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    <item>
      <title>Profile professioneller Breakdancer aus aller Welt, die sich für die Olympischen Spiele qualifizieren: Analyse von Trainingsmustern, psychischer Gesundheit und Verletzungsmerkmalen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097315</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097315</guid>
      <author>Lindner, S. M.</author>
      <author>Schott, N.</author>
      <author>Morales-Castillo, S.</author>
      <author>Nonnenmann, J.</author>
      <author>Steinberg, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tanz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Breakdance</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>mentale Gesundheit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lindner, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schott, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales-Castillo, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nonnenmann, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steinberg, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Breaking has been included in the 2024 Olympic Games; however, research on the training and injuries of professional breakers remains limited. This study examines the profiles of competitive breakers within national squads worldwide, focusing on the defining characteristics of professional breakers qualifying for the 2024 Paris Olympics regarding their training patterns, mental health, and injury characteristics.

Methods: Sixty-four professional breakers, 27 males and 37 females, with a mean age of 26.4 ± 4.6 years from 43 national squads participated in this study (n = 17 elite athletes ranked from 1 to 64 in the 2023 Olympic ranking; n = 30 developing athletes ranked from 65 to 600; n = 17 non-ranked athletes as they did not participate in Olympic qualification competitions after that). They completed a questionnaire regarding their training and competition habits, their mental health, and the injuries sustained from breaking. ANOVAs with post-hoc comparisons were utilized to identify group differences based on the independent variables of elite level and sex. Multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between Olympic ranking and training parameters, mental health, and injuries.

Results: Elite athletes participated in more competitions than developing athletes (F(2,56) = 6.86, P = .002, np^2 = .20). Athletes across all groups experienced injuries in the previous 12 months, with muscle and joint injuries being the most frequently reported. Performing in the elite athletes` group in 2023 was significantly positively associated with the onset of breaking (OR 1.38), body conditioning (OR 2.18), and a Top 32 ranking in 2021 (OR 62.1) and significantly negatively associated with endurance training (OR 0.264), and body weight (OR 62.1).

Conclusion: These findings provide insights into the profile of professional breakers qualifying for the Olympic Games, which are essential for optimizing performance, promoting health, and supporting the rapid development of this Olympic dance style.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tragbare Biosensoren zur Überwachung der körperlichen Belastung bei Tänzern: Eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097316</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097316</guid>
      <author>Wiese, K. R.</author>
      <author>Ambegaonkar, J. P.</author>
      <author>Martin, J.</author>
      <author>Kenny, S. J.</author>
      <author>Hansen-Honeycutt, J.</author>
      <author>Pisay, P.</author>
      <author>Miller, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tanz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Serbien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wiese, K. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ambegaonkar, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martin, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kenny, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hansen-Honeycutt, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pisay, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miller, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Dancers are aesthetic athletes with high workloads similar to sport athletes. Wearable biosensors are used in athletics to assess workload and inform training decisions to optimize performance and reduce fatigue and injury risk. While workload monitoring methods in dancers have been systematically reviewed, limited research specifically examines using wearable biosensors for this purpose. Thus, this study aims to systematically review how wearable biosensors are used to monitor workload in dancers.

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, 8 databases were searched by 2 authors. Articles were included if participants were current dancers, workload was assessed during dance activity by wearable biosensors, and published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. Dancer characteristics (age, sex, anthropometrics, years dancing, training level, dance style) and methods (sessions, variables, setting, biosensor) were extracted and synthesized in an Excel synthesis matrix. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklists were used to assess the risk of bias.

Results: 35 of 119 potentially relevant studies were included. Heart rate (HR) monitors (25 studies) and accelerometers (12 studies) were primarily used. 24 studies (69%) examined only objective workload and 23 studies (66%) examined internal workload. The most common dependent variable was HR (25 studies). The duration of data collection ranged between 1 and 49 days, with 26% of studies (n = 9) using a single day. High-level (14 studies) female (74.7%; n = 1342) ballet dancers (45.7%; n = 16 studies) were most assessed. Risk of bias was fair-to-moderate across studies.

Conclusions: This systematic review highlights 4 primary trends across previous literature assessing workload in dancers using wearable biosensors to inform future research. First, HR monitors, followed by accelerometers, are the most common wearable biosensors used to quantify workload in dancers. Second, most studies only evaluated objective physiological (internal) workload, primarily using HR variables. Third, data were primarily collected within a timeframe of 1 to 3 days. Finally, high-level female ballet dancers were predominantly assessed.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungen beim Breaking: Ein Überblick und eine Zusammenfassung von Fallberichten und Leserbriefen</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097317</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097317</guid>
      <author>Brborovic, H.</author>
      <author>Lindner, S. M.</author>
      <author>Brborovic, O.</author>
      <author>Weinrich, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tanz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Breakdance</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brborovic, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lindner, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brborovic, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weinrich, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction: Breaking, also known as breakdancing, has evolved from street culture to a structured sport, debuting in the 2024 Olympics. Despite its popularity, limited data exists on injury prevalence, types, and risk factors associated with acute and overuse injuries sustained from breaking. While existing studies offer insights into common injury patterns, they provide limited analysis of the specific mechanisms behind these injuries. This overview aims to classify acute and overuse injuries in breaking, reviewing 50 years of literature to identify risk factors and high-risk movements.

Methods: The overview followed a predefined protocol using the PICO framework and was registered at OSF, targeting case reports and letters to the editor involving breakers. Databases searched included PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and EBSCO, covering literature from the 1970s to December 2023. Inclusion criteria were strictly case reports and letters to the editor that focused on injuries sustained from breaking.

Results: A total of 41 papers were selected for inclusion after screening, reading and data extraction. Among these, 36 papers were reviewed in detail, encompassing acute and overuse injuries. The reported injuries involve high-impact movements, particularly affecting the upper extremities, head, neck, and back during spins, balancing, landing, and sliding. Acute injuries included fractures and dislocations, while chronic conditions involved soft tissue injuries, stress fractures, and nerve compressions. Risk factors identified in case reports included the lack of training supervision and specific breaking maneuvers like flips, spins, and balancing acts.

Conclusion: This is the first overview of case reports and letters to the editor that categorizes breaking injuries based on these types of papers. It demonstrates the value of detailed medical diagnoses and standardized injury classification compared to self-reported injury data commonly found in surveys. Gaining a deeper understanding of injury mechanisms and risk factors could help promote safer practices as breaking continues to evolve as a competitive sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gesundheitserhaltung im professionellen Ballett: Einblicke in Autonomie, gemeinsames Fachwissen und offene Kommunikation</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097318</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097318</guid>
      <author>Benoit-Piau, J.</author>
      <author>Verhagen, E.</author>
      <author>Morin, M.</author>
      <author>Bolling, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ballett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kommunikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Benoit-Piau, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Verhagen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bolling, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives: To explore the perceptions of dancers and the supporting staff regarding the management of dancers` health in a professional ballet company.

Methods: Twenty-two dancers, health team members, artistic staff and administrators were interviewed, focusing on what is a healthy dancer, as well as the challenges and facilitators to prevent and manage health within the company. Analysis was conducted using principles of Grounded Theory.

Results: Participants mentioned that being a healthy dancer was based on three main concepts: (1) achieving a dynamic balance of load through self-implemented strategies, (2) receiving support from their team and (3) navigating the aspects inherent to the professional ballet context. Dancers had to maintain a dynamic balance where they would adapt their load according to a constant assessment of their state (ie, pain, fatigue) and situations (ie, casting, opportunities, career). This dynamic balance was impacted by the support dancers receive from their entourage. They needed to establish relationships built on trust to ensure efficient communication and collaboration. Once established, the dancers` entourage contributed to their assessment and the load adaptation strategies. The assessment and adaptation of load by dancers and the support provided were also influenced by contextual elements of ballet culture, including time and financial resources.

Conclusion: To provide comprehensive care for dancers and maintain a dynamic balance, it is essential to empower dancers in their self-strategies through education and creating a positive work environment where open communication is encouraged.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungsmuster im Blindenfußball: Eine Kohortenanalyse von drei Paralympischen Spielen (London 2012, Rio 2016, Tokio 2020)</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097319</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097319</guid>
      <author>Runcimana, P.</author>
      <author>Rademana, V.</author>
      <author>Boerb, P.</author>
      <author>Fagherc, K.</author>
      <author>Ahmedd, O. H.</author>
      <author>Dermana, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Paralympics</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Runcimana, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rademana, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boerb, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fagherc, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ahmedd, O. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dermana, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
Athletes competing in blind football have consistently been highlighted as at risk for injuries, and potential concussions. This study described the incidence of injuries sustained by athletes competing in blind football (Football 5-a-side) at the London 2012, Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. This study described injury proportions and incidences by age, period of competition, onset and mechanism, anatomical area, final diagnosis, and anticipated time loss.

Methods
This study was a sub-study of the ongoing Paralympic Injury and Illness Surveillance studies conducted at the Paralympic Games. Frequencies, proportions, and univariate unadjusted incidences were reported per 1000 athlete days.

Results
Sixty injuries in 49 athletes were reported over the three Paralympic Games, with an incidence of 21.5 injuries per 1000 athlete days. The highest incidences were reported in athletes >35years (25.8); during the competition period (25.0); and the lower limb (11.0). The second highest incidence was reported for the head, face, and neck injuries (4.4). Most injuries were acute sudden onset (16.0) with direct contact (56%) the main mechanism of injury. No confirmed concussions were reported. Diagnoses varied across anatomical areas and most injuries (61%) resulted in no time loss.

Conclusion
This study shows that acute head and lower limb injuries occurring during the competition period are common in blind footballers. There is a need for targeted prevention strategies to mitigate the incidence of acute injuries during active competition. This is especially true for potential concussions, which are suspected to occur in blind football despite low recognition or reporting. Improvement in concussion detection and reporting protocols are crucial to safeguard athletes in future.


What is known
• Blind football has been consistently reported to have the highest injury incidence at the Paralympic Games
• To aid injury prevention, more information is needed regarding in-depth descriptions of these injuries

What is new
• This study is the first to describe the injury characteristics sustained during blind football across multiple Paralympic Games
• Acute lower limb injuries from direct contact were most common, followed by head, neck, and face injuries. Still, no confirmed concussions were reported, or were any assessments reported to have been conducted
• Injuries were most common during the competition period, unlike trends across previous Paralympic Games studies involving all athletes at the Games, indicating that injuries are sustained during competition, rather than training, in this cohort
• These findings show the need for developing injury reporting systems, tailored prevention strategies and enhanced concussion detection in blind football]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Bio-Banding auf die technisch-taktische Leistung im Jugendhandball: erste Erkenntnisse von männlichen und weiblichen Akademiespielern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097320</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097320</guid>
      <author>de la Rubiaa, A.</author>
      <author>García-Sáncheza, C.</author>
      <author>Andrinob, C.</author>
      <author>de la Iglesiac, C. S.</author>
      <author>Ferroa, A.</author>
      <author>Marquinaa, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de la Rubiaa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Sáncheza, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Andrinob, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de la Iglesiac, C. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferroa, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marquinaa, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To examine and compare the impact of bio-banding with regard to age group competition on technical-tactical performance in young male and female handball players.

Design
An experimental study with a combined retrospective and cross-sectional design based on observational data analysis.

Methods
By means of the percent of adult height attained estimation method, 86 players (45 boys and 41 girls) were bio-banded as pre-PHV (<89%, boys; <91%, girls), circa-PHV (89-92%, boys; 91-96%, girls), and post-PHV (>92%, boys; >96% girls). All players participated in two game formats — age group and bio-banding competition. Technical-tactical performance was recorded using the `PlayerScore` index and other indicators of game actions. Internal consistency (Cronbach's a and ICC) and inter-observer reliability (Cohen's alpha) were assessed with good or very good levels for all variables. A mixed two-way ANOVA was carried out and Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated for each variable.

Results
The bio-banding competition had a moderate impact compared to the age group competition on game-specific key technical-tactical performance indicators in boys, significantly increasing the number of `assist-no goal` (p=0.044; np2=0.11), `steal/min` (p=0.039; np2=0.11) and `losing one-on-one` (p=0.028; np2=0.08) in boys and decreasing `winning one-on-one/min` actions (p=0.029; np2=0.11) in girls. However, performance differences in favour of more advanced maturing players regardless of game format were observed in `PlayerScore` in boys (p=0.037; np2=0.08) and in `goal` in girls (p=0.004; np2=0.17). The interaction between game format and maturity status showed pre-PHV boys recorded more `steal/min` (p<0.05; ES=1.70) and post-PHV girls scored more `goal` (p<0.05; ES=1.06) in the bio-banding competition than in the age group competition. Moreover, in the bio-banding competition, higher values for `goal` (p<0.01; ES=1.61), `assist-no goal` (p<0.05; ES=1.57), and `technical error` (p<0.05; ES=1.23) among post-PHV boys, higher values for `steal/min` (p<0.05; ES=1.43) among pre-PHV boys, and higher values for `goal` among post-PHV girls (p<0.05; ES=1.40) were recorded.

