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    <item>
      <title>Neuropsychologische Schädigung bei Fußballern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2002 01:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3035068</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/3035068</guid>
      <author>Downs, D. S.</author>
      <author>Abwender, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Downs, D. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abwender, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Es wurde die neuropsychologische Leistung von Fußballspielern untersucht und mit der von Schwimmern verglichen. 
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Fußballspielen mit  mit einer schlechteren neuropsychologischen Leistung verbunden sein kann, wobei die Untersuchungen Kopfballspiel nicht  als spezifische Ursache aufzeigten. Die defizite wurden insbesondere bei älteren Fußballern aufgedeckt, dennoch werden regelmäßige neuropsychologische Tests auch für jüngere Spieler empfohlen.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Neuropsychologische Beeinträchtigungen bei Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Jan 2002 01:21:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4006850</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4006850</guid>
      <author>Downs, D. S.</author>
      <author>Abwender, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsschnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>psychische Eigenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Downs, D. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abwender, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[BACKGROUND: Soccer reportedly places participants at risk for neuropsychological impairment, although it is unknown if the risk is associated primarily with concussion, subconcussive blows from heading the ball, or some combination thereof. Moreover, the extent to which younger versus older athletes are at risk for soccer-related cognitive impairment is unclear. We hypothesized that soccer athletes, especially older ones, would show poorer neuropsychological test performance than comparable swimmers. METHODS: Thirty-two soccer (26 college and 6 professional) and 29 swimmers (22 college and 7 masters level), all involved for at least 4 years in their sport at collegiate or national levels, participated. In a 2 X 2 (sport X age category) factorial design, all participants underwent 4 neuropsychological tests with 11 outcome measures assessing motor speed, attention, concentration, reaction time, and conceptual thinking. RESULTS: Soccer athletes performed worse than swimmers on measures of conceptual thinking. The older soccer group in particular performed poorly on measures of conceptual thinking, reaction time, and concentration. Among non-goaltender soccer athletes, estimates of career exposure to brain trauma (based on length of career and level of play) predicted significantly poorer test performance on 6 of 11 measures, even after statistically controlling for age. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide additional evidence that participation in soccer may be associated with poorer neuropsychological performance, although the observed pattern of findings does not specifically implicate heading as the cause. Although deficits were most apparent among older soccer players, serial neuropsychological testing for early detection of impairment is recommended for younger players as well.]]></content:encoded>
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