <author>Jones, B.</author>
      <author>Tucker, R.</author>
      <author>Iverson, G. L.</author>
      <author>Gardner, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Tackling</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carlton-Greaves, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edwards, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tucker, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iverson, G. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gardner, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Rugby-style tackle techniques have been evaluated for a number of years and have traditionally focused on injury prevention and performance outcomes. Recent tackle technique research has increasingly been directed towards reduced head contact and reducing the risk for concussion. This video analysis study examined the association between the ball carrier's evasion technique and the tackler's head position and the risk for a Head Injury Assessment (HIA) in professional male rugby league players. Retrospective video analysis cohort study. Three seasons of National Rugby League (NRL) head injury assessment (HIA) events (n = 446) were retrospectively video coded. For comparison and the calculation of propensity, 5694 tackles that did not result in a head injury were also coded. In this study, the two variables of interest were the ball carrier's evasion technique and the tackler's head position. Propensity was calculated as HIAs per 1000 tackles. The results of this study demonstrate the highest proportion of HIAs occurred when ball carriers did not utilise an evasion strategy and when the tacklers positioned their head in front of the ball carrier, especially when combined with high-risk evasion strategies such as jumping or shoulder charging. HIA prevention initiatives should consider tackle techniques that encourage tacklers to place their head beside the ball carrier and ball carrying strategies that utilise an evasion technique, such as twisting or bending the torso. Further tackle-based research is required in female and youth players to evaluate whether the findings in elite male players generalise to other rugby league players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen Essstörungen, Unzufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Körper und geringer Energieverfügbarkeit bei College-Athletinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097430</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097430</guid>
      <author>Fields, J. B.</author>
      <author>Jones, M. T.</author>
      <author>Kitts, S. E.</author>
      <author>King, E. L.</author>
      <author>Jagim, A. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Low Energy Availability</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fields, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kitts, S. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, E. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jagim, A. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Women collegiate student-athletes face unique challenges regarding nutrition, body image, and athletic performance, increasing their risk for low energy availability (LEA), disordered eating (DE), and body dissatisfaction (BID). However, limited data exist exploring LEA, DE, and BID across a variety of women's sports. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and relationships among LEA risk, DE behaviors, and BID in women collegiate athletes from multiple sports. Division I, II, and III women student-athletes (n = 115) participated in this cross-sectional, descriptive study. Athletes completed the low energy availability for females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), eating attitudes test (EAT-26), muscularity-oriented eating test (MOET), and body dissatisfaction items from the eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) to assess LEA risk, DE behaviors, and BID, respectively. Sixty-four percentages of athletes were at risk for LEA, with the highest prevalence in volleyball (100%), wrestling (68%), lacrosse (67%), and cross country (57%). However, only 8% of athletes were classified at risk for eating disorders. Notably, 81 and 84% of athletes reported body weight and shape dissatisfaction, respectively, which was strongly associated with disordered eating behaviors (EAT-26: r = 0.707; MOET: r = 0.723, p < 0.001). These results show a high prevalence of LEA risk and BID across athletes, with DE behaviors strongly linked to body image concerns. Despite a high LEA risk among athletes, clinical eating disorder risk remained low, suggesting that undereating may often be unintentional. Targeted interventions focused on nutritional education, body image, and psychological support are critical for improving health and performance outcomes among collegiate women student-athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Skalierungsfaktor zwischen Sprunghöhe und Bodenkontaktzeit bei Drop-Jumps: Eine lineare Beziehung auf individueller Ebene</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097439</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097439</guid>
      <author>Boccia, G.</author>
      <author>Serranò, S.</author>
      <author>Bonelli, B.</author>
      <author>La Torre, A.</author>
      <author>Pavei, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sprunghöhe</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Bodenkontaktzeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Drop jump</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Boccia, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serranò, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonelli, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>La Torre, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pavei, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The extent to which jump height scales with changes in ground contact time (GCT) remains unknown. Establishing this relationship would enable more accurate comparisons of rebounds with different GCTs. Currently, to reliably compare reactive strength index (RSI) values, it is necessary to consider only those with similar contact time parameters. Elite young track and field athletes performed drop jumps from a 40 cm box under 3 distinct instructional conditions: (a) trade-off strategy—minimizing GCT while maximizing jump height; (b) maximizing jump height; (c) minimizing GCT. A hierarchical linear regression model was applied, with GCT and sex (male/female) as independent variables and jump height as the dependent variable. Compared with the trade-off condition, focusing on short GCT led to a 21-millisecond reduction in GCT (p < 0.0001) but also a 5.9-cm decrease in jump height (p < 0.0001). Conversely, prioritizing jump height increased jump height by 4.8 cm (p < 0.0001) but prolonged GCT by 49 milliseconds (p < 0.0001). However, RSI remained unaffected by instructions (p = 0.567). A significant main effect of GCT on jump height was observed (ß = 0.154; p < 0.00001). The full model, incorporating random and fixed effects, accounted for 94% of the variance in jump height. At the individual level, our findings confirm a linear relationship between GCT and jump height. This relationship underscores the importance of considering the GCT-jump height trade-off when assessing drop jump performance and highlights the need for evaluations across various GCT ranges rather than relying solely on 1 jump strategy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der nächtliche Schlaf steht in Zusammenhang mit der Leistung beim Vertikalsprung am nächsten Tag bei College-Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097440</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097440</guid>
      <author>Hummel, J. W.</author>
      <author>Miltenberger, M. M.</author>
      <author>Hummer, E. T.</author>
      <author>Spaeth, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sprunghöhe</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>NCAA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hummel, J. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miltenberger, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hummer, E. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spaeth, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the relationship between nocturnal sleep and next-day vertical jump performance in NCAA Division I male football athletes. We hypothesized that longer sleep would be associated with better vertical jump performance and explored potential mediators of the relationship, including peak concentric force (N), peak concentric velocity (m·s-1), and countermovement depth (cm). A total of 174 athletes provided 4,049 instances of nocturnal sleep data (measured through photoplethysmography-based smart ring that was worn 5 nights/week) and next-day vertical jump performance. Each week, as part of routine team operations, athletes performed 3 vertical jumps in succession on a force plate and athletic staff calculated maximum and average jump height. A within-subject linear mixed-effects model assessed the relationship between sleep and vertical jump performance, and mediation analysis explored how sleep influenced vertical jump ability. Nocturnal sleep duration averaged 6.2 ± 1.1 hours per night, maximal jump height averaged 41.8 ± 7.8 cm, and average jump height averaged 40.2 ± 7.7 cm. Longer nocturnal sleep duration associated with better next-day vertical jump performance (maximal jump height: SE = 0.062, t = 3.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.07-0.31], p = 0.002; average jump height: SE = 0.063, t = 4.41, 95% CI [0.15-0.40], p < 0.001). Countermovement depth significantly mediated the relationship between sleep and maximal jump performance (ß = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.25 to -0.13], p < 0.001), whereas peak concentric force and peak concentric velocity did not. These findings highlight the importance of prioritizing sufficient nocturnal sleep for optimizing anaerobic performance. Athletic staff should promote sleep hygiene to prevent sleep restriction in student athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von drei verschiedenen Umfangsvarianten bei Aufwärmprotokollen im Wasser auf akute physiologische Reaktionen und die Schwimmleistung über 100m bei allen Schwimmstilen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097441</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097441</guid>
      <author>Saini, A. S.</author>
      <author>Sharma, S. K.</author>
      <author>Kushwah, G. S.</author>
      <author>Phukan, M. I.</author>
      <author>McCabe, C.</author>
      <author>Thapa, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Saini, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sharma, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kushwah, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Phukan, M. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCabe, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thapa, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the effects of 3 in-water warm-up (WU) protocols of varying volumes (600, 1,200, and 1,800 m) on acute physiologic responses and 100-m swimming performance across all strokes. Forty male national-level swimmers (21.0 ± 2.0 years) participated in a randomized crossover study, performing each WU protocol followed by a 100-m time trial in their respective strokes. Physiologic metrics, including blood lactate, temperature, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), were recorded. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of the 3 protocols on physiologic and swimming performance across all the strokes. Results showed that the regular WU (1,200 m) led to significantly faster times in backstroke (65.56 ± 1.14 seconds vs 67.02 ± 1.20 seconds), breaststroke (70.73 ± 0.94 seconds vs 72.73 ± 0.94 seconds), and butterfly (58.64 ± 0.77 seconds vs 60.53 ± 0.86 seconds) than the long WU (1,800 m) (p < 0.05). For the butterfly, the short WU (600 m) also resulted in significantly better swimming performance than the long WU. No significant differences were observed in freestyle performance among the 3 WU protocols, nor were there differences in heart rate across all strokes (p > 0.05). Higher blood lactate and tympanic temperatures were observed after regular WU, while RPE was lowest after the short WU. This study emphasizes the importance of optimizing WU volumes based on stroke-specific demands in swimming. In addition, it also suggests practitioners to be cautious about using heart rate as a sole marker of WU effectiveness in swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich zwischen einem motorisierten Widerstandsgerät und herkömmlichen Systemen für Sprint- und Richtungswechsel-Tests bei Volleyballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097442</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097442</guid>
      <author>Wright, W. C.</author>
      <author>Aguiar, E. J.</author>
      <author>Winchester, L. J.</author>
      <author>Fedewa, M. V.</author>
      <author>Esco, M. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wright, W. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aguiar, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Winchester, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fedewa, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esco, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine the agreement between a motorized sprint resistance device (MSRD) and timing gates and an inertial measurement unit (IMU), for assessing time to completion and peak velocity during linear and change-of-direction tasks in elite female volleyball players. Elite volleyball athletes (n = 16, 19.4 ± 1.5 years, 176.2 ± 10.6 cm, 71.5 ± 11.1 kg) performed the 18.29 m sprint and 5-10-5 drills while being simultaneously assessed using an MSRD, timing gates, and an IMU. Compared with timing gates for measuring sprint (3.09 ± 0.16 seconds) and 5-10-5 (5.08 ± 0.19 seconds) time, the MSRD showed significant (p < 0.01) mean differences (3.15 ± 0.17 seconds [p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.49, small]) and 5.16 ± 0.21 seconds [p < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.14, moderate], respectively, but the correlations were very large to nearly perfect (r = 0.97 and 0.87, respectively). Limits of agreement (LOA) for sprint time were -0.10 ± 0.10 seconds and for 5-10-5 time were 0.23 ± 0.24 seconds. For peak velocity, the mean values from MSRD and IMU for the sprint (4.62 ± 0.34 m·s-1 and 4.72 ± 0.44 m·s-1, respectively [p = 0.78]) and 5-10-5 drill (3.91 ± 0.47 m·s-1 and 3.93 ± 0.50 m·s-1, respectively [p = 0.98]) were not significantly different. The correlation between the peak velocity values was significant for the sprint (r = 0.65, p < 0.01), but not for 5-10-5 (r = 0.25, p = 0.69), with LOA values of 0.03 ± 0.86 m·s-1 and 0.00 ± 0.98 m·s-1, respectively. The MSRD seems to agree with timing gates for sprint and 5-10-5 time. However, the agreement with IMU for peak velocity is weaker.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss von Pflichtspielen auf die Leistung beim Countermovement Jump, die isometrische Kraft der unteren Extremitäten und selbstberichtete subjektive Messwerte 40 Stunden nach dem Spiel im Profifußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097443</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097443</guid>
      <author>Mukandi, I.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Turner, A.</author>
      <author>Beato, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mukandi, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turner, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beato, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the impact of competitive match play on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, hamstrings and adductor isometric strength, and subjective self-reported measures 40 hours postcompetitive match play in professional soccer players. Twenty-eight professional players completed baseline assessments during preseason. Assessment 40 hours postmatch was limited to players who played >=60 minutes, with players grouped into 2 categories based on minutes played: 60-89 minutes or 90-110 minutes. Baseline measures for subjective self-reported measures were collected 24 hours before each match. Across both groups, significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed in all outcome, ratio, and driver metrics except for eccentric mean force. All strategy metrics significantly increased (p < 0.05). Minutes played and match demands were not significantly associated with CMJ performance (tb = -0.07 to 0.16 and tb = -0.28 to 0.00, respectively). Prone isometric 0° showed nonsignificant reductions (p > 0.05) in both conditions with trivial to small effects. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed for both conditions for the supine 90° hamstring test, however minutes played, and match demands were not significantly associated with a reduction in performance (tb = -0.04 to -0.01 and tb = -0.27 to 0.21). Short lever hip adduction results showed nonsignificant reductions (p > 0.05) in the 60-89 minutes group, but significant decreases (p < 0.001) were observed for the dominant limb, nondominant limb, and total score in the 90-110 minutes condition. However, minutes played and match demands were not significantly associated with reduction in adductor isometric strength (tb = 0.18-0.22 and tb = -0.15 to 0.11). Subjective measures revealed significant reductions in sleep quality (p < 0.05) and composite scores (p < 0.001), and significant increases in muscle soreness (p < 0.001) across both conditions. Mood was only significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the 90-110 minutes condition. No significant associations were found between minutes played, match demand, and self-reported subjective scores (tb = -0.07 to 0.05 and tb = -0.09 to 0.00).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Tests beim NBA Draft Combine, fortgeschrittenen Leistungskennzahlen und der wahrgenommenen Leistung im Herrenbasketball der Division I der National Collegiate Athletic Association</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097444</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097444</guid>
      <author>Cleary, A.</author>
      <author>Winchester, J. B.</author>
      <author>Cochrane-Snyman, K. C.</author>