Conclusions
Maturity status-matched competition had a positive but limited effect on technical-tactical performance. This alternative grouping strategy could be considered effective in manipulating the technical-tactical performance of young players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von hochintensivem Intervalltraining auf Leistungsschwimmer: Eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097321</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097321</guid>
      <author>Jin, R.</author>
      <author>Chen, C.</author>
      <author>Finlay, M. J.</author>
      <author>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</author>
      <author>Zhong, Y.</author>
      <author>Gao, D.</author>
      <author>Wu, Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jin, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Finlay, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cuenca-Fernández, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on physiological adaptations and performance in competitive swimmers.

Methods
Following PRISMA guidelines, five databases were searched from inception to July 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and intervention studies examining HIIT in competitive swimmers. Methodological quality was assessed using PEDro scale. Random-effects meta-analyses calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Eleven intervention studies comprising 237 competitive swimmers (mean age 15.4±2.5 years) were included. HIIT significantly improved VO2max (SMD=0.86, 95% CI: 0.52-1.20, p<0.001, I2=0%) and swimming performance (SMD=0.52, 95% CI: 0.36-0.68, p<0.001). Sprint events showed greatest improvements (1.8%). Polarized training produced superior VO2max gains (8.8%) compared to traditional sprint interval training (6.6%) and threshold training (4.7%). Interventions =8 weeks yielded larger effects (SMD=0.78) than shorter protocols (<8 weeks) (SMD=0.42). Ultra-short race-pace training maintained 98.5% of target velocity with 24% lower lactate and 14% lower perceived exertion compared to traditional methods.

Conclusions
HIIT produces consistent improvements in aerobic capacity and swimming performance in competitive swimmers. For sprint events (50-100m), ultra-short race-pace training is recommended; for middle-distance (200-400m), polarized training; for distance events (=800m), preliminary evidence suggests that pyramidal approaches may be beneficial, though further research is needed. Minimum 8-week interventions are required for meaningful adaptations.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sicherheit im Fokus: Stürze und Verletzungen an Renntagen im irischen Profi- und Amateur-Pferderennsport von 2016 bis 2024</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097322</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097322</guid>
      <author>Revillea, A.</author>
      <author>Corrigana, J.</author>
      <author>Pughb, J.</author>
      <author>O'Connora, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Pferdesport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Irland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fraktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Überwachung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Revillea, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Corrigana, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pughb, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O'Connora, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
This study aimed to: 1) examine fall and injury incidence in Irish horseracing between 2016 and 2024, 2) establish injury characteristics, 3) compare incidence rates between professional and amateur racing and 4) investigate changes in incidence rates over time.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods
Fall and injury data was recorded by Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board (IHRB)-appointed medical doctors using a standardised injury report form at every Irish race meeting between 2016 and 2024. Fall and injury incidence, injury location and type of injury were reported with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) between 2016 and 2024. Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs were calculated 1) between jump, flat and amateur racing, 2) over the course of the study (2016-2024), and 3) between the previous (2007-2016) and current (2016-2024) study.

Results
Amateurs had the highest fall incidence across Irish horseracing (110/1000 rides), whilst jump jockeys had the highest total injury incidence (8/1000 rides), and flat jockeys had the highest injury incidence per fall (294/1000 falls). Amateurs had the highest fracture (3/1000 rides) and concussion (1/1000 rides) rates, whilst flat jockeys had the highest fracture (67/1000 falls) and concussion (59/1000 falls) rates per fall. Over the course of the study (2016-2024), there was a 7% decrease in injuries/1000 falls in jump (IRR 0.93, p<0.001) and a 10% decrease in flat (IRR 0.89, p=0.003) racing. Falls and injuries decreased across all Irish horseracing since the previous study (7-28%). The upper limb was most commonly injured in jump (34%) and amateur (57%) racing, and the lower limb (30%) in flat racing. Contusions were most common in jump (33%) and flat (32%) racing, whilst fractures were most common in amateur (49%) racing.

Conclusions
Fall and injury risk varies between types of horseracing, with amateurs at a higher risk of falling, jump jockeys at a higher risk of injury, and flat jockeys at a higher risk of becoming injured as a result of a fall. Injury rates have decreased in professional racing over the course of the study, which could be a result of new safety interventions. However, more targeted approaches may be needed to address persistent injury risk in amateur racing. Amateurs also had the highest proportion of serious injuries such as fractures and concussions, highlighting the need for greater attention towards amateurs.


Practical implications
• There have been minimal changes in fall incidence over the course of this study, indicating that current fall prevention strategies may no longer yield additional reductions. This highlights the need for the development and implementation of new fall prevention strategies to reduce the risk of falls and subsequently, reduce injury risk.
• Total injury incidence decreased in professional racing from 2016 to 2024, however more emphasis should be focused towards reducing injuries in amateur racing in order to see the same results.
• The reduction in injuries in professional racing may suggest that new safety measures have been successful, highlighting the importance of monitoring incidence rates to inform future injury prevention strategies.
• The majority of injuries reported in amateur racing were fractures, highlighting a potential issue with underreporting of minor injuries, or simply that amateur jockeys are more susceptible to fractures due to their levels of physical conditioning.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Durch Serumproteomik aufgedeckte Anpassungen bei Ausdauer- und Krafttraining bei Spitzensportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097323</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097323</guid>
      <author>Kiliç, H. B.</author>
      <author>Ekiz, M. S.</author>
      <author>Akin, S.</author>
      <author>Çelikbiçak, Ö.</author>
      <author>Tokgözoglu, L.</author>
      <author>Kocaefe, Y. Ç.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewichtheben</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauerdisziplinen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kiliç, H. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ekiz, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akin, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Çelikbiçak, Ö.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tokgözoglu, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kocaefe, Y. Ç.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
Elite training induces profound physiological adaptations, yet whether these changes manifest as stable circulating proteomes remains unclear. This study characterized serum proteomic profiles in male and female Olympic-level athletes to identify biomarkers associated with long-term endurance and strength training.

Design
Cross-sectional study in Olympic-level athletes and sedentary controls.

Methods
Resting serum samples were collected from male and female marathon runners and weightlifters (with 5-15 years of training), alongside age- and sex-matched sedentary individuals. Proteomic profiling was performed using tandem mass spectrometry. Data were processed with MaxQuant and analyzed using Perseus. Selected proteins were confirmed using antibody-based assays.

Results
Among 301 identified protein groups, 36 showed significant differences between groups. Apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4) was elevated in athletes, particularly marathoners, suggesting cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training. Fibronectin 1 (FN1) was reduced in weightlifters, consistent with vascular remodeling associated with resistance training. Marathoners exhibited higher levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D1 (GPLD1), and lower levels of galectin-3-binding protein (LGAS3BP) and leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), indicating immunomodulatory effects of oxidative training. Weightlifters showed reduced levels of GPLD1 and extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), reflecting distinct remodeling pathways. FN1, APOA4, VWF, LGALS3BP and ECM1 levels were further confirmed.

Conclusions
Endurance and resistance training elicit modality-specific serum proteomic adaptations that reflect vascular, endothelial, and hemostatic remodeling. These molecular signatures, observed in both sexes, highlight stable changes induced by chronic training and may inform cardiovascular prevention strategies and evidence-based approaches in sports science to optimize training and performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Merkmale potenzieller Kopfverletzungen bei drei FIFA-Futsal-Weltmeisterschaften von 2016 bis 2024: Eine Videoanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097324</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097324</guid>
      <author>Lima, Y.</author>
      <author>Atay, Y.</author>
      <author>Serner, A.</author>
      <author>Peek, K.</author>
      <author>Karaçoban, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Videoanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lima, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Atay, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Serner, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peek, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karaçoban, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To evaluate potential head injuries across three consecutive FIFA Futsal World Cups held between 2016 and 2024.

Methods
All match footage from the 2016, 2021, and 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cups (men's tournaments) were evaluated, focusing on the occurrence of potential head injuries, player actions, visible signs of possible concussion, and outcomes. Comparisons between variables (Chi-square) were based on whether the player showed visible signs of possible concussion and received a medical assessment after the potential head injury incident.

Results
A total of 242 potential head injuries were identified across 155 matches (1.56/match), with an incidence of 229.8 potential head injuries/1000 match hours. Of these, 76.8% (n=182) resulted from opponent direct contact, with 59.5% (n=141) from upper extremity contacts. There were 24 potential head injuries (10.3%) with a total of 27 visible signs of possible concussion. Across all incidents, 32.5% (n=76) were evaluated by medical staff, compared with 83.3% (n=20) of incidents with visible signs of possible concussion. The most common inciting player action was a block (21.5%, n=51), followed by ball progression (18.6%, n=44). There was a statistically significant difference in contact mechanisms between incidents with and without visible signs of concussion (p<0.01, V=0.27), influenced by a higher proportion of incidents with visible signs resulting from unintentional ball-to-head contact.

Conclusions
Although the predominant mechanism of potential head injuries was direct contact with an opponent, a higher proportion of incidents with visible signs resulted from unintentional ball-to-head contact, underscoring key priority areas for head injury prevention in futsal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen akuten Symptomveränderungen und wiederholten Schlägen gegen den Kopf beim Box-Sparring</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097325</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097325</guid>
      <author>Le Flao, E.</author>
      <author>Siegmund, G. P.</author>
      <author>Lenetsky, S.</author>
      <author>Borotkanics, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Boxen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Symptom</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Le Flao, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siegmund, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lenetsky, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Borotkanics, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
The acute dose-response relationship between head impact exposure and the development of concussion remains elusive. Previous research has suggested that individual-specific approaches and the cumulative effects of head impacts should be investigated. This study aimed to monitor acute changes in concussion-related symptoms resulting from boxing sparring, and assess how they relate to head impact exposure.

Design
Observational cohort study.

Methods
Seven competitive boxers participated in this exploratory study. Symptoms of concussion were captured via the SCAT5 symptom scale upon recruitment, immediately before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 48h (48H) after a sparring session. Head impact data were collected with instrumented mouthguards. Each session's mean, median, highest-magnitude impact, cumulative sum, and time-weighted exposure for several injury severity metrics were qualitatively analyzed with respect to acute changes in symptom score.

Results
Group-based analyses did not show any differences in symptom scores PRE/POST-sparring (median change in total symptom severity score [deltaTSSS]: -1, p=0.85, p=0.07). Symptom number and TSSS were significantly lower at 48H compared to PRE (median deltaTSSS: -1, p=0.02, r=0.55). Four of 16 sessions (25%) from three participants showed a deltaTSSS >5. There was no strong association between session-specific exposure and change in symptoms, but time-weighted exposure metrics showed a better alignment than other metrics.

Conclusions
Symptom number and severity PRE/POST sparring changes were rare and subtle, and the link to head impact exposure is unclear. Our exploratory analyses support the concept of individual-specific approaches, as this allowed us to identify patterns emerging from a few athletes that were not visible in cohort-averaged summaries. Understanding the relationships between head impact exposure, individual pre-disposition, and signs and symptoms of concussion is essential to designing risk reduction strategies.


Practical implications
• The SCAT symptom scale can be easily implemented to assess pre/post-sparring changes in symptoms.
• Symptoms can peak a few hours after sparring; repeated assessments at 5 h and 48 h allow the capture of the delayed effects of head impact exposure.
• Head impact exposure should be interpreted alongside symptom reports, and compared to an athlete's past exposure to identify whether a session's load was unusually high.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kapitalrendite? Zusammenhänge zwischen Ressourcen und der Effektivität der Spielerentwicklung in einem Talentsystem für Männer im Rugby Union</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097326</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097326</guid>
      <author>Shelley, A.</author>
      <author>MacNamara, Á.</author>
      <author>Taylor, J.</author>
      <author>Scriney, M.</author>
      <author>McCarthy, N.</author>
      <author>Jones, B.</author>
      <author>Behan, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shelley, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>MacNamara, Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taylor, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scriney, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McCarthy, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Behan, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
Substantial research has considered the factors contributing to effective talent systems, including environmental features and resources. This study aimed to quantitatively explore associations between academy resources and outcome effectiveness in the English male Premiership rugby talent system.

Design
This study utilised a retrospective analysis of archival data. We compared academy resources (human, financial, contextual) between 2016/17 and 2019/20 seasons, with academy outcomes between 2020/21 and 2023/24. Academy outcomes were operationalised as number of Premiership players developed and Premiership appearances subsequently made. Thirteen of fourteen possible academies were included in analysis.

Methods
Cost effectiveness was considered by dividing academy total financial investment (inflation adjusted) by number of developed Premiership players, with one-way ANOVA analysis comparing differences between academies. To explore the possible influence of academy resources on academy outcomes, three sets of multiple linear regression models were constructed.

Results
Cost of development did not significantly differ between academies (F(12, 30)=1.740, p=0.107, Eta2=0.41). Regression analysis suggested that resources had limited impact on cost effectiveness, which was primarily driven by the number of players developed. Resource availability did not significantly predict the number of players developed. However staff count emerged as a significant negative predictor of Premiership appearances (B=-2.168, p=0.006), suggesting that increased staffing did not necessarily enhance development outcomes.

Conclusions
Whilst causation cannot be inferred, these findings suggest that academy effectiveness is not necessarily based upon their resource availability. Instead, the strategic utilisation of available resources may be more critical in supporting effective talent development.


