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    <item>
      <title>Eine Auswertung des Trainer-Teils eines auf Geschichten basierenden Programms zur positiven Jugendentwicklung für junge Eishockeyspieler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098755</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098755</guid>
      <author>Maw, A.</author>
      <author>Profeit, M. C.</author>
      <author>Benson, A. J.</author>
      <author>Mcguire, C. S.</author>
      <author>Saizew, K.</author>
      <author>Murata, A.</author>
      <author>Erickson, K.</author>
      <author>Côté, J.</author>
      <author>Wolff, M.</author>
      <author>Ladd, B.</author>
      <author>Martin, L. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Maw, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Profeit, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benson, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mcguire, C. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saizew, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murata, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Erickson, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Côté, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wolff, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ladd, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martin, L. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Coaches help shape sport environments and athlete experiences. However, many coach development programs do not adequately teach the knowledge and skills necessary for holistic athlete development. Accordingly, a positive youth development program, the 1616 Program (1616), was created to foster developmentally rich opportunities for youth ice hockey players. To overcome many current coach development program shortcomings, 1616 includes a coach-specific segment grounded in coaching effectiveness, leadership, and behavior change literature. We explored the coach segment`s impact using a mixed-method convergent parallel design with coaches across North America. In total, 36 coaches ( n = 3 females; M age = 43.8 years; SD = 5.33 years) with an average of 10.1 years ( SD = 8.04) of coaching experience completed questionnaires. We interviewed nine coaches ( n = 1 female; M age = 43.0 years; SD = 8.04 years) with an average of 8.5 years ( SD = 3.73) of coaching experience. Results suggest that coaches felt that athlete personal assets improved while describing improvements in their own behavior change markers, efficacy beliefs, and interpersonal and leadership skills. Despite noting areas for improvement, coaches who completed the 1616 Program generally improved their self-perception, experienced more positive athlete interactions, and appreciated the high-quality program design and delivery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mehr Klarheit bei den Rollen im Jugendfußball: Anwendung der "5 Cs" auf die Rollenbeschreibungen nach Spielposition</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098756</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098756</guid>
      <author>Rafnsson, D.</author>
      <author>Harwood, C.</author>
      <author>Steptoe, K.</author>
      <author>Matthíasdóttir, Á.</author>
      <author>Sveinbjörnsdóttir, B.</author>
      <author>Kristjánsdóttir, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rafnsson, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harwood, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steptoe, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matthíasdóttir, Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sveinbjörnsdóttir, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kristjánsdóttir, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Coaches acknowledge the significance of psychological skills but often struggle to strategically implement them into training sessions. This study, grounded in pragmatic ontology and constructive epistemology, aimed to develop a method based on Harwood`s 5Cs framework to help coaches articulate how players should demonstrate psychological skills through behaviours on the field. A collaborative process ensured both practical relevance and theoretical rigour. In Phase 1, eight professional coaches and one academic expert collaborated with the researchers in a focus group to design psychological role descriptions for seven playing positions. Players were expected to exhibit a range of behaviours, each linked to a C-related attribute. In Phase 2, individual interviews (90-120 min) with each participant added depth to the role descriptions. In Phase 3, a thematic analysis produced seven psychological role descriptions, each containing 12-18 behaviours. Examples include goalkeepers displaying commitment by bravely entering physical encounters and forwards showing confidence by taking shots when the opportunity arises. Perhaps due to cultural reasons, coaches most frequently emphasised attributes related to control and confidence. The method and the role descriptions can be valuable tools to enhance coaching efficacy by helping coaches frame, communicate, and deliver their expectations more efficiently through a shared framework.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausbildung von Spitzentrainern im Sport - subjektive Erfahrungen aus einem nationalen Trainerausbildungsprogramm</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098757</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098757</guid>
      <author>Østerås, M. G. O.</author>
      <author>Fikse, C.</author>
      <author>Riise Midtun, I.</author>
      <author>Moen, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weiterbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Østerås, M. G. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fikse, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Riise Midtun, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moen, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The current study concerned elite sport coaches` experiences from participating in a nonformal coach education program, inspired by learner centeredness (LC), including mentors, and facilitated group gatherings. A reflexive thematic analysis showed three main themes: (a) the importance of a mentor-coach alliance based on trust, (b) the importance of sharing experiences and actively listening, and (c) confidence through confirmed strategies. These three themes were discussed in terms of the LC paradigm and teaching, mentoring literature, and Kolb`s learning cycle, as well as professional coaching, and self-efficacy. Concluding with a coach preference for a LC approach and the relevance of experiential learning theory and professional coaching for continued improvement in coach education and mentoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wahrnehmung von Eishockeytrainern hinsichtlich ihrer Rolle bei der Förderung der psychischen Gesundheit der Sportler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098758</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098758</guid>
      <author>Henderson, S.</author>
      <author>Bloom, G. A.</author>
      <author>Heath, N. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>mentale Gesundheit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Henderson, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bloom, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heath, N. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Many coaches have reported not feeling well equipped to support and discuss mental health issues with their athletes. The purpose of this study was to understand elite ice hockey coaches` perceptions of their role in supporting athlete mental health, along with their experiences in taking part in a mental health and suicide awareness program. Five coaches of elite 16- to 20-year-old ice hockey players who had taken part in a mental health and suicide awareness program for at least one season each participated in an individual, semistructured, open-ended interview. Data were analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis. Results revealed that coaches perceived their role to entail integrating mental health considerations into their daily coaching practices, paying attention to signs of player distress, assessing risk in various situations, and referring players to health professionals when necessary. Overall, our findings offered insight into coaches` perceived role in providing mental health support to athletes, as well as helping to identify strengths and areas to improve the mental health and suicide awareness program. Consequently, coaches are primed to be key players in helping to create a sport climate in which well-being is prioritized and is perceived as a catalyst to performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Plädoyer für das Nachdenken über das Denken im Sportcoaching: Situierte Kognition als Grundlage für die Coaching-Praxis</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098759</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098759</guid>
      <author>Quick, S.</author>
      <author>Lyle, J.</author>
      <author>Baghurst, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Denken</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Quick, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lyle, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Baghurst, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Research in sports coaching has most often been conducted using one of a number of disciplinary lenses (e.g., psychological, sociological, philosophical, or physiological). Although acknowledging that these approaches have provided a valuable, if partial, insight into aspects of coaching practice, limitations inevitably exist when adopting singular disciplinary perspectives. This research explored the situated (i.e., in, through, and within social contexts) coaching cognitions of an ice hockey coach using an ethnographic approach and methodological bricolage to generate data over 7 months. Using iterative adaptive research cycles, findings revealed that cognitions are (a) shaped by their proximity to goals at different social layers, (b) influenced by the social exchange (i.e., power and relationships) in which they occur, and (c) underpinned by biographical experiences. This study contributes significantly to how coaches can understand how their cognitive processes form, shape, influence, and are influenced by the coaching environment. In turn, the findings presented in this study offer opportunities, or prompts, for coaches to examine how their cognitions are formed, shaped, and shared to inform their practice interventions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spiegelt die anspruchsvollste Passage die höchste körperliche Belastung im Fußball wider? Ein auf maschinellem Lernen basierender Vergleich mit der extrem anspruchsvollen Passage</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098750</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098750</guid>
      <author>Niu, Z.</author>
      <author>Iván-Baragaño, I.</author>
      <author>Wang, Z.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Niu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iván-Baragaño, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined Extremely Demanding Passages (EDP) in professional football, which statistically extend the Most Demanding Passage (MDP) framework by applying an extreme threshold to capture peak physical demands. Additionally, it analysed the differences in technical, tactical, and conditional performance between the MDP and EDP phases. A total of 3,679 observations (3,463 MDP,216 EDP) from 176 matches of the 2021 Chinese Super League were analysed. The results revealed significant differences, specifically in the number of clearances (p<.05), number and success of lateral passes (p<.05), number (p<.001) and success (p <.001) of long passes, number (p<.05) and success (p<.005) of short passes, and average forward pass length (p<.005). The SHAP results reinforced these findings, EDP segments, showed an increased reliance on long and lateral passes, with higher frequencies and success rates, longer forward pass length, and prolonged individual ball possession duration. In contrast, MDP was related to a higher number and success of short passes, indicating an ordered, possession-oriented playing style. The results highlight that EDP, derived from MDP through a statistical threshold, provides a stricter approach to quantifying peak physical demand, involving increased physical effort and tactical changes, underlining the necessity of including both physical and technical factors in training strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wann geht "harte Liebe" zu weit? Eine explorative Studie zum "Tough-Love"-Coaching im Sport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098751</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098751</guid>
      <author>Sadler, S. M.</author>
      <author>Gould, D.</author>
      <author>Driska, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sadler, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gould, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Driska, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Tough love is often discussed in sport but is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore athletes` perceptions of tough love coaching, and whether, and when, tough love coaching can become inappropriate, or abusive. Semistructured interviews were conducted to explore 12 athletes` experiences with and conceptualizations of tough love in sport, and reflexive content analysis was used to identify relevant themes in the data. Analysis of participant responses revealed a multifaceted conceptualization of tough love coaching as being dual and temporal in nature. Tough love was perceived to be harmful or abusive if the tough love criticized the person instead of the behavior, the coach emphasized performance outcomes above athlete well-being, or the tough love negatively impacted athlete well-being long-term. Practical implications are provided for coaches, coach educators, and researchers in the field of coach education.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Videotechnik im Fußballtraining: Eine integrative Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098752</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098752</guid>
      <author>Nyman, A.</author>
      <author>Ekonoja, A.</author>
      <author>Kärkkäinen, T.</author>
      <author>Szerovay, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nyman, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ekonoja, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kärkkäinen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Szerovay, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Football coaches, players, performance analysts, pundits, and fans use videos to analyze the game. This paper reviews how the role of video technology in football coaching has been examined in academic literature. We propose a new conceptual framework encompassing the technological, coaching, and football knowledge perspectives in the literature. By conducting a framework-driven qualitative analysis and integrating 34 systematically selected scientific articles, we summarized the main opportunities, including the development of team play, increased player involvement, and methods for enhancing coaching strategies. However, potential limitations were identified, such as harmful overreliance on technology, increased mental workload, and insufficient resources for manual video work.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strategien der visuellen Wahrnehmung bei erfahrenen und unerfahrenen Futsal-Trainern in verschiedenen Spielsituationen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098753</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098753</guid>
      <author>Rodrigues, M. E. F. P.</author>
      <author>Leite, N. M. C.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J. N.</author>
      <author>Sampaio, A. J. D. E.</author>
      <author>De Araújo, D. F. D. R. B. P.</author>
      <author>Travassos, B. F. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Visualisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodrigues, M. E. F. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leite, N. M. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sampaio, A. J. D. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Araújo, D. F. D. R. B. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Travassos, B. F. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction : This study aimed to compare the visual search strategies of expert and novice futsal coaches in different game situations. Data were collected using the Pupil Invisible eye tracker and processed through the Pupil Cloud platform. Methods : Ten expert (ages 48.30 ± 5.85) and 10 novice coaches (ages 40.40 ± 7.92) participated in the experiment, developed in a standardised video analysis task, through the viewing of 71 videos (aerial perspective—third-person view) representative of the various game situations (attack, attack set-pieces, strategic attack, defence, defence set-pieces, and strategic defence). The visual search strategies were compared for the number and duration of fixations per second using Mann-Whitney test and the visual search strategies, taking into account the different moments of the game for each group, were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results : The results suggested different visual exploration behaviours between the groups, with the experts showing a general lower number of fixations, but of longer duration. Also, distinct visual search strategies were identified according to the game situations. Discussion and Conclusions : In conclusion, expert and novice coaches revealed different strategies of visual exploration of the game. It seems that expert coaches are more efficient in selecting specific information, particularly in attacking moments, while novices revealed higher variability.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prävention von zwischenmenschlicher Gewalt im Sport durch Trainerfortbildung: Eine Bedarfsanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098754</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098754</guid>
      <author>Gillard, A.</author>
      <author>Radziszewski, S.</author>
      <author>Woodburn, A.</author>
      <author>Bélanger-Gravel, A.</author>
      <author>Vertommen, T.</author>
      <author>Gagné, M.</author>
      <author>Parent, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gillard, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Radziszewski, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Woodburn, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bélanger-Gravel, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vertommen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gagné, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parent, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The quality of the coach-athlete relationship is an important factor in athletes` sporting experience and development. However, not all coach-athlete relationships are positive, with studies indicating a concerning prevalence of coach-perpetrated interpersonal violence (IV) toward athletes reaching up to 70.5%. One way of contributing to the prevention of violence is coach education and training. The aim of the study was to conduct a training needs assessment in Quebec coaches regarding IV in sport. Through three focus groups involving 18 coaches, thematic analysis revealed seven key themes: (1) ways to reach coaches, (2) training structure, (3) theoretical aspects, (4) practical aspects, (5) additional support following training, (6) working in collaboration, and (7) protecting coaches. Overall, results highlight the coaches` needs to have access to more training and support regarding IV in sport. They expressed a need for a clear theoretical understanding of IV, collaborative work among all sport actors, and protection for coaches. Our results suggest that IV in sport is perceived as a systemic issue influenced by multiple factors that should all be addressed in training. Results can be used to inform the development of training programs designed to meet coaches` needs regarding prevention and response to violence in sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unilaterales versus bilaterales Krafttraining hinsichtlich explosiver Sprungleistung, linearer Sprintgeschwindigkeit und Richtungswechselfähigkeit bei männlichen Basketballspielern: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098823</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098823</guid>
      <author>Zhang, Z.</author>
      <author>Shu, F.</author>
      <author>Guo, H.</author>
      <author>Zhang, J.</author>
      <author>Gao, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>unilateral</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shu, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
While both unilateral (UT) and bilateral training (BT) are fundamental for enhancing athletic performance in basketball—a sport demanding high unilateral power and rapid changes of direction (COD)—equivocal evidence and a paucity of consensus exist regarding their comparative effectiveness on key sport-specific metrics.