      <author>McBride, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>NCAA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cleary, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Winchester, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cochrane-Snyman, K. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McBride, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The NBA Draft Combine (NBADC) assesses an athlete's size, length, and athleticism. Advanced metrics such as player efficiency rating (PER) and Win Share/40 (WS/40) quantify basketball performance. This study explored relationships between NBADC metrics, performance metrics, and perceived performance in a National Collegiate Athletic Association DI Men's Basketball team. Thirteen scholarship athletes (age 20.1 ± 0.64 years, height 1.9 ± 0.1 m, mass 93.9 ± 10.9 kg) participated. Players and coaches ranked each player at their position, creating perceived performance rankings (player rank [PR] and coaches rank [CR]). A Spearman's rank correlation was performed using PER, WS/40, PR, and CR as dependent variables, with anthropometric and physical data as independent variables. Statistical significance was set a priori <=0.05. Stepwise linear regression identified predictive relationships. Win Share/40 significantly correlated with maximum vertical jump (MVJ) (Rho = 0.589, p <= 0.05). Maximum vertical jump explained 35% of WS/40 variability, and MVJ with body composition (BC) predicted 61.4%. Player efficiency rating and raw no-step vertical jump predicted 87.4% of WS/40. Coaches rank and standing reach explained 73.9% of WS/40, while CR alone explained 64.1% of PER. Results suggest lower body muscular power and body composition significantly relate to basketball performance. Coaches assessing players and projecting future contributions should prioritize vertical jump metrics and body composition over other NBADC assessments.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Laktatkonzentration im Blut während eines stufenweisen Belastungstests lassen keine Rückschlüsse auf Veränderungen der Substratverbrennung im Laufe der Trainingssaison zu</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097445</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097445</guid>
      <author>Benítez-Muñoz, J. A.</author>
      <author>Fleitas-Paniagua, P. R.</author>
      <author>Murias, J. M.</author>
      <author>Cupeiro, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Substrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Oxidation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Saisonverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Benítez-Muñoz, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fleitas-Paniagua, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murias, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cupeiro, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of the present work was to determine whether changes in blood lactate concentration [La-] between 2 different points of a training season would allow to predict changes in fat oxidation (FatOx) or carbohydrate oxidation (CHOx) in men and women. Fourteen men and 10 women performed a step incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer at 2 points of the training season (spring and fall). Blood lactate concentration was measured during the final 30 seconds of each step and immediately after task failure, while mean FatOx and CHOx during the last minute of each stage was estimated using indirect calorimetry. Subsequently, the difference between the 2 points of the training season at each common power output during the incremental test was calculated for [La-] (Delta[La-]), FatOx (DeltaFatOx), and CHOx (DeltaCHOx). The significant level was set at p < 0.05. The results showed [La-] was strongly and inversely associated with FatOx (men: -0.821 ± 0.112; women: -0.914 ± 0.038) and strongly and positively associated with CHOx (men: 0.937 ± 0.027; women: 0.945 ± 0.032) at each point of the training season. Contrary, a broad range of correlations were determined for the relationship between Delta[La-] and DeltaFatOx (men: -0.207 ± 0.531; women: -0.384 ± 0.502) or DeltaCHOx (men: 0.292 ± 0.427; women: 0.324 ± 0.475). In conclusion, assessing [La-] alone might be considered as an effective way to indirectly assess substrate oxidations as long as [La-], FatOx, and CHOx during the incremental test remain stable throughout the training season. Contrary, the novel and most important finding is changes in [La-] do not predict changes in substrate oxidations as the training season progresses.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Positionsspezifische Langzeituntersuchung der gesamten und regionalen Körperzusammensetzung bei American-Football-Spielern der NCAA Division I</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097446</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097446</guid>
      <author>Brooks, S. G.</author>
      <author>Dengel, D. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammensetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>NCAA</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brooks, S. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dengel, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Position-specific differences in body composition in American football players have been established. How the total and regional composition changes from preseason to postseason by position is unknown. Thus, this study examined longitudinal changes in total and regional body composition in NCAA Division I collegiate football players (CFPs) over a competitive season. A total of 188 male CFPs aged 18-23 (20.7 ± 1.6 years) were included. Body composition was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry at preseason and postseason. Subjects were grouped into defensive backs, defensive linemen, linebackers, offensive linemen, punters/kickers, quarterbacks, running backs, tight ends, and wide receivers. Repeated-measures ANOVA assessed effects of season and position on total and regional body composition, controlling for player participation status. Post hoc pairwise comparisons determined the magnitude, direction, and significance of changes for each position. There were no changes in total or regional measures of body mass, fat mass, or bone mass across the season, except for arm mass. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in total lean mass (LM), arm LM, leg LM, and gynoid LM were observed in certain position groups. The results of this study confirm that there is a decrease in total LM during a competitive season in CFPs. This study demonstrates that this loss in LM mainly comes from the leg and gynoid regions of the body and occurs across all positions. This information can be used by strength and nutrition staff to develop new strategies to prevent this LM loss during the season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungsmuster von Spielerinnen der Rugby-Nationalmannschaft über eine Reihe von Spielen hinweg</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097447</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097447</guid>
      <author>Betelli, M. T.</author>
      <author>Loturco, I.</author>
      <author>Ramos, M. S.</author>
      <author>Mercer, V. P.</author>
      <author>Moura, T. B. M. A.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, L. P.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Pereira, L. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bewegungsmuster</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Betelli, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loturco, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramos, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mercer, V. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moura, T. B. M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, L. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Given the increasing level of competitiveness of women's rugby union, it is crucial to better understand the physical demands of female players during match play. In this study, we examined the locomotor activities during 6 consecutive matches played by the Brazilian Women's National Team Rugby Union players to identify positional and temporal variations in distance and acceleration-based parameters. Thirty-nine women rugby players (20 backs and 19 forwards) participated in the study. Data were collected using a global positioning system, with a 10 Hz acquisition frequency, to analyze the players' locomotor activities during 6 international matches (i.e., total distance [TD], distance covered at different intensity zones, acceleration load, acceleration density, high metabolic load distance, and player load [PL]). The TD covered during the matches averaged 5,425 ± 629 m. Total distance, distances >20 km·h-1, acceleration load, and acceleration density were higher for backs in comparison with forwards (11, 11, 12, and 63% difference, respectively; p < 0.001). Higher TD, acceleration load, acceleration density, and PL values were observed in the first quarter compared with subsequent quarters (11, 13, 15, and 14% difference, respectively; p < 0.001). Coaches should consider these findings to design tailored training for backs and forwards. Regardless of their positions, players cover greater distances at varying speeds in the first quarter than in the subsequent quarters. These outcomes reinforce the need for specific training strategies to maintain the level of performance in later quarters and during critical moments of the match.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Veränderungen der Sprint- und Landemechanik während eines 120-minütigen fußballspezifischen Trainings</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097448</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097448</guid>
      <author>Field, A.</author>
      <author>Fischer, A.</author>
      <author>Read, D. B.</author>
      <author>Sanderson, A.</author>
      <author>Graham-Smith, P.</author>
      <author>Birdsey, L.</author>
      <author>Harper, L.</author>
      <author>Bramah, C.</author>
      <author>Page, R. M.</author>
      <author>Dos'Santos, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>wettkampfspezifisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drop jump</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Field, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Read, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanderson, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Graham-Smith, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Birdsey, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harper, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bramah, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Page, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dos'Santos, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to examine the influence of 120 minutes of simulated soccer match play on sprinting and landing mechanics. Twelve semiprofessional soccer players completed bilateral vertical drop jumps, countermovement jumps, and 30-m sprints at prematch, half-time, full-time, and post-extra time. Two-dimensional frontal plane footage was captured during jumps, and the frontal plane projection angle upon landing was measured. Sprint-running mechanics were assessed using a novel qualitative screening tool. Drop-jump height reduced 12.5% from prematch (0.32 ± 0.02 m) to extra time (0.28 ± 0.02 m, p = 0.002, d = 0.2), 11.1% from full-time to prematch (0.27 ± 0.02 m; p = 0.013, d = 2.2), and 6.3% from full-time to half-time (0.30 ± 0.02 m; p = 0.001, d = 3.0). Average landing force decreased 4.5% at extra time (1,022.7 ± 38.3 N) vs. prematch (1,068.7 ± 38.5 N; p = 0.003, d = 1.2), 5.5% at half-time (1,078.7 ± 38.3; p = 0.001, d = 0.8), and 3.8% at full-time (1,039.5 ± 38.3) vs. half-time (p = 0.015, d = 0.3). Time to stabilization increased 14.3% at extra time (663 ± 34 ms) from 568 ± 34 ms at prematch (p = 0.009, d = 0.3), 13.7% at half-time (572 ± 34 ms; p = 0.004, d = 0.1), and 9.1% at full-time (663 ± 34; p = 0.011, d = 0.2). Relative peak landing force was 6.9% higher at full-time (692.00 ± 44.44%) vs. half-time (644.79 ± 44.44%; p = 0.009, d = 0.4), but 6.2% lower at half-time vs. prematch (684.50 ± 44.28%; p = 0.022, d = 0.6). Sprint mechanics movement quality deteriorated by 29.5% at half-time (2.75 ± 0.26) compared with prematch (1.95 ± 0.27; p = 0.016, d = 0.5), and by 33.4% from prematch to extra time (2.93 ± 0.27; p = 0.013, d = 0.6). Players may experience impaired neuromuscular performance, particularly during landing and sprinting, which may influence movement quality and could contribute to increased injury susceptibility, although this requires further investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines kinetik- und kinematikorientierten Richtungswechseltrainings auf Risikofaktoren für Verletzungen des vorderen Kreuzbandes bei Elitefußballern unter Ermüdungsbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097449</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097449</guid>
      <author>Altug, T.</author>
      <author>Soyler, M.</author>
      <author>Aydin, A. S.</author>
      <author>Celik, S.</author>
      <author>Taber, C. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>U17</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Altug, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soyler, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aydin, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Celik, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taber, C. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of repeated change-of-direction (COD) drills on body composition and performance outcomes in elite U17 soccer players, examining fatigue-induced changes in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk mechanisms. Twenty-eight male athletes (age: 16.8 ± 0.6 years; height: 167.4 ± 2.3 cm; body mass: 63.50 ± 2.19 kg; fat mass (FM): 5.31 ± 0.90 kg; fat-free mass (FFM): 58.20 ± 0.84 kg) were randomly assigned to either a kinetic group emphasizing resistance-based force production or a kinematic group targeting agility and COD mechanics. A 12-week in-season intervention was conducted, with pretest and posttest evaluations of heart rate (HR), blood lactate (LA), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), FM, FFM, COD time, and shuttle sprint (SS) performance. Significant group × time interactions were observed for FM (F (1, 26) = 6.07, p = 0.021, Eta2 = 0.189), SS (F (1, 26) = 5.75, p = 0.024, Eta2 = 0.181), and RPE (F (1, 26) = 13.52, p = 0.001, Eta2 = 0.342), favoring the kinetic group. These athletes exhibited greater reductions in FM, smaller increases in sprint time, and elevated RPE, indicating improved fatigue tolerance. No interaction effects were found for COD, HR, or LA, but the kinetic group exhibited more effective within-group adaptation to training-induced fatigue. Overall, kinetic-based COD training may support neuromuscular and metabolic adaptation under fatigue, while kinematic approaches may better preserve movement quality. A combined approach may mitigate fatigue-related ACL injury risk during competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Externe Belastung von professionellen Fußballerinnen im Wettkampf-Mikrozyklus: Einfluss der Spielposition und kontextueller Variablen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097450</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097450</guid>
      <author>Sánchez-Abselam, O.</author>
      <author>González-Fernández, F. T.</author>
      <author>Castillo-Rodríguez, A.</author>
      <author>Onetti-Onetti, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mikrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Abselam, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Fernández, F. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Castillo-Rodríguez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Onetti-Onetti, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Women's soccer has experienced substantial growth in recent years, accompanied by increased scientific interest in performance-related variables. This study aimed to analyze the external load across competitive microcycles in a professional women's soccer team and to examine the influence of playing position and contextual factors (match location, outcome, and opponent quality) on physical demands. Eighteen professional players (age: 24.5 ± 5.6 years; body mass: 58.8 ± 14.8 kg; height: 165 ± 5.7 cm) from a Spanish second-division team were monitored across 13 microcycles using 10 Hz Global Positioning System devices. Players were categorized into 5 positions: central defenders, external defenders, midfielders, wingers, and forwards. Significant differences were observed across microcycle days (p < 0.001), with match day (MD) presenting the highest external load values, and MD-1 the lowest. Playing position significantly affected explosive distance, high-speed running, and high metabolic load distance (p < 0.001), with forwards showing the highest values and central defenders the lowest. In addition, greater physical demands were recorded when competing against lower-ranked opponents. These findings provide relevant insights for physical performance staff, highlighting the importance of adjusting training loads based on both positional profiles and contextual factors to optimize performance and recovery strategies in elite women's soccer.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multikamerabasierte Erfassung von Sprüngen beim Snowboarden auf Trockenskipisten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097451</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097451</guid>
      <author>Decorte, R.</author>
      <author>De Waele, R.</author>
      <author>Slembrouck, M.</author>
      <author>Verstockt, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Snowboarding</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bildanalyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Decorte, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Waele, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slembrouck, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verstockt, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: While snowboarding was originally only performed in mountainous regions, the popularity of this sport combined with the unpredictability of natural snowfall has led to the creation of dry slopes, i.e., man-made artificial surfaces that simulate the feel of snow, allowing for year-round snowboarding practice and training. To enhance the experience at the dry slope, we've developed an automated video system that provides detailed jump analysis. Using three cameras, we capture athletes from multiple angles and generate zoomed-in videos for review. Our analysis reports, distilled from these videos, includes key metrics like airtime, takeoff speed, height, and distance.