Practical implications
• Increasing budgets alone may not improve academy outcomes; efforts should prioritise how financial resources are leveraged.
• Academies should not attribute performance differences to regional boundary features and should instead focus on their internal development processes.
• Policy-makers may consider evaluating processes of the academies and not just their financial spend and staff numbers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von komplexem, plyometrischem und traditionellem Krafttraining auf die neuromuskuläre Leistungsfähigkeit bei gut trainierten männlichen Fußballspielern: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097293</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097293</guid>
      <author>El-Ashker, S.</author>
      <author>Chaabene, H.</author>
      <author>Chamari, K.</author>
      <author>Saeterbakken, A. H.</author>
      <author>Behm, D. G.</author>
      <author>Prieske, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>EMG</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>El-Ashker, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaabene, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chamari, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saeterbakken, A. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Behm, D. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prieske, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
The modality of resistance training (e.g., plyometric training [PLYO], traditional resistance training [TRT]) can specifically affect gains in muscle strength and power measures in soccer players. Further, effects of resistance training modality on neuromuscular performance measures (e.g., electromechanical delay [EMD]) are inconsistent in non-athletes.

Objective
To examine the effects of PLYO, TRT, and combined PLYO and TRT (i.e., complex training [CT]) on muscle strength, power, and EMD in highly trained male soccer players (age: 21.7 ± 1.6 years).

Methods
Participants were randomly assigned to eight weeks of CT (n = 30), PLYO (n = 28), and TRT (n = 26) in addition to their regular soccer training, or soccer training control condition (n = 29). Pre- and post-measurements comprised tests for maximal eccentric knee flexor and concentric knee extensor peak torque (PT), their functional ratio (FUNC-H/Q), and the corresponding EMD of the knee flexors at three angular velocities (60, 180, and 300°/s).

Results
Results showed a significant main effect of group for concentric and eccentric PT (p<.001, 1.67 = d = 3.17). Concentric and eccentric PT were larger for CT, PLYO, and TRT groups compared to control group (CG) with the greatest effects for CT across all angular velocities (p<.001, 0.95 = d = 3.57). Additionally, a significant group effect was identified for FUNC-H/Q at 300°/s (p=.002, d = 0.83) with lower ratios in PLYO and TRT groups but not CT compared with CG (p<.001, -0.94 = d=-0.83). Further, significant and large-sized group effects for EMD were found at 60, 180, and 300°/s (p<.001, 0.96 = d = 2.89). Post-hoc test showed lower EMD values in CT compared with PLYO, TRT, and CG (p<.001, -2.88 = d=-0.87). Moreover, EMD was lower in PLYO and TRT compared with CG at 60 and 300°/s (p<.001, -1.84 = d=-1.10).

Conclusions
Complex training, PT, and TRT were effective training modalities in improving neuromuscular performance (i.e., maximal eccentric knee flexor/concentric knee extensor PT, knee flexor EMD) in highly trained soccer players. More specifically, CT appears to be superior in maintaining higher FUNC-H/Q values compared with PLYO and TRT.

Trial Registration: This study does not report results related to healthcare interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered on a clinical trial registry.


Key Points

- Complex training, plyometric training, and traditional resistance training are effective resistance training modalities in improving lower limb muscle strength and knee flexors` electromechanical delay in highly trained male soccer players.

- Complex training appears to be more effective to improve maximal isokinetic muscle strength when compared with plyometric and traditional resistance training potentially due to larger decrements in electromechanical delay.

- The functional hamstrings-to-quadriceps strength ratio could be maintained with complex training, whereas strength ratios were lower following plyometric and traditional resistance training particularly at high angular velocities (i.e., 300°/s).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Spitzensportlerinnen und Leistungssportlerinnen in der Schwangerschaft: Training, Leistung, Gesundheit und psychologische Aspekte in der Zeit vor, während und nach der Geburt: Eine Übersichtsarbeit</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097294</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097294</guid>
      <author>Nolte, J.</author>
      <author>Thal, I.</author>
      <author>Büthe, E.</author>
      <author>Weber, S.</author>
      <author>Platen, P.</author>
      <author>Legerlotz, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwangerschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nolte, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thal, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Büthe, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weber, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platen, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Legerlotz, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
The number of elite female athletes navigating pregnancy continues to rise, yet the intersection of high-performance sport and motherhood remains understudied. This scoping review summarizes the literature on training, performance, physical health, and psychological aspects before, during, and after pregnancy in elite and sub-elite athletes (tiers 3-5). The aim is to identify knowledge gaps and to inform future research.

Methods
This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420250651470). At 8th of January 2025, a systematic search of 10 databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO) was conducted. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they involved highly (or more) trained female athletes during the pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, or postpartum phases. Data extraction included information on study design, athlete classification, training, health, performance, and psychological outcomes.

Results
Of the 5236 records examined, 101 studies met the inclusion criteria and 46 original research articles underwent detailed data extraction. Elite and sub-elite athletes often plan their pregnancies very carefully. The available evidence does not clearly demonstrate negative effects of high training loads on pregnancy outcomes. However, the limited, often outdated, and predominantly endurance-focused data do not allow firm conclusions. Evidence shows that elite and sub-elite athletes typically continue to train throughout pregnancy, adjusting the load, and resume training early after childbirth. Although highly individualized, performance recovery is feasible. Moderate-intensity exercise appears to be safe, but thresholds above 90% of maximum heart rate may impact fetal responses. Psychological stress, identity conflicts, and a lack of tailored guidelines are common challenges. Most birth outcomes match or exceed those of the general population.

Conclusions
While no consistent evidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes from high training loads has been reported, the existing studies are too limited and heterogeneous to allow firm conclusions. These gaps, along with an evidence base largely derived from endurance-focused sports and Western populations, highlight the ongoing need for more diverse, contemporary, and sport-specific research on training, return-to-sport, and mental health in pregnant elite athletes.

Registration The protocol for this review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD420250651470).


Key points

- Athletes are able to safely continue training during pregnancy and subsequently return to elite-level performance after childbirth. This necessitates individualized adaptations to training regimens and careful consideration of the athlete`s specific physiological and psychological changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

- Future studies should categorize different sports into groups in order to develop specific training, postpartum recovery, and psychological support guidelines for elite athletes in each group.

- Future studies should address underrepresented sport populations, employ prospective designs, and incorporate interdisciplinary care models.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>24-Stunden-Ultramarathon: Eine narrative Übersicht über Leistungsfaktoren und physiologische Auswirkungen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097296</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097296</guid>
      <author>Knechtle, B.</author>
      <author>Braschler, L.</author>
      <author>Weiss, K.</author>
      <author>Scheer, V.</author>
      <author>Duric, S.</author>
      <author>Leite, L. B.</author>
      <author>Forte, P.</author>
      <author>Nikolaidis, P. T.</author>
      <author>Chlíbková, D.</author>
      <author>Rosemann, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Marathonlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Knechtle, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Braschler, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weiss, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scheer, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duric, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leite, L. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forte, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nikolaidis, P. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chlíbková, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rosemann, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The 24-hour ultra-marathon is a specific race format with a long tradition and high popularity. To date, no comprehensive review has systematically summarized the scientific literature on 24-hour ultra-marathon running. We performed a comprehensive search in the PubMed and Scopus databases, covering studies published until the end of 2025. The participation of runners and finishers in 24-hours has increased in the past decades. Most participants in 24-hours are age group or master runners older than 35 years. 24-hour ultra-runners typically cover distances exceeding 100 km per event, with an average distance ranging from ~ 150-160 km, while the top performers can achieve over 200 km. Men achieve greater distances than women. The best performance is achieved at 40-50 years. The most important predictive variables in 24-hours are training, nutrition, previous experience, and pacing; anthropometric characteristics seemed of no predictive value. During 24-hours, athletes ingest mainly carbohydrates and experience an energy deficit, but rarely exercise-associated hyponatremia. A 24-hour run leads to decrease in body mass, which can be due to dehydration, a loss of skeletal muscle mass, and/or a loss of fat mass. A 24-hour run has effects on the cardiovascular system (i.e., decrease in blood pressure, changes in cardiac biomarkers, and changes in electrocardiogram and echocardiographic findings), the kidneys (i.e. reversible impairment of kidney function), the digestive system (i.e., gastrointestinal discomfort, reversible increase in liver enzymes), the immune system (i.e., increase in immune markers) and the hematological system (i.e., decrease in red blood cells, increase in white blood cells). All negative effects are resolved within 2-3 days. In summary, 24-hour ultra-marathon runners are master athletes with extensive experience, optimal training preparation, and optimal nutrition to complete a 24-hour run successfully. The adverse effects on the heart, kidneys, immune system, and digestive tract generally resolve within a few days after the event. Future studies need to investigate nutrition after the race to enhance recovery and the impact of training and competing in this specific race format on the locomotor system (i.e. skeleton, muscles, tendons, joints).


Key Points

- The number of runners in 24-hour ultra-marathons has increased globally, with a significant increase among master athletes (35 + years).

- Training, nutrition, previous experience, and pacing are essential for optimizing performance.

- Men continue to cover greater distances than women, but this gap has been decreasing over time.

- The race influences multiple body systems, but most changes resolve within a few days.

- Further studies should concentrate on post-race recovery and the long-term effects of ultra-marathon running on the musculoskeletal system.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Rumpfkrafttrainings auf die maximale Rumpfmuskelkraft und die Fahrökonomie bei Mountainbikerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097297</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097297</guid>
      <author>Blechschmied, R.</author>
      <author>Strahler, J.</author>
      <author>Granacher, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Mountainbiking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Blechschmied, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strahler, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Granacher, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
In cross-country mountain biking (MTB), performance is primarily determined by aerobic capacity. However, shortened race durations from 150 to 80 min increased the relevance of anaerobic capacity, muscle strength, and power. Adequate levels of trunk muscle strength (TMS) enable force transfer between lower and upper extremities during starts, inclines, and finishes. Cycling economy (CE) may benefit from TMS training. This study examined the effects of TMS training on TMS, TMS endurance, and CE in MTB athletes.

Methods
Twenty-four trained or highly-trained female (Tier 2-3) MTB athletes aged 14-22 years were pair-matched by age and randomly assigned to a TMS group or an active control. Control exercised lower limb but not trunk muscles. Over eight weeks during the off-season, both groups completed three weekly 30-min sessions. Pre-, post training, assessments included maximal isometric TMS, lateral trunk endurance, and CE. Hormonal measures were included to account for menstrual cycle-related variability. CE was assessed during an MTB race course treadmill simulation via physiological (O2/CO2·min?¹·kg?¹) and CE-related mechanical parameters.

Results
TMS training improved maximal trunk flexor (p<0.001, d = 1.1), extensor strength (p<0.001, d = 1.7), and lateral TMS endurance (p=0.03, d = 0.74), compared with controls. Lateral bike displacement was reduced in the TMS group (p=0.001, d = 0.8). Physiological CE parameters showed no between-group differences. Hormonal measures did not moderate effects (p>0.05).

Conclusions
Eight weeks of global TMS training improved maximal isometric trunk flexor, extensor strength and lateral bike displacement in female MTB athletes. These findings suggest that off-season TMS training may improve MTB performance.


Key Points

- This study found improvements in maximal isometric trunk muscle flexor and extensor strength, lateral trunk muscle endurance, and mechanical factors affecting cycling economy, reflected in reduced lateral bike displacement after 8 weeks of trunk muscle strength training, compared to traditional strength training that did not target the trunk muscles.

- Trunk muscle strength training is an effective training modality that can be implemented during the off-season to improve performance related factors in female mountain bikers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Charakterisierung des oxidativen, anabolen und glykolytischen Stoffwechsels bei Sportlern mit extremen physiologischen Eigenschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097298</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097298</guid>
      <author>Schranner, D.</author>
      <author>Wackerhage, H.</author>
      <author>Weinisch, P.</author>
      <author>Schlegel, J.</author>
      <author>Bremer, S.</author>
      <author>Scherr, J.</author>
      <author>Römisch-Margl, W.</author>
      <author>Riermeier, A.</author>
      <author>Zelger, O.</author>
      <author>Stöcker, F.</author>
      <author>Artati, A.</author>
      <author>Witting, M.</author>
      <author>Krumsiek, J.</author>
      <author>Halle, M.</author>
      <author>Schönfelder, M.</author>
      <author>Kastenmüller, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schranner, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wackerhage, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weinisch, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schlegel, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bremer, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scherr, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Römisch-Margl, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Riermeier, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zelger, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stöcker, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Artati, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Witting, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krumsiek, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Halle, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schönfelder, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kastenmüller, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Regular physical activity is known to benefit health but the long-term effects of specific exercise training on human metabolism remain incompletely described. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the blood metabolomes of male athletes with distinct exercise-adapted metabolic profiles, comparing endurance athletes (n = 11), sprinters (n = 8), and natural body builders (n = 9) as models for highly oxidative, glycolytic, and anabolic metabolism, respectively.

Methods
Serum samples of these athletes and a control group of male untrained individuals (n = 7) were collected both at rest and after maximum exercise. Using untargeted metabolomics profiling and weighted correlation network analysis, we examined associations of metabolites and metabolite modules with athlete groups and their characteristic traits (e.g., cardiovascular fitness or muscularity).