Objective:
To resolve this ambiguity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively compare the effects of UT versus BT on measures of explosive power, linear speed, and COD ability in basketball players.

Methods:
Adhering to PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251149484), we systematically searched six databases until September 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving healthy basketball players. Nine RCTs (n=163 males) were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Data were synthesized using random-effects models in RevMan 5.4.1, calculating weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity (I2) and subgroup analyses were performed.

Results:
UT elicited superior improvements compared to BT in single-leg countermovement jump height (SL-CMJ: WMD = 0.64 cm, 95% CI [0.27, 1.00], p<0.001) and V-cut performance (WMD =-0.12 s, 95% CI [-0.23, -0.01], p=0.03). Conversely, no significant inter-group differences were found for bilateral CMJ, Reactive Strength Index (RSI), or linear sprint performance (5m and 20m). For the 505 agility test, high heterogeneity (I² = 95%) was observed, and no significant overall effect was found (WMD =-0.17 s, 95% CI: [-0.48,0.13]). For outcomes showing relatively high consistency, such as CMJ, additional subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed based on age, intervention duration, and season phase. Among these analyses, subgroup analysis identified arm swing protocol inconsistency as a primary source of heterogeneity for CMJ outcomes.

Conclusions:
This meta-analysis demonstrates a clear task-specific superiority: UT is more effective for enhancing unilateral power and cutting agility, likely via neural and stability adaptations, whereas BT retains comparable efficacy for developing bilateral power and linear acceleration. These findings directly inform evidence-based, modality-specific strength and conditioning programming for basketball athletes.

Systematic Review Registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251149484, identifier CRD420251149484.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von Ausdauertraining für das Gehirn auf geistige Ermüdung, Ausdauer und kognitive Funktionen: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098824</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098824</guid>
      <author>Yu, J.</author>
      <author>Tan, Z.</author>
      <author>Huang, Y.</author>
      <author>Chen, L.</author>
      <author>Li, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tan, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study systematically evaluated the effects of Brain Endurance Training (BET) on alleviating mental fatigue, enhancing endurance performance, and improving cognitive function through a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine peer-reviewed articles comprising 11 studies identified via a comprehensive database search following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The pooled results demonstrated that BET significantly improved endurance performance compared to control conditions, with a more pronounced effect under fatigued conditions (SMD = 0.87, 95% CI 0.61-1.13) than at baseline (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI 0.08-0.34). Cognitive performance measures also showed substantial improvements, including faster Stroop test reaction times (Stroop-RT) (MD = 56.62, 95% CI 16.50-96.73) and enhanced Psychomotor Vigilance Task reaction time (PVT-RT) both at baseline (MD = 1.96, 95% CI 0.15-3.77) and under fatigue (MD = 18.72, 95% CI 15.27-22.18). BET exhibited significantly greater mental fatigue resistance in fatigued states (MD = 9.22, 95% CI 1.64-16.79) compared to baseline (MD = -0.54, 95% CI -2.44-1.36). Subgroup analyses revealed that no statistically significant differences were observed between subgroups based on participant characteristics or training protocols (all p > 0.05). While some descriptive numerical trends were observed, suggesting that BET might be influenced by individual differences and training design, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to overlapping confidence intervals and limited statistical power. Specifically, point estimates appeared higher in untrained individuals (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.12-0.52) than in trained individuals (SMD = 0.13, 95% CI -0.04-0.30). Similarly, BET yielded comparable improvements in dynamic endurance tests (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.36) and static tests (SMD = 0.19, 95% CI -0.14-0.52). Numerically larger effects were also noted when cognitive training preceded physical training (SMD = 0.33, 95% CI 0.06-0.61). In addition, interventions lasting = 8 weeks (SMD = 0.27) and lower-frequency training (< 4 sessions/week) showed descriptive tendencies toward greater improvements. Overall, these findings provide preliminary quantitative insights into the impact of BET and offer preliminary references for designing specialized training protocols.

Systematic review registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251128193.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Koffein und menschliche Leistungsfähigkeit: Von molekularen Mechanismen bis hin zu körperlicher Betätigung und Regeneration</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098825</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098825</guid>
      <author>Leng, J.</author>
      <author>Yu, J.</author>
      <author>Li, Z.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Cui, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Koffein</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leng, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Caffeine, the world`s most widely consumed psychoactive substance, is a well-established ergogenic aid. Its performance-enhancing effects are mediated through multiple, interacting mechanisms that follow a dose-dependent hierarchy. The primary and most significant action at common dietary doses is the antagonism of central adenosine A1 and A2a receptors. This central blockade reduces perceived effort and fatigue, increases arousal, and modulates pain perception, thereby lowering the neural cost of exercise. This central effect is complemented by secondary peripheral metabolic actions, such as the promotion of lipolysis, though their role as primary drivers in exercising humans is supported mainly by experimental models. A direct effect on skeletal muscle calcium handling occurs only at supra-physiological concentrations and is not relevant in practice. The integration of these mechanisms leads to significant but task-dependent performance outcomes. The most robust and consistent benefits are observed for aerobic endurance exercise. Effects on strength, power, and high-intensity intermittent performance are more variable and are largely mediated by neurological and perceptual factors, explaining their greater consistency in protocols involving fatigue. For sports requiring cognitive skill, caffeine reliably enhances reaction time, vigilance, and accuracy via central nervous system stimulation. The ergogenic response is highly individualized, shaped by a complex interplay of dose, timing, genetics, and habitual use. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests caffeine may modulate post-exercise recovery by potentially accelerating muscle glycogen resynthesis when co-ingested with carbohydrates and by improving muscle perfusion. However, leveraging any potential recovery benefit necessitates extremely careful timing to avoid sleep disruption, as protecting sleep quality is a paramount recovery priority. Future research should develop sport- and context-specific protocols, clarify long-term adaptations, and advance personalized strategies that integrate genetic, habitual, and temporal factors to maximize benefits and minimize adverse effects, reinforcing caffeine`s role as a cornerstone of evidence-based sports nutrition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein phasenbasiertes Modell zur Ernährungsregeneration: Einbeziehung von Stoffwechsel, allostatischer Belastung und zeitlicher Abstimmung der Nährstoffzufuhr in die sportliche Leistung und Regeneration</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098826</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098826</guid>
      <author>Georgescu, A. D.</author>
      <author>Georgescu, A. A.</author>
      <author>Lica, P. M. A.</author>
      <author>Radu, L. E.</author>
      <author>Popovici, I. M.</author>
      <author>Rohozneanu, M. D.</author>
      <author>Popa, C.</author>
      <author>Cazan, F.</author>
      <author>Gidu, D. V.</author>
      <author>Popa, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Georgescu, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Georgescu, A. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lica, P. M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Radu, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Popovici, I. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rohozneanu, M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Popa, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cazan, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gidu, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Popa, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Aim. The present research aims to analyze the role of nutrition as a fundamental component in physical performance and functional recovery following physical effort, addressing the need for a clearer integration of nutritional principles into recovery processes.

Methods. A comprehensive review of current scientific literature on sports nutrition, exercise physiology, and functional recovery was conducted. The analysis examined the effects of key nutritional factors including macronutrient intake, micronutrient support, hydration, and meal timing on post-exercise recovery and physical performance, with particular focus on their practical application across different phases of recovery.

Results. The evidence confirms that adequate carbohydrate and protein intake, combined with proper hydration and nutrient timing, significantly supports muscle repair, glycogen resynthesis, and inflammation control. Individualized nutritional strategies, adapted to exercise intensity and recovery phase, produced consistently better outcomes than generalized approaches. Dietary nitrates and polyphenols showed modest but significant improvements in endurance performance, while micronutrient deficiencies were found to impair both performance and recovery.

Conclusions. Nutrition is an active and indispensable component of functional recovery and physical performance. The findings provide clear, practical guidelines that can support athletes, physically active individuals, and rehabilitation professionals in optimizing recovery outcomes and improving long-term physical health. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Teilnahme von Frauen an den Olympischen Spielen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098827</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098827</guid>
      <author>Albu, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gleichberechtigung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Albu, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The participation of women in this major sporting event, the Olympic Games, was by no means a certainty, nor did it come without serious efforts on the part of the feminist movement. The improvement of the status of women occurred slowly, and women had to overcome numerous barriers. No matter how liberal and progressive society had become, women had to overcome a series of obstacles, one after another. The same happened with the fight for social rights, for the right to vote, or for the right to practice all sports and participate in the Olympic Games.

The aim of this study is to describe the path that has been taken by women in the history of Modern Olympic Games and to highlight the main issues regarding gender equality in this important sporting event. If at the first edition of the Modern Olympic Games women did not have the right to participate, at the 2016 edition in Rio de Janeiro all national delegations included women and in 2024, in Paris, gender equality was achieved in terms of participating athletes (5250 women and 5250 men). Regarding Romania's participation in the Summer Olympic Games, our country was first represented at the 1900 edition by 1 man, while at the last edition, Paris 2024, it had a delegation consisting of 59 men and 47 women. Our country participated for the first time in the Winter Olympics in the 1928 edition with a delegation consisting only of men, while in the 2026 edition Romania had a delegation consisting of 18 men and 10 women.

