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    <item>
      <title>Zytokin-Hypothese des Übertrainings: eine physiologische Anpassung an exzessiven Stress?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2000 06:12:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3031413</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3031413</guid>
      <author>Smith, L. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smith, L. L.</dc:creator>
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      <title>Zytokin-Hypothese des Übertrainings: eine physiologische Anpassung an exzessiven Stress?</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2000 06:12:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4002617</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4002617</guid>
      <author>Smith, L. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Immunität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smith, L. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a condition wherein an athlete is training excessively, yet performance deteriorates. This is usually accompanied by mood/behavior changes and a variety of biochemical and physiological alterations. Presently, there is no global hypothesis to account for OTS. The present paper will attempt to provide a unifying paradigm that will integrate previous research under the rubric of the cytokine hypothesis of overtraining. It is argued that high volume/intensity training, with insufficient rest, will produce muscle and/or skeletal and/or joint trauma. Circulating monocytes are then activated by injury-related cytokines, and in turn produce large quantities of proinflammatory IL-1[beta], and/or IL-6, and/or TNF-[alpha], producing systemic inflammation. Elevated circulating cytokines then co-ordinate the whole-body response by: a) communicating with the CNS and inducing a set of behaviors referred to as "sickness" behavior, which involves mood and behavior changes that support resolution of systemic inflammation; b) adjusting liver function, to support the up-regulation of gluconeogenesis, as well as de novo synthesis of acute phase proteins, and a concomitant hypercatabolic state; and c) impacting on immune function. Theoretically, OTS is viewed as the third stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, with the focus being on recovery/survival, and not adaptation, and is deemed to be "protective," occurring in response to excessive physical/physiological stress. Recommendations are made for potential markers of OTS, based on a systemic inflammatory condition.]]></content:encoded>
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