Results
Our analyses revealed distinct metabolic signatures for the different groups: a highly anabolic metabolism was characterized by lower levels of sulfated steroids; a highly oxidative metabolism by higher levels of phospholipids; and a highly glycolytic metabolism by lower levels of sphingomyelins. In response to maximum exercise, 130 metabolites changed across all groups (e.g., N-lactoyl amino acids, acylcholines, energy metabolites), while 57 metabolites showed differences in magnitude or direction of change between groups (e.g., fatty acid oxidative products, cortisol).

Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that exercise-induced adaptations in metabolism distinctly shape the human serum metabolome and influence the metabolic response to exercise. These insights are relevant for diseases driven by dysfunctional metabolism, such as impaired fat oxidation and dysregulated glycolysis (e.g., diabetes, dementia) and muscle wasting (e.g., sarcopenia), where our specialized populations may serve as useful models.


Key Points

- We deeply characterized and compared the serum metabolome (quantification of ˜850 metabolites) of endurance athletes, natural bodybuilders, sprinters, and untrained controls at rest and in response to maximum exercise.

- Specialized long-term training leads to metabolic adaptations in sulfated steroids (bodybuilders), phospholipids (endurance athletes), or sphingolipids (sprinters).

- Regardless of training history, energy metabolites and N-lactoyl amino acids increase after all-out exercise.

- Fifty-seven metabolites changed differently in response to exercise between the athlete groups, highlighting their different metabolic capabilities under physical stress.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Physiologie des modernen olympischen Cross-Country-Mountainbikens: Eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097299</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097299</guid>
      <author>Protzen, G.</author>
      <author>Inoue, A.</author>
      <author>Buzzachera, C.</author>
      <author>Doma, K.</author>
      <author>Devantier-Thomas, B.</author>
      <author>Herrero-Molleda, A.</author>
      <author>García-López, J.</author>
      <author>Boullosa, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Mountainbiking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Protzen, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Inoue, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buzzachera, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Doma, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Devantier-Thomas, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herrero-Molleda, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-López, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boullosa, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Olympic Cross-Country (XCO) mountain biking has evolved since its 1996 Olympic debut, with races becoming up to 40% shorter and more technically demanding. These changes may have altered the physiological demands, challenging the applicability of earlier evidence. This systematic review examines the physiology of contemporary XCO, focusing on athletes` characteristics, race demands, and training interventions.

Methods
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. Fifty-three studies involving national to elite-level XCO athletes competing under the current race format were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool.

Results
Findings highlight that XCO athletes maintain exceptional aerobic capacity as in the former version of the discipline, but evidence points to a greater importance of high-intensity, short-duration efforts. A more intermittent effort pattern has been reported during races, with athletes spending a quarter of the time above their maximal aerobic power, interspersed with periods of technical riding that impose a high physiological demand as evidenced by a sustained high oxygen uptake. A fast-start pacing strategy is frequently reported, with velocity stabilizing or slightly decreasing in later laps, although the interpretation may be partly influenced by the structure of the start lap. Effective training regimens include high-intensity interval training, sprint interval training, and strength training, although direct performance assessments are scarce.

Conclusions
Overall, the current evidence confirms that the evolution of XCO has reshaped the discipline`s physiological profile, shifting towards greater anaerobic contribution while maintaining high aerobic demands. Future research should address the underrepresentation of female athletes and methodological limitations, particularly in participant characterization and control of confounding factors.


Key Points

- The evolution of XCO into shorter, more technical races has increased the metabolic reliance on anaerobic power, due to more intermittent effort patterns and increased technical demands.

- Contemporary XCO athletes exhibit exceptional aerobic capacity and anaerobic power, thereby highlighting the need for training programs that integrate high-intensity and sprint interval training alongside strength training.

- Despite advancements in understanding XCO demands, significant gaps remain, including limited data on female athletes and a lack of studies directly assessing training interventions` effects on race-specific performance indices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Stimmen die Trainingsbelastungskennzahlen überein? Ein Vergleich der subjektiven Belastungswahrnehmung, der physiologischen und der biomechanischen Belastung beim Laufen im Freien</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097300</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097300</guid>
      <author>Scheltinga, B. L.</author>
      <author>Buurke, J. H.</author>
      <author>Kok, J. N.</author>
      <author>Reenalda, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bodenreaktionskraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Inertialmesssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Scheltinga, B. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buurke, J. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kok, J. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reenalda, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Monitoring training load is an important aspect of optimizing performance and preventing overuse injuries in runners. This is the first study comparing physiological, biomechanical and subjective load between typical outdoor training sessions, contributing to the transfer of methodologies from the gait laboratory to real-world conditions with the final goal of improving athlete monitoring.

Methods
Twelve experienced runners participated in distinct sessions: an endurance run, a submaximal effort, and interval training, which varied in perceived exertion. Using heart rate monitors, inertial measurement units and questionnaires, estimated cumulative load and its correlation with session Rate of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) and physiological load calculated via Training Impulse (TRIMP) were analysed.

Results
sRPE significantly distinguished between session types, while TRIMP and cumulative biomechanical load did not. Furthermore, correlations between the three training load metrics were weak to moderate (sRPE vs. TRIMP: r = 0.49; sRPE vs. weighted cumulative load: r = 0.25; weighted cumulative load vs. TRIMP: r = 0.35), where only sRPE and TRIMP correlated significantly (p < 0.05). This suggests that the different measures capture different aspects of load or that the measures could be inadequate to capture load.

Conclusion
Objective physiological and biomechanical metrics alone may not adequately reflect athletes` perceived exertion when training includes different session types. This highlights the importance of using a multifactorial approach to training load monitoring in running.


Key Points

- In contrast to TRIMP and biomechanical load, sRPE distinguished between typical running sessions in recreational runners.

- TRIMP and sRPE showed moderate correlation over various training sessions, while cumulative load was not significantly correlated with the other load metrics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wissen und Einstellung zu sportbedingten Gehirnerschütterungen in europäischen American-Football-Ligen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097301</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097301</guid>
      <author>Schauflera, A.</author>
      <author>Platzgummera, S.</author>
      <author>Müllera, V.</author>
      <author>Mühlbacherb, E.</author>
      <author>Aroraa, R.</author>
      <author>Tschollc, P. M.</author>
      <author>Schneidera, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schauflera, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Platzgummera, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Müllera, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mühlbacherb, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aroraa, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tschollc, P. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schneidera, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract
This study examines concussion knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among European American football athletes using an online survey. Data from 256 players (mean age 26.8years (SD 4.9); 7.4 (SD 4.5) years of experience) across some of the highest leagues (Austrian Football League, German Football League, European League of Football) revealed an average concussion knowledge index of 17.9 (SD 2.3) of 25 and an attitude index of 63 (SD 6.3) of 75. Notably, 43.1% of athletes reported they would continue to play despite experiencing concussion symptoms indicating a gap between knowledge, attitudes, and safe behavior. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational measures to improve the transfer of knowledge toward safer decision-making processes and to strengthen the prevention and management of concussions.


Practical implications
• Standardized concussion education can improve symptom recognition and reporting among athletes.
• Coaches and medical staff play a critical role in monitoring player health and enforcing safety protocols.
• Implementing regular training and mandatory educational programs may help shift attitudes and reduce the incidence of risky behavior in American football.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Mögliche Kopfverletzungen im professionellen Frauenfußball: Eine Videoanalyse zu Häufigkeit, Merkmalen und Beurteilung</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097302</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097302</guid>
      <author>Limaa, Y.</author>
      <author>Köyagasioglua, O.</author>
      <author>Karaçobanb, L.</author>
      <author>Sernerc, A.</author>
      <author>Peekc, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Videoanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Limaa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Köyagasioglua, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karaçobanb, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sernerc, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peekc, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To systematically analyze potential head injuries in professional international women's football between 2021 and 2024.

Design
Video analysis.

Methods
All match footage from the 2021 Women's Olympic Football Tournament, 2022 Union of European Football Associations European Women's Championship, 2023 Fédération Internationale de Football Association Women's World Cup, and 2024 Women's Olympic Football Tournament was reviewed. Potential head injuries, defined as when a player stayed down on the ground for more than 5s and/or indicated that they were injured, with the body area involving the head, were coded using frame-by-frame video analysis to record player actions, visible signs of possible concussion, medical assessment, and injury outcomes.

Results
Across 147 matches, 362 potential head injuries occurred (2.46 per match; 72.2/1000 match hours). In total, 131 potential head injuries (36.2%) were medically assessed, and 12 (3.3%) resulted in immediate substitution. Visible signs of a possible concussion were seen in 84 players (23.2%), with motor incoordination present in 10 cases (2.8%). Medical assessment was performed in 61 (72.6%) of cases with visible signs. The majority of potential head injuries (n=251, 69.3%) were from opponent direct contact, followed by ball-related contacts (n=48, 13.3%, 35 unintentional ball-to-head impact, and 13 headers). Aerial duels (45%) were the most common action leading to a potential head injury.

Conclusions
Opponent direct contact was the most frequently observed mechanism of a potential head injury. While the majority of players with visible signs of possible concussion received medical assessment, continued concussion awareness to support medical teams in improving the identification of incidents with potential head injuries is recommended, with a potential for the inclusion of visible signs of a possible concussion to facilitate an on-field medical assessment of players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Rückkehr zum Sport nach der Schwangerschaft: Eine qualitative Studie über Spitzensportlerinnen im Vereinigten Königreich</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097303</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097303</guid>
      <author>Caroa, C. V.</author>
      <author>O'Learyb, N.</author>
      <author>Trowa, S.</author>
      <author>Bella, Z.</author>
      <author>Paynec, E.</author>
      <author>Silverioc, S. A.</author>
      <author>Lavellea, F.</author>
      <author>Flynnb, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwangerschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Caroa, C. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O'Learyb, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trowa, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bella, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paynec, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silverioc, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lavellea, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Flynnb, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
Elite athletes are more commonly returning to sport after pregnancy. Whilst research and policies to support athletes after pregnancy are increasing, understanding the lived experiences of United Kingdom (UK) elite athletes as they return to sport remains limited. This study aimed to examine the experiences and perspectives of UK elite athletes from a range of sports on the postpartum period and the return to sport.

Design
A descriptive qualitative approach utilising semi-structured interviews.

Methods
Online interviews were conducted via Microsoft Teams with elite athletes living in the UK, who trained and/or competed at the highest level of their sport prior to and/or during pregnancy. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results
Eleven athletes participated in the study. Four key themes were generated: (1) Navigating Mother-Athlete Identity, (2) Preparation to Return to Sport, (3) Personal Support and Inspiration, and (4) Systemic Support. Findings showed that UK athletes must navigate both identity shifts and practical challenges in their return to sport postpartum. Observing other female athletes make this transition provided encouragement to the participants. Support from the athlete's immediate community and broader sporting organisations played a critical role. Access to specific supports and resources, such as pragmatic return-to-sport timelines, nutritional guidance, and maternity leave policies that safeguarded funding, positively impacted the postpartum return to sport.

Conclusions
High-quality research to continue to inform guidelines for elite athletes returning to sport and developing maternity leave policies specific for all athletes in the UK need to be prioritised. This is to ensure that athletes are properly supported during postpartum and can resume their careers.


Practical implications
• There is a need for specific postpartum mental well-being supports to help athletes navigate the transition to motherhood and integrate this with their athlete identity within a UK sporting system.
• UK athletes should have access to specialist nutrition advice which can account for postpartum needs including breastfeeding and energy intake requirements prior to and following the return to sport. This could involve the development of specialist continuing professional development courses for nutrition and dietetic professionals.
• Further high-quality research focused on the postpartum return to sport, especially during the first six weeks where the recommendation has been not to exercise, may need to be tailored for elite athletes.
• The establishment of national level maternity leave policies for all elite athletes within the UK sporting system is needed to ensure equitable access to maternity supports comparable to those available to other pregnant individuals.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Videoanalyse potenzieller Kopfverletzungssituationen bei FIFA-Beach-Soccer-Weltmeisterschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097304</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097304</guid>
      <author>Limaa, Y.</author>
      <author>Köyagasioglua, O.</author>
      <author>Peekb, K.</author>
      <author>Hovenbergd, A.</author>
      <author>Karaçobane, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Beachfußball</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Videoanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sand</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Limaa, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Köyagasioglua, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peekb, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hovenbergd, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karaçobane, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To evaluate potential head injuries across three consecutive FIFA Beach Soccer World Cups held between 2019 and 2024.

Methods
All match footage from the 2019, 2021, and 2024 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cups (men only tournaments) were evaluated focusing on occurrence of a potential head injury, player actions (including overhead kick), and visible signs of a possible concussion.

Results
A total of 309 potential head injuries were identified across 96 matches (3.2/match), with an incidence of 527.8 potential head injuries per 1000 match-hours. In total, 17.5% (n=54) of potential head injuries were associated with overhead kicks, 17.9% (n=55) demonstrated a visible sign of a possible concussion (involving 51 different players), and 25.3% (n=78) occurred during aerial duels. Ball-related head impacts accounted for 15.5% of all potential head injuries, rising to 46.3% in overhead kick-related potential head injuries and 34.6% among potential head injuries with visible signs of a possible concussion. Eighty-nine potential head injuries (28.9%) were evaluated by medical staff, 27 (49.1%) of the 55 players with visible signs of a possible concussion were not medically evaluated.