I consider that studying gender equality in sport is a point of interest for the specialists of our field and not only, taking into account the fact that gender inequality is still massively manifested in some countries.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ernährungsstrategien zur Unterstützung der Leistungserhaltung und Regeneration im Fußball unter heißen Umgebungsbedingungen: Eine narrative Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098828</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098828</guid>
      <author>Dai, X.</author>
      <author>Liu, S.</author>
      <author>Zou, D.</author>
      <author>Zou, S.</author>
      <author>Shao, X.</author>
      <author>Jiang, Y.</author>
      <author>Yan, Y.</author>
      <author>Jiang, W.</author>
      <author>Zhao, K.</author>
      <author>Liu, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wetter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hitze</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hitzestress</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dai, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zou, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zou, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shao, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yan, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhao, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Rising ambient temperatures and the increasing frequency of training and competition in hot climates have made heat stress a major challenge in football. Under such conditions, players experience greater cardiovascular and thermoregulatory strain, faster glycogen use, higher perceived exertion, and progressive impairment in repeated high-intensity actions and decision-making. These responses have intensified interest in nutritional strategies that might complement heat acclimation, hydration/electrolyte planning, cooling practices, and recovery management. This narrative review critically synthesizes current evidence on nutritional interventions that may be relevant to football performed in the heat, with emphasis on hydration and electrolyte replacement, carbohydrate-protein strategies, taurine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), creatine, menthol, antioxidant- and nitrate-related approaches, and selected multi-ingredient products. Across the available literature, hydration/electrolyte planning and carbohydrate-protein feeding remain the practical foundation, menthol appears most consistently useful for perceptual cooling, creatine seems safe and potentially helpful for repeated-sprint support, and taurine is promising but still supported by relatively few trials. By contrast, evidence for BCAAs, antioxidants, nitrates, and caffeine as stand-alone heat strategies, as well as for many compound supplements, remains inconsistent, context-specific, or too indirect for strong football-specific endorsement. Overall, the evidence base remains heterogeneous in study quality, protocol design, exercise mode, and sport specificity. A substantial proportion of the available data is derived from cycling, endurance, or laboratory heat-exercise models rather than football-specific trials. Accordingly, any practical recommendation should be interpreted cautiously and embedded within broader heat-management strategies. Future work should prioritize ecologically valid randomized controlled trials in football or football-like intermittent protocols, with transparent reporting of dose, timing, perceptual outcomes, and match-relevant performance measures.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Morphologie und Funktion der intrinsischen Fußmuskulatur bei jungen Handballspielern mit chronischer Sprunggelenkinstabilität</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098829</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098829</guid>
      <author>Llamas-Ramos, R.</author>
      <author>San Antolín-Gil, M.</author>
      <author>García-García, D.</author>
      <author>Calvo-Lobo, C.</author>
      <author>Alvarado-Omenat, J. J.</author>
      <author>Ceballos-Laita, L.</author>
      <author>Jiménez-Del-Barrio, S.</author>
      <author>Rodríguez-Sanz, D.</author>
      <author>Llamas-Ramos, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fuß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Morphologie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Llamas-Ramos, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>San Antolín-Gil, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-García, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calvo-Lobo, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alvarado-Omenat, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ceballos-Laita, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiménez-Del-Barrio, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodríguez-Sanz, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Llamas-Ramos, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Strong evidence shows the importance of intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) in balance and foot and ankle biomechanics; despite this, not much research has been published regarding the role of IFMs on chronic ankle instability. The aim of the study was to compare IFMs morphology and function between young handball players with and without chronic ankle instability. The secondary objective was to assess the association between the morphology or function of the IFMs and the foot morphology.

Methods
Cross-sectional case-control study. A sample of 100 young handball players were recruited and divided into athletes with chronic ankle instability (case group, n = 50) and without (control group, n = 50). Main outcome measures: morphology and function of abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae, which were assessed with ultrasound examination at rest and in active contraction. Foot Posture Index-6 was used to analyze foot morphology.

Results
Significant differences were only found in the abductor hallucis morphology (case group CSA 2.14cm2, control group CSA 1.84cm2, p 0.013) and in the flexor hallucis brevis morphology (case group thickness 1.31 cm, control group thickness 1.41 cm, p 0.005). A significant but weak positive correlation was found between foot morphology and abductor hallucis function (r = 0.32, p = 0.025).

Conclusions
Between-groups differences were only found in abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis morphology; no differences were found in the rest of IFMs morphology and function outcomes. A significant positive association was only found between foot morphology and AbH function in young athletes with CAI.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Leistung von Tennisspielern anhand verschiedener Arten der Griffkraft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098830</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098830</guid>
      <author>Zhang, K.</author>
      <author>Cui, J.</author>
      <author>Jia, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griffkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cui, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jia, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Grip strength is the concrete manifestation of the hand-wrist-forearm segment that links the body and the instrument at the end of the kinetic chain in events of handheld equipment. It plays a crucial role as a "gatekeeper" in transmission, control and coordination of force. A review of the literatures about the relationship between grip strength and tennis sports performance is provided to clarify the potential functions of grip strength within the kinetic chain, demonstrate more details of the performance of the hand-wrist-forearm segment in events of handheld implements, and enrich the theory of the kinetic chain. The "grip", "grip strength", "dynamic grip strength", "static grip strength", "grip endurance" and "tennis" as keywords are searched in internationally recognized databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ProQuest, etc.). Relevant literatures are collected, screened, read, organized and analyzed. Here, grip strength is classified into specific and non-specific categories based on the differences in testing environment. By summarizing the functions of specific and non-specific grip strength, it is found that both kinds of grip strengths have significant intrinsic value. This review provides a new perspective for understanding the performance of the end of the kinetic chain and has great significance for enriching the theory of the kinetic chain.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erfolg über die Punkte hinaus: Ein erklärbares Framework für maschinelles Lernen zur Ermittlung von Leistungskennzahlen in der Chinese Basketball Association</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098831</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098831</guid>
      <author>Dong, R.</author>
      <author>Peng, Y.</author>
      <author>Liu, Q.</author>
      <author>Gómez-Ruano, M.-A.</author>
      <author>Zhang, S.</author>
      <author>Xu, X.</author>
      <author>Yang, B.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dong, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peng, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gómez-Ruano, M.-A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Understanding why teams win in professional basketball requires more than examining isolated statistics. Performance adapts under changing competitive constraints, and key performance indicators (KPIs) must therefore be interpreted within context. This study aimed to develop an explainable, multi-model machine learning (ML) framework to identify score-line dependent KPIs associated with winning outcomes in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA).

Methods
A total of 3,249 games from the 2018-2022 CBA regular seasons were analyzed. Based on final score margin, games were classified into close (1-9 points) and balanced (10-18 points) contexts using k-means clustering. For each context, game-related statistics and play-type variables were initially screened using conventional statistical procedures. A dual-stage feature selection process combining lasso and stepwise logistic regression retained indicators consistently selected by both models. Ten commonly used ML classifiers were then trained and evaluated using nested cross-validation. Rather than benchmarking predictive accuracy alone, a convergence-based strategy was adopted, treating KPI relevance consistently identified across classifiers as stronger structural evidence. Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to quantify the magnitude and direction of each KPI's contribution within the top-performing classifiers.

Results
Model performance differed across score-line contexts. In close games, the BP neural network, support vector machine, and logistic regression achieved the best performance (accuracy: 71.2%-76.4%; AUC: 0.80-0.83), while tree-based ensemble classifiers (e.g., XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM) showed superior discrimination in balanced games (accuracy: 83.9%-86.7%, AUC: 0.92-0.93). SHAP analysis revealed distinct context-dependent KPI structures. Close game wins were characterized by greater defensive rebounding and fewer turnovers, defensive fouls, and missed perimeter attempts. Screen-off made actions emerged as the only retained play-type indicator. Balanced games displayed a broader KPI structure involving higher relevance of rebounding, contested field-goal efficiency, steals, and play-type behaviors including screen-off, pick-and-roll roller, and pick-and-pop actions.

Conclusion
Winning outcomes in the CBA depend less on scoring volume alone and more on how teams regulate coordination and possession stability under different score-line constraints. Close games favor defensive integrity and the control of destabilizing events, while balanced games reward sustained possession management and diversified off-ball coordination. These findings provide actionable guidance for context-sensitive training design and tactical decision-making in professional basketball.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Einbindung von Übungen für die Brustwirbelsäule in das reguläre Fußballtraining auf die Wirbelsäulenausrichtung und -beweglichkeit bei männlichen Profifußballern: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098832</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098832</guid>
      <author>Bayram, K.</author>
      <author>Kaya, D. Ö.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirbelsäule</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bayram, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaya, D. Ö.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Thoracic spine mobility is essential for trunk stability, rotational movement, and athletic performance in soccer players. This study aimed to investigate whether the addition of a six-week thoracic spine exercise program to routine soccer training affects sagittal thoracic alignment, segmental spinal mobility, and thoracic rotation in professional male football players, compared with routine training alone.

Methods
In this parallel-group randomized controlled trial, 42 professional male soccer players (mean age 20.85 ± 3.41 years) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the exercise or control group (n = 21/group). The exercise group performed thoracic spine exercises three times per week for six weeks in addition to their routine training, while the control group continued routine training without receiving any intervention. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included spinal alignment and mobility in the sagittal and frontal planes (using the Valedo®Shape system), the Matthias test, and thoracic rotation angles (measured with a smartphone Compass application). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc tests were used to analyze group (G) × time (T) interactions and within-group changes. Effect sizes (Cohen`s d) were calculated.

Results
The primary outcome, sagittal thoracic kyphosis angle measured using the Valedo®Shape system, did not demonstrate a significant G × T interaction or T effect, indicating no differential change between groups over the intervention period. As a key secondary outcome, bilateral thoracic rotation angles showed significant G × T interactions, with the exercise group demonstrating substantially greater improvements than the control group. The thoracic spine exercise program demonstrated high feasibility, with 100% participation and no intervention-related adverse events reported. Effect sizes were large for thoracic rotation angles (d = 1.00-1.46) and Matthias test inclination angle (d = 1.42-1.97).

Conclusion
The six-week thoracic spine exercise program improved spinal alignment, segmental mobility, and thoracic rotation in professional male soccer players. These findings suggest that coaches, sports science specialists, and physiotherapists could consider incorporating thoracic spine exercises into training and rehabilitation programs to support spinal function and optimize athletic performance.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07253415), retrospectively registered on 19 November 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07253415.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von gemischter Ermüdung auf die Biomechanik des Knies und die Muskelaktivierung beim Seitwärtsschritt bei Elite-Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098833</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098833</guid>
      <author>Chen, K.</author>
      <author>Sun, D.</author>
      <author>Chen, D.</author>
      <author>Xuan, B.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Song, Y.</author>
      <author>Cen, X.</author>
      <author>Jemni, M.</author>
      <author>Fekete, G.</author>
      <author>Gu, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xuan, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cen, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jemni, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fekete, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Football is one of the most popular sports in the world, and it is also a sport with a high rate of injury. The study aims to investigate the effects of physical and mental mixed fatigue (PMF) on knee biomechanics during sidestep cutting maneuvers in elite male soccer players, thereby assessing the potential mechanisms underlying non-contact knee injuries.