METHODS: We automatically clip video segments by predicting the athlete's three dimensional flight path. This prediction is used to project the athlete's estimated position onto the image plane, allowing us to frame the athlete effectively. To achieve this, we track the athlete's movement on the kicker using human pose estimation, which enables us to estimate his takeoff position and velocity. Using the estimated takeoff parameters, we approximate the athlete's flight trajectory using projectile motion with air resistance. To streamline the analysis, we divide the jump into four stages: (1) the inrun, (2) takeoff, (3) airtime, and (4) landing stages, as illustrated in Figure 1.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Our framing method, which achieved zoom levels of 2x to 4x, provides a solid foundation for future research on snowboarding jump feedback. This includes applications requiring higher resolution footage, such as 3D human pose estimation and scene reconstruction. This could be achieved by utilizing the predicted trajectories to automatically steer a high resolution PTZ-camera (at which point timing and efficient computation becomes more important). Additionally, our analysis results complement subjective visual observations with objective metrics. However, further testing is needed to verify their accuracy.

CONCLUSION: This research provides a foundation for 3D human pose estimation of snowboarding jumps by using multi-camera video footage to estimate the athlete's flight trajectory. Future work can build upon this foundation by implementing automatic athlete tracking, enabling higher zoom levels and improved image resolution. Furthermore, a detailed jump analysis, including airtime, takeoff velocity, height, and distance, can be derived from the predicted trajectory. While this methodology was only demonstrated at a dry slope in Genk (Belgium), it can serve as a model/basis for similar research elsewhere. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reproduzierbarkeit kortikaler somatosensorisch evozierter Potenziale im Skilanglauf: Eine Proof-of-Concept-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097452</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097452</guid>
      <author>Piitulainen, H.</author>
      <author>Giangrande, A.</author>
      <author>Botter, A.</author>
      <author>Cerone, G. L.</author>
      <author>Karczewska-Lindinger, M.</author>
      <author>Lindinger, S.</author>
      <author>Piirainen, J. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EEG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reproduzierbarkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Piitulainen, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Giangrande, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Botter, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cerone, G. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karczewska-Lindinger, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lindinger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Piirainen, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Skiing has positive effects on human health and motor ability in daily life activities [1-2]. However, the brain basis of skiing induced balance and motor control benefits are unclear. To unravel these mechanisms, the high quality and reproducibility of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signals recorded during skiing are prerequisite for longitudinal skiing studies. We examined the reproducibility of the skiing evoked cortical EEG potentials during cross-country skiing.

METHODS: Four professional male skiers volunteered for two sessions 24-h apart (41 ± 3 y.o.) to perform 3-min of V2-skiing on a treadmill (Rodby, Sweden) at 2° elevation and at velocity matching 85% of their maximal heart rate. 32-channel EEG (ReC Bioengineering Laboratories and LISiN, Turin, Italy) somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) were quantified to 15 supramaximal electrical stimulations at 150% of maximal M-wave to the right common tibial nerve delivered every three skiing cycles at 255 ms after onset of the gliding phase. The 200 µs stimuli amplitude was 43 ± 12 mA in 1st session and 37 ± 16 mA in 2nd session. In addition, ground reaction force and EMG from tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and soleus muscles were recorded.

RESULTS and DISCUSSION: Our newly developed light-weight wireless EEG showed high reproducibility in: (1) cortical location of peak SEP on Cz electrode above the leg area of the primary sensorimotor cortex, (2) peak SEP amplitude of 28 ± 5 µV  in 1st session and 27 ± 6 µV in 2nd session and (3) peak SEP latency: N1 was 131 ± 16 ms and P2 was 227 ± 21 ms in 1st session, and N1 was 132 ± 9 ms and P2 was 237 ± 14 ms in 2nd session. In addition, we were able to record and synchronize multiple signals together by using a wireless synchronization unit [3]. 

CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that SEPs during V2 skiing can be used to quantify the cortical processing of somatosensory afferent input. Further studies are needed to show how the EEG responses are modulated according to the individual task-related skills and/or over time to skiing training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mithilfe der Nahinfrarotspektroskopie ermittelte Schwellenwerte im Vergleich zu Laktatschwellenwerten bei Spitzensportlern im Skilanglauf</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097454</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097454</guid>
      <author>Forot, J.</author>
      <author>Schorderet, F.</author>
      <author>Burdet, C.</author>
      <author>Brocherie, F.</author>
      <author>Millet, G. P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laktat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Laktatschwelle</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>NIRS</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Nahinfrarotspektroskopie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Forot, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schorderet, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burdet, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brocherie, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millet, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Cross-country skiing and biathlon are endurance sports that require an accurate exercise intensity prescription to optimize performance. Traditional methods for monitoring exercise intensities (e.g., lactate or heart rate) have limitations in terms of comfort and precision during on-field training. Recently, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has emerged as a new method for non-invasive monitoring of muscle oxygenation. The Moxy Monitor, a portable NIRS device, was shown to enable accurate determination of thresholds, when compared to lactate thresholds [1]. However, to date, the optimal location of the sensor remains unknown, particularly in sports as Nordic ski using both upper- and lower limbs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of using NIRS to determine breakpoints (i.e. BP1 and BP2) compared to first (LT1) and second (LT2) lactate thresholds and to compare different muscle sites in male and female elite cross-country skiers and biathletes.

METHODS: Fifty-two athletes (29 males, 23 females) from the French national teams were recruited performed an incremental treadmill test on roller skis, with 3-minute work intervals at increasing speeds until exhaustion, interspersed with 30-s rest for lactate measurement (Lactate Pro 2). NIRS sensors were located simultaneously on four muscle sites: vastus lateralis, hamstrings, biceps, and triceps. Oxygen saturation (SmO2) was collected and analyzed to detect BP1 and BP2 [2] and compared to LT1 and LT2. Statistical analysis included repeated measures ANOVA and Chi-Square tests.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: There are three key findings: First, the detection of BP1 is not effective due to insufficient precision, making it unsuitable for practical use. Second, it was possible to detect efficiently BP2 in vastus lateralis (88.5%), hamstrings (96.2%) and biceps (86.5%) but not in the triceps (24.1%). Third, there was a very good accuracy (i.e., bias [95% confidence intervals] in heart rate between BP2 and LT2) in the three muscles:  vastus lateralis (-0.55 bpm [-8.85; 7.75]), hamstrings (1.3 bpm [-2.8; 4.2]) and biceps (1.0 bpm [-7.5; 9.5]).  Finally, no significant differences were found between male and female athletes in the second threshold determination, likely due to the athletes' low adipose tissue thickness.

CONCLUSION: NIRS technology shows potential as a practical field tool for detecting the second lactate threshold in elite Nordic skiers. Its non-invasive nature and ease of use make it a valuable addition to traditional methods like lactate testing. However, improvement in the precision of BP1 detection is necessary for broader application. Further investigation should focus on NIRS as a device for monitoring training intensity during on-field training sessions, exploring its potential for real-time application in elite sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nachweis elektromyographischer Schwellen im Doppelstocktest bei Skilangläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097455</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097455</guid>
      <author>Takeda, M.</author>
      <author>Uda, S.</author>
      <author>Kajiwara, W.</author>
      <author>Nakano, H.</author>
      <author>Horimoto, R.</author>
      <author>Miyamoto, N.</author>
      <author>Linnamo, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Doppelstockschub</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uda, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kajiwara, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakano, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Horimoto, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linnamo, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Since double-poling in cross-country skiing requires significant power during the poling motion, muscle endurance and high muscle power are essential. The upper body may rely more on muscle power and endurance than the lower body, where endurance is more critical [1]. It is known that there is a threshold in muscle activity, EMGT (electromyographic threshold), during incremental exercise [2]. Two break points (EMGT1 and EMGT2) are recognized for EMGT [3]. However, there are no reports on whether EMGT of muscles for double-poling is detected in the progressive test. This study investigates whether EMGT is observed in muscles for double poling in the progressive exercise test and, if so, how it is related to other physiological parameters.

METHODS: We conducted a double-poling test using roller skis (classical type, Marwe) on a treadmill with one World Cup-level cross-country skier. During the test, surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded for three upper body muscles (triceps brachii, posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi) and two lower body muscles (vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius). Respiratory gas exchange parameters were also measured, while blood lactate concentration was only measured before and after the test. The exercise protocol involved maintaining a constant speed of 10 km/h while increasing the incline by 1° (approximately 1.75%) every minute, starting from 1°. EMGs were expressed as moving averages every 1000 msec after rectification. The thresholds were determined through visual inspection.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The exercise duration of the double-poling test was 8.5 minutes. An evaluation of the changes in the EMG revealed EMGT1 and EMGT2 in all muscle groups except the gastrocnemius muscle (Fig. 1). For the triceps brachii, a breakpoint corresponding to EMGT1 was observed at 6 minutes (7° incline, approximately 12.3%), and another corresponding to EMGT2 was observed at 8 minutes (9° incline, approximately 15.8%). Although slight breakpoints were observed in the respiratory gas exchange parameters, especially in ventilation and carbon dioxide output, they were not necessarily distinct.

CONCLUSION: The incremental exercise test using roller skiing double-poling clearly revealed the presence of EMGT1 and EMGT2, which were less related to changes in expiratory gas variables. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der Intra-Session-Reliabilität von Kraft-Geschwindigkeits-Profiling-Methoden unter Verwendung linearer Positionssensoren im Wintersport</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097456</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097456</guid>
      <author>Snyder, C.</author>
      <author>Stöggl, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wintersport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skispringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Snyder, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stöggl, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Force-Velocity profiling (FVP) is a popular tool for measuring physical performance and monitoring training adaptations in winter-sports [1]. Although useful, there are conflicting views on the reliability of FVP parameters, especially theoretical maximum velocity at zero force (V0) [2]. Critically, the reliability of the input profiling parameters (mean force and mean velocity Fmean, Vmean) is a critical determinant of the reliability for the overall profile. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate within-test reliability of individual FVP parameters in elite winter-sport athletes using the Lifter (Intelligent Motion, Wartburg an der Krems, Austria) device. Additionally, as the input parameters Fmean and Vmean are sensitive to the determination of the start and stop thresholds [2], therefore the current study also compared various methods to calculate profiling parameters and timepoints, as well as the resulting FV profiles to determine optimal methods for use on the Lifter device.

METHODS: As part of routine testing between 2022 - 2024, 18 athletes (world-class alpine, cross country, biathalon, and ski jumping athletes) underwent FVP profiling using loaded jumps on the Lifter. Participants completed four repetitions at loads between 40-100% body weight. Profiling parameters for each repetition were calculated using the estimated force and velocity curves and various triggers of the start and end timepoints, as well as the method proposed by Samozino et al [3]. Within-session reliability for Fmean, Vmean,and Pmean was assessed using coefficient of variability (CV) and intra class correlation coefficients. FVP profiles were calculated for each method (F0, V0, Pmax, Sfv, r2).

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: All selected methods presented strong ICC`s (Pmean 0.93 -0.97, Vmean 0.95- 0.98, Fmean 0.89 - 0.99) and acceptable CV`s (Pmean 3.0-6.5%, Vmean 2.4-4.6%, Fmean 0.7-3.5%). As all methods displayed high ICC`s, the method with the lowest CV for Pmean was the Samozino method, using maximum velocity as the end (for the calculation of jump height) and the first velocity over 0.03 m/s as the start(to set push-off height) (3.03 ± 1.55%). Despite high within session reliability, estimated FVP parameters for the same test varied up to 180% of the average value depending on the method used (ex. V0 2.55 - 15.88 m/s for one athlete with r2 > 0.88 for all methods - mean, 0.96). While all triggering methods present high reliability, the resulting output parameters do not produce the same profiling results This method displayed the lowest FVP Pmax however, highlighting the need for further work to identify the method with the best combination of reliability and accuracy.

CONCLUSION: When using the Lifter, all of the selected methods displayed acceptable reliability, however large differences in the resulting FVP profiles were observed. Special care must be given to choosing which methods to use during FVP, as the output parameters are extremely sensitive to the variation of the input parameters, despite the appearance of high reliability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Integration von Labor- und Feldversuchen für ein besseres Verständnis der Leistung im Biathlon</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097457</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097457</guid>
      <author>Zoppirolli, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feldtest</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Labortest</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zoppirolli, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Biathlon is a winter sport discipline that combine skating cross-country skiing and prone/standing rifle shooting. Skiing performance consists in 3 to 5 laps (duration 5 to 8 min, depending on race format) while carrying the rifle, 2 to 4 shooting series with 5 targets each placed 50 m away within the shooting range, and eventual penalty loops (75 or 150 m) in case of missed targets. Easy to understand how biathlon requires elevated physiological demands but also fine motor control to be able to shoot accurately and quickly, in conditions of high physical and mental stress. In long term training programming, high-level biathlon coaches need updated scientific knowledge to provide right physiological, coordinative and technical stimuli to develop and improve all the components that are basic for biathlon performance. As an endurance discipline, aerobic capacity (V`O2max and its fractional utilization), anaerobic capacity (the anaerobic contribution to maximum mechanical power production) and exercise economy (particularly important in sports with high technical component) are important performance determinants. However, biathlon is a peculiar intermittent endurance sport, with moderate performance duration and the need to smartly control the physiological effort prior to shooting. Predictive models revealed that speed and V`O2 at 2 and 4 mMol/L as well as skiing economy are the physiological parameters that mostly explain the variability of biathlon performance, after shooting accuracy (Jonas 2022). From a biomechanical perspective, shooting accuracy in high-level biathlon was related to the ability to control the athlete-rifle stability while aiming and just after the shoot release. High hold stability, cleaness of triggering and reduced center of mass displacement across the shooting direction, were all related to high shooting performance. The aim of the present invited speech is to understand what are the best laboratory testing routines for high-level biathlets in order to monitor the effect of regulat training or particular training regims, by looking at the literture but also trying to think about new testing routines that give a complete assessment of the biathlet. In particular, another issue is to provide evidences to understand the need for the development of field testing routines to integrate laboratory assessment and improving the understanding of both biathlon performance and athlete development. The principal scientific questions that seem to be important to face could be related to different fields such as the physiological effect of skiing and training on different terrains, the physiological and biomechanical effect of skiing and training with or without the rifle, the understanding of better individual balance between intensity distribution and shooting performance for prone or standing series, the effect of particular strength training regimes on upper body strength, gear distributuion and strategies of poliìng force application while skiing with the rifle. Again, as far as concerns shooting, filed testing should help in understand and improve shooting approach in different conditions (different positions, exercise effort, respiration patterns or stressors such as the presence of opponents or the noise). These themes are of particular interest for high-level biathlon and maybe should deserve a scientific in-depth analysis in the next future, integrating laboratory and filed testing routines.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Physiologische Auswirkungen einer veränderten Trageposition des Gewehrs bei Elite-Biathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097458</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097458</guid>
      <author>Livingood, E.</author>
      <author>Burgess, I.</author>
      <author>Marshall, G.</author>
      <author>Becker, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Livingood, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Burgess, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marshall, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Becker, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Skiing while carrying the additional mass of a rifle has detrimental effects on both physiologic and biomechanical measures of skiing performance [1,2]. However, it may be possible to offset these detrimental impacts by manipulating the position of the rifle on the athlete`s back or the tightness of the harness. While this has been considered in theoretical studies [3], to date it has not been investigated experimentally. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of changing rifle position and harness tightness on physiologic response during skiing in elite biathletes. Secondarily, we also examined whether harness position and tightness influences shooting timing.