Conclusions
The findings demonstrated that the incidence of potential head injuries in beach soccer is 3.2 per-match, which is 7.6× higher than the data previously reported in men's association football. Player-to-player impact, unintentional ball impacts and overhead kicks contributed significantly to this elevated incidence. The observation that 17.9% of potential head injuries exhibited visible signs of possible concussion highlights the need for future studies that incorporate clinical evaluations to improve understanding of these potential head injuries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wissen allein reicht nicht aus: Menstruationsbeschwerden beeinflussen die wahrgenommene Leistungsfähigkeit im Frauenfußball</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097305</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097305</guid>
      <author>Oestera, C.</author>
      <author>Lovella, R.</author>
      <author>Pedlarc, C.</author>
      <author>Bruinvelsc, G.</author>
      <author>Wilsonf, B.</author>
      <author>Norrisa, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrazeptiva</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oestera, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lovella, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pedlarc, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bruinvelsc, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilsonf, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Norrisa, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To examine whether menstrual health literacy (MHL) is associated with Australian female footballers' negative perceptions of the menstrual cycle and contraceptive use on athletic performance and availability, and to assess the influence of symptom count on these perceptions.

Design
Cross sectional survey.

Methods
Australian football players (n=147) completed a survey assessing menstrual cycle characteristics, contraceptive use, perceived impacts on training and competition, and MHL. Associations between MHL and perceived impacts of the menstrual cycle or contraceptive use were analysed. The relationship between symptom count and these perceptions was also examined.

Results
Whilst MHL scores were not significantly associated with perceived impacts of the menstrual cycle on training performance (ß=0.29, 95% CI [-0.37, 0.97]), a higher number of symptoms were linked to more frequent reports of negative training impacts (ß=0.09, 95% CI [0.05, 0.14]). Amongst non-contraceptive users, a substantial proportion reported that the menstrual cycle negatively affected their training (67% `sometimes`; 21% `often`) and competition (62% `sometimes`; 18% `often`) performance, as well as training availability (60% `sometimes`; 14% `often`).

Conclusions
No significant association was found between MHL and perceived menstrual cycle impacts in this cohort. However, symptom count emerged as a key factor, with athletes experiencing five or more symptoms more likely to report frequent negative effects on training performance. These findings suggest that addressing symptom recognition and management may be more critical than MHL alone in supporting athlete well-being and performance.


Practical implications
• Although MHL scores did not predict perceived impacts in this cohort, MHL remains a modifiable construct that may still support positive behaviours, symptom recognition, and open communication, particularly when paired with practical education that addresses stigma and broader psychosocial influences.
• The positive association between symptom count and perceived performance impact highlights the value of helping athletes monitor and recognise their individual symptom patterns.
• Given the sensitivity of outcomes to scoring approach and the absence of validated cut-offs, further refinement and validation of MHL questionnaires are needed to support consistent research and practice.
• Athletes reported greater perceived impact of menstrual symptoms on training performance than on competition availability, suggesting that day-to-day training environments may permit more open acknowledgement of symptoms. This highlights the role of coaches and support staff in fostering supportive, flexible, and responsive training contexts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelkraftprofile der unteren Extremitäten und Zusammenhänge mit Verletzungen: eine prospektive Kohortenstudie über zwei Spielzeiten im professionellen Männer-Rugby</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097306</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097306</guid>
      <author>Williamsa, K.</author>
      <author>van Dyk, N.</author>
      <author>Winkelman, N.</author>
      <author>Opar, D.</author>
      <author>Williams, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Williamsa, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>van Dyk, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Winkelman, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Opar, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Williams, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
To profile professional rugby union players using longitudinal hip, groin and hamstring strength measures and identify characteristics associated with non-contact lower limb injury and reinjury.

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Methods
248 players were involved in the study. Over 24 months, injury surveillance data was collected, and a battery of strength tests were conducted at the start of each pre-season and mid-season. The strength tests included: Nordic hamstring exercise (Nordic); hip abduction and adduction at 60° (ABD60, ADD60); and 90° of hip flexion (ABD90 and ADD90).

Results
Strength profiles are presented. For the 55 players who featured at the first and last test of the study; Nordic, ADD90 and ABD90 increased in the forwards only (P=0.002 to 0.01). Strength changes at the end of the study were correlated with measures obtained at the start (r=-0.38 to -0.49), and amongst the test battery measures (r=0.42 to r=0.68). Hamstring, and hip/groin made up 43% of lower limb non-contact injuries. Those who sustained a hip/groin injury had greater odds (OR=4.0, P=0.0016) of also suffering a hamstring injury. For injured players, only ABD60 reduced post-injury (P=0.0021). Players who reinjured were characterised by lower pre-injury ADD90; and either higher pre-injury Nordic or an ADD90 that did not improve post-index injury. Pre-season strength profiles remained unchanged for uninjured players.

Conclusions
Strength changes were observed overtime, and post-injury. Players who were weaker from the outset improved whilst those who were stronger struggled to maintain strength. Changes from pre-season to in-season are important since most prospective injury studies only measure strength during pre-season. Strong knee flexor strength alone may not protect from reinjury, and further investigations are required to further support the observations that adductor strength is a protective factor in lower limb non-contact reinjury in rugby union players.


Practical implications
1. Maintenance of pre-season strength throughout mid-season was a characteristic of players who remained non-contact lower limb injury-free during the study period and should be a focus of training programmes in men's professional rugby union.
2. Reinjury was characterised by players with either i) poor adductor strength and strong knee flexor strength, or, ii) poor adductor strength with poor knee flexor strength and little change in adductor strength post injury. This study underscores the potentially important role of adductor muscle strength in the rehabilitation of noncontact lower limb injuries and reinjury prevention.
3. Future studies should consider the impact of adductor strengthening programmes on noncontact lower limb injury prevalence in men's professional rugby union.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Trainingsbelastungsparametern und körperlichen Leistungsanpassungen im Mannschaftssport: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097284</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097284</guid>
      <author>Clemente, F. M.</author>
      <author>Scanlan, A. T.</author>
      <author>Ramirez-Campillo, R.</author>
      <author>Martinho, D.</author>
      <author>Thapa, R. K.</author>
      <author>Chamari, K.</author>
      <author>Silva, R. M.</author>
      <author>Moran, J.</author>
      <author>Sarmento, H.</author>
      <author>Xu, Q.</author>
      <author>Afonso, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, F. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scanlan, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramirez-Campillo, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thapa, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chamari, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sarmento, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Afonso, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background 
Collating evidence on the relationship between training load and physical fitness adaptations in team sport players can help refine training plans. 

Objectives 
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to: (i) identify research designs and methods examining the relationship between training load and physical performance in team sport players, and (ii) synthesize key findings, advancing to meta-analysis where correlations could be established. 

Methods 
Eligible participants were men and women in team sports at least at the trained or developmental level. Studies included had training loads of at least two weeks with pre-post physical performance evaluations. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black scale, and evidence certainty was evaluated with the GRADE framework. 

Results 
Of 29,552 records screened, 40 studies with 726 players were included. Significant correlations were evident between heart rate (HR)-based training impulse (TRIMP) and changes in maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.63, p < 0.05), velocity at a blood lactate concentration of 2 mmol·L-¹ (VLT) (r = 0.47, p < 0.05), and velocity at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (r = 0.43, p < 0.01). A significant correlation between session-rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and changes in VLT (r = 0.29, p < 0.05) was found. 

Conclusions 
HR-based TRIMP methods to quantify internal training load appear to be effective indicators for potential endurance adaptations around training phases in team sport players. In contrast, sRPE and external training load measures demonstrated limited associations with performance adaptations surrounding training. 

Key Points 
- Heart rate-based TRIMP largely correlates with endurance adaptations such as VO2max and lactate thresholds in team sports. 

- sRPE shows small correlations with endurance adaptations compared to heart rate-based measures. 

- External training load measures exhibit weak correlations with strength, power, and speed, emphasizing the need for further research.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Anwendung von Deep-Learning-Verfahren zur Schätzung der Körperhaltung im Sport: eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097285</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097285</guid>
      <author>Aulton, C.</author>
      <author>Wakili, L.</author>
      <author>Strafford, B. W.</author>
      <author>Davids, K.</author>
      <author>Chiu, C.-Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>deep learning</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aulton, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wakili, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strafford, B. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davids, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chiu, C.-Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Human Pose Estimation (HPE) has gained increasing attention in sports research due to advancements in Deep Learning (DL) movement skills, which enable precise joint localization in 2D and 3D visual data. DL-based HPE facilitates non-invasive analysis of movement patterns in real-world settings, providing actionable insights for training, performance optimisation, and injury prevention. This systematic review examines the application of DL-based HPE in sports, focusing on the availability and accessibility of training datasets, reproducibility for practitioners, and the influence of human factors. The review also offers recommendations to guide future research and applications.

Methods
A systematic search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted across four databases—Scopus, Web of Science, the Association for Computing Machinery, and SPORTDiscus, yielding 371 articles. Two independent reviewers applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies, with a third reviewer resolving conflicts. Key aspects analysed included the scope of DL-based HPE applications, dataset characteristics, and algorithmic approaches. A supplementary search was conducted to include contemporary literature published since the initial search date. Data were synthesized descriptively, focusing on trends and limitations in the evidence base.

Results
The identified applications of DL-based HPE in sports were categorized into four domains: movement skill analysis, action recognition, augmented coaching tools, and officiating support. Most studies relied on private datasets for algorithm training and validation, limiting reproducibility and generalizability. Bespoke multi-model algorithms were the most common approach, and single person pose estimation predominated. Despite its potential, the lack of open datasets and standardized practices poses challenges for broader adoption and practical implementation. These findings were echoed in the supplementary search which added no significant findings outside what previous studies had demonstrated.

Conclusions
This review represents the first systematic evaluation of DL-based HPE from a sports science perspective, offering practical guidance for future research and applications. The findings highlight the need for open, standardized datasets and reproducible methodologies to advance the field. Future research should address these limitations while exploring innovative applications to maximize the impact of DL-based HPE in sports science.

Key Points

- The application of Deep Learning (DL) Human Pose Estimation (HPE) in sport can be categorised into four application domains: movement skill analysis, action recognition, augmented coaching tools, and officiating support.

- A major disconnect exists between technological advancement and its practical application, largely due to barriers in accessibility and reproducibility. The widespread use of private datasets and bespoke algorithms makes most methods inaccessible to sports practitioners, highlighting the need for large, open-access, and context-rich sporting datasets.

- A crucial finding is the complete absence of longitudinal studies that empirically test the long-term effects of implementing DL HPE tools in athlete development programs. Without evidence that these technologies lead to tangible performance gains, practitioners may be reluctant to adopt them.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Validierung subjektiver Bewertungen anhand von Daten aus Wearables für ein differenziertes Verständnis des Belastungs-Erholungs-Status bei Ausdauersportlern der Spitzenklasse</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097286</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097286</guid>
      <author>Spetz, L.</author>
      <author>Rogestedt, J.</author>
      <author>Nilsson, R.</author>
      <author>Mattsson, C. M.</author>
      <author>Larsen, F. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Datenanalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Spetz, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rogestedt, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nilsson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mattsson, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsen, F. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
The emergence of wearable technology offers enhanced real-time health management, including sleep, recovery, and exercise optimization. Despite their potential to monitor load-recovery parameters in elite athletes, the selection, combination, and interpretation or reliance of metrics in relation to perceived impact remain unclear.

Objective
This study assessed data from three wearables measuring sleep, continuous glucose, and exercise, together with the Profile of Mood State (POMS) dimensions alongside subjective ratings via the Readiness Advisor application (RA app) (Silicon Valley Exercise Analytics, svexa, Menlo Park, California, USA) to evaluate their association and value in load-recovery monitoring.

Methods
Twenty national team endurance athletes, competing at the highest international level, were monitored during one year of training, recovery, and competitions. Data collections were made with Global Positioning System (GPS) watches and heart rate monitors, Oura rings (Oura Health OY, Oulu, Finland), continuous glucose monitors, POMS questionnaires and subjective ratings in the RA app.

Results
Significant correlations were found between each RA question and its counterpart in a linear mixed model (r values = 0.39-0.81). However, time series analysis through autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA analysis) revealed individual variability.

Conclusions
These findings indicate an influence of external aspects and advocate for a multifaceted approach to the assessment of load-recovery balance, well-being and performance. Moreover, personalized analyses proved more accurate than group averages, emphasizing the need for individualized monitoring. Integrating subjective and objective data appears essential for nuanced understanding of the athlete status, advancing high-performance monitoring and athletic health management.

Key Points

- This study examines the correlation between nine subjectively rated and objectively measured data parameters collected from 20 national team endurance athletes during one year of regular training and competitions.