Methods
Thirty-six elite male soccer players were recruited (age: 21.61 ± 1.22 years; body mass: 75.16 ± 6.34 kg; height: 175.8 ± 3.53 cm; shoe size: 41-44 EUR). Following a targeted fatigue induction protocol, key lower limb biomechanical data were acquired during anticipated sidestep cutting maneuvers both pre- and post-PMF. Statistical analyses were performed utilizing paired sample t-tests and one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1d).

Results
Following PMF, knee valgus increased at initial contact (P = 0.022). Kinetic analysis, supported by SPM1d, revealed a marked transition from an extensor-dominant to a flexor-dominant pattern in sagittal knee moments (P = 0.007), alongside elevated knee valgus moments (P = 0.039). Neuromuscularly, quadriceps and lateral gastrocnemius activation (iEMG/RMS) significantly decreased, whereas compensatory increases were observed in the hamstrings and medial gastrocnemius (all P < 0.001).

Conclusion
While PMF preserved most kinematics, the statistically significant increase in knee valgus, though small in magnitude, suggests an impaired frontal-plane control that may elevate Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) strain. The shift from quadriceps to hamstring dominance reflects a compensatory neuromuscular strategy. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating cognitive load into injury-prevention programs and monitoring mental fatigue to reduce non-contact knee injury risks.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Perzeptuell-motorische Leistungsfähigkeit und Asymmetrien der Nervenleitung bei Elite-Basketballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098834</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098834</guid>
      <author>Devrilmez, M.</author>
      <author>Soslu, R.</author>
      <author>Devrilmez, E.</author>
      <author>Uysal, A.</author>
      <author>Özer, Ö.</author>
      <author>Akgül, M. S.</author>
      <author>Thapa, R. K.</author>
      <author>Çuvalcioglu, I. C.</author>
      <author>Uysal, H. S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nerv</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Devrilmez, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soslu, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Devrilmez, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uysal, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Özer, Ö.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Akgül, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thapa, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Çuvalcioglu, I. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uysal, H. S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
This study investigated whether the dominant hand would exhibit faster nerve conduction velocity, lower muscle activation latency, and superior Coincidence Anticipation Timing (CAT) performance compared to the non-dominant hand, reflecting enhanced neuromuscular efficiency and perceptual accuracy due to sport-specific training adaptations.

Methods
This study employed a single-group, between subject comparative design to examine perceptual-motor performance and neuromuscular activation characteristics of the dominant and non-dominant hands. CAT and basal electromyographic (EMG) measurements were obtained separately for each hand, followed by task-related CAT performance during which EMG signals were recorded simultaneously. Comparisons between dominant and non-dominant hands were performed using independent samples t-tests.

Results
The dominant hand exhibited significantly greater AE and VE across general and nerve-specific measures (p < 0.01), with large to very large effect sizes, indicating differences in perceptual timing accuracy and consistency. Median nerve latency was shorter in the dominant hand, whereas median nerve amplitude did not differ significantly between hands. In contrast, ulnar nerve latency was longer and ulnar nerve amplitude was lower in the dominant hand, reflecting asymmetrical peripheral neural characteristics. Task-induced changes analyses demonstrated significant increases in nerve latency and reductions in amplitude in both limbs (p < 0.001), suggesting neuromuscular strain following task execution. Correlation analyses revealed weak-to-moderate associations between CAT errors and EMG parameters (r = 0.25-0.45), indicating that perceptual-motor performance is only partially explained by peripheral neuromuscular activation.

Conclusion
Elite basketball players demonstrate distinct perceptual-motor and neurophysiological asymmetries between dominant and non-dominant hands. The integration of CAT outcomes with sEMG and nerve conduction measures provides a comprehensive approach for characterizing perceptual-motor performance and neuromuscular function. These findings may inform bilateral training strategies and neuromuscular monitoring practices aimed at optimizing performance and reducing neural strain in basketball players.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07253623, Date: 11.19.2025. Retrospectively registered.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen der Sauerstoffaufnahmekinetik auf die Leistung im 100-m- und 800-m-Kraulschwimmen bei Schwimmern in der Pubertät</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098835</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098835</guid>
      <author>Strzala, M.</author>
      <author>Bartolomeu, R.</author>
      <author>Krezalek, P.</author>
      <author>Sokolowski, K.</author>
      <author>Wadrzyk, L.</author>
      <author>Kryst, L.</author>
      <author>Maciejczyk, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Strzala, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bartolomeu, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krezalek, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sokolowski, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wadrzyk, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kryst, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maciejczyk, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
This study assessed the effect of oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics on swimming performance on 100-m (V100) and 800-m (V800) races.

Method
In male pubertal swimmers trained competitively for 4-5 years, pulling force (Fave) and VO2 kinetics were measured in tethered swimming, and VO2 amplitude (VO2_A) and time constant (t) were calculated. Biological age (BA) and such physical characteristics as body mass (BM), skeletal muscle mass of body segments, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body length (TBL) were considered in mutual interdependence and in the context of their influence on swimming performance.

Results
Depending on the significant differences in BA, swimmers were divided into early maturing and late maturing, and these groups presented differences in VO2 kinetics and in Fave in relation to VO2 and BM. Considering all swimmers, VO2 in the subsequent 10-s periods was positively related to Fave, muscle mass of particular body segments, TBL, and BA. The same was observed between subsequent Fave in 10-s periods and VO2 and body physical indicators: muscle mass, TBL, and BA. Longer t was not positively related to V100 or V800; e.g., the indicator of VO2 kinetics (VO2 31-60) was strongly related to FFM (0.60; p < 0.001), Fave1-60 (0.72; p < 0.001), and, though to a lesser extent, to TBL (0.44; p < 0.001). The collected physiological and anthropometric data mostly strongly influenced V100 and mostly moderately influenced V800; TBL was a weaker (did not reach the significance threshold) predictor of swimming performance.

Conclusions
VO2 kinetics constitutes an appropriate indicator of well-trained physiological predispositions, which translate into skillfully performed front crawl races (V100, V800).

The results indicate that physiologically more mature pubertal swimmers—typically characterized by greater muscle mass and higher strength—tend to achieve better front crawl performance over 100 m and 800 m.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Körperliche, taktische und technische Leistung bei den anspruchsvollsten Bewegungsabläufen im Spitzenfußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098836</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098836</guid>
      <author>Cortez, A.</author>
      <author>Yousefian, F.</author>
      <author>Folgado, H.</author>
      <author>Brito, J.</author>
      <author>Travassos, B.</author>
      <author>Abade, E.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <author>Niu, Z.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cortez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yousefian, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Folgado, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brito, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Travassos, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abade, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Niu, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the changes in physical, tactical, and technical performance during the most demanding passage of kinematic activity (MDPk) and immediately after (post-MDPk) in elite soccer players, with respect to their playing positions. The MDPk (= 15 km/h), was defined using a 1-min rolling average (n = 1016 observations), and was quantified as the distance covered at moderate-speed running (MSR), high-speed running (HSR), and sprinting (SPR). In addition, total distance covered (TD) was also included. Generalized linear mixed models were employed to assess mean changes in five physical, ten tactical, and six technical performance-related variables during the effective playing time from the onset of the MDPk to 1-min post-MDPk, across different playing positions. Across all positions, there was a significant decrease in all external load variables during the 1-min post-MDPk period (TD=-48%; MDPk=-89%; MSR=-84%; HSR=-93%; SPR=-97%). All technical variables exhibited a substantial decline in the post-MDPk regardless of playing positions, particularly in passes for wide midfielders and central forwards, and shots by central forwards. Team tactical variables decreased in the post-MDPk, especially for ball-in-play percentage and number of possession changes. Central defenders, fullbacks and central midfielders spent more time in their own third in the post period and running more towards their own goal in the MDPk, whereas WM and CF spent more time in opponent`s third in the post period.

Our findings carry practical implications for training design, tactical planning, and load management. The observed decline in external load and technical actions following the MDPk suggests that players may experience performance drops, underscoring the need for conditioning drills that prepare athletes not only for peak but also for maintaining performance. The reduction in team tactical variables points to a potential shift toward more static or fragmented phases of play in the post-MDPk, which coaches may consider when designing tactical scenarios that simulate these transitions. Moreover, the positional behaviors identified suggest the need for role-specific conditioning and tactical training. Coaches should leverage this information to create situational drills that reproduce these patterns, ensuring that players are better prepared to execute their responsibilities in and after the MDP.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>"Zu viel, zu früh?" Frühe Erfahrung mit Profispielen und langfristige Karriereperspektiven: Eine 10-jährige, ligaübergreifende Kohortenstudie unter professionellen Fußballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098837</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098837</guid>
      <author>Ebeid, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ebeid, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Debate persists about whether early professional competition compromises long-term career sustainability in youth athletes; evidence in women`s professional soccer is limited.

Hypothesis
We hypothesized that greater cumulative professional match exposure before age 18 would be associated with increased risk of sustained attrition between ages 18 and 23.

Study design
Retrospective cohort study.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a large multinational cohort of professional female soccer players competing in top-tier leagues in England, France, Germany, and Italy between 2010 and 2020. Players who made their professional debut before age 18 were included. Pre-18 exposure was categorized by cumulative club minutes: =250, 251-750, 751-1,750, or > 1,750 min. The primary outcome was sustained attrition, defined as a = 12-month absence from professional competition between ages 18 and 23. Analyses included Kaplan-Meier methods, Cox proportional hazards models, and multivariable regression adjusting for debut age, position, and height.

Results
Of 1,148 players, 406 (35.4%) experienced sustained attrition between ages 18 and 23. Higher pre-18 exposure was associated with a lower likelihood of sustained attrition: adjusted hazard ratios were 0.60 (95% CI, 0.47-0.75) for 251-750 min, 0.37 (95% CI, 0.28-0.50) for 751-1,750 min, and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.17-0.38) for > 1,750 min (P < 0.05). Greater pre-18 exposure was also independently associated with higher mean annual playing time and greater match participation between ages 18 and 23.

Conclusion
Among professional female soccer players, higher levels of professional match exposure before age of 18 were associated with improved career sustainability. These findings suggest that players capable of accumulating high match volumes in early professional environments are more likely to maintain long-term careers. Rather than viewing early professional competition as an inherent risk, these results support carefully supervised early integration as a means to identify and develop robust athletic trajectories.

Level of evidence
Level 3.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Optimierung des Protokolls für Kaltwasserbäder bei verschiedenen Trainingsformen: eine systematische Übersicht und Netzwerk-Metaanalyse zu Anwendungen im Krafttraining, Ausdauertraining und Mannschaftssport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098838</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098838</guid>
      <author>Yu, T.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Ding, C.</author>
      <author>Wang, S.</author>
      <author>Wan, Y.</author>
      <author>Fei, X.</author>
      <author>Guan, D.</author>
      <author>Wang, J.</author>
      <author>Hao, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kaltwasseranwendung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yu, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ding, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wan, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fei, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guan, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hao, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Cold water immersion (CWI) is a common method of post-exercise recovery, but the optimal protocols are not well understood. The lack of exercise-specific guidelines has caused confusion on how CWI should be implemented in various training settings.

Purpose
To identify optimal CWI protocols in resistance training, endurance exercise, and team sport modalities and measure modality-specific effects on performance and physiological recovery indicators.