METHODS: Eight members of the US Biathlon National Team participated in this study. On day one athletes performed an incremental step test to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). On day two athletes skied three-minute intervals wearing their rifle in their habitual harness position (HAB), followed, in a randomized order, by combinations of rifle high or low on their back and harness tight or loose (HL, HT, LT, LL). Oxygen consumption (VO2) was averaged over the last minute of each interval and used to calculate gross efficiency (GE) and economy (E). Tidal volume (VT) and minute ventilation (VE) were also calculated to examine effects of harness on breathing patterns. Following each interval athletes performed a dryfire shooting bout in standing position which was recorded by highspeed video to assess how harness position influenced time to get into and out of shooting position. Linear mixed effects models with Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons were used to assess effect of harness condition.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: There were significant fixed effects of condition for VO2 (p = 0.026), GE (p = .003), and E (p = .007). Pairwise comparisons showed that VO2 was lower (p = .045) while both GE (p = .001) and E (p = .004) were higher in the HT condition than HAB condition. The HT condition may move the center of mass of the athlete-rifle system into a more advantageous forward lean position, thus increasing skiing efficiency. There were no significant fixed effects of condition for any of the other variables (all p > .05) suggesting that moving and especially tightening the harness did not impact breathing while skiing or ability to get into and out of shooting position quickly.

CONCLUSION: Athletes may be able to offset the negative impacts of the weight of the rifle by 
manipulating the position of the rifle on their back and/or the tightness of the harness.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Visuelle Anforderungen und Schießleistung von Elite-Biathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097459</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097459</guid>
      <author>Wimshurst, Z. L.</author>
      <author>Köykkä, M.</author>
      <author>Ruotsalainen, K.</author>
      <author>Linnamo, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sehen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>visuell</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wimshurst, Z. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Köykkä, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruotsalainen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linnamo, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Sports vision is a growing area of interest with increasing numbers of high performing teams dedicating time to test and train their visual system to improve competitive performance. However, the visual system consists of several components, or "visual skills," each of varying importance for sports and activities. Currently, there is no systematic way to determine which visual skills are most relevant for each sport. In a previous study, elite air rifle shooters demonstrated higher levels of accommodation than non-elite shooters, and all shooters had better visual acuity than non-athletes [1]. Yet, the study did not explain why the visual capabilities that they tested were considered crucial for shooting. This study aimed to design and use a questionnaire to identify which visual skills those involved in biathlon perceive to be important for sport`s shooting element and to test whether these identified visual skills correlate with key shooting technical components [2] and shooting performance in biathletes.

METHODS: Fifty-six participants (36 athletes, 18 coaches, 2 others) completed the questionnaire, and the visual skills rated most important by athletes and coaches were selected for phase two of the study. The six visual skills identified by the athletes/coaches (Static Visual Acuity, Eye-Hand Co-ordination, Attention, Visual Reaction Time, Visual Concentration, Central Peripheral Awareness) plus two identified as potentially important by the researcher ZLW (Gaze Stability and Saccadic Eye Movements) were tested in a group of 27 biathletes. Without physical stress, athletes also undertook tests of biathlon prone shooting performance (Hitdist: the hit point`s distance from the centre of the target) and shooting technical components, including Aiming Accuracy (COGdist: the distance between the aiming point`s mean location and the target 0.6-0.0 s before triggering), Stability of Hold (R MV02: mean resultant velocity 0.2-0.0 s before triggering; Y SD: vertical standard deviation 0.6-0.0 s before triggering), Cleanness of Triggering (COG2Hit: the distance between the hit point and the aiming point`s mean location 0.6-0.0 s before triggering), and Timing of Triggering (TIRE6: an index score, from 1 to 6, based on 0.1-second time intervals from 0.6 to 0.0 seconds before triggering, where a smaller distance between the aiming point and the target is represented by a higher score). Pearson (Rp) and Spearman (Rs) correlations were used for normally and non-normally distributed variables, respectively.

RESULTS: Saccadic Eye-Movements correlated with Hitdist (Rp = .54, P = .004), COGdist (Rp = -.41, P = .033), R MV02 (Rp = -.43, P = .026), Y SD (Rp = -.38, P = .048) and COG2Hit (Rs = -.47, P = .014). In the Peripheral Awareness test, errors correlated with COG2Hit (Rs = .51, P = .006) and TIRE6 (Rs = .46, P = .015). In the Concentration test, missed reactions correlated with R MV02 (Rp = .40, P = .039) and Y SD (Rp = .43, P = .024). In the Gaze Stability test, time to first fixation correlated with R MV02 (Rs = -.50, P = .011) and TIRE6 (Rs = .51, P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS: Clear links exist between some visual skills and shooting performance. However, the questionnaire may not be the best method of discovering which visual skills are important to a given sport, as the coaches and athletes did not identify the most relevant skills. Future recommendations include follow-up training studies including also fatigue aspect using Saccadic Eye Movement training as a tool to enhance shooting performance in biathletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Intervalltraining auf Rollskiern bei Biathleten: Überprüfung, ob die Athleten die Zielvorgaben für hohe Intensität auf der Bahn erreichen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097460</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097460</guid>
      <author>Aschenbrenner, P.</author>
      <author>Tomaszewska, A.</author>
      <author>Ambroziak, A.</author>
      <author>Grzywacz, T.</author>
      <author>Woznica, W.</author>
      <author>Krawczynski, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollski</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aschenbrenner, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tomaszewska, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ambroziak, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grzywacz, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Woznica, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krawczynski, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Accidents during skiing competitions occur randomly, are not subject of any real-time measurements and cannot be repeated in real conditions. One of the methods of investigating accidents is computer simulation, which take into account the inertial and kinetic parameters of the object [1,2]. There are papers with human numerical models described in the literature [1,2] and commercial models, but they do not take into account the specifics of a skier on skis. Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that there is no available specification of a skier model with ski equipment, and therefore the authors set a goal to develop a multi segment model of a skier with ski equipment.

METHODS: 20 national team athletes, seniors and juniors, in alpine skiing were examined. The research methods used were: body geometry measurements, muscle torque, ROM in joints, reaction time, using: BIODEX, BLINK PRO, Kistler. Standard research procedures according to the manufacturer's protocols. Computer modeling was carried out in accordance with the principles of multi-body dynamics, using commercial MSC ADAMS software. The factors taken into account were: 21 body elements as rigid elements; resistance points, bonds; external and internal forces. Nonlinear stiffness resulting from the dependence of muscle torque on joint angle, angular velocity and muscle activation time was assumed.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Based on measurements in isometric and isokinetic conditions, torque functions were determined depending on the angle, holding time and angular velocity in the joint. Example results for the knee joint, M as a function of angle,velocity and time: These data for individual joints and inertial values for individual links were entered into the kinetic parameters of the skier model. 

CONCLUSION: The multi-segment model can help to better understand how parts of a skier`s interact during accidents and can be used to identify risk factors.It still requires development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Calculations were partially made using resourses of Centre of Informatics Tricity Academic Supercomputer and networK CI TASK. Co-financed by the Minister of Science under the "Regional Excellence Initiative" Program (RID).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intelligente Wettkämpfe im alpinen Skisport - Eine Pilotstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097461</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097461</guid>
      <author>Brügger, S.</author>
      <author>Romann, M.</author>
      <author>Bruhin, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brügger, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romann, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bruhin, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Junior alpine ski racing formats often mirror those of elite athletes like Marco Odermatt, but it's questionable whether they are age-appropriate and beneficial for younger competitors. Theodoulides and Armour (2001) note that sports competitions are typically structured by age groups, and many countries invest in youth sports to foster development. Coalter (2007) argues that effective formats should focus on talent and personality development. Building on this, Côté (2016) introduced the concept of "smart competition," which incorporates participation, personality, and performance in line with Lerner's (2003) development theory.

METHODS: 13 female ski racers and eight male ski racers (9.3 ± 0.9 years) took part in the pilot study. Using data from Global Navigation Satellite System sensors, both competition formats were analyzed using the parameters: Movement time inside and outside the competition, number of runs, turns taken and personal experience. The data were compared using Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank test and Cohen's d effect sizes.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Significant differences were found for active movement time (1), competition time (2), number of runs (3) and curves (4) (p = < .000 (1); < .000 (2); < .000 (3); < .000 (4)). Using a questionnaire on the personal competition experience, a significant difference was found for enjoyment of the competition format (p = .020) with a mean effect size according to Cohen (d = 0.33).

CONCLUSION: In the optimized competition format, the active movement time was increased by 180%. The comparison of the development over time showed that the running time over the individual runs was improved in the optimized format.  By optimizing the competition format, the examined parameters active movement time, competition time, number of runs and number of curves could be increased. SO WHAT !?! By increasing the active movement time in the competition, young athletes are given more time to be able to ski actively. Individual performance development is promoted by developing over more than just two runs. Furthermore, by increasing the number of runs and turns in the competition, technical skiing skills are promoted. The pilot study serves as the basis for the implication of a new competition format at Swiss-Ski.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss besonderer Lebensumstände auf das Verletzungsrisiko beim alpinen Skisport - eine Studie unter Athleten des Nachwuchsteams des Deutschen Skiverbandes</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097462</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097462</guid>
      <author>Goll, M.</author>
      <author>Thallmair, L.</author>
      <author>Huber, A.</author>
      <author>Waibel, K.</author>
      <author>Spitzenpfeil, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Goll, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thallmair, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huber, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Waibel, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Spitzenpfeil, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Alpine skiing`s high injury rates require new approaches to mitigate the risk of injury (1). For alpine skiing development athletes there is a lack of research regarding the sport speficic risk factors (2) in both, internal and external factors (3, 1). The basis for appropriate measures consist of new insights into further internal and external risk factors and injury mechanisms (3). Therefore, the research question of this study was to examine life circumstances of development athletes who have sustained a major injury during one season.

