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    <item>
      <title>Das Höhenprojekt: Eine internationales Forschungsprojekt zum Thema Höhentraining bei Schwimmern des Hochleistungsbereichs</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 03:14:52 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4030377</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4030377</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Levine, B. D.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levine, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[- An Olympic swimmer should improve his/her performance by about 1% within the year leading up to the Olympics to stay in contention for a medal 
- A recent meta-analysis concluded that the expectable performance benefit from AT/hypoxic training for elite athletes could be as high as 1.6% 
- In spite of the research carried out over the last four decades, the effectiveness and physiological mechanisms through which AT should enhance sea level performance are still controversial
The questions we need to answer are: 
- Does AT works for elite swimmers? Effectiveness 
- Why? Mechanisms 
- How? Methods and strategies When? 
- Planning and competition after AT For whom? Inter- / intrasubject variability]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Das Höhenprojekt: Ein internationales Gemeinschaftsforschungsprojekt zum Höhentraining bei Spitzenschwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Jan 2010 03:14:52 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4021485</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4021485</guid>
      <author>Rodriguez, F. A.</author>
      <author>Levine, B. D.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Forschung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Live High - Train Low</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodriguez, F. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levine, B. D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: : Altitude training (AT) is a common practice among swimmers although scientific evidence of its benefits is scarce and controversial, particularly in elite athletes. The Altitude Project aims to: 1) determine the effectiveness of AT using the Hi-Hi (living and training at moderate altitude), or the Hi-Lo (high intensity training performed at lower altitude) models, in comparison with sea level training; 2) establish the physiological mechanisms involved; 3) ascertain whether altitude training affects swimming technique; 4) uncover any negative impact on athletes` health and performance; and 5) identify markers of individual response and adaptation to AT. METHODS: An international group of researchers belonging to universities and sports organizations of different nations, supported by the IOC and FINA among others, will develop a major international study starting at October, 2010. About 40 male and female elite swimmers from various countries and their coaches will participate in a controlled, matchedpaired, balanced experiment with three interventions: Hi-Hi (2320 m), Hi-Lo (high intensity training at 690 m, Granada), and Lo-Lo (sea level, Barcelona). After the first set of tests, subjects will be   tched by gender, competitive level, and VO2max, and to one of the three groups. Initial and repeated measurements along the study will include: 1) performance testing, 2) swimming economy and metabolic testing (including VO2max and MAOD), 3) swimming technique and kinematics, 4) hematology (including flux cytometry and total Hb mass), 5) prooxidant/ antioxidant balance, 6) immunological status, 7) heart rate and arterial blood pressure variability, 8) echocardiography, and 9) clinical]]></content:encoded>
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