Methods
We conducted a systematic search of four databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) of randomized controlled trials investigating the use of post-exercise CWI (= 20 C) in healthy athletes between January 2014 and June 2025. CWI protocols were classified based on temperature (cold: 5-8 C, moderate: 9-12 C, mild: 13-20 C ) and length (short: less than 10 min, medium: 10-15 min, long: more than 15 min). Random-effects network meta-analyses were performed using standardized mean differences (Hedges` g) when 10 or more studies provided an outcome. Primary outcomes were modality-specific performance measures: strength and power in resistance training (confirmatory); aerobic performance and recovery in endurance exercise (confirmatory); power and strength in team sports (confirmatory). Secondary outcomes were muscle damage biomarkers and perceived recovery measures across modalities (exploratory). Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) values were used to evaluate treatment rankings based on effect estimates and 95% credible intervals.

Results
Eighty-seven studies comprising 2,313 participants were considered. Passive recovery was highest in resistance training strength (24 studies, 598 participants, moderate certainty) with worse results in CWI protocols of medium duration and moderate temperature (Hedges` g = 0.00, 95% CrI: -0.38 to 0.38 vs. passive). Cold-temperature long-duration protocols showed potential benefits in resistance training power (17 studies, 389 participants, LOW certainty, Hedges` g = 0.80, 95% CrI: 0.03 to 1.57, SUCRA = 85.0%). In endurance aerobic performance (11 studies, 235 subjects, LOW certainty), cold-temperature medium-duration protocols were the most favored (SUCRA = 75.1%) but with uncertain effects (Hedges` g = 0.17, 95% CrI: -0.71 to 1.05). In endurance recovery (17 studies, 463 participants, LOW certainty), moderate-temperature protocols exhibited non-significant trends (Hedges` g = -0.47, 95% CrI: -0.97 to 0.04 vs. passive). In team sport power (18 studies, 418 participants, LOW certainty), cold-temperature long-duration protocols were effective (Hedges` g = 1.00, 95% CrI: 0.10 to 1.89, SUCRA = 93.3%). Secondary exploratory findings demonstrated that moderate-temperature medium-duration protocols positively affected muscle damage biomarkers across modalities (37 studies, 862 participants; Hedges` g = -0.51, 95% CrI: -0.86 to -0.16) and perceived recovery (47 studies, 1,114 participants; Hedges` g = -0.66, 95% CrI: -0.98 to -0.33). Heterogeneity between studies was moderate to high across networks (t = 0.00-0.51), and 69-85% of comparisons were based on indirect evidence using star-shaped network structures.

Conclusions
Ideal CWI protocols vary significantly among exercise modalities (MODERATE to LOW certainty evidence). Passive recovery seems to be more desirable than CWI when it comes to resistance training aimed at increasing strength without disrupting adaptive responses. In endurance exercise, moderate-temperature exercise protocols (9-12 C, 10-15 min) can offer recovery effects, but the evidence is of low certainty. Uses of team sports demonstrate fluctuating impacts necessitating personalized strategies. These results question universal CWI application strategies and argue in favor of modality-specific protocol choice, but significant evidence gaps exist, especially in relation to female athletes (85% male subjects), long-term adaptations, and head-to-head protocol comparisons.

Protocol registration
INPLASY202570101 (registered July 24, 2025, prior to literature search).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Modellierung des Einflusses der Wettbewerbsstufe auf die Beteiligung und den Einfluss der Spieler im australischen Fußball</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098745</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098745</guid>
      <author>Matteo, D.</author>
      <author>Carey, D. L.</author>
      <author>Ruddy, J. D.</author>
      <author>Varley, M. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Australian Football</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matteo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carey, D. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruddy, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Varley, M. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study developed a novel methodology to assess player skill in Australian Football by decomposing Champion Data Ranking Points (CDRP) into two components: involvement (number of on-ball actions per game) and impact (CDRP per involvement). Data was collected for players from the AFL and the three Tier 2 leagues (VFL, SANFL and WAFL) between 2015 and 2023. Separate Bayesian mixed models were used to estimate each component controlling for age, position and league. Predictions from these models were combined to reconstruct CDRP and were compared against a baseline model. Results indicated that players in Tier 2 leagues generally achieved higher involvement (IRR: VFL 1.43, WAFL 1.42, SANFL 1.39) and higher impact (Coefficients: VFL 0.17, WAFL 0.21, SANFL 0.26) compared to AFL players. Rucks had a higher involvement (IRR=1.01), but lower impact (Coefficient=-0.42) than other positions. The combined models demonstrated improved predictive accuracy (MAE=18.44, RMSE=23.32) over previous research and allowed random effects to be interpreted as player skill ratings. This methodology offers significant applications for professional sporting organisations, enabling robust cross-league comparisons, age-specific evaluations and longitudinal tracking of player skill. These insights can inform recruitment strategies, player contracting and development programmes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Altersverläufe im Fußball: Erkenntnisse aus der chinesischen Super League zur Leistungsdynamik der einzelnen Spielpositionen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098746</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098746</guid>
      <author>Cao, J.</author>
      <author>Zhou, C.</author>
      <author>Liu, F.</author>
      <author>Zhang, W.</author>
      <author>Gómez, M.</author>
      <author>Ortega-Toro, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cao, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gómez, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ortega-Toro, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined the impact of age on the physical and technical performance of professional football players across different positions. Using 28,209 player-match observations from 2012 to 2021, covering 18 performance indicators, players were grouped into five positions: central defenders, fullbacks, central midfielders, wide midfielders and forwards. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were applied to identify nonlinear age-related patterns. The findings revealed distinct developmental trajectories and fluctuations at key age points, notably at 22, 25 and 30*years. Physical performance indicators for central defenders and fullbacks generally declined with age, although fullbacks maintained a stable level of high-speed running between 25 and 30*years. In terms of technical performance, central defenders showed gradual improvements in passing accuracy and ball retention with age, while fullbacks experienced stabilisation after 25. Central midfielders reached their physical peak between 22 and 32*years, and wide midfielders showed slight recovery in high-speed running after 30. As for forwards, their tactical value increased primarily through improved goal-scoring efficiency with age, although their role in organising play and ball control remained limited.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung altersbedingter kinetischer und kinematischer Unterschiede beim Fersendrehschlag im Taekwondo</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098747</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098747</guid>
      <author>Prock, M.</author>
      <author>O`sullivan, D. M.</author>
      <author>Panday, S. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taekwondo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prock, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O`sullivan, D. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Panday, S. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article investigates the effect of age on kinematic and kinetic performance outcomes of the spinning heel kick in taekwondo. A total of 48 athletes were recruited, consisting of 16 students each from middle school, high school, and university. Following a sport-specific warm-up, each participant performed 10 repetitions of the spinning heel kick while their kinematics and kinetics were recorded. A one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the differences between groups, and a simple linear regression model was included to assess the relationship between age and performance outcomes. The results showed significant differences in kicking execution time (middle school < high school, university) and peak kicking velocity (middle school < high school < university) between groups. High school athletes generated the highest normalised ground reaction forces, while university students demonstrated the most effective translation of ground reaction force to maximum kicking speed. Regression analysis revealed age to be a significant predictor of execution time and maximum kicking velocity, but not for the total performance time and generated ground reaction forces. This article shows that kicking performance in taekwondo is affected by age and emphasises the need to develop age-specific training routines to optimise both performance and athletes` safety.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein plötzlicher Anstieg der wöchentlichen externen Belastung steht bei männlichen Profifußballern im Zusammenhang mit Muskel-Sehnen-Verletzungen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098748</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098748</guid>
      <author>Raya-González, J.</author>
      <author>Hernández-Davó, J. L.</author>
      <author>Agullo, F.</author>
      <author>Soler, A.</author>
      <author>Del Coso, J.</author>
      <author>Moreno-Perez, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsumfang</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Raya-González, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hernández-Davó, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Agullo, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soler, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Del Coso, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreno-Perez, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to analyse how sudden increases in external workload may lead to muscle-tendon injuries in professional Spanish football players. Twenty-six male football players were monitored for 2 seasons and 38 muscle-tendon injuries were registered (including 15 hamstring strains). Cumulative workload parameters were compared for the week prior to the injury vs a normative-control period (6 weeks prior to injury). For muscle-tendon injuries, higher workload values were observed during the week prior to injury in all the analysed workload parameters when compared to the normative-control period [percentage of change (%)= +16.08 to 36.64%; p<0.001 to 0.012]. In the sub-analysis of hamstring strains, higher workload values were obtained in total distance (% = +19.28; p=0.026), HSR (% = +25.38; p=0.014), sprint running (% = +41.78; p=0.002), number of sprints (% = +34.69; p=0.005), low accelerations (% = +18.36; p = 0.047), and high decelerations (%= +23.32; p=0.031) for the week prior to the injury. Muscle-tendon injuries and hamstring strains were preceded by training/competition week with 18-40% greater external workloads. These outcomes highlight the importance of monitoring and controlling external workload during the microcycle to avoid workload spikes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Führen kontextbezogene Faktoren zu Unterschieden in der Passleistung zwischen Männern und Frauen? Eine Analyse der Netzwerkmetriken der FIFA-Weltmeisterschaften 2022 der Männer und 2023 der Frauen unter Verwendung gemischter linearer Modelle</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098749</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098749</guid>
      <author>Xiao, L.</author>
      <author>Xiangyu, C.</author>
      <author>Song, G.</author>
      <author>Carrilho, D.</author>
      <author>Clemente, F. M.</author>
      <author>Bo, H.</author>
      <author>Araújo, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Passspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xiangyu, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carrilho, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, F. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bo, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Araújo, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study compared passing network metrics between men`s and women`s football, considering contextual factors of team/opponent ranking, match stage, and players` position, aiming to understand women`s passing performance and how it differs from men`s matches. We analysed 128 matches (83,470 passes) from the 2023 Women`s World Cup and 2022 World Cup, considering 11 passing metrics (e.g. Degree-based, Centrality-based metrics) and used mixed linear models to identify differences. Results suggest top 16 teams in both cups showed better team cooperation (Decreased Average Weighted Degree, Average Degree, Density, <.05). Women`s teams showed less stability than men`s when facing top 16 teams (Decreased Average Clustering Coefficient, Average Weighted Degree, Average Degree, Density, <.05). Centre backs in both cups played a key role in team cooperation. (Highest value of Weighted Out-Degree, Weighted In-Degree, Weighted Degree, Out-degree, <.05). Detailed statistical values are reported in the results section. This study offers practical insights for coaches to design representative tasks that enhance stability under pressure for women`s teams. It also provides women`s baseline data for analysts. Future research should refine positional classifications and use continuous team ranking indicators to better reflect competitive context.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Fähigkeiten von Kindern bei der Auswahl für den Eishockeysport</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098646</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098646</guid>
      <author>Istomin, S.</author>
      <author>Polozov, A.</author>
      <author>Murza, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beurteilung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Istomin, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Polozov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murza, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to develop and test a set of criteria for assessing children's abilities, supplementing existing standards to improve the effectiveness of individual selection at the initial stage of training.

Methods and structure of the study. The work used questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, testing of general and special physical fitness, functional testing, analysis of neurodynamic parameters, pedagogical observation and processing of statistics of gaming activity. The study included 120 8-year-old children who were trained at the sports school of the Olympic reserve "Spartakovets" in 2021-2024.

