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    <title>Ergebnis für Versionen - 4026175</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Wendetechniken beim Bergabfahren und die Leistung im Skilanglauf: Beziehungen zu mechanischen und körperlichen Parametern </title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2012 02:10:28 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4026175</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4026175</guid>
      <author>Bucher, S.</author>
      <author>Supej, M.</author>
      <author>Sandbakk, O.</author>
      <author>Holmberg, H. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Kongressband, Tagungsbericht</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bucher, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Supej, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandbakk, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmberg, H. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: Downhill turns in cross-country skiing are performed in widely varying conditions. In order to effectively utilize potential energy and accelerating forces, skiers adapt the entrance velocity, the trajectories throughout the turn and the employment of different techniques. The aim of this study was to characterize the main techniques utilized in downhill turns among elite cross-country skiers and to examine how downhill turn performance is influenced by technique distribution, mechanical parameters and the skiers` maximal power characteristics. 
METHODS: 12 female elite cross-country skiers performed six highly standardized subsequent turns using a freely chosen technique. The subjects were continuously monitored by a high-end real time kinematics GNSS and one camcorder. The measured trajectory was used for calculating total and intersection time, velocity and energy dissipation at each point of observation, and was linked to the use of technique. Additionally, maximal isometric squats and counter-movement jumps were performed to characterize the athletes` maximal strength and power. 
RESULTS: Three techniques with significantly different mechanical patterns were employed by the skiers: side stepping, skidding and ploughing. The typical technique distribution for the best skiers was a short phase of skidding at the beginning of the turn, followed by an early transition to and overall greater proportion of side stepping. An early transition between the decelerating and accelerating phase and high velocity at the transition point were strongly correlated to the performance variables (i.e., time and energy dissipation; all p<0.05). Furthermore, better skiers` turns are related both to higher velocities and shorter trajectories (all p<0.01). Peak force, time to peak force and rate of force development in absolute values were most strongly correlated with performance (all p<0.05). 
CONCLUSIONS: This study identified technique distribution and mechanical parameters linked to better downhill turn performance in cross-country skiing. Better skiers preferred skidding to ploughing and showed an earlier initiation and overall greater use of the side stepping technique. The athletes` absolute maximal power is linked to the ability to ski at a high velocity and with short trajectories
throughout.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Abfahrtslauftechniken und Leistung im Skilanglauf: Beziehungen zu mechanischen und physikalischen Parametern</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2012 02:10:28 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4026944</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4026944</guid>
      <author>Bucher, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Diplomarbeit</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Abfahrtslauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Explosivkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Diplomarbeit</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bucher, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Downhill turns in cross-country skiing are performed in widely varying conditions. In order to perform well, i.e. effectively utilize potential energy and accelerating forces from the leg push-off, skiers must adapt their entrance velocity, the trajectories throughout the turns and the employment of techniques. The aims of this study were to characterize the main techniques utilized in downhill turns among female elite cross-country skiers and to examine how downhill turn performance is influenced by technique distribution, mechanical parameters and the skiers` maximal strength and power. Twelve female elite cross-country skiers performed six highly standardized, subsequent turns using a freely chosen technique. The subjects were continuously monitored by a high-end real time kinematics GNSS and one camcorder. From here, the measured trajectory was used for calculating total and intersection times, velocity and energy dissipation at each point of observation. Video analysis was used to determine the distribution of techniques. In the laboratory, maximal isometric squats and counter-movement jumps were performed to characterize the athletes` peak strength and power. Side-stepping, skidding and ploughing were identified as the three main techniques utilized in different phases of downhill turns in cross-country skiing. The faster skiers in downhill turns preferred skidding to ploughing in decelerating parts of the turns and showed an earlier initiation and overall greater use of the accelerating side-stepping technique (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, better performance in the turns was related both to higher velocity and shorter trajectory (all p < 0.01). Peak force, time to peak force and rate of force development in a countermovement jump were most strongly correlated with performance (all p < 0.05). Overall, the current study identified side-stepping, skidding and ploughing as the main techniques distributed in cross-country skiing downhill turns. Better skiers featured a greater portion of the side-stepping technique, which was initiated earlier in the turn and at a higher velocity. These technical patterns lead to higher velocities at shorter trajectories throughout the turn, in association with higher peak leg power.]]></content:encoded>
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