METHODS: Due to their injury history, 13 development-team athletes were identified to participate in guided interviews. The interview items consisted of potential predictors influencing a higher injury risk and were defined in accordance with coaches` evaluation in order to gain insights into the experiential reality of the athletes (4). All interview data was categorized using qualitative content analysis by Mayring (5). 

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The categories 1) external factors 2) psychological factors 3) physiological factors and 4) social circumstances revealed a potential association in their subcategories specifically for new equipment, stress/pressure and social relations with injury.

CONCLUSION: Paying attention to athletes` life circumstances, (unexpected) pressure situations or equipment changes might help mitigate injury risk.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verteilung von Skiwachs auf der Oberfläche von Langlaufskiern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097463</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097463</guid>
      <author>Lefebvre, P.</author>
      <author>Herody, J.</author>
      <author>Charlot, F.</author>
      <author>Coulmy, N.</author>
      <author>Mantoux, A.</author>
      <author>Coulmy, N.</author>
      <author>Hagenmuller, P.</author>
      <author>Blanquet, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wachs</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Oberfläche</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lefebvre, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herody, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Charlot, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coulmy, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mantoux, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coulmy, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hagenmuller, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blanquet, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: The International Ski and Snowboard federation (FIS) has banned fluorinated wax since winter 2023/2024 for health and environmental reasons [1]. Athletes must proceed to the inspection of their skis before each run to ensure no fluorine wax was used during the preparation. This control is currently done by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at three different points of the ski [2]. Very limited amount of wax can significantly improve the gliding performance [3]. One may thus wonder what the distribution of the wax onto the ski base is and what detection sensitivity should be attained for effective regulations?

METHODS: After cutting the ski into pieces, waxed ski bases were observed with a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector. When observed under an electron beam, a material emits X-rays with energies specific to the atoms it contains This technique allows the recognition of elemental constituents and their distribution mapping on the surface is possible on the SEM image. It requires that the wax contain different elements than the ski (carbon). Skis were prepared with a classical cross-country competition procedure. Different ski bases with different fluorinated waxes were analyzed. The effect of grinding with the absence or presence of a linear structure on the ski base was also investigated.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The presence of fluorine is very scattered. The distribution of wax is very variable with the ski base and the wax nature. Ski base with graphite seems to retain less wax than no graphite containing with a presence of only small cluster of fluor. PFA wax seems to be present only in small grooves parallel to the direction of skiing. This effect appears also on grinded ski even if it can be noticed an increase in the surface density in holes of the structure. It can be explained by the several brushing of the ski to remove the excess of wax. Wax containing molybdenum either dispersed in PFA or paraffin are distributed in small cluster.

CONCLUSION: EDX is a suitable way to analyze wax qualitatively by detection of non-carbon elements such as fluorine and molybdenum.  EDX-mapping is a powerful tool to measure the distribution of wax on the ski base. The distribution of wax can be very different depending on the ski base and the wax nature. However, it can be noticed the wax is mostly in grooves parallel to the sliding direction. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ein neuer elektronischer Schießstand und ein Schießlabor für Biathlon-Training und -Forschung</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097464</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097464</guid>
      <author>Leppävuori, A.</author>
      <author>Ruotsalainen, K.</author>
      <author>Köykkä, M.</author>
      <author>Linnamo, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Labortest</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leppävuori, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruotsalainen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Köykkä, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Linnamo, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Testing biathlon athletes in real shooting situations can be challenging. While laboratory environments offer numerous testing sites, ecologically valid ranges are scarce. In 2023, a biathlon shooting testing range with electronic biathlon targets was built in Vuokatti, providing the possibility to measure several shooting-related variables from both the athlete and the rifle, either inside a shooting cabin or outside in real-world conditions.

METHODS: The shooting cabin was built from a repurposed 8-meter sea container, while the target container was built by combining two 12-meter sea containers together, with one side opened towards the shooting range (Fig.1). All lead waste is collected. Suomen Biathlon Oy delivered the electronic targets with bullet traps and displays. Bullet protection was built exceptionally from 8 mm transparent carbonate plates, which can be adjusted individually for every track (Fig 2). The protective system was approved by the Finnish Police Government and is also suitable for small and residential areas. Noise tests were also conducted and approved by the local authorities. The range consists of six outdoor tracks with two indoor tracks. The shooting cabin is equipped with balance, force and aiming point movement measuring equipment, as well as cameras, all of which can be measured synchronously along with the target data and are collected to the Coachtech database for storage and analysis.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Athletes have adopted the testing range well. The only change from a "normal" range is the compulsory use of ear protection. This is because the protection sheet bounces the sound backwards, opposite of what happens in a normal range. The electronic targets enable immediate feedback from the point of impact and trainers can focus on the athlete`s performance instead of tracking the shots through a scope. For research, the new facility opens possibilities to study the biathlete with different training situations and shooting positions. The electronic targets were in use for the first time on a biathlon track. During the summer, the manufacturer made modifications to the target system, and the next generation targets will be expected for further testing this Autumn.

CONCLUSION: The new shooting range enables new possibilities for training and research 
particularly in biathlon shooting.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Wahl der Skilänge: Wie sich die mechanischen Eigenschaften über Länge und Breite hinweg verändern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097465</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097465</guid>
      <author>Desbiens, A. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Desbiens, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Ski length influences many on-snow characteristics, including stability, versatility and playfulness [1]. However, modern skis can vary from 145 to 195 cm, while a skier can easily use skis that vary by as much as 20 cm depending on the usage. As such, one of the most important questions customers are faced with is the selection of a suitable ski length. Existing selection rules typically use height to facilitate their application in shops, with various adjustments for terrain, skills, and skiing style. As the loads perceived by a ski depend on the skier`s mass and acceleration, better sizing rules are envisioned. Furthermore, as the mechanical properties also influence the perception of length, understanding their scaling would allow for a better description of skis (e.g., feel longer than expected).

METHODS: A database of the mechanical properties of more than 5000 alpine skis is used (i.e., SoothSki [2]). Various length-related properties are investigated to find a length selection factor that would stay constant across all skis. Then, many mechanical properties (e.g., EI, GJ, mass, sidecut radius, stability) are normalized with different techniques to observe how they vary or stay constant across all lengths and widths. Percentile levels and spreads are extracted to better qualify these properties when compared to similar skis.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Results show that the 10 and 90 percentile levels of sidecut length are uniform for skis between 80 and 110 mm wide, while the lengths vary by about 15 cm (left figure). This suggests that a percentile ranking of skiers` applied loads could be used for ski length selection. Furthermore, many mechanical properties are scaling in interesting ways with length and waist width. For example, the average bending stiffness (EI) is scaling approximately linearly with length uniformly across all waist widths (right figure). The spread of bending stiffnesses observed between the 20 and 80 percentile levels is also constant at about 25% while the torsional stiffness (GJ) varies and can reach up to 80%.

CONCLUSION: A large dataset of mechanical properties was used to investigate constant length selection factors and the scaling of mechanical properties across all lengths and waist widths. One can imagine that skiers` applied loads could be mapped to these observed variations to select suitable lengths and mechanical property levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Technikanalyse eines 50-km-Langlaufmarathons unter Verwendung hochpräziser kinematischer GNSS-Daten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097466</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097466</guid>
      <author>Takeda, M.</author>
      <author>Miyamoto, N.</author>
      <author>Uda, S.</author>
      <author>Kajiwara, W.</author>
      <author>Welde, B.</author>
      <author>Stöggl, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>GNSS</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miyamoto, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uda, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kajiwara, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Welde, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stöggl, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In ski marathon races, it has been revealed that elite skiers tend to use double poling more frequently than amateurs [1]. However, it remains unclear to what extent double poling and other sub-techniques are used throughout the course, spanning several tens of kilometers. Recently, high-precision kinematic GNSS devices enabled the classification of subtechniques based on distinctive patterns of head movements [2]. This study aims to analyze the relationship between skiing speed and course slope for each sub-technique across a ski marathon race course based on the classification method.

METHODS: In a 50 km classic style race (Reistadlopet), a kinematic GNSS device (AT-H-02, AOBA Technologia LLC) was mounted on the back of a male elite skier to obtain 5 Hz centimeter accurate positional data. Based on the classification method by Takeda et al. (2019) [2], subtechniques (DP, KDP, DIA, downhill) used by the subject were identified from vertical movements of the upper thoracic spine in this study. In addition, the skiing velocity and course inclination were analyzed, and the time and distance usage ratios for each sub-technique were calculated.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The total race time was 2h31`41``, with the subject finishing 1st place. The average skiing speeds for each sub-technique were 6.49 m/s for DP, 4.15 m/s for KDP, 3.02 m/s for DIA, and 10.39 m/s for downhill. The average incline angles were 0.24° or DP, 3.36° for KDP, 6.73° for DIA, and -3.12° for downhill (Fig.1). The time usage ratios were 38.9% (59`1``) for DP, 12.9% (19`33``) for KDP, 31.5% (47`46``) for DIA, and 15.2% (23`1``) for downhill. The distance usage ratios were 43.9%(21.95km) for DP, 9.5%(4.75km) for KDP, 16.3%(8.15km) for DIA, and 29.1%(14.55km) for downhill. Since downhill was the 2nd highest distance usage ratio, it is evident that selecting skis and wax is crucial. The clear distribution pattern in Fig.1 indicates that the subject determined the sub-techniques based on skiing speed and incline angle, especially prioritized skiing speed rather than inclination angle.