Results and conclusions. The use of the proposed criteria increased the percentage of transfer to the next stage from 71.5% to 97.9%, and the assignment of sports grades to 93.6%. The practical significance of the work lies in increasing the objectivity and accuracy of the selection, ensuring the individualization of training and the formation of an optimal trajectory for the development of young hockey players. The developed criteria base for identifying the abilities of 8-year-olds in the sport of hockey, complementing the system of physical fitness standards of the Federal Standard, makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of the individual selection procedure at the initial stage of sports training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gleichstand, Führung oder Rückstand: Wie passen Judokas im Superleichtgewicht ihre Angriffe an, um den Sieg zu sichern?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098740</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098740</guid>
      <author>Tsai, M.</author>
      <author>Chen, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tsai, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Judo is an open-skill combat sport requiring continuous adaptation to dynamic match conditions, yet how judokas adjust their attacking actions based on score status (tied, leading, or trailing) remains unclear. To address this gap, we recorded 5,021 positive actions (423 scoring and 4,598 non-scoring attacks) from 374 matches across 11 Grand Slam during 2023 and 2024, using notational analysis. Generalized Estimating Equations examined how the number and effectiveness of attacks, and specific techniques, under different score statuses influenced match outcomes. Results showed that both the number (ORs >1.22) and effectiveness (ORs >1.08) of attacks predicted victory when judokas were tied or leading, highlighting the importance of offensive persistence. When trailing, only the effectiveness of attacks (OR=1.10) was a significant predictor, emphasising execution quality. Technique preferences varied by score status: when tied, more leg (OR=1.17) and ground techniques (OR=1.94) increased the probability of winning; when leading, more hand (OR=1.28) and ground techniques (OR=5.90). Whereas when trailing, no techniques predicted outcomes. Crucially, across all score statuses, higher technique effectiveness increased the probability of winning. These findings provide insights into elite judo and can inform targeted training to enhance performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewegungen ohne Ball im Fußball: Erkenntnisse zum Zusammenhang zwischen Mannschaftsstärke, Leistung, Erfolg und Läufen in den Rücken der Abwehr</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098741</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098741</guid>
      <author>Thönnessen, T.</author>
      <author>Memmert, D.</author>
      <author>Mews, D.</author>
      <author>Wunderlich, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thönnessen, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Memmert, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mews, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wunderlich, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Running performance is a key element of football, but results of its relation to success have been inconclusive so far. Considering runs with a clear tactical intent instead of analysing aggregate running performance could be a promising approach to overcome this problem. Thus, the present study analyses more than 4600 so-called runs in behind from 54 matches of the 2018/19 season of the German first division (Bundesliga). Regression analysis was used to evaluate whether runs in behind possess a relationship to success, team strength and performance in football. While finding a significant relationship between the total number of runs in behind per match and success, performance and goals, this effect fully disappears after normalising for ball possession. However, if only considering contextualised runs in behind, a significant relationship with performance, team strength and goals (runs into a critical area: p*<*0.001 or accompanied by a forward pass: p*<*0.05) is found even if normalising for ball possession. Therefore, contextualised runs in behind can be considered a relevant factor in explaining and understanding success-enhancing strategies in football. Moreover, this study provides evidence that it is crucial to standardly consider important contextual variables (e.g. ball possession) in performance analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit im Spiel und Reifegrad im Jugend-Futsal: Implikationen für den Auswahlprozess im Entwicklungsprogramm der Nationalmannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098742</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098742</guid>
      <author>Arede, J.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <author>Ferraz, A.</author>
      <author>Travassos, B.</author>
      <author>Sarmento, H.</author>
      <author>Adriano Gomes, S.</author>
      <author>Leite, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Arede, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferraz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Travassos, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sarmento, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adriano Gomes, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leite, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated in-game physical performance profiles among under-15 male futsal players and examined their association with biological maturation and national team selection. A total of 192 players from the Portuguese National U15 Regional Teams Championship were categorized into three maturity groups based on predicted adult height: pre-PHV (n*=*19), at-PHV (n*=*30), and post-PHV (n*=*143). Teams were ranked into three competitive levels (top, middle, bottom), and players were classified into three performance profiles: low, medium, and high. At-PHV players most frequently exhibited high-performance profiles, indicating favorable physical attributes for high-intensity futsal actions. A significant relationship was found between maturity status and team ranking, with post-PHV players overrepresented in top teams, and no pre-PHV players present at that level. National team selections showed similar trends, with no pre-PHV and only four at-PHV players chosen. Notably, only two players from both the at-PHV and post-PHV groups ranked in the top 10 across all physical performance measures. These findings underscore a maturity-related bias favoring more physically mature players. The study advocates for a more holistic talent identification approach that integrates technical, tactical, and psychological attributes to ensure equitable development opportunities across all maturity levels.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistungsentwicklung im Hoch- und Weitsprung bei spanischen Elite-Hoch- und Weitspringern (Männer und Frauen)</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098743</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098743</guid>
      <author>Rodríguez-gómez, P.</author>
      <author>Gallo-salazar, C.</author>
      <author>Salinero, J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weitsprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochsprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Langzeitstudie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodríguez-gómez, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gallo-salazar, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salinero, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
This study analysed the evolution of high jump and long jump performance by male and female athletes across age categories (under-14 to senior) over a longitudinal period.

Methods
A total of 11,307 performances, including 2,953 female and 2,860 male high jump marks, and 2,755 performances from female athletes and 2,739 performances from male athletes in the long jump, were analysed. Data were extracted from the top 25 Spanish national rankings across six age categories (under-14, under-16, under-18, under-20, under-23, and senior) between the 2004 and 2022 seasons. A two-way ANOVA examined the effects of sex, category, and their interaction (sex*×*category).

Results
Significant differences were observed between age categories (p*<*0.001), sex (p*<*0.001), and their interaction (p*<*0.001) in both disciplines. Male athletes consistently outperformed female athletes, with the largest discrepancies in under-23. Performance improved with age, especially during adolescence, with male athletes improving nearly twice as much as female athletes. Long jump showed slightly greater improvements than high jump.

Conclusion
Results highlight the need for tailored athlete-development programmes to reduce the sex performance gap. These findings provide valuable insights for optimising training strategies, with future research focusing on psychological, physiological, and anthropometric factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Spielleistung bei FIFA-Weltmeisterschaften: Mehr direktes Spiel, weniger Bewegung ohne Ball und weniger Pressing in Frauenfußballspielen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098744</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098744</guid>
      <author>Ju, W.</author>
      <author>Kim, B.</author>
      <author>Lee, J.</author>
      <author>Choi, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ju, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kim, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lee, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Choi, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined gender differences in physical and technical/tactical performance of teams during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 (MWC) and FIFA Women`s World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 (WWC). A total of 111 matches (n*=*222 game observations) were analysed using an optical tracking system. Compared to the MWC teams, the WWC teams covered 4% less total distance and relative distance per minute (p*<*0.0001; effect size [ES]: 0.8) and reached 9% lower top speeds (p*<*0.0001; ES: 3.5). The WWC teams adopted a more direct style, executing 25% more line breaks "over" the opposition (p*<*0.0001; ES: 1.1), while completing 14% fewer passes (p*=*0.0005; ES: 0.5) with 10% lower pass/line break completion rates (p*<*0.0001; ES: 1.0-1.1). The WWC teams made 34-39% fewer offers/movements to receive the ball (p*<*0.001; ES: 1.1-1.3) and received the ball 43% less frequently (p*<*0.0001; ES: 1.3). The WWC teams applied 21% less defensive pressure (p*<*0.0001; ES: 0.8). However, the WWC teams performed 13-38% more defensive actions (tackles, second balls etc.) than the MWC teams (p < 0.0001; ES: 0.3-1.8). These findings highlight the distinct physical and technical/tactical demands in men`s and women`s international football and support the need for gender-informed training strategies, talent development and context-informed interpretation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Bedeutung struktureller Bewegungsgruppen im Gerätetraining mit einem Ball bei Gruppenübungen in der rhythmischen Sportgymnastik</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098590</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098590</guid>
      <author>Udalova, M.</author>
      <author>Morozova, L.</author>
      <author>Kiryanova, L.</author>
      <author>Lyashenko, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmische Sportgymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gruppe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Udalova, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morozova, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kiryanova, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lyashenko, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to identify technical movements with the ball that carry a high risk of losing the object. To develop and justify the effectiveness of ball exercises in group rhythmic gymnastics exercises. Methods and structure of the study. Analysis of literature, video material of competitive programmes of group gymnasts, pedagogical observation of the training process, pedagogical testing of technical preparedness with a ball, mathematical and statistical data processing. The study involved gymnasts performing group exercises as part of the candidate master of sports and master of sports programmes (n=20). As a result of the conducted research, structural groups of movements with the ball have been identified, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of object loss. The causes of errors in these structural groups are analyzed. Exercises have been developed aimed at improving the reliability of individual components of subject training with a ball in group exercises of rhythmic gymnastics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen visuellen Fähigkeiten und der Leistung bei der Aufschlagannahme bei männlichen Elite-Außenangreifern im Volleyball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098681</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098681</guid>
      <author>Dong, X.</author>
      <author>Gao, D.</author>
      <author>Gao, Y.</author>
      <author>Han, L.</author>
      <author>Zhou, X.</author>
      <author>Weng, C.</author>
      <author>Wang, J.</author>
      <author>Wang, Q.</author>
      <author>Xiao, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, Q.</author>
      <author>Tang, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sinnesfunktion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>koordinative Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auge</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reaktionsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blickverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Annahme</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Dong, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Han, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weng, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xiao, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Visual skills are considered important for elite athletic performance, but their association with volleyball-specific performance remains unclear. This study examined the associations between visual skills and match-based serve reception performance in elite male volleyball outside hitters.

Methods:
Twenty-four elite male volleyball outside hitters were included. Ten visual skills were assessed using the Senaptec Sensory Station, and season-long serve reception performance was analyzed using the Data Volley system. Perfect serve reception rate (#%), defined as the percentage of receptions rated as perfect out of the total number of individual serve receptions, was used as the match-based performance indicator.

Results:
Pearson correlation analysis showed that perfect serve reception rate was strongly associated with eye-hand coordination (r = -0.778, p < 0.001), near/far quickness (r = 0.756, p < 0.001), and reaction time (r = -0.746, p < 0.001). A theory-driven parsimonious regression model suggested that these three variables were independently associated with perfect serve reception rate in this sample.