- Group level analyses only showed moderate significant correlations between the objective and subjective counterparts in three cases. When accounting for individual differences, all subjective parameters presented moderate to strong associations with their objective counterpart (r values = 0.39-0.81). Partial regression analysis suggests that external factors contribute to the observed variability and limit their interchangeability. This advocates for monitoring regimens to include a combination of markers of both objective and subjective origin, to provide a reliable and nuanced understanding of the athlete situation for informed decision-making.

- Individual-level analyses showed large variability, with athletes exhibiting non-, positive, and negative correlations. These results indicate the requirement of individually adapting both monitoring regimes, assessments and load-recovery management.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Bieten Übungen mit dem Schwungrad ein Training mit exzentrischer Überlastung?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097287</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097287</guid>
      <author>Spudic, D.</author>
      <author>Nosaka, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Physiotherapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwungrad</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Überlastung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Spudic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nosaka, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Interests in eccentric resistance exercises have been increasing in both research and practice. However, implementing eccentric resistance exercise training is often challenging due to the mechanical limitations of traditional training equipment. To address this, flywheel (FW) devices emerged as a practical alternative. FW devices are commonly considered to provide eccentric-overload training, in which the load is greater in eccentric than concentric phase. However, this is not always the case. In this article, we summarize the mechanical and physiological factors influencing the effectiveness of FW devices in achieving eccentric overload. Then, we discuss a significant limitation of FW resistance exercise in accurately quantifying the load, since eccentric mechanical load is constrained by preceding concentric phase. Lastly, we explore potential practical solutions and improvements in research methods for FW resistance exercises. FW resistance exercises become eccentric-overload exercises only when higher mechanical quantities are achieved and confirmed during the eccentric than in the concentric phase of repetitions. It is important to examine if eccentric overload is actually achieved during training and testing, which can clarify if the eccentric overload is a key factor for the neuromuscular adaptations observed following a FW resistance training.

Key Points

- Flywheel resistance exercises do not necessary provide eccentric overload.

- The tempo or technique of exercise execution plays a critical role in achieving eccentric overload in flywheel resistance exercises.

- Eccentric overload is limited to a short time interval and is influenced by a combination of physiological factors such as the participant`s age, sex, training history, movement velocity (inertia magnitude), fatigue tolerance, tempo of execution, joint angle, muscle length, and movement complexity.

- Future studies should monitor mechanical outputs to confirm whether eccentric overload is the primary factor driving the adaptations observed in FW resistance training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine Längsschnittstudie zu Leistungs- und Verletzungsfolgen im Zusammenhang mit Essstörungen bei Spitzensportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097288</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097288</guid>
      <author>Fatt, S. J.</author>
      <author>Hay, P.</author>
      <author>George, E.</author>
      <author>Jeacocke, N.</author>
      <author>Rogers, K.</author>
      <author>Mitchison, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fatt, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hay, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>George, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jeacocke, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rogers, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchison, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Disordered eating is common in elite athletes and may be motivated by perceived performance advantages associated with becoming leaner. However, few studies have examined the performance outcomes associated with disordered eating over time in this population. This study investigated self-reported performance and days missed from training/competition due to injury as longitudinal outcomes of disordered eating.

Methods
Current elite athletes predominantly from Australia and the US (N = 178; 72.4% female, Mage=23.9, SDage=7.0) completed online surveys between March-September 2023 at baseline (T1), and after 6-months (T2; N = 110) and 12-months (T3; N = 91), including measures of demographic data, disordered eating, self-reported performance in training and competition, and days missed due to injury over the last 6-months. T1-disordered eating was examined as a predictor of T2-performance and T2-days missed due to injury via multiple regression controlling for autocorrelations, with multiple imputation to account for data attrition. The relationships over 12-months were examined via multilevel mixed-effects analyses.

Results
Greater T1-disordered eating significantly predicted a greater increase in days missed due to injury at 6-month (B = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01-0.07), but not 12-month, follow-up, controlling for gender. Greater disordered eating was significantly associated with poorer self-reported performance across timepoints (r = - .23, p = .027 to r = - .39, p < .001); however, T1-disordered eating did not predict a significant change in performance over time, controlling for gender.

Conclusions
Disordered eating should not be considered as either normal or necessary to improve athletic performance, but rather a potential pathway towards injuries and absences from training and/or competition. These findings highlight a need for future research investigating outcomes associated with disordered eating across more specific aspects of performance and injury.

Key points

- Greater disordered eating in male and female elite athletes at baseline predicted more days missed from training and competition due to injury over the following six months, controlling for prior injury.

- Greater disordered eating in male and female elite athletes at baseline did not predict improvements in athletic performance over 6 or 12 months, but was instead negatively correlated with performance at each timepoint.

- Disordered eating should not be considered as either normal or necessary to improve athletic performance, but rather a potential pathway towards injuries and absences from training and/or competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Wie sieht es mit der angewandten Kinanthropometrie im Rollstuhlbasketball aus? Vorschlag für anthropometrische Referenzwerte bei spanischen Spitzenspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097289</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097289</guid>
      <author>Buceta-Toro, M. I.</author>
      <author>Perpiñá-Martínez, S.</author>
      <author>Aprea-Moreno, S.</author>
      <author>Delgado Ortiz, S.</author>
      <author>Ausó, E.</author>
      <author>Cifuentes, A.</author>
      <author>Sospedra, I.</author>
      <author>Norte, A.</author>
      <author>Romero-Garcia, D.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Sanz, J. M.</author>
      <author>Leardy Palencia, P.</author>
      <author>Miana, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Parabasketball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Buceta-Toro, M. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perpiñá-Martínez, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aprea-Moreno, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Delgado Ortiz, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ausó, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cifuentes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sospedra, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Norte, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romero-Garcia, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Sanz, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leardy Palencia, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miana, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Disability negatively impacts body composition due to muscle disuse in paralyzed or amputated limbs. This study aimed to describe and compare the anthropometric profile and body composition of professional wheelchair basketball players according to their functional classification. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a non-probabilistic convenience sampling of professional wheelchair basketball teams competing in the Honor Division was performed. Anthropometric measurements were taken according to ISO 7250-1:2017 and the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) standard. Body mass, sitting height, arm span, six skinfolds, girth, breadth, and lengths were collected. SPSS version 27 was used for general descriptive analysis and by functional groups, and for inferential analysis and calculation of percentiles tables in men.

Results
Females presented higher fat mass values than males. Between functional categories, differences were observed in weight, sitting height, and fat-free mass, with lower values in subjects with greater impairment. The percentiles of the variables weight, sitting height, arm span, total skinfolds, and fat mass showed an upward trend according to the functional category, being higher in the higher categories.

Conclusion
The determination of body composition is a useful tool for addressing multidisciplinary strategies in the performance and prevention of injury of wheelchair basketball players.

Key Points

• Impact of functionality on body composition: The study demonstrates how functional classification in wheelchair basketball is associated with significant variations in anthropometric and body composition variables. Athletes with higher functionality exhibit greater values of fat-free mass, sitting height, and body mass compared to those with greater limitations.

• Relevance of percentile tables: Specific percentile tables were developed for wheelchair basketball players based on their functional category. These tables enable the assessment and comparison of athletic performance, body composition, and the identification of future talents within this population.

• Limitations of body composition equations: Anthropometric formulas (e.g., Faulkner and Siri) either underestimate or overestimate key variables in this population due to their unique characteristics. This highlights the need to develop equations tailored to athletes with physical disabilities.

• Sex differences: Females show higher body fat percentages compared to males, a trend observed in populations both with and without disabilities.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Glück herausfordern: Über Zufall, glückliche Fügungen und die Entwicklung von Sportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097290</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097290</guid>
      <author>Baker, J.</author>
      <author>Johnston, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Baker, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnston, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The notion that problems with prediction can be resolved with more, and better, data has a long history. In this paper, we examine the role of chance and randomness (i.e., events where there is a low probability of occurrence) in athlete development, focusing on the influence of `luck` on this process. More specifically, we briefly summarize the way luck has been considered in previous research on human achievement and how different types of luck (i.e., luck related to elements of the task, the athlete development environment, and biological processes) can affect athlete development. In addition, the implications and challenges of embracing the influence of luck on models of athlete development are discussed. Acknowledging the role of luck may lead to developmental environments that are more equitable (e.g., by creating greater opportunities for more individuals to get lucky) and realistic (i.e., by acknowledging that predictions of sport- and athlete-related outcomes will never be perfect).

Key Points

    1. Discussions of athlete development rarely consider the role of random influences.
    2. Integrating elements of `luck` into models of athlete development may promote approaches that are less rigid and constrained.
    3. Less rigid models of athlete development may lead to more athletes engaging for longer in competitive systems, and improvements to athlete development outcomes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Langfristige Entwicklung von Trainingsmerkmalen und physiologischen Determinanten bei weltweit führenden und medaillengekrönten Skilangläuferinnen: eine vergleichende Analyse über drei Jahrzehnte</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097291</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097291</guid>
      <author>Staff, H.</author>
      <author>Solli, G. S.</author>
      <author>Welde, B.</author>
      <author>Tønnessen, E.</author>
      <author>Sandbakk, Ø.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>langfristiger Leistungsaufbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Staff, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Solli, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Welde, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tønnessen, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandbakk, Ø.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
This study describes the long-term development of training characteristics and physiological performance-determining variables among six world-class (Tier 5) female cross-country skiers across three decades, collectively holding 61 Olympic/World Championship medals.

Methods
The skiers were divided into two groups: three world-leading (Tier 5+) athletes with = 8 medals in international championships and three Tier 5 athletes with = 4 medals. Self-reported training characteristics, as well as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and submaximal lactate threshold tests from junior to senior age were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Training was categorized into endurance, strength and speed training, with endurance training systemized using a five-zone intensity scale.

Results
While athletes exhibited individual patterns in the development of training volume from junior to senior, the increase in training volume was primarily driven by a rise in low-intensity endurance training. There was a noticeable trend that Tier 5+ athletes had a longer, more consistent increase in training volume compared to Tier 5. Among Tier 5+ athletes, VO2peak values showed a positive progression from junior to senior level, whereas only one of the Tier 5 showed the same pattern. Additionally, Tier 5+ demonstrated larger improvements in speeds at a given blood lactate and heart rate level than Tier 5 throughout the investigated period (e.g., mean increase in speed at estimated lactate threshold: ~14% for Tier 5+ vs. ~ 7% for Tier 5).

Conclusions
Keeping in mind the limitations associated with the small sample size, the development pathways to becoming a Tier 5+ skier tended to involve longer, more consistent, increases in training volume, resulting in greater improvements in both VO2peak and submaximal physiological determinants than Tier 5 skiers.

Keypoints

- Despite individual development patterns, the increase in training volume from junior age to world-class senior level was primarily driven by increases in zone 1 low-intensity endurance training, with individual patterns in the progression of moderate- and high-intensity training.

- World-leading female cross-country skiers generally tended to demonstrate a longer, more gradual and stepwise increase in training volume, resulting in higher overall training volumes compared to their medal-winning peers.

- World-leading female skiers exhibited sustained development in VO2peak and lactate threshold, surpassing medal-winning peers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Unterschiedliche Reaktionen auf Trainingsbelastung im professionellen Australian-Football: Sind Erkenntnisse aus allgemeinen und laufbasierten Untersuchungen komplementär oder redundant?</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Apr 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097292</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097292</guid>
      <author>Arguedas-Soley, A.</author>
      <author>Shushan, T.</author>
      <author>Murphy, A.</author>
      <author>Poulos, N.</author>
      <author>Lovell, R.</author>
      <author>Norris, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Australien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arguedas-Soley, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shushan, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murphy, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Poulos, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lovell, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Norris, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Generic neuromuscular assessments are widely used to monitor training responses in team sports. Emerging running-based measures have been proposed to offer greater sensitivity to residual neuromuscular training effects by aligning more closely with the exercise dose, yet their practical utility remains ambiguous. Concurrent evaluation is thus necessary to identify athlete monitoring assessments that best capture meaningful responses.

Objectives
We examined within-athlete relationships among common training response measures and their associations with prior weekly external training load in professional Australian Football athletes.

Design
Repeated-measures, observational.

Methods
Forty-three male athletes were regularly assessed over two pre-seasons following 48-hours of no training. Outcome measures were derived from maximal performances in adductor strength and countermovement jump (CMJ) assessments, the final minute of a continuous-fixed submaximal fitness test (CF-SMFT: 3-minutes, 12 km·h-1), and the plateau-phase of a high-intensity intermittent-fixed run (HI-IRplateau: 50 m, ~ 25 km·h-1). External loads were derived from Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Repeated-measures correlations assessed relationships between the response measures, while linear mixed-effects models evaluated measurement variability. Generalised Additive Models examined associations between prior weekly external training loads and the response measures.

Results
Adductor strength and CMJ measures showed low within-athlete variability (coefficient of variation, CV = 4.3-6.6%) and limited associations with weekly external loads. Conversely, 2 standard deviation (SD) increases in weekly total distance were associated with reductions in CF-SMFT HRex of - 1.3%-points (95% Confidence Intervals, CI: - 0.9, - 1.8), and as large as - 3.2%-points. Similarly, 2 SD increases in very-high speed running (> 25 km.h-1) were associated with declines in HI-IRplateau velocity of - 0.4 km·h-1 (95% CI: - 0.1, - 0.8), and as much as - 1.2 km·h-1. Both effects exceeded thresholds of practical significance, as indicated by the typical error of measurement. Accelerometer-vector measures presented inconsistent associations.