CONCLUSION: Throughout the race, DP proved to be the fastest technique and was the most frequently used in terms of both time and distance, followed by KDP and DIA. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into how elite athletes effectively utilize different techniques, which can contribute to improving future training programs and race strategies. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von Spielermerkmalen und Periodisierungsstrategien auf externe und interne Belastungen, Wohlbefinden und Regeneration bei männlichen College-Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097467</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097467</guid>
      <author>Zhang, S.</author>
      <author>Li, M.</author>
      <author>Xing, W.</author>
      <author>Zheng, W.</author>
      <author>Zhai, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mikrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mesozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>internal load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xing, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhai, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of playing time, player role, player position, and training cycles-both microcycles (the six days leading up to a match) and mesocycles (the four weeks preceding competition)—on PlayerLoad (PL), rating of perceived exertion (RPE),well-being (WB), and total quality recovery (TQR) in highly trained collegiate male basketball players. A total of 18 highly trained collegiate male basketball players were monitored across a continuous 2-month, resulting in a total of 804 training session observations. External load was quantified as PL using wearable tracking devices, while internal load was assessed through RPE. Well-being and TQR were measured using digital self-report questionnaires. The key findings showed that high-minute players (>26 minutes) exhibited significantly higher PL (p < 0.05, effect sizes [ES] = 0.34) and RPE (p < 0.05, ES = 0.33) compared with low-minute players (<26 minutes). Positional differences were also reported, with centers reporting significantly lower RPE than forwards (p < 0.05, ES = -0.67) and higher WB than guards (p < 0.05, ES = -0.88). In the microcycle analysis, the highest PL and RPE were observed 5 to 6 days before official matches. Mesocycle analysis showed a significant increase in PL and RPE during week 2, accompanied by a concurrent decrease in TQR. These results demonstrate that playing time, player role, player position, and training cycles significantly influence PL, RPE, WB, and TQR, underscoring the importance of individualized load management within microcycle and mesocycle structures to optimize performance and recovery in collegiate male basketball players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen eines dichten Spielplans auf die isometrische Muskelkraftleistung bei Elite-Futsal-Spielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097468</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097468</guid>
      <author>Gantois, P.</author>
      <author>Farinha, A.</author>
      <author>Fonseca, F. d. S.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gantois, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farinha, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fonseca, F. d. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of a congested tournament schedule on isometric muscle strength performance in elite futsal players. Twelve elite-level outfield male futsal players (mean ± SD: age = 27.42 ± 5.60 years, body mass = 76.74 ± 8.91 kg, and height = 1.75 ± 0.04 m) from a top-tier Portuguese league team participated in this study. Postmatch neuromuscular fatigue was assessed by measuring the isometric strength of the hip adductors, abductors, and knee flexors on both dominant and nondominant sides. Baseline measurements (MD1) were taken before the first match, with follow-up tests conducted at 24 hours (MD2), 48 hours (rest day), and 72 hours (MD3) postbaseline. Adductor muscle strength in the dominant limb reduced significantly at MD2 (p = 0.026; effect size [ES] = 0.20) and rest day (p = 0.045; ES = 0.28) compared with MD1. Dominant-side hip abduction strength was significantly lower at MD2 (p = 0.003; ES = 0.62), on the rest day (p < 0.005; ES = 0.56), and at MD3 (p = 0.045; ES = 0.41) relative to baseline. No significant changes were found in knee flexor strength across time points (p > 0.05). In conclusion, these findings indicate that a congested schedule reduced hip adduction and abduction strength among elite futsal players, with prolonged decreases in hip abduction strength. By contrast, hip adduction strength displayed faster recovery after a rest day.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Leistungsunterschiede im Kugelstoßen, Speerwerfen und Weitsprung bei US-amerikanischen Nachwuchssportlern im Alter von bis zu 10 Jahren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097469</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097469</guid>
      <author>Brown, G. A.</author>
      <author>Shaw, B. S.</author>
      <author>Shaw, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kugelstoß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Speerwurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weitsprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Meisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>geschlechtsspezifisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Geschlechtsunterschiede</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brown, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shaw, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shaw, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Controversy currently exists over whether sex-based differences necessitate sex-segregated youth sports. This study examined sex-based performance differences in shot put, javelin throw, and long jump among athletes aged 10 years and under using data from USA Track & Field (USATF) Regional Junior Olympic Championships. Performance records from all 15 USATF regions for the 2022, 2023, and 2024 Regional Junior Olympic Championships were analyzed. Distances recorded in shot put, javelin throw, and long jump for male and female athletes in the 8-and-under and 9-10-year-old age groups were compared using 2-sample t-tests (p < 0.05). Hedges' g was calculated to determine effect sizes. Percentile analyses (10th-95th) were also conducted for each sex and event. Males significantly outperformed females in all 3 events across both age groups (p < 0.0001). Effect sizes were large for javelin (Hedges' g = 1.138 and 1.099) and shot put (g = 0.730 and 0.741), and medium for long jump (g = 0.429 and 0.473). Male performance advantages ranged from 8 to 55% depending on event and age group. Percentile analyses revealed consistent male advantages across the entire performance distribution, suggesting inherent sex-based trends regardless of ability level. These findings demonstrate clear sex-based performance differences in throwing and jumping events among prepubertal athletes. Although physical activity levels may contribute to these differences, anatomical and physiological factors likely play a significant role. Coaches, parents, and sport governing bodies should consider these sex-based performance trends when developing training programs, setting expectations, and establishing age-group competition structures for youth athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Beobachtung saisonaler Veränderungen der Körperzusammensetzung und der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit bei Elite-Fußballerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097470</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097470</guid>
      <author>Zabaloy, S.</author>
      <author>Villaseca-Vicuña, R.</author>
      <author>Freitas, T. T.</author>
      <author>Loturco, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zusammensetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Saisonverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zabaloy, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Villaseca-Vicuña, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Freitas, T. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Loturco, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to investigate seasonal changes in body composition and physical performance in elite female soccer players. Thirty-two professional players (age: 26 ± 4 years) from the same club were assessed at 3 time points (TPs): preseason (TP1), early in the season (TP2), and midseason (TP3). For approximately 6 months, players completed anthropometric and body composition assessments, and physical tests including the countermovement jump (CMJ), squat 1 repetition maximum (squat 1RM), 10-m sprint, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1). Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) during the squat exercise was assessed at absolute loads of 30 and 40 kg. Significant and gradual improvements were observed in sum of 6 skinfolds, fat mass percentage, and muscle mass percentage (p < 0.02). Mean propulsive velocity at 30 and 40 kg increased significantly throughout the season (p < 0.039), while 1RM and relative strength remained stable. Countermovement jump, 10-m sprint, and YYIR1 performance improved significantly from TP1 to TP3 (p < 0.003), with YYIR1 showing very large gains (˜25%). These adaptations occurred despite a congested competition schedule, with players participating in 18 matches across the study period. Overall, the findings indicate that a multicomponent training program combining resistance, power, speed, and endurance sessions can improve body composition, neuromuscular qualities, and endurance performance during the early and midseason stages in professional female soccer players. The results provide novel insights into performance monitoring in female soccer and highlight the importance of integrating diverse physical training strategies throughout the competitive season.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss verbaler Anweisungen auf die Ergebnisse von Countermovement-Jump-Tests bei Volleyballspielern der Division I</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097471</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097471</guid>
      <author>Young, T. L.</author>
      <author>Haynes, H. K.</author>
      <author>Klubertanz, M. R.</author>
      <author>Patton, M. G.</author>
      <author>Mercer, Z. J.</author>
      <author>Bruni, K. M.</author>
      <author>Graybeal, A. J.</author>
      <author>Donahue, P. T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprache</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Countermovement-Sprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kommunikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Young, T. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haynes, H. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klubertanz, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patton, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mercer, Z. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bruni, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Graybeal, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donahue, P. T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The countermovement jump (CMJ) is often used to monitor athletes' performance through the interpretation of metrics derived through force plate data collection, and recent advances in technology now allow technicians of all experience levels to easily collect data. This may introduce procedural variation, such as verbal instruction. In addition, athletes competing in sports that place importance on vertical jumping may possess ingrained movement patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if verbal instruction may disrupt an athlete's natural jump strategy, thus clouding interpretation of CMJ profiles. This study uses repeated-measures design with significance set at 0.05 to evaluate differences in jump variables under 3 different instructional conditions. Twelve female DI volleyball athletes performed 9 total jumps on a force platform, 3 under each condition. The instructions include: "jump as high as possible" (CMJ-H), "jump as fast as possible" (CMJ-F), and "jump to the best of your ability" (CMJ-N). No differences in jump height, braking impulse, and propulsive impulse were observed across conditions (p > 0.05). However, force variables and reactive strength index modified were significantly higher, and temporal variables were significantly lower under CMJ-F compared with CMJ-H and CMJ-N (p < 0.05). In addition, countermovement depth was significantly shallower under CMJ-F. Conversely, no significant differences were observed for any variables between CMJ-H and CMJ-N (p > 0.05). The CMJ-F condition elicits an increase in force production, whereas CMJ-H and CMJ-N elicit an elongation of time. This study indicates the need for procedural consistency regarding the instruction used.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines 8-wöchigen einseitigen plyometrischen Trainingsprogramms auf die Sprungleistung, Richtungswechsel und Asymmetrien zwischen den Gliedmaßen bei Eishockeyspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097472</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097472</guid>
      <author>Moreno-Azze, A.</author>
      <author>López-Plaza, D.</author>
      <author>Falcón-Miguel, D.</author>
      <author>Gómez-Carmona, C. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Moreno-Azze, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Plaza, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Falcón-Miguel, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gómez-Carmona, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week unilateral plyometric training program on lower limb performance, interlimb asymmetries, and change-of-direction (COD) abilities in male and female ice hockey players. Twenty-nine ice hockey players (15 men, 14 women) were first divided by sex and then assigned to experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. The EG underwent a unilateral plyometric training program apart from their regular training, while the CG maintained only their regular training. Functional performance tests, including single-leg hop (SH), triple hop (TH), countermovement jump (CMJ), and COD tests on both track and ice surfaces, were conducted preintervention and postintervention. The EG showed significant improvements in jump performance and COD, with reductions in interlimb asymmetries. In particular, women of the EG demonstrated significant gains in SH (stronger leg: effect size [ES] = 1.20, p < 0.01; weaker leg: ES = 1.12, p < 0.01) and TH (stronger leg: ES = 1.18, p < 0.01; weaker leg: ES = 0.82, p = 0.02), while men improved in CMJ (stronger leg: ES = 0.54, p = 0.02), SH (stronger leg: ES = 1.42, p < 0.01; weaker leg: ES =1.26, p < 0.01), and COD (stronger leg: ES = 0.78, p = 0.05; weaker leg: ES = 0.69, p = 0.02). Asymmetry reductions were notable in SH for women (ES = -0.50, p < 0.01) and COD for men (ES = -0.76, p = 0.01). Unilateral plyometric training effectively enhances lower limb performance and reduces interlimb asymmetries in ice hockey players, with sex-specific adaptations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein 12-wöchiges Kraft- und Konditionstraining: ein individueller Fallstudienansatz für 3 Amateur- und 3 Profi-Golferinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097473</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097473</guid>
      <author>Robinson, L.</author>
      <author>Murray, A.</author>
      <author>Coughlan, D.</author>
      <author>Ehlert, A.</author>
      <author>Heeney, C.</author>
      <author>Turner, A.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Amateurstatus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Profisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Fallstudie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Robinson, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murray, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coughlan, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ehlert, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heeney, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turner, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study used an individualized, case series approach to 12 weeks of strength and conditioning (S&C) training, for 3 high-level amateur and 3 professional female golfers. Each player took part in a 90-minute testing session both pre- and postintervention, and 2 structured S&C sessions per week for 12 weeks. Movement competency assessments were used to help guide exercise selection in each intervention and test measures included golf shot data, the isometric mid-thigh pull, isometric bench press, and countermovement jump, with a total of 12 metrics across the 4 assessment protocols. Analyses of individual performance changes were done by using the SD for each test metric, relative to preintervention scores. Collectively, for the 3 amateur players, 32 out of a possible 36 metrics showed changes > the baseline SD, while for the 3 professional players, 23 metrics elicited changes > the baseline SD. Of note, this collective difference was largely attributable to professional 1, who showed only 4 "true" improvements in test scores, out of a possible 12. This study has shown that taking an individualized approach to S&C training predominantly elicits meaningful changes in both golf shot data and physical performance—a concept that is essential to understand for an individual sport, such as golf.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelaktivierung in den oberen Extremitäten bei Elite-Skibergsteigern während simulierter Sprints auf Schnee</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097474</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097474</guid>
      <author>Todesco, B.</author>
      <author>Lorenzo, B.</author>
      <author>Verdel, N.</author>
      <author>Majeric, M.</author>
      <author>Holmberg, H.-C.</author>
      <author>Supej, M.</author>
      <author>Barbara, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bergsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Skibergsteigen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Todesco, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lorenzo, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verdel, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Majeric, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmberg, H.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Supej, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbara, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Ski mountaineering (SkiMo) is gaining prominence as it becomes part of the Milano-Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, yet scientific literature on the discipline remains limited. Sprint competitions, as described by Fornasiero et al. [1], emphasize the importance of optimal performance during transitions and uphill sections, with training focusing on supramaximal efforts lasting 1.5-2.5 minutes. This study investigates upper body muscular activity during polepushing in flat and uphill sections, analyzing activation patterns and cycle time to better understand the biomechanical demands of sprint ski-mountaineering in elite athletes.