Discussion:
Selected visual skills, particularly eye-hand coordination, near/far quickness, and reaction time, are associated with serve reception performance in elite male volleyball outside hitters. Visual skills assessment may provide supplementary information for understanding individual differences in serve reception performance, although these findings should be interpreted cautiously given the cross-sectional design and small sample size.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stimmung vor dem Training sowie geschlechtsspezifische hormonelle und neuromodulatorische Reaktionen auf maximale Belastung bei Spitzenruderern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098682</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098682</guid>
      <author>Ostapiuk-Karolczuk, J.</author>
      <author>Kasperska, A.</author>
      <author>Dziewiecka, H.</author>
      <author>Cichon-Wozniak, J.</author>
      <author>Gruszka, W.</author>
      <author>Basta, P.</author>
      <author>Kaczmarczyk, S.</author>
      <author>Reysner, M.</author>
      <author>Skarpanska-Stejnborn, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nervensystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ostapiuk-Karolczuk, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kasperska, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dziewiecka, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cichon-Wozniak, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gruszka, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Basta, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaczmarczyk, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reysner, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Skarpanska-Stejnborn, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Acute hormonal and neuromodulatory responses to maximal exertion are key indicators of physiological stress in elite athletes, yet it is unclear whether these responses vary with pre-exercise psychological state or differ by sex. This study examined sex-specific links between pre-exercise mood and acute physiological reactions. Twelve elite female (18.75 ± 0.75years) and sixteen elite male (19.43 ± 1.09 years) rowers performed a maximal-effort 2000 m test. Pre-exercise mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Venous blood collected at PRE, POST, and 3-hour recovery (3H REC) was analyzed for cortisol, testosterone, serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and tryptophan. Two-way ANOVA and exploratory correlations evaluated sex-specific physiological and psychophysiological responses. Cortisol showed a significant Time × Group interaction (p = 0.0002), with males displaying increases at POST and 3H REC, while females showed only small, non-significant changes. Dopamine also exhibited a significant interaction (p = 0.0107): males showed PRE-POST elevations and declines during recovery, whereas females showed minimal fluctuations. Tryptophan demonstrated main effects of Time (p = 0.0437) and Group (p < 0.0001), with larger decreases in females. Psychophysiological associations were sex-specific. In females, negative mood dimensions correlated with lower cortisol at 3H REC (r = -0.63 to -0.66). In males, lower vigor and higher depression correlated with higher serotonin and lower dopamine POST (r = -0.52 to -0.56). Pre-exercise psychological state was associated with distinct acute hormonal and neuromodulatory responses to maximal exertion, with clear sex-specific patterns. Incorporating mood assessment alongside biochemical markers may support more individualized interpretation of fatigue and recovery markers in elite sport.

Trial registration:
This observational study was retrospectively registered atClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07243613).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellbasierte Schätzungen der geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede bei der Spitzenleistung und dem Ermüdungsindex bei Bahnradfahrern unter Verwendung von gerichteten azyklischen Graphen, der Gewichtung nach der inversen Behandlungswahrscheinlichkeit und bayesscher Modellierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098683</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098683</guid>
      <author>Chavarro, J. G.</author>
      <author>Gómez García, M. Á.</author>
      <author>Bermeo, R. N. Z.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bahnradsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Chavarro, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gómez García, M. Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bermeo, R. N. Z.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
The purpose of this study was to estimate sex-related differences in peak power and fatigue index in track cyclists under an explicit causal modeling framework integrating directed acyclic graphs, inverse probability of treatment weighting, and hierarchical Bayesian estimation.

Design and methods:
A cross-sectional observational study with a quantitative approach was conducted to estimate adjusted sex-related differences in anaerobic performance indicators in track cyclists. Because sex was non-randomized and not experimentally manipulable, the estimates were interpreted as model-based associations under explicit causal assumptions rather than as definitive interventional causal effects. The sample included 21 cyclists, 15 males and 6 females, aged 14-17 years, with at least 3 years of experience in track cycling. Peak power, mean power, relative power outputs, and fatigue index were assessed using a 30-s Wingate-type test performed on the athletes` own bicycles mounted on a Tacx NEO 2T Smart electromagnetic resistance system in a controlled velodrome-based setting. The analysis integrated DAG-informed covariate selection, exploratory IPTW diagnostics, sensitivity analyses, and Bayesian estimation with convergence diagnostics.

Results:
Male cyclists showed higher peak power (mean [M] = 884.16 W; standard deviation [SD] = 130.76) than female cyclists (M = 626.00 W; SD = 59.93). Similarly, the fatigue index was higher in males (M = 46.23%; SD = 1.21) than in females (M = 44.22%; SD = 0.37). IPTW diagnostics indicated limited covariate balance, particularly for body weight and height, and instability of the unpenalized propensity score model. Sensitivity analyses showed that the sex-related difference in peak power was model-dependent, whereas the fatigue index difference was more consistent across model specifications. Four-chain Bayesian models showed adequate convergence, with R-hat values close to 1.00 and effective sample sizes above 7,700 for the main sex-difference parameters.

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that sex-related differences in power generation and fatigue responses may be relevant for individualized training planning. However, given the small sample size and the observational cross-sectional design, the results should be interpreted as exploratory model-based estimates.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Infrarot-Thermografie zur Beurteilung von Ermüdung, Verletzungsrisikofaktoren und Regeneration im Fußball: eine systematische Übersicht über Originalstudien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098684</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098684</guid>
      <author>Ramón, Y. B.</author>
      <author>Calleja-González, J.</author>
      <author>Luaces-Carreño, J.</author>
      <author>Velarde-Sotres, Á.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Infrarotthermografie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ramón, Y. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calleja-González, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luaces-Carreño, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Velarde-Sotres, Á.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Recovery after a training session or match is a key factor in injury prevention and sports performance. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze and consolidate the available scientific evidence from the main databases on the use of infrared thermography in the assessment of fatigue, injury risk factors, and recovery in soccer players.

Methods:
The literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS model until June 30, 2025, in the main scientific databases (ScienceDirect, EMBASE, Web of Science (WOS), Cochrane Library, SciELO, MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus). The risk of bias and methodological quality were assessed using the Cochrane Handbook guidelines and the PEDro scale."

Results:
The initial literature search yielded a total of 510 records. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample consisted of 20 studies, which were of high methodological quality. The results showed the effects of infrared thermography in assessing fatigue, identifying injury risk factors, and monitoring recovery processes in soccer players. The studies also systematically reported the characterization of the population, the assessment methods used, the variables analyzed, the methodological design, the main results, and the effects of the intervention.

Conclusions:
Infrared thermography shows promise as a valid, reliable, and non-invasive tool for assessing skin temperature, reflecting temperature changes in response to physiological processes. It allows for the analysis of structural or metabolic fatigue and thermal asymmetries. Therefore, thermography could be used to design individualized recovery protocols.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anpassen oder nicht anpassen? Die Abstimmung statistischer Verfahren auf wissenschaftliche Fragestellungen in der Bewegungsphysiologie und Sportwissenschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098685</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098685</guid>
      <author>Schappacher-Tilp, G.</author>
      <author>Tilp, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schappacher-Tilp, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tilp, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Adjustment for multiple statistical tests has become a default marker of rigor in clinical and health research. We argue that its routine application is often conceptually inappropriate and can obscure meaningful results. The need for multiplicity correction depends not simply on how many tests are performed, but on the inferential question being asked. When the aim is to determine whether any detectable effect exists, an omnibus test is the appropriate inferential tool, and subsequent post hoc comparisons serve a descriptive role. When a small number of directed hypotheses are specified a priori, routine blanket correction across all conceivable contrasts is not required, provided the hypothesis set is fixed independently of the data. By contrast, when the aim is to identify where an effect is visible across a broader set of candidate contrasts, the problem is one of multiple inference and calls for explicit error control, such as false discovery rate control or, where stricter control is required, familywise error control. A related but distinct issue arises when multiple variables reflect different aspects of the same underlying biological process. Here, simple count-based adjustment penalizes measurement richness without addressing a coherent inferential problem and should be replaced by consideration of the latent structure of the outcome space. We propose a context-dependent framework, operationalized through a small set of guiding questions, that links inferential aims to appropriate statistical procedures across three modes: global detection, directed hypothesis testing, and exploratory localization. This framework supports more transparent and defensible statistical practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen des Durchblutungsrestriktionstrainings der unteren Extremitäten auf die Steigerung der Postaktivierungspotenzierung und die Ermüdung: eine Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098686</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098686</guid>
      <author>Miao, X.</author>
      <author>Hou, J.</author>
      <author>Chang, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Durchblutung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Miao, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hou, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chang, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
This study aims to systematically explore the effects of lower limb blood flow restriction (BFR) training on post-activation potentiation enhancement (PAPE) and the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) through meta-analysis, and to identify optimal BFR protocol parameters, so as to provide scientific evidence for strength and conditioning training and rehabilitation interventions.

Methods:
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO databases to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the acute effects of lower limb BFR training on PAPE and RPE. The search timeframe covered the inception of each database to Dec 1, 2025. The Cochrane Collaboration`s Risk of Bias Tool was used for literature quality assessment. Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 17.0 software were employed for statistical analysis, including heterogeneity testing, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias assessment.

Results:
A total of 15 eligible RCTs were included, involving 244 subjects aged 17-35 years. Meta-analysis results showed that lower limb BFR training significantly enhanced PAPE-related explosive performance [SMD = 0.55, 95%CI (0.08, 1.01), P = 0.02] with high heterogeneity (I² = 78%, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the optimal parameters for PAPE enhancement were: multi-joint movements such as squats [SMD = 1.20, 95%CI (0.78, 1.63), P < 0.001], rest intervals > 4 min [SMD = 0.98, 95%CI (0.67, 1.30), P < 0.001], occlusion pressure of 40-60% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) [SMD = 0.83, 95%CI (0.29, 1.36), P = 0.002]. Countermovement jump (CMJ) was the most sensitive outcome measure for PAPE assessment [SMD = 0.83, 95%CI (0.44, 1.21), P < 0.001]. Notably, several subgroups were based on only 1-2 primary studies, and these findings should be interpreted with extreme caution due to limited sample size and evidence volume. Regarding RPE, BFR training significantly increased subjective fatigue [SMD = 0.82, 95%CI (0.39, 1.26), P < 0.001] with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 60%, P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated that more pronounced fatigue perception was observed in knee flexion/compound exercises [SMD = 0.91/1.54, P <0.001], rest intervals = 4 min [SMD = 0.79/1.16, P = 0.05], low exercise intensity (< 40% 1RM) [SMD = 0.86, 95%CI (0.30, 1.42), P = 0.003], and occlusion pressure > 60% AOP [SMD = 1.37, 95%CI (0.80, 1.94), P < 0.001]. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results, and funnel plots combined with Egger`s test showed no significant publication bias (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Lower limb BFR training can effectively induce PAPE, with optimal effects achieved through multi-joint movements, rest intervals > 4 min, 40-60% AOP, and 40-70% 1RM intensity. Meanwhile, BFR training significantly elevates subjective fatigue (RPE), which is more prominent under conditions of knee flexion/compound exercises, shorter rest intervals, low intensity, and high occlusion pressure (> 60% AOP).

Systematic Review Registration:
https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2026-5-0041/, identifier INPLASY202430008.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Konvergente Validität von sportartspezifischen Hochintensitäts-Intervalltests im Taekwondo und deren Zusammenhang mit der Muskelkraftleistung der unteren Extremitäten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098687</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098687</guid>
      <author>Apollaro, G.</author>
      <author>Franchini, E.</author>
      <author>Kons, R. L.</author>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Panascì, M.</author>
      <author>Ruggeri, P.</author>
      <author>Falcó, C.</author>
      <author>Faelli, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taekwondo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Apollaro, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franchini, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kons, R. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Panascì, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruggeri, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Falcó, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Faelli, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
The interchangeability between multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Test (FSKTmult) and chest Taekwondo Anaerobic Intermittent Kick Test (TAIKTchest) has not been established, which prevents determining whether they reflect the same underlying construct of ability to repeat high-intensity kicks. Moreover, the relationship between the ability to repeat high-intensity kicks and lower limb muscle power requires further investigation. This study aimed to: establish the construct convergent validity between the FSKTmult and TAIKTchest; investigate their relationship with countermovement jump (CMJ) test.

Methods:
Twenty-two national/international-level taekwondo athletes participated in this study. On the first day, they performed three CMJ followed by one of the intermittent tests in a randomized and counterbalanced order. After 48 hours, the other intermittent test was performed. During the FSKTmult and TAIKTchest, heart rate (HR) was measured, while blood lactate concentration ([La]) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at the end of the tests.