Conclusions
Weekly external load changes were reflected in CF-SMFT HRex and HI-IRplateau velocity, supporting their practical utility for athlete monitoring; whereas measures derived from generic neuromuscular tests (adductor strength, and CMJ) showed limited responsiveness. Associations between external loads and accelerometer-derived measures presented significant uncertainty, which currently limits confident recommendations on the utility of these emerging techniques.

Key Points

- Concurrent evaluation of conventional and emerging training response measures used to infer on the state of the neuromuscular system, revealed a lack of agreement over two independent pre-seasons in professional Australian Football athletes.

- Exercising heart rate during a submaximal fitness test and average velocity derived from a standardised high-intensity run were responsive to weekly variations in external training load, justifying their place in a comprehensive athlete monitoring battery.

- Generic assessments of neuromuscular state (adductor strength, and countermovement jump variables) demonstrated low measurement variability and limited responsiveness over the studied period, raising questions on the physiological mechanisms driving changes in these outcome measures.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Auge des Trainers schärfen: Eine Beobachtungsstudie zur Erforschung der Trainierbarkeit einer Eye-Tracking-Strategie zur Wahrnehmung von Geschwindigkeitsverlusten bei der Langhantel im Krafttraining</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097272</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097272</guid>
      <author>Ben-Ari, A.</author>
      <author>Henry, S.</author>
      <author>Halperin, I.</author>
      <author>Carey, L.</author>
      <author>Iacono, A. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainierbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Langhantel</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Eyetracking</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ben-Ari, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Henry, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Halperin, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carey, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iacono, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background :Resistance training (RT) coaches can implement velocity-based training (VBT) to prescribe set volume by terminating sets at a target velocity loss (VL) threshold. However, VBT necessitates velocity-tracking devices that demand time and expertise. In a previous study, we asked RT coaches to detect VL thresholds using solely their observational judgment - the Coach`s Eye. We found improved accuracy when participants spontaneously used a "bar strategy" (focusing on the barbell). Here, we investigated whether coaches could be trained to intentionally use this strategy and whether it would be associated with greater accuracy in detecting VL thresholds.
Methods: Twenty RT coaches completed one experimental session involving a gaze strategy training intervention. Participants watched an instructional video on the bar strategy, practiced with gaze feedback, and completed a VL detection task. The task involved watching videos of trainees performing bench presses and back squats and detecting 20% and 40% VL thresholds. We examined the frequency of bar strategy use using a one-sided exact binomial test and the accuracy in VL thresholds detection using a negative binomial mixed-effects model.
Results: Participants used the bar strategy in most trials (mean proportion = 78.81, 95% CI [0.75, 1.00]). The average absolute error in detecting VL thresholds was 1.5 (SD = 2.3) repetitions. Error decreased when using the bar strategy (-1.23, 95% CI [-1.99, -0.03]), detecting 40% VL thresholds (-1.60, 95% CI [-1.88, -1.26]) compared to 20%, and observing sets loaded with 85% 1RM (-1.59, 95% CI [-1.93, -1.16]) but not with 65% 1RM (-0.48, 95% CI [-1.01, 0.18]) compared to 45% 1RM. Lastly, mental fatigue did not significantly affect accuracy (-0.01, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.01]).
Conclusions: This study provides novel evidence that, under laboratory conditions, RT coaches can be trained to use a gaze strategy associated with improved accuracy in detecting barbell VL. Thus, the Coach`s Eye may offer a practical, coach-led complement to velocity-tracking devices in VBT, with further studies in real-world settings required to establish its ecological validity.


Key Points

We investigated the trainability of a gaze strategy for tracking barbell movement velocity loss (VL) during resistance training (RT) and its association with accuracy in detecting specific VL thresholds.

A short instructional video, followed by practice with gaze feedback, successfully trained RT coaches to use the gaze strategy, which was associated with greater accuracy in detecting VL thresholds.

