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    <title>Results for Versions - 4078077</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Computersimulation des Absprungs im Kunstspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2005 14:46:28 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4078077</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4078077</guid>
      <author>Kong, P. W.</author>
      <author>Yeadon, M. R.</author>
      <author>King, M. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kunstspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kong, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yeadon, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[INTRODUCTION: In springboard diving the diver aims to generate sufficient time in the air and angular momentum for somersault and twist, and travel safely away from the board. Since the linearand angular momentum that the diver possesses in the air are determined by the end of the takeoff phase, it is crucial tounderstand the mechanics of the takeoff in terms of gaining dive height, generating angular momentum and keeping a safedistance. The aim of this study was to develop a computer simulation model in order to investigate springboard diving takeoff techniques in the forward and reverse groups: 
METHODS: A planar simulation model of a springboard and a diver was developed using the Autolev 3.4TM software package based on Kane`s method of formulating equations of motion [1]. Thediver was represented by an eight-segment linked system comprising the head, upper arm, lower arm, trunk, thigh,shank and a two-segment foot. There were extensor andflexor torque generators acting at the metatarsal-phalangeal, ankle, knee, hip and shoulder joint. The torque produced was the product of an activation level and the maximum torque calculated from a torque / angle / angular velocity function. Each activation level was specified using two quintic functions with six parameters. Input to the model included initial conditions at touchdown obtained using high speed video and activation time histories throughout the simulation. Output of the model comprised time histories of the springboard displacement, the diver`sjoint angle and angular velocity at each joint, body orientation,CM velocity and whole-body angular momentum. The model was customised to an elite female diver so that simulationoutput could be compared with the diver`s own performance.Model parameters including springboard, strength, inertia andvisco-elastic parameters were determined either directly from experiments or indirectly using an angle-driven model. A score was calculated as the average percentage difference injoint angles, orientation, linear momentum, angular momentum, and springboard characteristics. Sixty muscle activation parameters were varied until the best match between simulation and performance was found by minimizing this score using the Simulated Annealing optimisation algorithm [2]. Four dives which required different angular momenta in the forward and reverse groups were selected for this matching process. After satisfactory evaluation, the model was used to optimise takeoff techniques in terms of gaining maximum dive height.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Computersimulation des Absprungs im Kunstspringen</title>
      <pubDate>Sat, 01 Jan 2005 14:46:28 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4058794</link>
      <guid>https://sponet.de/sponet/Record/4058794</guid>
      <author>Kong, P. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Dissertation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Wasserspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kunstspringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Software</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungskoordination</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Dissertation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kong, P. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A computer simulation model of a springboard and a diver was developed to investigate diving takeoff techniques in the forward and the reverse groups. The springboard model incorporated vertical, horizontal and rotational movements based on experimental data. The diver was modelled as an eight-segment link system with torque generators acting at the metatarsal-phalangeal, ankle, knee, hip and shoulder joints. Wobbling masses were included within the trunk, thigh and shank segments to allow for soft tissue movement. The foot-springboard interface was represented by spring-dampers acting at the heel, ball and toes of the foot. The model was personalised to an elite diver so that simulation output could be compared with the diver's own performance. Kinematic data of diving performances from a one-metre springboard were obtained using high speed video and personalised inertia parameters were determined from anthropometric measurements. Joint torque was calculated using a torque / angle / angular velocity relationship based on the maximum voluntary torque measured using an isovelocity dynamometer. Visco-elastic parameters were determined using a subject-specific angledriven model which matched the simulation to the performance in an optimisation process. Four dives with minimum and maximum angular momentum in the two dive groups were chosen to obtain a common set of parameters for use in the torque-driven model. In the evaluation of the torque-driven model, there was good agreement between the simulation and performance for all four dives with a mean difference of 6.3%. The model was applied to optimise for maximum dive height for each of the four dives and to optimise for maximum rotational potential in each of the two dive groups. Optimisation results suggest that changing techniques can increase the dive height by up to 2.0 cm. It was also predicted that the diver could generate rotation almost sufficient to perform a forward three and one-half somersault tuck and a reverse two and one-half somersault tuck.]]></content:encoded>
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