Results:
FSKTmult total kick performance, as well as absolute and relative power performances, showed high shared variance (R2 = 62-92%, p < 0.001) with respective TAIKTchest performances. HR, [La], and RPE responses were significantly higher (p = 0.001, Cohen`s d = 0.4-1.3) in the FSKTmult than in TAIKTchest. Most high-intensity intermittent performances showed high significant correlations (r = 0.51-0.78, p < 0.05) with respective CMJ performances.

Conclusions:
FSKTmult performances can be predicted from the respective TAIKTchest performances and vice versa. However, the distinct methodological characteristics of the tests generate specific performance, physiological, and perceptual dynamics. Lower limb muscle power could influence performance in high-intensity kicks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen des erneuten Aufwärmens auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit, die Muskeltemperatur und die empfundene Anstrengung bei Basketballspielern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse mit individuellen Teilnehmerdaten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098688</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098688</guid>
      <author>Yang, Y.-F.</author>
      <author>Flórez-Gil, E.</author>
      <author>Flórez-Gil, E.</author>
      <author>Koutsouridis, C.</author>
      <author>Zhong, Y.-M.</author>
      <author>Mateus, N.</author>
      <author>Abade, E.</author>
      <author>Cheng, C.-F.</author>
      <author>Lyu, M.</author>
      <author>Xu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, Y.-F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Flórez-Gil, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Flórez-Gil, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koutsouridis, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhong, Y.-M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mateus, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abade, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cheng, C.-F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lyu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives:
(1) the acute effects of RWU on physical performance, body temperature (BT), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in basketball players; and (2) individual-level performance improvements across different RWU methods.

Methods:
Three databases were searched for RWU studies in basketball players. An individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using a two-stage approach with multilevel models, including adjustments for small sample sizes. Effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean changes (SMC) for within-group comparisons and standardized mean differences (SMD) for between-group comparisons.

Results:
Seven studies (n = 82; 35 females, 47 males) were included, with individual raw data obtained from three. Compared with the control condition, the RWU resulted in better preservation of jumping (SMD = 0.64) and change-of-direction (COD) performance (SMD = -0.83), while showing no significant differences in isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) peak force (SMD = 0.34), BT (SMD = 0.72), or RPE (SMD = 0.61). These effects were largely driven by greater declines in the control than in the RWU for jumping (SMC = -1.24 vs. -0.53), COD (SMC = 1.00 vs. 0.44), and IMTP peak force (SMC = -0.68 vs. -0.28). Across five interventions from three studies with individual data, the plyometric protocol showed the highest proportion of improvements (CMJ: 100%; COD: 93.3%) compared with the control condition.

Conclusions:
Preliminary evidence suggests that RWU may be an effective strategy to maintain physical performance and BT in basketball players. However, given the limited number of studies and the high degree of individual variability, further research is required.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Multimodale Indikatoren für nicht-funktionales Übertraining bei American-Football-Athleten der NCAA Division I: Belege für rollenspezifische physiologische Anpassungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098689</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098689</guid>
      <author>Aychman, M. M.</author>
      <author>Vinson, K.</author>
      <author>Tasnim, N.</author>
      <author>Perez, J.</author>
      <author>Hodes, G. E.</author>
      <author>Basso, J. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aychman, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vinson, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tasnim, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perez, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hodes, G. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Basso, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
The purpose of this study was to characterize longitudinal patterns associated with non-functional overreaching (NFOR) in NCAA Division I American football athletes across a competitive season using salivary biomarkers, neuromuscular performance measures, and recovery metrics, with exploratory analyses by team role.

Methods:
Thirty-nine male athletes (age 20.4 ± 1.75 years) were monitored across a 15-week competitive season. Saliva samples collected pre-, mid-, and post-season assessed cortisol, testosterone, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). Neuromuscular performance was evaluated using countermovement jump metrics (jump height, normalized peak power and force, reactive strength index-modified [RSImod]) and PlayerLoad, while recovery was tracked via twice-weekly self-reports of sleep quality and muscle soreness. Associations among biomarkers, recovery, and performance were examined by starting status and position group; statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.

Results:
Distinct role-dependent patterns emerged. Among starters, higher testosterone-to-cortisol ratios were associated with lower soreness and better sleep quality, while higher IL-6/cortisol ratios were associated with higher RSImod values. Non-starters showed patterns consistent with greater physiological strain, with higher IL-6/cortisol ratios associated with poorer recovery despite lower external loads. Mid-season declines in countermovement jump performance coincided with biomarker changes suggestive of accumulated fatigue.

Discussion:
Overall, both starters and non-starters exhibited patterns consistent with NFOR, though physiological signatures differed by role. Salivary biomarker ratios, particularly IL-6/cortisol, alongside neuromuscular measures such as RSImod may provide useful, non-invasive indicators of fatigue-related stress and support role-specific recovery strategies in applied sport settings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Belastungsbedingte Ermüdung und Schussleistung im Fußball: Eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse zu Leistungsergebnissen und kontextuellen Moderatoren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098691</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098691</guid>
      <author>Peng, W.</author>
      <author>Zhang, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <author>Sarmento, H.</author>
      <author>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</author>
      <author>Ribeiro, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peng, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sarmento, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vilas-Boas, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ribeiro, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
The effects of exercise-induced fatigue on soccer kicking performance remain inconsistent across studies and performance metrics, suggesting that fatigue-related impairments may depend on contextual and task-related factors.

Objective:
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of exercise-induced fatigue on ball velocity, kicking accuracy, and lower-limb kinematics, and to examine whether selected fatigue protocol, task instruction, and player-level factors explained between-study variability in these effects.

Methods:
PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2025 and updated in December 2025. Experimental studies in male outfield players with pre-post fatigue comparisons were included. Random-effects meta-analyses (Hedges` g) and predefined subgroup analyses were conducted. Within-participant pre-post correlations were extracted, derived, or imputed, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using alternative correlation assumptions. Risk of bias was assessed using RoBANS-2 and certainty of evidence using GRADE.

Results:
Thirty-five studies (733 players) were included in the systematic review, and 31 were meta-analysed. Exercise-induced fatigue was associated with lower ball velocity (Hedges` g = -0.589, 95% CI: -0.789 to -0.388; p <.001; I² = 72.2%; low certainty) and a smaller reduction in kicking accuracy (g = -0.265, 95% CI: -0.449 to -0.081; p = .005; I² = 58.2%; low certainty). Foot velocity also showed a negative pooled effect (g = -0.348, 95% CI: -0.618 to -0.078; p = .012), but certainty was very low. Hip, knee, and ankle angular velocities showed no clear pooled changes. Formal subgroup tests suggested moderation by kicking instruction for ball velocity and by fatigue protocol for kicking accuracy; no significant between-subgroup differences were found for player level or the remaining tested subgroup comparisons.

Conclusions:
Exercise-induced fatigue was associated with reduced soccer ball velocity and a smaller, less certain reduction in kicking accuracy. Evidence for reduced foot velocity was tentative, whereas evidence for changes in hip, knee, and ankle angular velocities was very uncertain. Contextual variation was partly supported, particularly for kicking instruction and fatigue protocol, but should be interpreted cautiously given heterogeneity and low or very low certainty of evidence.

Systematic review registration:
https://osf.io/rmht7/, identifier OSF.IO/RMHT7.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Muskelhypertrophie und Kraftsteigerungen nach einer Kombination aus Durchblutungsrestriktion und Krafttraining bei Mannschaftssportlern: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098692</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098692</guid>
      <author>Huang, Q.</author>
      <author>Xiao, L.</author>
      <author>Zheng, S.</author>
      <author>Meng, L.</author>
      <author>Yue, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Durchblutung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Muskelhypertrophie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xiao, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Meng, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yue, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective:
The purpose is to evaluate how blood flow restriction (BFR) and resistance training (RT), influence muscle adaptation and sports performance in team-athletes.

Methods:
Preferred Reporting Program for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines are adhered to in the conduct of this study. From the beginning to September 11, 2025, a thorough literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus. Subsequently, a random-effects meta-analysis was performed to synthesize data on muscle adaptation and sports performance.

Results:
The meta-analysis included 12 studies involving 859 team-athletes. Results indicated that, compared to RT alone, the addition of BFR significantly induced muscle hypertrophy (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.58, P = 0.02, I² = 4%) and improved muscle strength (SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.66, P<0.001, I² = 10%). Jumping or sprint performance did not show any statistically significant differences.

Conclusion:
BFRT slightly improves the muscle hypertrophy and strength of team-athletes, but has no significant increase in explosive power output such as jumping and sprinting. It can be used as a complementary means of load management, but should be interpreted with caution. The optimal prescription for transforming it into explosive power should be explored in the future.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Akute Auswirkungen von aerobem im Vergleich zu anaerobem Laufen auf die Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Indizes des autonomen Nervensystems bei männlichen Hochschulsportlern: ein Vergleich innerhalb derselben Probandengruppe</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 01:39:59 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098693</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098693</guid>
      <author>Taskin, M.</author>
      <author>Budak, M.</author>
      <author>Sahin, I. H.</author>
      <author>Ceridhan, N. D.</author>
      <author>Taskin, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nervensystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Taskin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Budak, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sahin, I. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ceridhan, N. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taskin, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
During rhythmic exercise, overall, heart rate variability (HRV) decreases with increasing intensity, and resting measurements do not reliably reflect responses during activity. Nonneural oscillations in the high-frequency band caused by increased respiratory effort further complicate HRV interpretation. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) balance, particularly between parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, is crucial for optimal athletic performance, highlighting the importance of non-invasive assessments. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of aerobic versus anaerobic running on HRV and ANS indices in male college athletes.

Methods:
We evaluated the effects of rest, aerobic running (AeR) and anaerobic running (AnR), recovery on HRV and ANS indices in 25 healthy male college athletes. Each athlete ran for a mean of 30.96 minutes at low intensity for aerobic running, and an average of 2.59 minutes at high intensity for anaerobic running. RR intervals were recorded using a Polar watch with H10 chest strap and analyzed with Kubios HRV Scientific software using time- and frequency-domain HRV measures, including low-frequency (LF, 0.045-0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (HF, 0.15-1.0 Hz) components.

Results:
Significant differences were found between AeR and AnR in terms of LF, HF, SNS index, and LF/HF ratio. Differences were also found in RMSSD, SD1, SD2, SNS index, and pNN50 values ??after AeR and AnR (P<0.05). In within-subject comparisons, during AeR, RMSSD, SD2, pNN50, and PNS index decreased, but SD1 and SNS increased significantly (P<0.05). RMSSD and pNN50 showed no increase or decrease after AeR. SD1 and SNS index decreased after AeR on the other hand, PNS index increase (P<0.05). During AnR, RMSSD, SD2, pNN50, LF, LF/HF ratio decreased, but HF, SD1 and SNS index increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared to the resting state, SD1 and SD2 did not show any change after AnR, but LF, LF/HF ratio, SD1, and SNS index increased, while RMSSD, pNN50, HF, and PNS index decreased.

Conclusion:
It was found that the SNS was more dominant during both AeR and AnR. The SNS was more activated during AnR than during AeR. It was observed that college athletes were exposed to more psychophysiological stress during AnR. During the 10-minute post-run recovery period, PNS activation approaches pre-run levels, while SNS activation tends to be higher. The body needs more than 10 minutes to recover after an AnR.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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