METHODS: Six elite SkiMo athletes completed maximal-effort tests on an outdoor uphill track simulating sprint competitions, replicating the typical duration and the positive elevation gain. EMG signal data were recorded for each subject, focusing on the biceps brachii long head (BB), triceps brachii lateral head (TB), posterior deltoid (PD), and latissimus dorsi (LT). Maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) were measured to compute relative muscle activation. Cycle time was calculated based on EMG data. RMS value for EMG was averaged over the cycle. Data were calculated over 10 conscutive cycles for each tract and statistical comparisons were performed to analyze differences in parameters between the flat section and the steep section of the course.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Results show a reduction in muscular activation among the 1st flat and the 2nd steep part of the track with significant differences in BB (14±8% vs. 6±2% MVC, P= 0.004), TB (34±16% vs. 19±13% MVC, P=0.001) and PD (17±4% vs. 10±3% MVC, P=0.01). No significant differences for LT were found. Results also show a significant difference in the cycle time, which increases among the 1st and the 2nd part of the track (0.78 ± 0.10s and 0.96 ± 0.16s respectively, P= 0.04).

CONCLUSION: This study highlights significant changes in muscle activation and cycle time when comparing the flat initial section to the steep final segment of the simulated SkiMo sprint course. However, it remains unclear whether these changes are driven by athlete fatigue or the increased slope incline. Future research should focus on analyzing an additional segment at the start of the steep slope to differentiate the effects of terrain from fatigue, providing insights into optimizing performance in critical uphill sections [1].]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein überwachter Ansatz des maschinellen Lernens zur Erkennung von Techniken im Skilanglauf unter Verwendung von in Skistöcke integrierten IMU-Sensoren</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097475</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097475</guid>
      <author>Viscioni, G.</author>
      <author>Meneghetti, M.</author>
      <author>Dimo, E.</author>
      <author>Feola, E.</author>
      <author>Zoppirolli, C.</author>
      <author>Pellegrini, B.</author>
      <author>Calanca, A.</author>
      <author>Bortolan, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>künstliche Intelligenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Viscioni, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meneghetti, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dimo, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Feola, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zoppirolli, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pellegrini, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calanca, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bortolan, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In both classical and skating styles, choosing the right sub-techniques is key to reducing energy use and enhancing performance. Tracking these choices during training and competition provides insights into race strategies and highlights areas for physical improvement. While previous studies have proposed automatic detection systems for sub-technique identification, none have utilized commercially available acquisition systems. This study aims to develop a machine learning algorithm capable of accurately identifying techniques and sub-techniques in XC skiing, leveraging existing technology.

METHODS: Raw data were acquired at a rate of 100 Hz from IMU sensors fitted into the handles of each of the two poles during cross-country skiing on a snow track, using both classical and skating techniques. Eight athletes participated in the data collection. A researcher labeled different parts of the data as specific sub-techniques, based on audio and video recordings taken during the skiing session. IMU data were used to estimate the inclination of the poles, with these estimates validated against 3D motion capture. The estimated angles were used to segment the recordings by leveraging peak angles of the poles. For each segmented window, a vector of 37 features was computed: 18 features per pole and an additional feature considering the phase delay between the poles. This vector was then used to train a multiclass Support Vector Machine (SVM) capable of classifying nine distinct skiing styles. To prevent overfitting, a stratified k-fold validation (k=5) approach was applied.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Data from all subjects were used to train the SVM algorithm, resulting in a subject-independent classifier. Classification performance was evaluated using standard metrics: accuracy (87%), precision (88%), recall (87%), and F1-score (87%). Additionally, a confusion matrix was employed to assess where errors in the classification model were made. The confusion matrix highlights that most classification errors occur between "double poling" (DP) and "double poling with kick" (DK), as well as between "G4_Rigth" with "G4_Left" (G4_L).

CONCLUSION: This method, using only data from sensors inside the poles, is the first known to be capable of automatically classifying skiers' techniques—both classical and skating—and also differentiating 'strong' and 'weak' side movements in skating.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Diagnostik der Kraftfähigkeiten von Paralympischen Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097476</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097476</guid>
      <author>Povrazník, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Povrazník, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Complex condition diagnosis of athletes is very important for maintaining the health of athletes primarily and secondarily for maintaining and increasing their sports performance. In our contribution, we want to demonstrate the methodology of a complete fitness diagnosis of the strength abilities of the paralympic athletes in alpine skiing. The results are important for planning their individual fitness training in eliminating strength imbalances.

METHODS: To determine strength capabilities, we used the isometric method of digital strength measurement with a strain gauge (Mobile PowerTest System) of rectus abdominis muscles, spinal extensors, quadriceps and hamstrings. We compared the results with athletes without a physical handicap.

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The results showed individual deviations of paralympic athletes in absolute strength, strength coefficient and strength imbalance. Compared to athletes without handicap, their rectus abdominis muscle strength was below average, spinal extensor strength above average, strength imbalance below average. Quadriceps strength

CONCLUSION: Exact, complex condition diagnosis of Paralympic athletes is important especially for maintaining their health, individual fitness training and increasing sports performance. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Streckengestaltung auf die Anzahl der Platzverschiebungen im Skicross-Weltcup bei Frauen und Männern</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 03:03:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097478</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097478</guid>
      <author>Tomelleri, L.</author>
      <author>Mannsåker, I. H.</author>
      <author>Lachaize, T.</author>
      <author>Wortelboer, W.</author>
      <author>Pfyffer, J.</author>
      <author>Lasshofer, M.</author>
      <author>Gilgien, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Freestyle Skilauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Strecke</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tomelleri, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mannsåker, I. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lachaize, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wortelboer, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pfyffer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lasshofer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gilgien, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In World Cup Skicross, athletes compete in heats of four to advance through a cup system to the big final, where the winner of the competition is crowned. The courses include terrain obstacles such as jumps, rollers, dragon backs, and turns of various types. The obstacles are built to challenge the technical, tactical, and physical abilities of the athletes, and to separate them from each other and to create a competition that is exciting to ski and exciting to watch. For the sport to be attractive to the athletes and spectators, the races should allow athletes to fight for their position throughout the course and change their ranking several times on their way from start to finish [1]. Therefore, course designers need to understand and build courses that provoke and allow athletes to frequently overtake each other. To gain quantitative knowledge on how course characteristics create opportunities for rank shifts between athletes within a heat, this study examined the relationship between course characteristics and rank shifts in Men and Women World Cup Skicross.

METHODS: In the 2023/24 season, five World Cup races (Innichen, Alleghe, St. Moritz, Reiteralm, Veysonnaz) for women and men were analysed for the issue of rank shift. The geometric characteristics of the World Cup courses were captured using differential GNSS to create digital terrain models, from which the type and location of the obstacles were derived. Human raters used TV footage of all final heats for men (from 8th finals) and women (from 4th finals) to assess the location and time of rank shifts between athletes. A rank shift was counted when the skis of one or more athletes skiing in the same position moved away from each other so that they no longer overlapped. Human raters also identified events where athletes were out of balance. The out of balance events were used in the analysis as a measure of how challenging an obstacle was for the athletes. Athletes from one nation carried a standalone GNSS to measure position and time and to calculate continuous speed. Chi-square tests were used to compare the number of rank shifts between the five events, between women and men, and between course sections (courses were divided into 4-5 sections based on the logic of course design by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS) race directors).

RESULTS/DISCUSSION: The number of rank shifts differed between women and men for sections as well as whole races. Men had significantly more rank shifts than women. The number of rank shifts also differed between races for both women and men. Most rank shifts occurred on the start straight section for both women and men. Speed and out of balance events affected rank shifts for both sexes.

CONCLUSION: Courses need to be designed to produce sufficient rank shifts, particularly for women, to be attractive for athletes and spectators. This study found that course difficulty and speed are the key aspects to achieving a higher number of rank shifts. ]]></content:encoded>
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