The study`s findings suggest that RT coaches can be trained to accurately use their observational judgment to detect VL thresholds with the potential to serve as an alternative to velocity-tracking devices.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Weltrekord im 100-Meter-Lauf, der Höhenlage und der Windgeschwindigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097246</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097246</guid>
      <author>Tešanovic, G.</author>
      <author>Bošnjak, G.</author>
      <author>Jovanovic, S.</author>
      <author>Pašic, G.</author>
      <author>Rajkovic, Ž.</author>
      <author>Perišic, D.</author>
      <author>Milosavljevic, V.</author>
      <author>Jakovljevic, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wind</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Weltrekord</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tešanovic, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bošnjak, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jovanovic, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pašic, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rajkovic, Ž.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perišic, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Milosavljevic, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jakovljevic, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A sprint is a dynamic and explosive cyclic movement determined by an ability to accelerate, a size of maximum speed and an ability to maintain the speed in relation to an onset of fatigue, so many factors can affect a sprint result, whether they are of an internal nature - motivation, technique, readiness and fatigue, or external - wind direction and strength, altitude, temperature, texture and hardness of substrate. The goal of the research was to determine the connection between altitude and wind speed with the achieved results in the 100m running for men, which are categorized as world records (manually and electronically measured results) and to predict the results depending on altitude and wind speed, and to determine the best achieved times in years in which no world records were recorded and their connection with altitude and wind speed, and to determine the periods of stagnation of the results, in order to determine, after specifying those periods, whether the altitude of the cities where the records were achieved and the wind speed were possible causes of the stagnation measured during the achievement of the results, which would all help to create more optimal conditions for achieving a better result and setting a new record in the 100m running discipline. After all the analyses, that is, by observing the results of recognized world records measured manually and electronically, it can be concluded that the wind speed had a connection and prediction in the achievement of the world record in the period from 1912 to 1968 when the results were measured manually (if the wind increased by 1 ms-1 the result improved by 0.08 sec), while the altitude value had a connection and prediction in the achievement of world records in the period from 1968 to 2009 when the results were recorded by electronic measurement (if the altitude increased by 1m the result improved by 0.00008 sec).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Nettokraft beim stromlinienförmigen Gleiten, beim Delfinkick und beim Kraulschwimmen bei hohen Geschwindigkeiten im Leistungsschwimmen: Schlussfolgerungen für den optimalen Zeitpunkt des Antriebs</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097251</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097251</guid>
      <author>Takeda, T.</author>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Start</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Takeda, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to identify the optimal transition velocities between streamlined glide (SL), underwater dolphin kick (DK), and front crawl (FC) during high-speed swimming. Ten elite female swimmers performed front crawl and dolphin kick trials in a long-course pool, and repeated the same motions under tethered conditions in a water flume to measure net force. Power-law fitting was applied to model net force as a function of flow velocity across the three movement conditions. The results revealed distinct patterns in the scaling coefficients (A) and exponents (n), following the order: ASL>ADK>AFC and nSL<nDK<nFC. The fitted net force curves intersected at two velocities, USK-DK and UDK-FC, and for most swimmers, these intersection velocities exceeded their respective constant velocities, VDK_const and VFC_const. These intersection points indicate the optimal timing for initiating propulsive actions to minimise deceleration during the post-start and post-turn phases. A conceptual model was proposed to explain the phase transition strategy based on velocity-dependent net force profiles. Although individual variation was observed, most swimmers exhibited similar trends, supporting the applicability of the model. These findings provide a fluid mechanical perspective for optimising underwater strategies and may contribute to enhanced start and turn performance in competitive swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Abtast- und Filterfrequenzen auf Daten zum Baseball-Pitching</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097252</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097252</guid>
      <author>Dowling, B.</author>
      <author>Slowik, J. S.</author>
      <author>Fleisig, G. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Pitching</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dowling, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slowik, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fleisig, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The throwing motion in baseball pitching is the fastest recorded human motion, demanding higher sample frequencies than most human movements. Previous studies have used sample frequencies from 240 to 500 Hz and a wide range of low-pass filter frequencies, although 13.4 and 18.0 Hz are the most common. This study examined the effects of two common sample frequencies (240 and 480 Hz) and three filter frequencies (13.4, 18.0, 27.2 Hz) on pitching data. Fastballs from 28 professional baseball pitchers were collected at 480 Hz with marker motion capture, then down-sampled to 240 Hz; each data set was filtered at the three filter frequencies. Twenty-six common kinematic, temporal and kinetic variables were computed for each pitcher across all sample-filter frequency combinations and compared using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Differences were interpreted relative to minimal clinically important differences (MCID). Pitching data were more sensitive to filter frequency (significant differences above MCID in 13 of 26 variables) than to sample frequency (4 of 26 variables). Variables involving differentiation (e.g. velocities and torques) were most impacted. Based on these findings and time-series inspection, we recommend a minimum sample frequency of 240 Hz and a Butterworth low-pass filter of 18.0 Hz for marker-based motion capture pitching mechanics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Exzentrische Bewegungen der Fingergelenke bei verschiedenen Griffarten im Sportklettern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097253</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097253</guid>
      <author>Fischer, G.</author>
      <author>Schweizer, A.</author>
      <author>Wolf, P.</author>
      <author>Farr, A.</author>
      <author>Calcagni, M.</author>
      <author>Reissner, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportklettern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griffkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>exzentrisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinetik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Finger</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fischer, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schweizer, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wolf, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farr, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calcagni, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reissner, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Eccentric finger movements have been identified as risk factor in the injury mechanism of pulley ruptures during climbing. So far, they have mainly been associated with inadvertent events. Whether eccentric movements also occur as regular motion patterns was not assessed. Main purpose of this study was to examine eccentric finger movements during typical climbing tasks. Therefore, kinematics and interaction force of eleven elite climbers was recorded during a sequence of four climbing moves. Participants were instructed to use crimp, half-crimp, open-hand grip and campusing. Change of flexion angle in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints from the start to the end of the holding phase (deltaPIPP2) was calculated. Mean deltaPIPP2 was -1.5° (SD 6.6°), 0.2° (5.1°), -2.9° (3.4°) and -6.0° (9.6°) for the open-hand, half-crimp, crimp and campusing task, respectively, whereby negative values represent eccentric movements. Eccentric finger joint movements (deltaPIPP2 < 0°) during the holding phase were very common (59-73%) across all grip types. The loading rate was highest during campusing and lowest using the crimp grip. Climbers exhibit eccentric finger movements not only during accidental slips or when fatigued, but also as consistent patterns. Further research is needed to assess whether these differences are associated with an individual`s risk of pulley injury.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Kombination aus Koordinations- und Bewegungsanalyse deckt Mechanismen der Gelenkbelastung in den oberen Extremitäten sowie techniquespezifische Strategien im Frauenturnen auf</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097254</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097254</guid>
      <author>Brtva, P.</author>
      <author>Mulloy, F.</author>
      <author>Hamill, J.</author>
      <author>Irwin, G.</author>
      <author>Farana, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ellbogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brtva, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mulloy, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamill, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Irwin, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farana, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aimed to identify differences in upper-limb coordination by integrating vector coding with joint kinetics across three round-off (RO) techniques to better explain potential injury mechanisms. Twelve female gymnasts performed six trials of each RO technique (Parallel, Reverse, T-shape). The kinematic and kinetic data were collected. All analyses focused on the contact phase of the second hand. Elbow and Wrist joint flexion/extension (EF/E-WF/E) and rotation (EROT-WROT) couplings were assessed using modified vector coding to determine coupling angle (CA) and variability (CAV). Elbow joint adduction/abduction moments (Melbow) and joint power (JPelbow) were calculated using inverse dynamics. Joint kinetics and CA were overlaid on the same plots to visualise how kinetic patterns corresponded with coordination dynamics. Results showed decreased Melbow using the T-shape technique (p < 0.001) with EROT-WROT in-phase, while Reverse and Parallel techniques exhibited anti-phase with increased Melbow (p < 0.001) and lower CAV using Reverse technique. Furthermore, EF/E-WF/E coupling revealed technique-specific control strategies; notably, the T-shape technique exhibited a different transition from anti-phase to in-phase motion, indicating a potentially more effective transfer from JPelbow absorption to generation. The result provides new insights into the underlying mechanism of these differences through integration of coordination analysis with traditional biomechanics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Stärke der dreiachsigen Handflächenkräfte als Prädiktoren für die Sprintleistung im Kraulschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097255</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097255</guid>
      <author>Simoes, J.</author>
      <author>Bottom, M.</author>
      <author>Haworth, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Simoes, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bottom, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haworth, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The development of wearable technology in swimming has enabled easier collection of greatly detailed stroke metrics across researchers and practitioners alike. In particular, the use of pressure sensors on swimmers` palms allows for a nuanced analysis of the stroke cycle previously only available via time-intensive video analysis. This study aimed to evaluate whether triaxial force magnitudes recorded via wearable sensors could predict sprint swimming performance. Twenty-five NCAA Division I swimmers (13 female, 12 male; age 20.5 ± 1.6 years) participated in three maximal-effort 50-metre front crawl swims. Force data were summarised into three directional magnitudes—propulsive, vertical, and lateral. Multiple regression analysis indicated that greater propulsive (p = 0.03) and downward (p = 0.01) force on the left hand were significantly associated with faster swim times (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.01), whereas right-hand forces were not significant predictors of performance (p = 0.05). These findings suggest that swimmers and coaches may benefit from emphasising propulsive and downward force production during sprint front crawl. Further research is needed to understand how the asymmetries between hands, particularly relating to hand dominance and breathing preference, affect propulsion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Paddelform auf die Sprintleistung beim Rudern</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097256</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097256</guid>
      <author>Cardoso, R.</author>
      <author>Gomes, B. B.</author>
      <author>Abraldes, J.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, R. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cardoso, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gomes, B. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abraldes, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To assess the biomechanical differences between Randall foils and Big blades in rowing sprints, 12 experienced rowers (10 males) with 25.9 ± 8.7 vs. 24.5 ± 9.2 y, 179.8 ± 4.3 vs. 175.0 ± 2.8 cm of height, 74.2 ± 4.8 vs. 65.5 ± 6.2 kg of body mass and 23.0 ± 1.4 vs. 26.6 ± 1.4 kg/m2 of body mass index (for males and females) performed two randomised maximal-intensity 500 m bouts using Randall foils and Big blades. Biomechanical variables were recorded using GPS and IMU-based systems. Randall foils presented lower race time (108.3 ± 5.10 vs. 109.90 ± 4.93 s, p = 0.04), higher mean velocity (4.62 ± 0.20 vs. 4.55 ± 0.19 m/s, p = 0.03) and velocity coefficient of variation (11.38 ± 5.10 vs. 10.14 ± 3.68, p = 0.01). Velocity-time profiles showed higher velocity with Big blades from ~62-68% and ~82-98% of the cycle, particularly at the start (10-30%, 60-72% and 80-92%) and finish (20-25% and 60-65%). Overall, Randall foils provided a consistent advantage that may be decisive in races where outcomes are decided by fractions of a second.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Funktionale Datenanalyse der Gelenkkoordination während der Zugphase beim Power Clean</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097257</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097257</guid>
      <author>Nagatani, T.</author>
      <author>Vial, S.</author>
      <author>Kendall, K. L.</author>
      <author>Comfort, P.</author>
      <author>Haff, G. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gewichtheben</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nagatani, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vial, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kendall, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Comfort, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Haff, G. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to use a bivariate functional principal component analysis (bfPCA) to quantify hip-knee joint movement patterns and assess their relationship with power clean performance. Thirty strength-power athletes completed a one repetition maximum (1RM) power clean test where hip and knee joint angle data from the heaviest successful lift were recorded and analysed using bfPCA. Three principal components were extracted, primarily reflecting variability in hip joint angle throughout the pull (pattern 1), knee joint angle at the starting position (pattern 2), hip-knee joint motion from the middle of the first pull through to the end of the second pull (pattern 3). Correlation analyses revealed no significant or meaningful correlations between power clean performance and patterns 1 or 2 (r = -0.10 and 0.04, p = 0.60 and 0.85, respectively), suggesting that inter-individual differences in starting position may not negatively impact power clean performance. However, pattern 3 was weakly but significantly correlated with power clean performance (r = 0.39, p = 0.03), with higher-performing lifters displaying movement patterns characterised by a more upright torso at the power position and a more controlled, prolonged first pull. These findings suggest that coaches focus on these aspects of the movement to potentially maximise power clean performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Muskelaktivität der unteren Extremitäten auf die Haltungsstabilisierung beim Aufkommen bei Kunstturnerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097258</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097258</guid>
      <author>Pavlasová, K.</author>
      <author>Bizovská, L.</author>
      <author>Rupcik, L.</author>
      <author>Farana, R.</author>
      <author>Janura, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pavlasová, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bizovská, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rupcik, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farana, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Janura, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to assess the influence of lower limb muscle activity and postural stabilisation during landings after various motor tasks. Seventeen gymnasts (aged 13.7 ± 2.0 years) performed landings after four tasks: drop landing, forward somersault, backward somersault, backward acrobatic series. Postural stabilisation during landing was assessed using an inertial sensor placed on the lumbar spine, from which data was used to determine the dynamic stability index and time to stabilisation. Muscle activity was assessed using surface electromyography in six lower limb muscles. The results showed that the muscle activity of the lower limbs differs according to the difficulty and direction of the motor task preceding the landing. The activity of the knee flexors and plantar flexors during landing after forward and backward motor tasks proved to be more beneficial for improving postural stabilisation. The study shows the importance of balanced muscle activation of the hip, knee and ankle flexors and extensors during landing, especially for injury prevention and effective execution of difficult gymnastic landings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse zur Unterscheidung der kinematischen Parameter der Hammerwurf-Technik bei Athleten unterschiedlicher Leistungsstufen, die am European Throwing Cup in den Jahren 2018 und 2022 teilgenommen haben</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097259</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097259</guid>
      <author>Oliveira, E.</author>
      <author>Fernandes, O.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, B.</author>
      <author>Vieira, M.</author>
      <author>Ruben, R. B.</author>
      <author>Miranda-Oliveira, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hammerwurf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandes, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vieira, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruben, R. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miranda-Oliveira, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The hammer throw is a complex discipline event in track and field sports, where Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been applied as a key tool to analyse the details of movement patterns and identify crucial factors that affect performance. Therefore, this study aimed to use the PCA to analyse the hammer technique considering the age and performance. Thirty-nine male and thirty-two female hammer throwers who competed in the European Throwing Cup in 2018 and 2022 participated in the study. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis was used to process temporal and kinematic parameters associated with the hammer technique. The best throw from each athlete was chosen for analysis. The PCA facilitated the reduction and connection of the analysed parameters. In both groups except women U23, we observed higher correlations in velocity increase, hammer amplitude, and timing variables (double support, single support, and total time) in Turn 4. Lastly, differentiation factors were identified for each group. It was observed that a low initial velocity during Turn 1 was common in both men`s and women`s categories. Under 23 men should minimise the single support in Turn 2, and women should improve the velocity increase in Turn 4 to increase throw performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anwendung der statistischen parametrischen Kartierungsregression zur Ermittlung der wichtigsten kinematischen Merkmale des Unterwasser-Delfinkicks</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097260</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097260</guid>
      <author>Wang, S.</author>
      <author>Li, Y.</author>
      <author>Chen, X.</author>
      <author>Jiang, Y.</author>
      <author>Shen, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterwasserphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kick</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to systematically explore the key kinematic factors influencing swimming velocity during the underwater dolphin kick (UDK) using statistical parametric mapping regression. Twenty-one university swimmers (16 males and 5 females) had a personal best within 20% of the world record. This study adopted a quantitative cross-sectional experimental design to identify phase-specific relationships between kinematic variables and swimming velocity during UDK. Their performances were recorded and analysed using two-dimensional (2D) video analysis. Twenty-one regression models revealed six key kinematic variables significantly associated with UDK velocity: the mean vertical velocity of the fifth metatarsal phalangeal joint, maximum vertical velocity of the fifth metatarsal phalangeal joint, maximum knee angle, minimum knee angle, minimum ankle angle, and mean angular velocity of the knee. Increases in these variables corresponded to higher swimming velocity. These findings provide a detailed understanding of the phase-specific contributions of lower-limb kinematics to UDK performance and offer practical implications for optimising training strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Zuverlässigkeit isometrischer Benchmark-Tests und ihres Zusammenhangs mit Leistungsmerkmalen bei Spitzensprintern im Bahnradfahren</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097261</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097261</guid>
      <author>Thompson, R.</author>
      <author>Paton, C.</author>
      <author>Bini, R. R.</author>
      <author>Hébert-Losier, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bahnradsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thompson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paton, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bini, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hébert-Losier, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Benchmark tests in competitive cycling identify talent, individualise training, and monitor performance. However, varying protocols often produce conflicting results, reducing comparability. Isometric tests are prevalent, but reliability and performance correlation are underexplored. Determine the test-retest reliability of benchmark test metrics in elite track sprint cyclists and their relationship to a performance outcome. Nineteen elite track sprint cyclists (12 males, 7 females) completed seven benchmark tests across two days: modified sit-and-reach; on-bike rolling seated maximum 6-s sprints; 3-s bilateral on-bike isometrics at 90° crank angle; 3-s prone bench pull isometrics; 3-s lumbar extension isometrics; 3-s seated off-bike isometrics; and modified plank endurance. For the performance outcome, a third session within 7 days assessed peak power using an inertial load cycle ergometer. All tests showed excellent measurement consistency (ICC3,1 = 0.92), with low systematic bias (p = 0.063), though confidence interval varied due to modest sample size. High test-retest reliability was supported by low typical errors (CV 2.0-5.5%; 9.6% for endurance). Nine benchmark metrics, including bilateral isometric measures, showed moderate to excellent correlation with peak power output (r = 0.52-0.94, p = 0.023); six remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.005). All benchmark metrics were reliable, with six strongly and statistically significantly associated with performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantitative Analyse der Erzeugung von Drehimpuls bei der Dreifachschleife im Eiskunstlauf</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097262</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097262</guid>
      <author>Gansukh, M.-E.</author>
      <author>Ando, Y.</author>
      <author>Sakurai, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eiskunstlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gansukh, M.-E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ando, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sakurai, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Whole-body Angular momentum (AM) is a key factor for jump execution and landing stability in figure skating. However, its generation mechanism in the triple loop (T-LP) remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to address this gap by analysing the segmental contributions to angular momentum generation. Ten female skaters performed the T-LP while undergoing three-dimensional motion analysis. Although the AM increased first due to the contribution of the upper limbs during the glide phase, the AM of the lower limbs increased more significantly during the transition phase, with a particularly notable contribution from the non-supporting leg. A slight reduction in AM was observed during the Pivot phase just before take-off. These findings suggest that, unlike off-ice jumps where AM is typically generated by the arms and trunk, T-LP on ice involves a different strategy. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between AM at take-off and key jump performance parameter such as jump height, rotational velocity, or flight time. This suggests that optimal jump execution requires coordinated integration of other biomechanical factors, including take-off mechanics and aerial posture control. These insights may aid in refining training strategies and optimising jump mechanics in figure skating.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhang zwischen der 3D-Kinematik der unteren Extremitäten und der Antriebskraft des Fußes beim Brustschwimmen</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097263</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097263</guid>
      <author>Koga, D.</author>
      <author>Tsunokawa, T.</author>
      <author>Kawai, E.</author>
      <author>Nakazono, Y.</author>
      <author>Sengoku, Y.</author>
      <author>Takagi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brustschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dreidimensional</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Druck</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Koga, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tsunokawa, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kawai, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakazono, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sengoku, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takagi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In breaststroke, leg kick propulsion plays a major role in swimming velocity; however, the relationship between propulsive force and its kinematics remains underexplored. This study aimed to identify leg movements that enhance foot propulsive force. Fourteen male swimmers performed 10 seconds of maximal-effort breaststroke kicks while holding a board with their upper limbs in a swimming flume. Leg kinematics and foot propulsive force were measured using a motion-capture system and eight pressure sensors on the left foot. During the knee extension phase, foot propulsive force correlated significantly with hip adduction/abduction range of motion (ROM) (r = -0.57), ankle plantar/dorsiflexion ROM (r = 0.59), mean plantar/dorsiflexion angular velocity (r = 0.56), peak knee extension angular velocity (r = -0.54), and peak ankle plantar flexion angular velocity (r = 0.59). In the insweep phase, foot propulsive force correlated significantly with foot resultant speed (r = 0.89), foot forward-backward velocity (r = 0.79), and foot vertical velocity (r = 0.71). This study suggests that during the knee extension phase, adjustments in ROM and increases in angular velocity of lower limb joints are associated with greater foot propulsive force, while higher foot velocity is associated with increased propulsive force during the insweep phase.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einbeziehung visueller Kriterien in die prädiktive Simulation von Akrobatik zur Steigerung des Realismus optimaler Techniken</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 23:59:59 +0000</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097264</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4097264</guid>
      <author>Charbonneau, E.</author>
      <author>Romeas, T.</author>
      <author>Ross, A.</author>
      <author>Begon, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trampolinturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Akrobatik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blickverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Sehen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Koordination</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Charbonneau, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romeas, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ross, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Begon, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although trampolinists rely heavily on visual cues, visual criteria have not been introduced into predictive simulations yet. We aimed to introduce visual criteria into predictive simulations of the backward somersault with a twist and the double backward somersault in pike position including 1½ twists in the first somersault and ½ twist in the second somersault to generate innovative and safe optimal acrobatic techniques. A gradient of different weightings, ranging from none to large visual weights, was tested to find a good compromise between visual vs kinematics objectives. Four international coaches and two international judges assessed animations of the optimal techniques and of an elite athlete`s technique, providing insights into the acceptability of the optimal techniques. For the most complex acrobatics, coaches found all optimal techniques more efficient for aerial twist creation. However, they perceived them as less safe, less realistic, similarly aesthetic, and similarly appropriate for visual information intake compared with the athlete`s technique. Judges assigned fewer deductions to the simulated techniques than to the athlete`s performance. The optimal techniques with visual criteria were more similar to the athlete`s technique, highlighting the importance of including visual criteria into the optimisation of acrobatics to create innovative techniques that athletes will be able to use.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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